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设a为常数，则数列极限=______．
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.已知数列{an}中对任意的n∈N*若满足an+an+1+an+2+an+3=ss为常数则称该数列为
设等差数列{an}的公差为非零常数d且a1＝1若a1a3a13成等比数列则公差d＝
1
2
3
5
设a为常数则数列极限=______．
设函数fx=lnx+ 设数列{xn}满足1nxn+[*]＜1证明[*]存在并求此极限
设常数A＞0则数列极限______.
已知数列{an}的前n项和其中k为常数a1a4a13成等比数列.1求k的值及数列{an}的通项公式2
设同时满足条件①≤bn＋1n∈N*②bn≤Mn∈N*M.是与n无关的常数的无穷数列{bn}叫特界数列
设Sn是数列{an}的前n项和若n∈N＋是非零常数则称数列{an}为和等比数列.若数列{}是首项为2
设a为常数则数列极限______.
设a为常数则数列极限______.
设Sn为数列{an}的前n项和Sn＝kn2＋nn∈N*其中k是常数.若对于任意的m∈N*ama2ma
数列{an}的前n项和为Sn.已知.Ⅰ若a1=1求a2a3a4Ⅱ若a1=aa为常数求数列{an}的通
设数列{xn}满足关系n=012．证明无论x0＞0如何取数列{xn}都收敛并求其极限．
已知数列{an}其中a2＝6且.1计算a1a3a4并求数列{an}的通项公式2设数列{bn}为等差数
设数列xn满足关系[*]n=012．证明无论x0＞0如何取数列xn都收敛并求其极限．
如果一个数列既是等差数列又是等比数列则此数列
为常数数列
为非零的常数数列
存在且唯一
不存在
定义等和数列在一个数列中如果每一项与它的后一项的和都为同一个常数那么这个数列叫做等和数列这个常数叫做
设首项为a1的正项数列{an}的前n项和为Snq为非零常数已知对任意正整数nmSn＋m＝Sm＋qmS
设数列{an}的前n项和为Sn且Sn=4an﹣p其中p是不为零的常数.1证明数列{an}是等比数列2
设xn=ann！／nn其中a是正的常数n是正整数则数列极限[xn+1／xn]的值是
a／e
a
e
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TheiPodrevolutionizedthewayweconsumemusic.TheiPhonemadeuscrazyforapps.AndnowtheiPadisgettingreadytorockourlovelives—oratleasthelpimproveoursearchforsomeonetocommunicatewith.InlateMaySkout.comwillbecomethefirstdatingsitetolaunchaniPadapplication.Thefreeappwillbesimilartotheversionthat’salreadyavailabletophoneusers:memberscanentersearchcriteriasuchasagerangegenderandphysicalpreferencesandaHotMapwillshowinrealtimethelocationsofactiveSkoutuserswhofitthosecriteria.Theideaistohelpmembersmeetupandseeifmagichappens.ThecoolthingabouttheiPadadaptationsaysCEOChristianWiklundisthatitsscreenislargeenoughtolettheuserviewthemapwhilesimultaneouslychattingandsearchingthroughanothermember’sphotos.DavidEvanseditorofonlinedatingpost.comsayswecanexpecttoseemoreinnovativetechnologyinafewmonthsaftercompaniesgetacquaintedwiththecapabilitiesoftheiPad.WhatI’mlookingforaredatingsitesthatareoptimizedfortheiPadwithfeaturesnativetothesleekcomputingdeviceliketouchscreenmotionssuchaspinchtwistzoomandshakehesays.It’stheiPadthat’sgoingtoenabledeveloperstocreateentirelynewwaystobrowsediscoverandconnectwithsingles.SteveOdomCEOandfounderofdatingsiteGelatowhichlaunchedlastyearandincludesalivefeedofmembers’social-mediaprofilesisredesigninghisentirewebsitebasedontheiPad’sappearance.ProfilepicturesplayakeyroleinonlinedatingOdomsaysandtheiPadgivessitesanopportunitytoplayupthepresentationoftheirclientele.It’sbigit’sbeautifulandit’sperfectfordatingsitessaysOdomwhoplanstounveiltheredesigninJune.Evanspredictsthatonlinedatingsiteswillbegintodisplaytheircontentlikeamagazinelettingusersflipthroughpagesofprofilesandenlargephotoswhilesimultaneouslytextingwithoneormoreothers.Hesaysthere’salsobeentalkofaddingafacial-codingandeye-trackingfunctionthatwoulduseawebcamontheiPadtorefinesuggestedmatchesbasedonamember’sresponsestocertainprofiles.Ifyougrimacetheprofilewillfadeaway;ifyousmileorifyourpupilsdilatesimilarprofileswillbesuggested.InotherwordssomedaytherecouldbeaniPadappforloveatfirstsight.ItisstatedinParagraph1thatiPadisuniquein______.
