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Text 3 The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a generation. All ...
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易引起缺血性骨坏死的是
股骨中段骨折
胫骨中段骨折
股骨颈骨折
肋骨骨折
Colle 骨折
在窗体上画1个命令按钮名称为Command1和1个文本框名称为Text1然后编写如下事件过程Priv
在窗体上画一个命令按钮Command1和一个文本框Text1然后编写如下代码PrivateSubCo
下面程序用来计算PrivateSubCommand1_ClickA=ValText1.TextB=V
Colle骨折远端典型移位是
向桡侧及背侧移位
向桡侧及掌侧移位
向尺侧及背侧移位
向尺侧及掌侧移位
下面的程序用于根据文本框Text中输入的内容进行以下处理 若Text为46则打印Text的值为46
在窗体上画1个命令按钮名称为Command1和1个文本框名称为Text1然后编写如下事件过程 Pr
在窗体上画1个命令按钮名称为Command1和1个文本框名称为Text1然后编写如下事件过程 Pr
colle's骨折是指??
尺骨远端骨折
桡骨远端骨折
尺骨近端骨折
桡骨近端骨折
以上都不是
[说明] 在一些财务软件中经常需要将阿拉伯数字的账目转化为汉语习惯中的金额计数方法例如 3.45
在窗体上画一个命令按钮名称为Command1和一个文本框名称为Text1然后编写如下事件过程 Pr
下面程序用来计算 PrivateSubCommand1_Click A=ValText1.T
在窗体上画1个命令按钮名称为Command1和1个文本框名称为Text1然后编写如下事件过程Priv
桡骨远端CollE’s骨折手法整复后其固定的体位应选择.
下面的程序用于根据文本框Text中输入的内容进行以下处理若Text为46则打印Text的值为46若T
在窗体上画一个命令按钮名称为Command1和一个文本框名称为Text1然后编写如下事件过程 Pr
桡骨远端CollE’s骨折非粉碎型手法复位首选.
下面的程序用于根据文本框Text中输入的内容进行以下处理 若Text为46则打印Text的值为46
下面的程序用于根据文本框Test中输入的内容进行以下处理 若Text为1则打印您的成绩为优秀！若T
下面的程序用于根据文本框Text中输入的内容进行以下处理若Text为46则打印Text的值为46若T
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Text2 Oneoftheoddthingsaboutsomebusinessorganizationsisthattheyspendsomuchmoneytolurenewcustomersandspendsolittletokeepthemafterthey’vebeenlanded.Itjustdoesn’tmakesense.Takingcustomersforgrantedisroutineinsomelargerorganizationswheremerebignessgeneratesanattitudeofindifference. Loyalcustomersareanorganization’sonlyprotectionagainstbankruptcyandlosingthembecauseofneglectorindifferenceisdownrightsinful.Notonlydosatisfiedcustomerscontinuetofattenthetilltheyoftenencourageotherstobuy.Thisisadvertisingthatdoesn’tcostapenny.Andalthoughtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomersmaintainingtheirpatronage光顾isn’tallthatdifficult.It’samatterofattitudeofbelievingthateveryonewhobuysfromyouisentitledtothebesttreatmentyoucandeliver.Plusgivingjustalittlemorethanyouhaveto. Wesaidtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomers.Thereasonofcourseisthatnoorganizationisperfectandthere’smanyaslip:unreasonabledelaysinfillingordersshippingthewrongmerchandisefailingtoanswerletterspromptlyandsoon. Sometimestheseerrorsorfailurescan’tbehelped.Forexampleifyoucan’tgetpartsbecauseofmaterialshortagesoratransportationstrikecustomersmaybedeniedthegoodsthey’veordered.Andnotinfrequentlythecustomeristoblame--forexamplefailingtoclearlyidentifythearticleorservjcerequired. Yetnomatterwhoisatfaultcustomerswhomyouvaluehighlyshouldgenerallybegiventhebenefitofthedoubt.Notethatwesaid"customerswhomyouvaluehighly."Theoldsaying格言goesthatallcustomersshouldbetreatedalikeisamyth.Customerswhorepeatedlyplacelargeordersandpayforthemwillnaturallygetmoreattentionthanthosewhobuyinfrequentlyandhavetobebadgeredtopaywhattheyowe.Howeveryouhavetomaketheassumptionthatallcustomersaregoodunlessprovedotherwise. WhatdoestheauthorimplyinthesentenceTheoldsawthatallcustomersshouldbetreatedalikeisamyth
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 8
Iamdelightedtoguestatthisfestiveoccasioncelebratingthe50thanniversaryofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenFinlandandthePeople’sRepublicofChina.IhavebeenaskedtogiveacommentontheoutlookforthecommonEuropeancurrencytheEuro.DuringthepastyearorsoalotofdifferentviewshavebeenpresentedabouttheEuro’sperformance.46ConsideringthefactthattheEuroisanewcurrencywithamajorinternationalroleintheforignexchangemarketsitisonlynaturalthatithasdrawnmuchattention. HoweverIwouldliketopointoutthatattemptstomeasurethesucoessoftheEconomicandMonetaryUnionbytheEuro’sexternalvaluearemisplaced.ThebenefitsoftheEurostemfromelsewhere.IndeedthebenefitsthattheEurocanandwillofferaredistinctlyofalong-termandstructuralnature.IntheendashorttermmisalignmentoftheEurohasverylittletodowiththesestructuraldevelopments. Onecancomeupwithanumberofexplanations’forthedepreciationoftheEuroorthestrengthoftheUSdollarwhichistheothersideofthecoin.47ThegrowthgapandassociatedinterestratedifferencebetweentheEuroareaandUnitedStateshavebeennodoubtamongthemostpopularexplanationsandthereissometruthtothis.MostimportantlythedynamicgrowthintheUShasbeenasourceofconstantsurprisetomostofus. 48HoweverinthemeantimetheeconomicoutlookfortheEuroareahasimprovedconsiderably.TheEuropeanCentralBankhassucceededverywellindeliveringpricestabilityfortheEuroarefiwhichisitsprimaryandthemostimportantobjective. MemberStatesoftheEuroareahaveagreedonandimplementedanumberofimportantinitiativesaimingatraisingthegrowthpotentialoftheEuroarea.IndeeddespiteofthesefactsitseemsthattheuncertaintiesassociatedwiththeEuroareahavereceivedmoreattentionthanthoseaffectingtheUSEconomy.ThisasymmetryhasaffectedtheEuronegatively.49AccordingitiswidelyrecognisedthattheEuroissignificantlyundervaluedandthepresentleveldoesnotreflectthestrongfundamentalsoftheEuroareaeconomy. MostofthesechallengesreflectthefactthattheEuroisstillayoungcurrency.50InfactforthecitizensoftheEuroareathesinglecurrencywillnotbecomemoretangibleuntil’2002whentheactualnotesandcoinswillbeintroduced.ThisisjusttosaythatatthispointonlytentativeconclusionsofthefunctioningoftheEurocanbemade. 46