Fewscientificfieldsareasfullofriskasthatofresearchintohumanintelligence.Thetwoquestionsthat1overandoveragainare"isitaresultofnatureornurture"and"doesracemakeadifference" Making2commentsaboutthesecondquestioncanbea3moveasJamesWatsonaco-discovererofDNAstructurerecentlyfound.Hesuggestedthathewas"4abouttheprospectofAfrica"5"alloursocialpoliciesarebasedonthefactthattheirintelligenceisthesameasourswhitepeople6allthetestingsaysnotreally".Such7byDr.Watsonarenotmerely8theyarescientificallyweird.Iftheterm9hasanyusefulscientificmeaningthenAfricathecontinentwheremodernhumanitybeganismostraciallydiverse.Theresulting10amongthepublicforcedDr.Watsontoleavehislaboratory. 11thestudyofthefirstquestion12betweenintelligenceandgenetics—hassomewiserpractitioners.OneofthemTerrieMoffittofKing’sCollegehasjust13aprojectjudgingtherelativeimportanceofnatureandnurture.Dr.Moffitt’steam14theeffectonintelligenceofbreastfeedingbutinageneticcontext.Previousstudieshaveshownthatbreastfedchildrenaremoreintelligent15aboutsixIQpointsthanthosegivenbabyformulas. Theteamhowever16theinvolvementofagenecalledFADS2whichcomesintwovarietiesknownasCandG.Theresearchers17ifthesetwovarietiesinteracteddifferentlywithbreastmilk.18ondatafromtwogroupsofpeopletheyfoundthattheintelligenceincreaseassociatedwithbreastfeedingonlyhappenedtopeoplehaving19atleastonecopyoftheCvariety.Theeffectdidnot.20onthesocialclassesorIQsoftheparents. 15
Allbigideasstartlifeonthefringesofdebate.Veryoftenittakesashockingeventtomovethemintothemainstream.Unti1lastyearclimatechangewasmainlytheinterestofscientistsandgreenlobbyists.ButsinceHurricaneKatrinasomethingseemstohavechangedparticularlyinAmerica.Nobodyknowswhetherthehurricanereallyhadanythingtodowiththeearthwarming.Butforthefirsttimelessgreenvotersandbigbusinesshadaclearerideaaboutthe"extremeweatherevents"whoseincreasingfrequencyscientistshadbeentalkingabout. Thereareplentyofanecdotalsignsofchange:Britain’spro-businessConservativeshaveturnedgreen;A1GoreisbackinfashioninAmerica;hybridcarsnolongergetstaredat.41______. Sofarthepoliticalrowsaboutglobalwarminghavecentredontwopolluterssmoggyfactoriesanddirtycars.42______. Insomewaystheairlinesareanoddtargetforgreens.Theyproduceonlyaround3%oftheworld’sman-madecarbonemissions.43______.Byshippinghordesofordinarypeoplearoundtheglobefornotverymuchmoneytheyhaveimprovedthelivesofmillions. 44______.Airtransportwillsoonbecentralnotmarginaltotheemissionsissue. WhatifanythingshouldbedoneAsusualtherearedangersonbothsides.Excessiveregulationwouldunnecessarilyrestrictindividualchoiceandrestrainanindustrythatmakesbothrichandpoorcountriesbetteroff.Ontheotherhandairlinesnolessthananyotherindustrymustpayforpollution. 45______.Andalthoughotherformsoftransportcannoteasilyreplaceflyingdemandformanyflightsissensitivetoprice.Aquarterofflyingisbusiness-related;manyofthosejourneysareessentialbutothersarescarcelymoreimportantthanatelephonecallorvideo-conference. Howeveraddressingindividuals’conscienceswon’tgothatfar.Airpollutionisacollectiveproblemwhichinthiscaserequiresachangeinpolicy.Asitstandsthemarketisinfavourofairtravel;theaimshouldbetomakeitmorebalanced.Twoapproachesareonoffer.Somethinkthebestwaytolimitemissionsistotaxthem;othersargueforasystemthatsetsacaponpollutionandletpolluterstradetherighttoemit. [A]Butthereisnosignofgovernmentsembracingthatidea.Giventhatitistheworld’sfirstseriousattempttocutemissionsinternationallythatisnotsurprising.Theworldcanlearnfromitsimperfectionsanddesignabetterschemeforairlines. [B]Nowanewfrontisbeingopenedup—intheskies.NextmonththeEuropeanParliamentwillvoteonwhethertoextenditsemissions-tradingsystemtoairlines.IfitdecidesinfavourthewholeindustrywillfeeltheimpactforitwillaffectnotjustEuropeanairlinesbutallthosethatflyintoandoutoftheEU.ButwhateverhappensintheEUitseemsthattheairlinesareboundtofacedemandsthattheyshouldpayfortheiremissions. [C]Slowlybusinessmenandpoliticiansarecomingtoagreewithscientists.Ifthisgenerationdoesnottackleclimatechangeitsdescendantswillnotthinkmuchofit.Thatmeansraisingcostsforallsourcesofpollution.Eventhoseinexpensiveweekendbreakswillbecancelled. [D]Asthedebategrowssomeflyersmayreconsidertheirways.Putfranklyairtravelmakesamockeryofmanypeople’sattemptstoliveagreenlife.Somebodywhowantstoreducehis"carbonfootprint"canbicycletoworkneverbuyspraysandturnoffhisair-conditioner—andstillblowawayallthisvirtueonacoupleoflongflights. [E]Companiesarebeginningtotakeactionsandencouraginggovernmentstodothesame.Europealreadyhasanemissions-tradingsystemETSforitsfivedirtiestindustries.InAmericaalthoughtheBushadministrationstillresistsfederallegislationmoreandmorestatesdonot. [F]Yetinotherwaysairlinesareafinetarget.Theypaynotaxonfuelforinternationalflightsandthereforeescapethe"polluterpays"principle.TheiremissionsareespeciallydamagingtooAndtheindustry’senergyconsumptionhasbeengrowingfasterthanthatofotherpollutingindustries. [G]Surfacetransportbycontrastproduces22%.Europe’smerchantshipsspewoutaroundathirdmorecarbonthanaircraftdoandnobodyisgoingafterthem.Andunlikecars—potentsymbolsofindividualismandsomewouldsayindividualselfishness—airlinesarepublictransportjamminginasmanypeopleastheycanintoeachplane. 43
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SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
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Intheearlydaysoftheinternettheideathatitrepresentedanentirelynewandseparaterealmdistinctfromtherealworldwasseizeduponbybothadvocatesandcriticsofthenewtechnology.Advocateslikedtheideathatthevirtualworldwasaplacelessdatasphereliberatedfromconstraintsandrestrictionsoftherealworldandanopportunityforafreshstart.ForinstanceJohnPerryBarlowaninternetactivistissuedtheDeclarationoftheIndependenceofCyberspaceinFebruary1996.HethunderedGovernmentsoftheindustrialworldIcomefromcyberspacethenewhomeofmind.Cyberspacedoesnotliewithinyourborders.Wearecreatingaworldthatallmayenterwithoutprivilegeorprejudiceaccordedbyraceeconomicpowermilitaryforceorstationofbirth.WhereMr.Barlowandothercyber-Utopiansfoundtheseparationbetweentherealandvirtualworldsexcitinghowevercriticsregardeditasacauseforconcern.Theyworriedthatpeoplewerespendingtoomuchtimeonlinecommunicatingwithpeopletheyhadneverevenmetinpersoninchatroomsvirtualgameworldsandmorerecentlyonsocial-networkingsitessuchasMySpaceandFacebook.AstudycarriedoutbytheStanfordInstitutefortheQuantitativeStudyofSocietyin2000forexamplefoundthatheavyinternetusersspentlesstimetalkingtofriendsandfamilyandwarnedthattheinternetcouldbetheultimateisolatingtechnology.Bothgroupswerewrongofcourse.Theinternethasnotturnedouttobeathingapart.Unpleasantaspectsoftherealworldsuchastaxescensorshipcrimeandfraudarenowfeaturesofthevirtualworldtoo.Garnerswhomakerealmoneysellingswordsgoldandotheritemsinvirtualgameworldsmaynowfindthatthetaxmanwantstoknowaboutit.DesignersofvirtualobjectsinSecondLifeanonlinevirtualworldareresortingtoreal-worldlawsuitsinordertoprotecttheirintellectualproperty.Atthesametimehoweversomeofthemostexcitingusesoftheinternetrelyoncouplingitwiththerealworld.Socialnetworkingallowspeopletostayintouchwiththeirfriendsonlineandplansocialactivitiesintherealworld.Thedistinctionbetweenonlineandofflinechatterceasestomatter.OrconsiderGoogleEarthwhichputssatelliteimagesofthewholeworldonyourdesktopandallowsuserstolinkonlinedatawithspecificphysicallocations.Alltheseapproachestreattheinternetasanextensionoranattachmenttothephysicalworldnotaseparatespace.Ratherthanseeingtherealandvirtualrealmsasdistinctandconflictinginshortitmakessensetoseethemascomplementaryandconnected.TheresultingfusionisnotwhattheUtopiansorthecriticsforesawbutitsuitstherestofusjustfine.WhyisJohnPerryBarlowmentionedinParagraph1
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AFrenchmanthepsychologistAlfredBinetpublishedthefirststandardizedtestofhumanintelligencein1905.46ButitwasanAmericanLewisTermanapsychologyprofessoratStanfordwhothoughttodividea_testtaker’s"mentalage"asrevealedbythatscorebyhisorherbiologicalagetoderiveanumberthathecalled"IQ".Itwouldbehardtothinkofapop-scientificcoinagethathashadagreaterimpactonthewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselvesandothers. 