Text3 Afather’srelationshiptohischild’scurrentandfutureacademicsuccessandthelevelofhisorherdevelopmentinacademicpotentialandscholasticachievementarebothfactorswithsomeratherinterestingimplicationsthateducatorsarebeginningtostudyandappraise.Asamatteroffact"lifewithfather"hasbeendiscoveredtobeaveryimportantfactorindeterminingachild’sprogressorlackofprogressinschool. Arecentsurveyofover16000’childrenmadebytheNationalChildDevelopmentStudyinLondonEnglandrevealedthatchildrenwhosefatherscametoschoolconferencesandaccompaniedtheirchildrenonoutingsdidmeasurablybetterinschoolthandidthosechildrenxhosefatherswerenotinvolvedintheseactivities.ThestudywhichmonitoredchildrenbornduringaweekMarch1958fromthetimeoftheirbirththroughtheyearsoftheirearlyschoolingfurtherrevealedthatthechildrenofactivelyinvolvedfathersscoredasmuchassevenmonthshigherinreadingandmathsthandidthosechildrenwhoseonlyinvolvedparentwasthemother.Thepurposeofthestudywastoevaluatetheroleplayedbyfathersintheraisingofachild.Itindicatedamuchhigherlevelofparentalinvolvementbythefatherthanhadbeenanticipated.Over66%ofthefathersweresaidtohaveplayedamajorroleinparentalresponsibility. Thestudyalsosuggestedthatthegreatestlevelofparentalparentingtookplaceinthefamiliesofonlychildren.Asthenumberofchildrenandfinancialobligationsincreasedthefather’sapparentinterestandinvolvementwiththechildrendecreased.Hlowevernomatterwhatthesizeoffinancialconditionofthefamilyafather’sactiveparticipationinthechild’sdevelopmentmadegreatdifferenceinthechildren’sprogress. Thestudyfurtherrevealedthatwhilethefrequencyofovernightabsencesreflectedacorrespondingdeficiencyofthechild’slevelinmathsandreadingafather’semploymentonlateshiftsappearedtohavelittleeffectonthechild’sacademicprogress.Thedatafromthestudywasobtainedprimarilythroughinterviewswithparentsteachersandphysicians.Theinformationevaluatingthelevelofthefather’sparentingperformancewaselicitedprimarilyfromtheadmittedlysubjectiveobservationsoftheirwives. Thetelevisionseriesmentionedishealthyinthat
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 14
Text3 Healthingeneraltermsincludesmanynon-medicalareassuchashousingandemployment.Asfarasindividualisconcernedwelfarebenefitscomeintwomaincategories--fiatrateandsupplementary.FlatratebenefitsarethoseapersonhasanautomaticrighttoprovidedheorshehasmadeacertainnumberofcontributionstotheDepartmentofHealthandSocialSecurity.Unemploymentbenefitisoneofthese.Supplementarybenefitsarebasedonameanstest.Inotherwordstheyarebenefitsgivenregardlessofcontributionsmadewherethegovernmentdecidesthatanindividualhas.insufficientresourcesforaminimumstandardofliving.Thesebenefitscanbeintheformofallowancesforrentandratesspecialdietheatingandclothing.Suchbenefitshavetobeclaimedandtheindividualhastogivefulldetailsofallhisorhercapitalassetsandsourcesofincome.Unclaimedbenefitsamounttoapproximately$100millioneachyear. TheoriginatorsoftheWelfareStateideawereconcernedtoalleviateorremovewhattheysawastheevilsoftheirtime.TheireffortsresultedinagreatimprovementinthestandardoflivingandlifeexpectancyinBritain.ThisprogressinitselfhassimulatedtheincreasingcostofmaintainingtheWelfareState.Over45percentofthehealthauthorityexpenditureonhospitals andcommunityservicesisspentoncareoftheelderly.YetthereareindicationsthatBeveridge calculatedthatlesswouldneedtobespentonpeopleoncetheyretired.Advancesinmedicalknowledgehaveinvolvedtheuseofexpensivedrugsandhospitalprocedures.Drugandalcoholabusemakeincreasingdemandsonthemedicalservices. Thepresentgovernmentisplanninganewapproachtothesocialsecuritysystemwhichaccountsfornearlyone-thirdofpublicexpenditure.Changesinthemovement’spensionschemetoencourageprivateschemeswillstartfromAprilthisyear.Differentwaysofassessingneedareplanned.ToenableclosermonitoringandcontroltheDHSShasbegunthebiggestcomputerizationprograminEurope.Suggestionshavebeenmadebyoppositionpoliticiansthatthepresentmovementintendstosay"farewell"totheWelfareState.AlthoughallthemajorpartiesinBritainsaytheyarecommitted’toacaringsociety.There’saconsiderabledifferenceinthemeanseachwouldwishtousetoachieveit.Astheoldsayinggoes"Onlytimewilltell". Whichbenefitshavetobedemanded'
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 16
Text4 LetusaskwhatwerethepreparationandtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalorforensic. Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadanyeducationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Notevenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.Noschoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers.Whenhe.becamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourabletocontinuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreadingwereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknewthosefewthoroughly.HetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldreadnolanguagesavehisownandhadonlythefaintestacquaintancewithEuropeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy. Thewantofregulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwascast.Untilhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecouldlearnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratorwastobestored.Evenafterhehadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomixwithexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknewlittlemorethanhedidhimself. Schoolsgavehimnothingandsocietygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill.Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionandindeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartofhimself.Hisconvictionswerehisown--clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveoropinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedandhesitatedlongbeforehedecided’onhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepapolicyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepausedandreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreortowastetimeinvainregretssothatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.Hetookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotleanonhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependentself-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhisacts. ItissaidinthethirdparagraphthatAbrahamLincoln
Text3 Afather’srelationshiptohischild’scurrentandfutureacademicsuccessandthelevelofhisorherdevelopmentinacademicpotentialandscholasticachievementarebothfactorswithsomeratherinterestingimplicationsthateducatorsarebeginningtostudyandappraise.Asamatteroffact"lifewithfather"hasbeendiscoveredtobeaveryimportantfactorindeterminingachild’sprogressorlackofprogressinschool. Arecentsurveyofover16000’childrenmadebytheNationalChildDevelopmentStudyinLondonEnglandrevealedthatchildrenwhosefatherscametoschoolconferencesandaccompaniedtheirchildrenonoutingsdidmeasurablybetterinschoolthandidthosechildrenxhosefatherswerenotinvolvedintheseactivities.ThestudywhichmonitoredchildrenbornduringaweekMarch1958fromthetimeoftheirbirththroughtheyearsoftheirearlyschoolingfurtherrevealedthatthechildrenofactivelyinvolvedfathersscoredasmuchassevenmonthshigherinreadingandmathsthandidthosechildrenwhoseonlyinvolvedparentwasthemother.Thepurposeofthestudywastoevaluatetheroleplayedbyfathersintheraisingofachild.Itindicatedamuchhigherlevelofparentalinvolvementbythefatherthanhadbeenanticipated.Over66%ofthefathersweresaidtohaveplayedamajorroleinparentalresponsibility. Thestudyalsosuggestedthatthegreatestlevelofparentalparentingtookplaceinthefamiliesofonlychildren.Asthenumberofchildrenandfinancialobligationsincreasedthefather’sapparentinterestandinvolvementwiththechildrendecreased.Hlowevernomatterwhatthesizeoffinancialconditionofthefamilyafather’sactiveparticipationinthechild’sdevelopmentmadegreatdifferenceinthechildren’sprogress. Thestudyfurtherrevealedthatwhilethefrequencyofovernightabsencesreflectedacorrespondingdeficiencyofthechild’slevelinmathsandreadingafather’semploymentonlateshiftsappearedtohavelittleeffectonthechild’sacademicprogress.Thedatafromthestudywasobtainedprimarilythroughinterviewswithparentsteachersandphysicians.Theinformationevaluatingthelevelofthefather’sparentingperformancewaselicitedprimarilyfromtheadmittedlysubjectiveobservationsoftheirwives. Childrenwhogenerallytendedtoprogressacademicallywere
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 20
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 10
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 18
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 2
PartB Directions: A.Title:MONEY B.Wordlimit:160-200words C.Timelimit:40minutes D.Youarerequiredtodevelopyouressayaccordingtothegiventopicsentenceofeachparagraph. 3.Likeeverythingelsemoneyhastwosidespositiveandnegative.
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 6
Wateristhemostcommonsubstanceonearth.Itcovorsmorethan70percentoftheearth’s surface.Itfillstheoceansriversandlakesandisinthegroundandintheairwebreathe.Wateriseverywhere.Withoutwatertherecanbenolife.Infacteverylivingthingconsistsmostly0fwater.41______ 42______.Rainhammersatthelandandwashessoilintorivers.Theoceanspoundagainsttheshoreschiselingcliffsandcarryingawayland.Riversknifethroughrockcarvecanyonsandbuilduplandwheretheyemptyintothesea.Glaciersplowvalleysandcutdownmountains. 43______.Landabsorbsandreleasesheatfromthesunquickly.Buttheoceansabsorbandreleasethesun’sheatslowly.Sobreezesfromtheoceansbringwarmthtothelandinwinterandcoolnessinsummer. Throughouthistorywaterhasbeenpeople’sslaveandtheirmaster.Greatcivilizationshaverisenwherewatersupplieswereplentiful.Theyhavefallenwhenthesesuppliesfailed.Peoplehavekilledoneanotherforamuddywaterhole.Theyhaveworshipedraingodsandprayedforrain.Oftenwhenrainshavefailedtocomecropshavewitheredandstarvationhasspreadacrossaland.44______ Todaymorethaneverwaterisbothslaveandmastertopeople.Weusewaterinourhomesforcleaningcookingbathingandcarryingawaywastes.Weusewatertoirrigatedryfarmlandssowecangrowmorefood.Ourfactoriesusemorewaterthananyothermaterial.Weusethewaterinrushingriversandthunderingwaterfallstoproduceelectricity.Ourdemandforwaterisconstantlyincreasing. Everyyeartherearemorepeopleintheworld.Factoriesturnoutmoreandmoreproductsandneedmoreandmorewater.Weliveinaworldofwater.Butalmostallofitabout97percentisintheoceans.Thiswateristoosaltytobeusedfordrinkingfarmingandmanufacturing.Onlyabout3percentoftheworld’swaterisfreshunsalty.45______ A.Eversincetheworldbeganwaterhasbeenshapingtheearth. B.Whenwearerunningwefeelthirstyanddrinkalotofwater.Infactwhenweeatthefoodconsistsofplentyofwater. C.Waterhelpskeeptheearth’sclimatefromgettingtoohotortoocold. D.Sometimestherainshavefallentooheavilyandtoosuddenly.Thenrivershaveoverflowedtheirbanksdrowninglargenumbersofpeopleandcausingenormousdestructionofproperty. E.Yourbodyisabouttwo-thirdswater.Achickenisaboutthree-fourthswaterandapineappleisaboutfour-fifthswater.Mostscientistsbelievethatlifeitselfbeganinwater--inthesaltywaterofthesea. F.Nowadaysscientistsareconsideringmakinguseofoceanwater.Theapplicationofthe4technologytoturnsaltywaterintofreshwaterwillcomeintobeingverysoon. G.Mostofthiswaterisnoteasilyavailabletopeoplebecauseitislockedinicecapsandotherglaciers.Bytheyear2010theworlddemandforfreshwatermaybedoublewhatitwasinthe1980’s.Buttherewillstillbeenoughtomeetpeople’sneeds. 44
Text1 Acidrainwhichisaformof’airpollutioncurrentlybecomesasubjectofgreatdebatebecauseofwidespreadenvironmentaldamageforwhichithasbeenblamed.Itformswhenoxidesofsulfurandnitrogencombinewithatmosphericmoisturetoyieldsulfuricandnitricacidswhichmaythenbecarriedlongdistancesfromtheirsourcebeforetheydropintheformofrain.Thepollutionmayalsotaketheformofsnoworfogorfalldownindryforms.Infactalthoughtheterm"acidrain"hasbeeninuse.formorethanacentury--itisderivedfromatmosphericstudiesthatweremadeintheregionofManchesterEngland--themoreaccuratescientifictermwouldbe’aciddeposition.’Thedryformofsuchdepositionisjustasdamagingtotheenvironmentastheliquidform. TheproblemofacidrainoriginatedwiththeIndustrialRevolutionandithasbeengrowingeversince.Theseverityofitseffectshaslongbeenrecognizedinlocalsettingsasexemplifiedbythespellsofacidsmoginheavilyindustrializedareas.Thewidespreaddestructivenessofacidrainhoweverhas’becomeevidentonlyinrecentdecades.OnelargeareathathasbeenstudiedextensivelyisnorthernEuropewhereacidrainhaserodedstructuresinjuredcropsandforestsandthreatenedlifeinfreshwaterlakes.In1984forexampleenvironmentalreportsindicatedthatalmosthalfofthetreesinGermany’sBlackForesthadbeendamagedbyacidrain.ThenortheasternUnitedStatesandeasternCanadahavealsobeenparticularlyaffectedbythisformofpollution;damagehasalsobeendetectedinotherareasofthesecountriesandotherregionsoftheworld. Industrialemissionshavebeenblamedasthemajorcauseofacidrain.Becausethechemicalreactionsinvolvedintheproductionofacidrainintheatmospherearecomplexandasyetlittleunderstoodindustrieshavetendedtochallengesuchassessmentsandtostresstheneedforfurtherstudies;andbecauseofthecostofpollutionreductiongovernmentshavetendedtosupportthisattitude.StudiesreleasedbytheUSgovernmentintheearly1980showeverstronglyindicatedindustriesasthemainsourceofacidrainintheeasternUSandCanada. Governments
Text3 Healthingeneraltermsincludesmanynon-medicalareassuchashousingandemployment.Asfarasindividualisconcernedwelfarebenefitscomeintwomaincategories--fiatrateandsupplementary.FlatratebenefitsarethoseapersonhasanautomaticrighttoprovidedheorshehasmadeacertainnumberofcontributionstotheDepartmentofHealthandSocialSecurity.Unemploymentbenefitisoneofthese.Supplementarybenefitsarebasedonameanstest.Inotherwordstheyarebenefitsgivenregardlessofcontributionsmadewherethegovernmentdecidesthatanindividualhas.insufficientresourcesforaminimumstandardofliving.Thesebenefitscanbeintheformofallowancesforrentandratesspecialdietheatingandclothing.Suchbenefitshavetobeclaimedandtheindividualhastogivefulldetailsofallhisorhercapitalassetsandsourcesofincome.Unclaimedbenefitsamounttoapproximately$100millioneachyear. TheoriginatorsoftheWelfareStateideawereconcernedtoalleviateorremovewhattheysawastheevilsoftheirtime.TheireffortsresultedinagreatimprovementinthestandardoflivingandlifeexpectancyinBritain.ThisprogressinitselfhassimulatedtheincreasingcostofmaintainingtheWelfareState.Over45percentofthehealthauthorityexpenditureonhospitals andcommunityservicesisspentoncareoftheelderly.YetthereareindicationsthatBeveridge calculatedthatlesswouldneedtobespentonpeopleoncetheyretired.Advancesinmedicalknowledgehaveinvolvedtheuseofexpensivedrugsandhospitalprocedures.Drugandalcoholabusemakeincreasingdemandsonthemedicalservices. Thepresentgovernmentisplanninganewapproachtothesocialsecuritysystemwhichaccountsfornearlyone-thirdofpublicexpenditure.Changesinthemovement’spensionschemetoencourageprivateschemeswillstartfromAprilthisyear.Differentwaysofassessingneedareplanned.ToenableclosermonitoringandcontroltheDHSShasbegunthebiggestcomputerizationprograminEurope.Suggestionshavebeenmadebyoppositionpoliticiansthatthepresentmovementintendstosay"farewell"totheWelfareState.AlthoughallthemajorpartiesinBritainsaytheyarecommitted’toacaringsociety.There’saconsiderabledifferenceinthemeanseachwouldwishtousetoachieveit.Astheoldsayinggoes"Onlytimewilltell". Thenewapproachtothesocialsecuritysystemwillspend