47Nocountry:embracedtheIQmorethoroughlythantheU.S.wheremillionsofpeoplehavetheirIQmeasuredannuallymanywithadirectdescendantofBinet’soriginaltestalthoughnotnecessarilyforthepurposeBinetintended.Hedevelopedhistestasawayofidentifyingpublicschoolstudentswhoneededextrahelpinlearningandthatisstilloneofitsleadinguses. ButthebroaderandmorecontroversialuseofIQtestinghasitsrootsinatheoryofintelligence—partsciencepartsociology—thatdevelopedinthelate19thcenturybeforeBinet’sworkandentirelyseparatefromit.48ChampionedfirstbyCharlesDarwin’scousinFrancisGaltonitheldthatintelligencewasthemostvaluablehumanattributeandthatifpeoplewhohadalotofitcouldbeidentifiedandputinleadershippositionsallofsocietywouldbenefit. TermanbelievedIQtestsshouldbeusedtoconductagreatsortingoutofthepopulationsothatyoungpeoplewouldbeassignedonthebasisoftheirscorestoparticularlevelsintheschoolsystemwhichwouldleadtocorrespondingsocioeconomicdestinationsinadultlife.ThebeginningoftheIQ-testingmovementoverlappedwiththeeugenicsmovement—hugelypopularinAmericaandEuropeamongthe"bettersort". In1958aBritishsociologistnamedMichaelYoungcoinedtheword"meritocracy"todenoteasocietythatorganizesitselfaccordingtoIQ-testscores.TermanandmanyotherearlyadvocatesofIQtestinghadinmindthecreationofanAmericanmeritocracythoughtheworddidn’texistthen.49TheybelievedIQtestscouldbethemeanstocreateforthefirsttimeeverasocietyinwhichadvantagewouldgotothepeoplewhodeserveditratherthantothosewhohadbeenbornintoit. InordertobelievethisthoughyouhavetobelievethatmeritandascoreonanIQtestarethesamething.50LongbeforeIQwasinventedAmericaprideditselfonbeingacountrywithoutaclasssysteminwhichpeopleoftalentandindustrywouldriseandberewarded.TheadventofintelligencetestsdidnotdramaticallyaffectthedegreeofsocialmobilityintheU.S.—atleastnotenoughforanychangetoshowupinthesocial-sciencedata. 47
Intheearlydaysoftheinternettheideathatitrepresentedanentirelynewandseparaterealmdistinctfromtherealworldwasseizeduponbybothadvocatesandcriticsofthenewtechnology.Advocateslikedtheideathatthevirtualworldwasaplacelessdatasphereliberatedfromconstraintsandrestrictionsoftherealworldandanopportunityforafreshstart.ForinstanceJohnPerryBarlowaninternetactivistissuedtheDeclarationoftheIndependenceofCyberspaceinFebruary1996.HethunderedGovernmentsoftheindustrialworldIcomefromcyberspacethenewhomeofmind.Cyberspacedoesnotliewithinyourborders.Wearecreatingaworldthatallmayenterwithoutprivilegeorprejudiceaccordedbyraceeconomicpowermilitaryforceorstationofbirth.WhereMr.Barlowandothercyber-Utopiansfoundtheseparationbetweentherealandvirtualworldsexcitinghowevercriticsregardeditasacauseforconcern.Theyworriedthatpeoplewerespendingtoomuchtimeonlinecommunicatingwithpeopletheyhadneverevenmetinpersoninchatroomsvirtualgameworldsandmorerecentlyonsocial-networkingsitessuchasMySpaceandFacebook.AstudycarriedoutbytheStanfordInstitutefortheQuantitativeStudyofSocietyin2000forexamplefoundthatheavyinternetusersspentlesstimetalkingtofriendsandfamilyandwarnedthattheinternetcouldbetheultimateisolatingtechnology.Bothgroupswerewrongofcourse.Theinternethasnotturnedouttobeathingapart.Unpleasantaspectsoftherealworldsuchastaxescensorshipcrimeandfraudarenowfeaturesofthevirtualworldtoo.Garnerswhomakerealmoneysellingswordsgoldandotheritemsinvirtualgameworldsmaynowfindthatthetaxmanwantstoknowaboutit.DesignersofvirtualobjectsinSecondLifeanonlinevirtualworldareresortingtoreal-worldlawsuitsinordertoprotecttheirintellectualproperty.Atthesametimehoweversomeofthemostexcitingusesoftheinternetrelyoncouplingitwiththerealworld.Socialnetworkingallowspeopletostayintouchwiththeirfriendsonlineandplansocialactivitiesintherealworld.Thedistinctionbetweenonlineandofflinechatterceasestomatter.OrconsiderGoogleEarthwhichputssatelliteimagesofthewholeworldonyourdesktopandallowsuserstolinkonlinedatawithspecificphysicallocations.Alltheseapproachestreattheinternetasanextensionoranattachmenttothephysicalworldnotaseparatespace.Ratherthanseeingtherealandvirtualrealmsasdistinctandconflictinginshortitmakessensetoseethemascomplementaryandconnected.TheresultingfusionisnotwhattheUtopiansorthecriticsforesawbutitsuitstherestofusjustfine.