Wateristhemostcommonsubstanceonearth.Itcovorsmorethan70percentoftheearth’s surface.Itfillstheoceansriversandlakesandisinthegroundandintheairwebreathe.Wateriseverywhere.Withoutwatertherecanbenolife.Infacteverylivingthingconsistsmostly0fwater.41______ 42______.Rainhammersatthelandandwashessoilintorivers.Theoceanspoundagainsttheshoreschiselingcliffsandcarryingawayland.Riversknifethroughrockcarvecanyonsandbuilduplandwheretheyemptyintothesea.Glaciersplowvalleysandcutdownmountains. 43______.Landabsorbsandreleasesheatfromthesunquickly.Buttheoceansabsorbandreleasethesun’sheatslowly.Sobreezesfromtheoceansbringwarmthtothelandinwinterandcoolnessinsummer. Throughouthistorywaterhasbeenpeople’sslaveandtheirmaster.Greatcivilizationshaverisenwherewatersupplieswereplentiful.Theyhavefallenwhenthesesuppliesfailed.Peoplehavekilledoneanotherforamuddywaterhole.Theyhaveworshipedraingodsandprayedforrain.Oftenwhenrainshavefailedtocomecropshavewitheredandstarvationhasspreadacrossaland.44______ Todaymorethaneverwaterisbothslaveandmastertopeople.Weusewaterinourhomesforcleaningcookingbathingandcarryingawaywastes.Weusewatertoirrigatedryfarmlandssowecangrowmorefood.Ourfactoriesusemorewaterthananyothermaterial.Weusethewaterinrushingriversandthunderingwaterfallstoproduceelectricity.Ourdemandforwaterisconstantlyincreasing. Everyyeartherearemorepeopleintheworld.Factoriesturnoutmoreandmoreproductsandneedmoreandmorewater.Weliveinaworldofwater.Butalmostallofitabout97percentisintheoceans.Thiswateristoosaltytobeusedfordrinkingfarmingandmanufacturing.Onlyabout3percentoftheworld’swaterisfreshunsalty.45______ A.Eversincetheworldbeganwaterhasbeenshapingtheearth. B.Whenwearerunningwefeelthirstyanddrinkalotofwater.Infactwhenweeatthefoodconsistsofplentyofwater. C.Waterhelpskeeptheearth’sclimatefromgettingtoohotortoocold. D.Sometimestherainshavefallentooheavilyandtoosuddenly.Thenrivershaveoverflowedtheirbanksdrowninglargenumbersofpeopleandcausingenormousdestructionofproperty. E.Yourbodyisabouttwo-thirdswater.Achickenisaboutthree-fourthswaterandapineappleisaboutfour-fifthswater.Mostscientistsbelievethatlifeitselfbeganinwater--inthesaltywaterofthesea. F.Nowadaysscientistsareconsideringmakinguseofoceanwater.Theapplicationofthe4technologytoturnsaltywaterintofreshwaterwillcomeintobeingverysoon. G.Mostofthiswaterisnoteasilyavailabletopeoplebecauseitislockedinicecapsandotherglaciers.Bytheyear2010theworlddemandforfreshwatermaybedoublewhatitwasinthe1980’s.Buttherewillstillbeenoughtomeetpeople’sneeds. 42
Text3 Afather’srelationshiptohischild’scurrentandfutureacademicsuccessandthelevelofhisorherdevelopmentinacademicpotentialandscholasticachievementarebothfactorswithsomeratherinterestingimplicationsthateducatorsarebeginningtostudyandappraise.Asamatteroffact"lifewithfather"hasbeendiscoveredtobeaveryimportantfactorindeterminingachild’sprogressorlackofprogressinschool. Arecentsurveyofover16000’childrenmadebytheNationalChildDevelopmentStudyinLondonEnglandrevealedthatchildrenwhosefatherscametoschoolconferencesandaccompaniedtheirchildrenonoutingsdidmeasurablybetterinschoolthandidthosechildrenxhosefatherswerenotinvolvedintheseactivities.ThestudywhichmonitoredchildrenbornduringaweekMarch1958fromthetimeoftheirbirththroughtheyearsoftheirearlyschoolingfurtherrevealedthatthechildrenofactivelyinvolvedfathersscoredasmuchassevenmonthshigherinreadingandmathsthandidthosechildrenwhoseonlyinvolvedparentwasthemother.Thepurposeofthestudywastoevaluatetheroleplayedbyfathersintheraisingofachild.Itindicatedamuchhigherlevelofparentalinvolvementbythefatherthanhadbeenanticipated.Over66%ofthefathersweresaidtohaveplayedamajorroleinparentalresponsibility. Thestudyalsosuggestedthatthegreatestlevelofparentalparentingtookplaceinthefamiliesofonlychildren.Asthenumberofchildrenandfinancialobligationsincreasedthefather’sapparentinterestandinvolvementwiththechildrendecreased.Hlowevernomatterwhatthesizeoffinancialconditionofthefamilyafather’sactiveparticipationinthechild’sdevelopmentmadegreatdifferenceinthechildren’sprogress. Thestudyfurtherrevealedthatwhilethefrequencyofovernightabsencesreflectedacorrespondingdeficiencyofthechild’slevelinmathsandreadingafather’semploymentonlateshiftsappearedtohavelittleeffectonthechild’sacademicprogress.Thedatafromthestudywasobtainedprimarilythroughinterviewswithparentsteachersandphysicians.Theinformationevaluatingthelevelofthefather’sparentingperformancewaselicitedprimarilyfromtheadmittedlysubjectiveobservationsoftheirwives. Psychologists
Iamdelightedtoguestatthisfestiveoccasioncelebratingthe50thanniversaryofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenFinlandandthePeople’sRepublicofChina.IhavebeenaskedtogiveacommentontheoutlookforthecommonEuropeancurrencytheEuro.DuringthepastyearorsoalotofdifferentviewshavebeenpresentedabouttheEuro’sperformance.46ConsideringthefactthattheEuroisanewcurrencywithamajorinternationalroleintheforignexchangemarketsitisonlynaturalthatithasdrawnmuchattention. HoweverIwouldliketopointoutthatattemptstomeasurethesucoessoftheEconomicandMonetaryUnionbytheEuro’sexternalvaluearemisplaced.ThebenefitsoftheEurostemfromelsewhere.IndeedthebenefitsthattheEurocanandwillofferaredistinctlyofalong-termandstructuralnature.IntheendashorttermmisalignmentoftheEurohasverylittletodowiththesestructuraldevelopments. Onecancomeupwithanumberofexplanations’forthedepreciationoftheEuroorthestrengthoftheUSdollarwhichistheothersideofthecoin.47ThegrowthgapandassociatedinterestratedifferencebetweentheEuroareaandUnitedStateshavebeennodoubtamongthemostpopularexplanationsandthereissometruthtothis.MostimportantlythedynamicgrowthintheUShasbeenasourceofconstantsurprisetomostofus. 48HoweverinthemeantimetheeconomicoutlookfortheEuroareahasimprovedconsiderably.TheEuropeanCentralBankhassucceededverywellindeliveringpricestabilityfortheEuroarefiwhichisitsprimaryandthemostimportantobjective. MemberStatesoftheEuroareahaveagreedonandimplementedanumberofimportantinitiativesaimingatraisingthegrowthpotentialoftheEuroarea.IndeeddespiteofthesefactsitseemsthattheuncertaintiesassociatedwiththeEuroareahavereceivedmoreattentionthanthoseaffectingtheUSEconomy.ThisasymmetryhasaffectedtheEuronegatively.49AccordingitiswidelyrecognisedthattheEuroissignificantlyundervaluedandthepresentleveldoesnotreflectthestrongfundamentalsoftheEuroareaeconomy. MostofthesechallengesreflectthefactthattheEuroisstillayoungcurrency.50InfactforthecitizensoftheEuroareathesinglecurrencywillnotbecomemoretangibleuntil’2002whentheactualnotesandcoinswillbeintroduced.ThisisjusttosaythatatthispointonlytentativeconclusionsofthefunctioningoftheEurocanbemade. 50
Iamdelightedtoguestatthisfestiveoccasioncelebratingthe50thanniversaryofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenFinlandandthePeople’sRepublicofChina.IhavebeenaskedtogiveacommentontheoutlookforthecommonEuropeancurrencytheEuro.DuringthepastyearorsoalotofdifferentviewshavebeenpresentedabouttheEuro’sperformance.46ConsideringthefactthattheEuroisanewcurrencywithamajorinternationalroleintheforignexchangemarketsitisonlynaturalthatithasdrawnmuchattention. HoweverIwouldliketopointoutthatattemptstomeasurethesucoessoftheEconomicandMonetaryUnionbytheEuro’sexternalvaluearemisplaced.ThebenefitsoftheEurostemfromelsewhere.IndeedthebenefitsthattheEurocanandwillofferaredistinctlyofalong-termandstructuralnature.IntheendashorttermmisalignmentoftheEurohasverylittletodowiththesestructuraldevelopments. Onecancomeupwithanumberofexplanations’forthedepreciationoftheEuroorthestrengthoftheUSdollarwhichistheothersideofthecoin.47ThegrowthgapandassociatedinterestratedifferencebetweentheEuroareaandUnitedStateshavebeennodoubtamongthemostpopularexplanationsandthereissometruthtothis.MostimportantlythedynamicgrowthintheUShasbeenasourceofconstantsurprisetomostofus. 48HoweverinthemeantimetheeconomicoutlookfortheEuroareahasimprovedconsiderably.TheEuropeanCentralBankhassucceededverywellindeliveringpricestabilityfortheEuroarefiwhichisitsprimaryandthemostimportantobjective. MemberStatesoftheEuroareahaveagreedonandimplementedanumberofimportantinitiativesaimingatraisingthegrowthpotentialoftheEuroarea.IndeeddespiteofthesefactsitseemsthattheuncertaintiesassociatedwiththeEuroareahavereceivedmoreattentionthanthoseaffectingtheUSEconomy.ThisasymmetryhasaffectedtheEuronegatively.49AccordingitiswidelyrecognisedthattheEuroissignificantlyundervaluedandthepresentleveldoesnotreflectthestrongfundamentalsoftheEuroareaeconomy. MostofthesechallengesreflectthefactthattheEuroisstillayoungcurrency.50InfactforthecitizensoftheEuroareathesinglecurrencywillnotbecomemoretangibleuntil’2002whentheactualnotesandcoinswillbeintroduced.ThisisjusttosaythatatthispointonlytentativeconclusionsofthefunctioningoftheEurocanbemade. 48
Text3 Afather’srelationshiptohischild’scurrentandfutureacademicsuccessandthelevelofhisorherdevelopmentinacademicpotentialandscholasticachievementarebothfactorswithsomeratherinterestingimplicationsthateducatorsarebeginningtostudyandappraise.Asamatteroffact"lifewithfather"hasbeendiscoveredtobeaveryimportantfactorindeterminingachild’sprogressorlackofprogressinschool. Arecentsurveyofover16000’childrenmadebytheNationalChildDevelopmentStudyinLondonEnglandrevealedthatchildrenwhosefatherscametoschoolconferencesandaccompaniedtheirchildrenonoutingsdidmeasurablybetterinschoolthandidthosechildrenxhosefatherswerenotinvolvedintheseactivities.ThestudywhichmonitoredchildrenbornduringaweekMarch1958fromthetimeoftheirbirththroughtheyearsoftheirearlyschoolingfurtherrevealedthatthechildrenofactivelyinvolvedfathersscoredasmuchassevenmonthshigherinreadingandmathsthandidthosechildrenwhoseonlyinvolvedparentwasthemother.Thepurposeofthestudywastoevaluatetheroleplayedbyfathersintheraisingofachild.Itindicatedamuchhigherlevelofparentalinvolvementbythefatherthanhadbeenanticipated.Over66%ofthefathersweresaidtohaveplayedamajorroleinparentalresponsibility. Thestudyalsosuggestedthatthegreatestlevelofparentalparentingtookplaceinthefamiliesofonlychildren.Asthenumberofchildrenandfinancialobligationsincreasedthefather’sapparentinterestandinvolvementwiththechildrendecreased.Hlowevernomatterwhatthesizeoffinancialconditionofthefamilyafather’sactiveparticipationinthechild’sdevelopmentmadegreatdifferenceinthechildren’sprogress. Thestudyfurtherrevealedthatwhilethefrequencyofovernightabsencesreflectedacorrespondingdeficiencyofthechild’slevelinmathsandreadingafather’semploymentonlateshiftsappearedtohavelittleeffectonthechild’sacademicprogress.Thedatafromthestudywasobtainedprimarilythroughinterviewswithparentsteachersandphysicians.Theinformationevaluatingthelevelofthefather’sparentingperformancewaselicitedprimarilyfromtheadmittedlysubjectiveobservationsoftheirwives. Whichstatementistrue