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Allbigideasstartlifeonthefringesofdebate.Veryoftenittakesashockingeventtomovethemintothemainstream.Unti1lastyearclimatechangewasmainlytheinterestofscientistsandgreenlobbyists.ButsinceHurricaneKatrinasomethingseemstohavechangedparticularlyinAmerica.Nobodyknowswhetherthehurricanereallyhadanythingtodowiththeearthwarming.Butforthefirsttimelessgreenvotersandbigbusinesshadaclearerideaaboutthe"extremeweatherevents"whoseincreasingfrequencyscientistshadbeentalkingabout. Thereareplentyofanecdotalsignsofchange:Britain’spro-businessConservativeshaveturnedgreen;A1GoreisbackinfashioninAmerica;hybridcarsnolongergetstaredat.41______. Sofarthepoliticalrowsaboutglobalwarminghavecentredontwopolluterssmoggyfactoriesanddirtycars.42______. Insomewaystheairlinesareanoddtargetforgreens.Theyproduceonlyaround3%oftheworld’sman-madecarbonemissions.43______.Byshippinghordesofordinarypeoplearoundtheglobefornotverymuchmoneytheyhaveimprovedthelivesofmillions. 44______.Airtransportwillsoonbecentralnotmarginaltotheemissionsissue. WhatifanythingshouldbedoneAsusualtherearedangersonbothsides.Excessiveregulationwouldunnecessarilyrestrictindividualchoiceandrestrainanindustrythatmakesbothrichandpoorcountriesbetteroff.Ontheotherhandairlinesnolessthananyotherindustrymustpayforpollution. 45______.Andalthoughotherformsoftransportcannoteasilyreplaceflyingdemandformanyflightsissensitivetoprice.Aquarterofflyingisbusiness-related;manyofthosejourneysareessentialbutothersarescarcelymoreimportantthanatelephonecallorvideo-conference. Howeveraddressingindividuals’conscienceswon’tgothatfar.Airpollutionisacollectiveproblemwhichinthiscaserequiresachangeinpolicy.Asitstandsthemarketisinfavourofairtravel;theaimshouldbetomakeitmorebalanced.Twoapproachesareonoffer.Somethinkthebestwaytolimitemissionsistotaxthem;othersargueforasystemthatsetsacaponpollutionandletpolluterstradetherighttoemit. [A]Butthereisnosignofgovernmentsembracingthatidea.Giventhatitistheworld’sfirstseriousattempttocutemissionsinternationallythatisnotsurprising.Theworldcanlearnfromitsimperfectionsanddesignabetterschemeforairlines. [B]Nowanewfrontisbeingopenedup—intheskies.NextmonththeEuropeanParliamentwillvoteonwhethertoextenditsemissions-tradingsystemtoairlines.IfitdecidesinfavourthewholeindustrywillfeeltheimpactforitwillaffectnotjustEuropeanairlinesbutallthosethatflyintoandoutoftheEU.ButwhateverhappensintheEUitseemsthattheairlinesareboundtofacedemandsthattheyshouldpayfortheiremissions. [C]Slowlybusinessmenandpoliticiansarecomingtoagreewithscientists.Ifthisgenerationdoesnottackleclimatechangeitsdescendantswillnotthinkmuchofit.Thatmeansraisingcostsforallsourcesofpollution.Eventhoseinexpensiveweekendbreakswillbecancelled. [D]Asthedebategrowssomeflyersmayreconsidertheirways.Putfranklyairtravelmakesamockeryofmanypeople’sattemptstoliveagreenlife.Somebodywhowantstoreducehis"carbonfootprint"canbicycletoworkneverbuyspraysandturnoffhisair-conditioner—andstillblowawayallthisvirtueonacoupleoflongflights. [E]Companiesarebeginningtotakeactionsandencouraginggovernmentstodothesame.Europealreadyhasanemissions-tradingsystemETSforitsfivedirtiestindustries.InAmericaalthoughtheBushadministrationstillresistsfederallegislationmoreandmorestatesdonot. [F]Yetinotherwaysairlinesareafinetarget.Theypaynotaxonfuelforinternationalflightsandthereforeescapethe"polluterpays"principle.TheiremissionsareespeciallydamagingtooAndtheindustry’senergyconsumptionhasbeengrowingfasterthanthatofotherpollutingindustries. [G]Surfacetransportbycontrastproduces22%.Europe’smerchantshipsspewoutaroundathirdmorecarbonthanaircraftdoandnobodyisgoingafterthem.Andunlikecars—potentsymbolsofindividualismandsomewouldsayindividualselfishness—airlinesarepublictransportjamminginasmanypeopleastheycanintoeachplane. 45
TheiPodrevolutionizedthewayweconsumemusic.TheiPhonemadeuscrazyforapps.AndnowtheiPadisgettingreadytorockourlovelives—oratleasthelpimproveoursearchforsomeonetocommunicatewith.InlateMaySkout.comwillbecomethefirstdatingsitetolaunchaniPadapplication.Thefreeappwillbesimilartotheversionthat’salreadyavailabletophoneusers:memberscanentersearchcriteriasuchasagerangegenderandphysicalpreferencesandaHotMapwillshowinrealtimethelocationsofactiveSkoutuserswhofitthosecriteria.Theideaistohelpmembersmeetupandseeifmagichappens.ThecoolthingabouttheiPadadaptationsaysCEOChristianWiklundisthatitsscreenislargeenoughtolettheuserviewthemapwhilesimultaneouslychattingandsearchingthroughanothermember’sphotos.DavidEvanseditorofonlinedatingpost.comsayswecanexpecttoseemoreinnovativetechnologyinafewmonthsaftercompaniesgetacquaintedwiththecapabilitiesoftheiPad.WhatI’mlookingforaredatingsitesthatareoptimizedfortheiPadwithfeaturesnativetothesleekcomputingdeviceliketouchscreenmotionssuchaspinchtwistzoomandshakehesays.It’stheiPadthat’sgoingtoenabledeveloperstocreateentirelynewwaystobrowsediscoverandconnectwithsingles.SteveOdomCEOandfounderofdatingsiteGelatowhichlaunchedlastyearandincludesalivefeedofmembers’social-mediaprofilesisredesigninghisentirewebsitebasedontheiPad’sappearance.ProfilepicturesplayakeyroleinonlinedatingOdomsaysandtheiPadgivessitesanopportunitytoplayupthepresentationoftheirclientele.It’sbigit’sbeautifulandit’sperfectfordatingsitessaysOdomwhoplanstounveiltheredesigninJune.Evanspredictsthatonlinedatingsiteswillbegintodisplaytheircontentlikeamagazinelettingusersflipthroughpagesofprofilesandenlargephotoswhilesimultaneouslytextingwithoneormoreothers.Hesaysthere’salsobeentalkofaddingafacial-codingandeye-trackingfunctionthatwoulduseawebcamontheiPadtorefinesuggestedmatchesbasedonamember’sresponsestocertainprofiles.Ifyougrimacetheprofilewillfadeaway;ifyousmileorifyourpupilsdilatesimilarprofileswillbesuggested.InotherwordssomedaytherecouldbeaniPadappforloveatfirstsight.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext
AFrenchmanthepsychologistAlfredBinetpublishedthefirststandardizedtestofhumanintelligencein1905.46ButitwasanAmericanLewisTermanapsychologyprofessoratStanfordwhothoughttodividea_testtaker’s"mentalage"asrevealedbythatscorebyhisorherbiologicalagetoderiveanumberthathecalled"IQ".Itwouldbehardtothinkofapop-scientificcoinagethathashadagreaterimpactonthewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselvesandothers. 47Nocountry:embracedtheIQmorethoroughlythantheU.S.wheremillionsofpeoplehavetheirIQmeasuredannuallymanywithadirectdescendantofBinet’soriginaltestalthoughnotnecessarilyforthepurposeBinetintended.Hedevelopedhistestasawayofidentifyingpublicschoolstudentswhoneededextrahelpinlearningandthatisstilloneofitsleadinguses. ButthebroaderandmorecontroversialuseofIQtestinghasitsrootsinatheoryofintelligence—partsciencepartsociology—thatdevelopedinthelate19thcenturybeforeBinet’sworkandentirelyseparatefromit.48ChampionedfirstbyCharlesDarwin’scousinFrancisGaltonitheldthatintelligencewasthemostvaluablehumanattributeandthatifpeoplewhohadalotofitcouldbeidentifiedandputinleadershippositionsallofsocietywouldbenefit. TermanbelievedIQtestsshouldbeusedtoconductagreatsortingoutofthepopulationsothatyoungpeoplewouldbeassignedonthebasisoftheirscorestoparticularlevelsintheschoolsystemwhichwouldleadtocorrespondingsocioeconomicdestinationsinadultlife.ThebeginningoftheIQ-testingmovementoverlappedwiththeeugenicsmovement—hugelypopularinAmericaandEuropeamongthe"bettersort". In1958aBritishsociologistnamedMichaelYoungcoinedtheword"meritocracy"todenoteasocietythatorganizesitselfaccordingtoIQ-testscores.TermanandmanyotherearlyadvocatesofIQtestinghadinmindthecreationofanAmericanmeritocracythoughtheworddidn’texistthen.49TheybelievedIQtestscouldbethemeanstocreateforthefirsttimeeverasocietyinwhichadvantagewouldgotothepeoplewhodeserveditratherthantothosewhohadbeenbornintoit. InordertobelievethisthoughyouhavetobelievethatmeritandascoreonanIQtestarethesamething.50LongbeforeIQwasinventedAmericaprideditselfonbeingacountrywithoutaclasssysteminwhichpeopleoftalentandindustrywouldriseandberewarded.TheadventofintelligencetestsdidnotdramaticallyaffectthedegreeofsocialmobilityintheU.S.—atleastnotenoughforanychangetoshowupinthesocial-sciencedata. 49
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