Text3 Afather’srelationshiptohischild’scurrentandfutureacademicsuccessandthelevelofhisorherdevelopmentinacademicpotentialandscholasticachievementarebothfactorswithsomeratherinterestingimplicationsthateducatorsarebeginningtostudyandappraise.Asamatteroffact"lifewithfather"hasbeendiscoveredtobeaveryimportantfactorindeterminingachild’sprogressorlackofprogressinschool. Arecentsurveyofover16000’childrenmadebytheNationalChildDevelopmentStudyinLondonEnglandrevealedthatchildrenwhosefatherscametoschoolconferencesandaccompaniedtheirchildrenonoutingsdidmeasurablybetterinschoolthandidthosechildrenxhosefatherswerenotinvolvedintheseactivities.ThestudywhichmonitoredchildrenbornduringaweekMarch1958fromthetimeoftheirbirththroughtheyearsoftheirearlyschoolingfurtherrevealedthatthechildrenofactivelyinvolvedfathersscoredasmuchassevenmonthshigherinreadingandmathsthandidthosechildrenwhoseonlyinvolvedparentwasthemother.Thepurposeofthestudywastoevaluatetheroleplayedbyfathersintheraisingofachild.Itindicatedamuchhigherlevelofparentalinvolvementbythefatherthanhadbeenanticipated.Over66%ofthefathersweresaidtohaveplayedamajorroleinparentalresponsibility. Thestudyalsosuggestedthatthegreatestlevelofparentalparentingtookplaceinthefamiliesofonlychildren.Asthenumberofchildrenandfinancialobligationsincreasedthefather’sapparentinterestandinvolvementwiththechildrendecreased.Hlowevernomatterwhatthesizeoffinancialconditionofthefamilyafather’sactiveparticipationinthechild’sdevelopmentmadegreatdifferenceinthechildren’sprogress. Thestudyfurtherrevealedthatwhilethefrequencyofovernightabsencesreflectedacorrespondingdeficiencyofthechild’slevelinmathsandreadingafather’semploymentonlateshiftsappearedtohavelittleeffectonthechild’sacademicprogress.Thedatafromthestudywasobtainedprimarilythroughinterviewswithparentsteachersandphysicians.Theinformationevaluatingthelevelofthefather’sparentingperformancewaselicitedprimarilyfromtheadmittedlysubjectiveobservationsoftheirwives. Allofthechildrenstudied
Text2 Oneoftheoddthingsaboutsomebusinessorganizationsisthattheyspendsomuchmoneytolurenewcustomersandspendsolittletokeepthemafterthey’vebeenlanded.Itjustdoesn’tmakesense.Takingcustomersforgrantedisroutineinsomelargerorganizationswheremerebignessgeneratesanattitudeofindifference. Loyalcustomersareanorganization’sonlyprotectionagainstbankruptcyandlosingthembecauseofneglectorindifferenceisdownrightsinful.Notonlydosatisfiedcustomerscontinuetofattenthetilltheyoftenencourageotherstobuy.Thisisadvertisingthatdoesn’tcostapenny.Andalthoughtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomersmaintainingtheirpatronage光顾isn’tallthatdifficult.It’samatterofattitudeofbelievingthateveryonewhobuysfromyouisentitledtothebesttreatmentyoucandeliver.Plusgivingjustalittlemorethanyouhaveto. Wesaidtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomers.Thereasonofcourseisthatnoorganizationisperfectandthere’smanyaslip:unreasonabledelaysinfillingordersshippingthewrongmerchandisefailingtoanswerletterspromptlyandsoon. Sometimestheseerrorsorfailurescan’tbehelped.Forexampleifyoucan’tgetpartsbecauseofmaterialshortagesoratransportationstrikecustomersmaybedeniedthegoodsthey’veordered.Andnotinfrequentlythecustomeristoblame--forexamplefailingtoclearlyidentifythearticleorservjcerequired. Yetnomatterwhoisatfaultcustomerswhomyouvaluehighlyshouldgenerallybegiventhebenefitofthedoubt.Notethatwesaid"customerswhomyouvaluehighly."Theoldsaying格言goesthatallcustomersshouldbetreatedalikeisamyth.Customerswhorepeatedlyplacelargeordersandpayforthemwillnaturallygetmoreattentionthanthosewhobuyinfrequentlyandhavetobebadgeredtopaywhattheyowe.Howeveryouhavetomaketheassumptionthatallcustomersaregoodunlessprovedotherwise. Thewordidentifyinthefourthparagraphisthesameas
Text2 AnEnglishschoolboywouldonlyaskhisfriend:"Wassatimethen"Tohisteacherhewouldbemuchmorelikelytospeakinamorestandardisedaccentandask:"ExcusemesirmayIhavethecorrecttimeplease"Peoplearegenerallyawarethatthephrasesandexpressionstheyusearedifferentfromthoseofearliergenerations;buttheyconcedelessthattheirownbehaviouralsovariesaccordingtothesituationinwhichtheyfindthemselves;Peoplehavecharacteristicwaysoftalkingwhicharerelativelystableacrossvaryingsituations.Neverthelessdistinctcontextsanddifferentlistenersdemanddifferentpatternsofspeechfromoneandthesamespeaker. Notonlythisbutinmanycasesthewaysomeonespeaksaffectstheresponseofthepersontowhomheisspeakinginsuchawaythat"modelling"isseentooccur.ThisiswhatMichaelArgylehascalled"responsematching".Severalstudieshaveshownthatthemoreonerevealsaboutoneselfinordinaryconversationandthemoreintimatethesedetailsarethemorepersonalsecretstheotherpersonwilldivulge. Responsematchinghasinfactbeennotedbetweentwospeakersinanumberofwaysincludinghowlongsomeonespeaksthelengthofpausesspeechrateandvoiceloudness.ThecorrespondencebetweenthelengthofreportersquestionswheninterviewingPresidentKennedyandthelengthofhisreplieshasbeenshowntohaveincreasedoverthedurationofhis1961--1963newsonferences.Argylesaysthisprocessmaybeoneof"imitation".TwoAmericanresearchersJaffeandFeldsteinprefertothinkofitasthespeaker’sneedforequilibrium.Neitheroftheseexplanationsseemsparticularlyconvincing.Itmaybethatresponsematchingcanbemoreprofitablyconsideredasanunconsciousreflectionofspeakers’needsforsocialintegrationwithoneanother. Thisprocessofmodellingtheotherperson’sspeechinaconversationcouldalsobetermedspeechconvergence.Itmayonlybeoneaspectofamuchwiderspeechchange.Inothersituationsspeechdivergencemayoccurwhencertainfactorsencourageapersontomodifyhisspeechawayfromtheindividualheis’dealingwith.Forexamplearetiredbrigadier’swiferenownedforherincessantsnobbishnessmayreturnhervehicletothelocalgaragebecauseofinadequateservicingvoicinghercomplaintinelaboratelyphrasedyetmechanicallyunsophisticated不老练的languagewithahighsoft-pitchedvoice.Thesesuperiorairsandgracesmaysimplymakethemechanicreplywithaflourishofalmostincomprehensibletechnicalitiesandinaloudermoredeeply-pitchedvoicethanhewouldhaveusedwithalessirritatingcustomer. WhatdoestheexampleoftheEnglishschoolboyinparagraph1indicate
Text1 Acidrainwhichisaformof’airpollutioncurrentlybecomesasubjectofgreatdebatebecauseofwidespreadenvironmentaldamageforwhichithasbeenblamed.Itformswhenoxidesofsulfurandnitrogencombinewithatmosphericmoisturetoyieldsulfuricandnitricacidswhichmaythenbecarriedlongdistancesfromtheirsourcebeforetheydropintheformofrain.Thepollutionmayalsotaketheformofsnoworfogorfalldownindryforms.Infactalthoughtheterm"acidrain"hasbeeninuse.formorethanacentury--itisderivedfromatmosphericstudiesthatweremadeintheregionofManchesterEngland--themoreaccuratescientifictermwouldbe’aciddeposition.’Thedryformofsuchdepositionisjustasdamagingtotheenvironmentastheliquidform. TheproblemofacidrainoriginatedwiththeIndustrialRevolutionandithasbeengrowingeversince.Theseverityofitseffectshaslongbeenrecognizedinlocalsettingsasexemplifiedbythespellsofacidsmoginheavilyindustrializedareas.Thewidespreaddestructivenessofacidrainhoweverhas’becomeevidentonlyinrecentdecades.OnelargeareathathasbeenstudiedextensivelyisnorthernEuropewhereacidrainhaserodedstructuresinjuredcropsandforestsandthreatenedlifeinfreshwaterlakes.In1984forexampleenvironmentalreportsindicatedthatalmosthalfofthetreesinGermany’sBlackForesthadbeendamagedbyacidrain.ThenortheasternUnitedStatesandeasternCanadahavealsobeenparticularlyaffectedbythisformofpollution;damagehasalsobeendetectedinotherareasofthesecountriesandotherregionsoftheworld. Industrialemissionshavebeenblamedasthemajorcauseofacidrain.Becausethechemicalreactionsinvolvedintheproductionofacidrainintheatmospherearecomplexandasyetlittleunderstoodindustrieshavetendedtochallengesuchassessmentsandtostresstheneedforfurtherstudies;andbecauseofthecostofpollutionreductiongovernmentshavetendedtosupportthisattitude.StudiesreleasedbytheUSgovernmentintheearly1980showeverstronglyindicatedindustriesasthemainsourceofacidrainintheeasternUSandCanada. Thesecondparagraphismainlyabout
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 4
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 12
Text2 Oneoftheoddthingsaboutsomebusinessorganizationsisthattheyspendsomuchmoneytolurenewcustomersandspendsolittletokeepthemafterthey’vebeenlanded.Itjustdoesn’tmakesense.Takingcustomersforgrantedisroutineinsomelargerorganizationswheremerebignessgeneratesanattitudeofindifference. Loyalcustomersareanorganization’sonlyprotectionagainstbankruptcyandlosingthembecauseofneglectorindifferenceisdownrightsinful.Notonlydosatisfiedcustomerscontinuetofattenthetilltheyoftenencourageotherstobuy.Thisisadvertisingthatdoesn’tcostapenny.Andalthoughtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomersmaintainingtheirpatronage光顾isn’tallthatdifficult.It’samatterofattitudeofbelievingthateveryonewhobuysfromyouisentitledtothebesttreatmentyoucandeliver.Plusgivingjustalittlemorethanyouhaveto. Wesaidtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomers.Thereasonofcourseisthatnoorganizationisperfectandthere’smanyaslip:unreasonabledelaysinfillingordersshippingthewrongmerchandisefailingtoanswerletterspromptlyandsoon. Sometimestheseerrorsorfailurescan’tbehelped.Forexampleifyoucan’tgetpartsbecauseofmaterialshortagesoratransportationstrikecustomersmaybedeniedthegoodsthey’veordered.Andnotinfrequentlythecustomeristoblame--forexamplefailingtoclearlyidentifythearticleorservjcerequired. Yetnomatterwhoisatfaultcustomerswhomyouvaluehighlyshouldgenerallybegiventhebenefitofthedoubt.Notethatwesaid"customerswhomyouvaluehighly."Theoldsaying格言goesthatallcustomersshouldbetreatedalikeisamyth.Customerswhorepeatedlyplacelargeordersandpayforthemwillnaturallygetmoreattentionthanthosewhobuyinfrequentlyandhavetobebadgeredtopaywhattheyowe.Howeveryouhavetomaketheassumptionthatallcustomersaregoodunlessprovedotherwise. Themainideaofthepassageisbestexpressedbywhichofthefollowing
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