FORthepasttwoyearsinSiliconValleythecentreofAmerica’stechnologyindustryconference-goershaveentertainedthemselvesplayingaguessinggame:howmanytimeswillaspeakermentionthephraselongtailItisusuallyahighnumberthankstotheinfluenceofthelongtailtheorywhichwasfirstdevelopedbyChrisAndersontheeditorofWiredmagazineinanarticlein2004.Thoughtechnologistsandbloggerschuckleathoweverybusinesspresentationnowhastohaveitslong-tailsectionmostareenviousofMrAndersonwhosebrainwavequicklybecamethemostfashionablebusinessideaaround.Whetherablockbusterfilmabestsellingnovelorachart-toppingrapsongpopularcultureidolizesthehit.Companiesdevotethemselvestocreatingthembecausethecostofdistributionandthelimitsofshelfspaceinphysicalshopsmeanthatprofitabilitydependsonahighvolumeofsales.Butaroundthebeginningofthiscenturyagroupofinternetcompaniesrealizedthatwithendlessshelvesandanationaloreveninternationalaudienceonlinetheycouldofferahugerangeofproducts—andmakemoneyatthesametime.ThenichetheobscureandthespecialistMrAndersonargueswillgaingroundattheexpenseofthehit.Asevidencehepointstoadropinthenumberofcompaniesthattraditionallycalculatetheirrevenue/salesratioaccordingtothe80/20rule—wherethetopfifthofproductscontributefour-fifthsofrevenues.EcastaSanFranciscodigitaljukeboxcompanyfoundthat98%ofits10000albumssoldatleastonetrackeverythreemonths.ExpressedinthelanguageofstatisticstheexperiencesofEcastandothercompaniessuchasAmazonanonlinebooksellersuggestthatproductsdowninthelongtailofastatisticaldistributionaddedtogethercanbehighlyprofitable.Theinternethelpspeoplefindtheirwaytorelativelyobscurematerialwithrecommendationsandreviewsbyotherpeopleandforthosewillingtohavetheirartistictastespredictedbyapieceofsoftwarecomputerprogramswhichanalyzepastselections.Long-tailenthusiastsarguethatthewholeofculturewillbenefitnotjustcommercialenterprises.Televisionfilmandmusicaresuchbewitchingmediaintheirownrightthatmanypeoplearequitehappytowatchandlistentowhatthemainstreamprovides.Butifindividualshavetheopportunitytopickbettermoreideallysuitedentertainmentfromafarwiderselectiontheywilltakeitaccordingtothetheoryofthelongtail.Someanalystsreckonthatentirepopulationsmightbecomehappierandwiseroncetheyhaveaccesstothousandsofdocumentariesindependentfilmsandsub-genresofeverykindofmusicinsteadofbeingsubjectedtowhatMrAndersoncallsthetyrannyoflowest-common-denominatorfare.Thatmightbetakingthingsabitfar.Butthelongtailiscertainlyoneoftheinternet’sbettergiftstohumanity.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext
WhetheryouthinkthehumanstorybeginsinagardeninMesopotamiaknownasEdenorinpresent-dayeastAfricaitisclearthathumanbeingsdidnotstartlifeasanurbancreature.Man’shabitatattheoutsetwasdominatedbytheneedtofindfoodandhuntingandgatheringwereruralpursuits.Notuntilaround11000yearsagodidhestartbuildinganythingthatmightbecalledavillage.Ittookanother6000yearsforcitiesofmorethan100000peopletodevelop.Intermsofhumanhistorythismayseemawelcomedevelopment.Itwouldbequestionabletosaythatnothingofconsequencehasevercomeoutofthecountryside.Thewheelwaspresumablyaruralinvention.Evencity-dwellersneedbreadaswellascircuses.AndifDr.JohnsonandShelleywererighttosaythatpoetsarethetruelegislatorsofmankindthenallthosehillsandlakesandotherruraldelightsmustbegivencreditforinspiringthem.Buttheruralcontributiontohumanprogressseemsslightcomparedwiththeurbanone.Cities’developmentissynonymouswithhumandevelopment.Thefirstvillagescamewiththeemergenceofagricultureandthedomesticationofanimals:peoplenolongerhadtowanderbutcouldinsteaddrawtogetherinsettlementsallowingsometodevelopparticularskills.Afterawhilethefarmerscouldproducesurplusesandthevariousproductscouldbeexchanged.Livingtogethermeantsecurity.Butpeoplealsodrewtogetherforthepracticaladvantagesofbeinginaparticularplace:byariverorspringonadefensiblehillorpeninsulanexttoanestuarythemouthofariverorothersourceoffood.Alsoimportantarguehistorianswasasettlement’scapacitytodrawpeopletoitasameeting-placeoftenforsacredorspiritualpurposes.Gravesgrovesevencavesmightbecomeplacesforceremoniesandrituals.Mandidnotlivebybreadalone.Butbreadinthebroadestsensewasimportant.Peoplecametocitiesnotjusttoworshipbuttotradeandthegoodstheyboughtandsoldwerenotjustfarmproductsbutthemanufacturesofurbancraftsmenandskilledworkers.Thecitybecameacentreofexchangebothofgoodsandofideasandsoitalsobecameacentreoflearningandinnovation.Citiesweremuchmorethanallofthisofcourseandtheywerenotallthesame.Astheydevelopedsomeweremostnotablefortheirreligiousroleasthehubofanempireascentresofadministrationpoliticaldevelopmentlearningorcommerce.Someflourishedsomediedtheirlongevitydependingonfactorsasvariedasconquestplaguemisgovernmentoreconomiccollapse.Inthesecondparagraphtheauthormainlyintendstotellusthat______.
WhetheryouthinkthehumanstorybeginsinagardeninMesopotamiaknownasEdenorinpresent-dayeastAfricaitisclearthathumanbeingsdidnotstartlifeasanurbancreature.Man’shabitatattheoutsetwasdominatedbytheneedtofindfoodandhuntingandgatheringwereruralpursuits.Notuntilaround11000yearsagodidhestartbuildinganythingthatmightbecalledavillage.Ittookanother6000yearsforcitiesofmorethan100000peopletodevelop.Intermsofhumanhistorythismayseemawelcomedevelopment.Itwouldbequestionabletosaythatnothingofconsequencehasevercomeoutofthecountryside.Thewheelwaspresumablyaruralinvention.Evencity-dwellersneedbreadaswellascircuses.AndifDr.JohnsonandShelleywererighttosaythatpoetsarethetruelegislatorsofmankindthenallthosehillsandlakesandotherruraldelightsmustbegivencreditforinspiringthem.Buttheruralcontributiontohumanprogressseemsslightcomparedwiththeurbanone.Cities’developmentissynonymouswithhumandevelopment.Thefirstvillagescamewiththeemergenceofagricultureandthedomesticationofanimals:peoplenolongerhadtowanderbutcouldinsteaddrawtogetherinsettlementsallowingsometodevelopparticularskills.Afterawhilethefarmerscouldproducesurplusesandthevariousproductscouldbeexchanged.Livingtogethermeantsecurity.Butpeoplealsodrewtogetherforthepracticaladvantagesofbeinginaparticularplace:byariverorspringonadefensiblehillorpeninsulanexttoanestuarythemouthofariverorothersourceoffood.Alsoimportantarguehistorianswasasettlement’scapacitytodrawpeopletoitasameeting-placeoftenforsacredorspiritualpurposes.Gravesgrovesevencavesmightbecomeplacesforceremoniesandrituals.Mandidnotlivebybreadalone.Butbreadinthebroadestsensewasimportant.Peoplecametocitiesnotjusttoworshipbuttotradeandthegoodstheyboughtandsoldwerenotjustfarmproductsbutthemanufacturesofurbancraftsmenandskilledworkers.Thecitybecameacentreofexchangebothofgoodsandofideasandsoitalsobecameacentreoflearningandinnovation.Citiesweremuchmorethanallofthisofcourseandtheywerenotallthesame.Astheydevelopedsomeweremostnotablefortheirreligiousroleasthehubofanempireascentresofadministrationpoliticaldevelopmentlearningorcommerce.Someflourishedsomediedtheirlongevitydependingonfactorsasvariedasconquestplaguemisgovernmentoreconomiccollapse.BysayingMandidnotlivebybreadaloneLine6Paragraph4theauthormeans______.
Allbigideasstartlifeonthefringesofdebate.Veryoftenittakesashockingeventtomovethemintothemainstream.Unti1lastyearclimatechangewasmainlytheinterestofscientistsandgreenlobbyists.ButsinceHurricaneKatrinasomethingseemstohavechangedparticularlyinAmerica.Nobodyknowswhetherthehurricanereallyhadanythingtodowiththeearthwarming.Butforthefirsttimelessgreenvotersandbigbusinesshadaclearerideaaboutthe"extremeweatherevents"whoseincreasingfrequencyscientistshadbeentalkingabout. Thereareplentyofanecdotalsignsofchange:Britain’spro-businessConservativeshaveturnedgreen;A1GoreisbackinfashioninAmerica;hybridcarsnolongergetstaredat.41______. Sofarthepoliticalrowsaboutglobalwarminghavecentredontwopolluterssmoggyfactoriesanddirtycars.42______. Insomewaystheairlinesareanoddtargetforgreens.Theyproduceonlyaround3%oftheworld’sman-madecarbonemissions.43______.Byshippinghordesofordinarypeoplearoundtheglobefornotverymuchmoneytheyhaveimprovedthelivesofmillions. 44______.Airtransportwillsoonbecentralnotmarginaltotheemissionsissue. WhatifanythingshouldbedoneAsusualtherearedangersonbothsides.Excessiveregulationwouldunnecessarilyrestrictindividualchoiceandrestrainanindustrythatmakesbothrichandpoorcountriesbetteroff.Ontheotherhandairlinesnolessthananyotherindustrymustpayforpollution. 45______.Andalthoughotherformsoftransportcannoteasilyreplaceflyingdemandformanyflightsissensitivetoprice.Aquarterofflyingisbusiness-related;manyofthosejourneysareessentialbutothersarescarcelymoreimportantthanatelephonecallorvideo-conference. Howeveraddressingindividuals’conscienceswon’tgothatfar.Airpollutionisacollectiveproblemwhichinthiscaserequiresachangeinpolicy.Asitstandsthemarketisinfavourofairtravel;theaimshouldbetomakeitmorebalanced.Twoapproachesareonoffer.Somethinkthebestwaytolimitemissionsistotaxthem;othersargueforasystemthatsetsacaponpollutionandletpolluterstradetherighttoemit. [A]Butthereisnosignofgovernmentsembracingthatidea.Giventhatitistheworld’sfirstseriousattempttocutemissionsinternationallythatisnotsurprising.Theworldcanlearnfromitsimperfectionsanddesignabetterschemeforairlines. [B]Nowanewfrontisbeingopenedup—intheskies.NextmonththeEuropeanParliamentwillvoteonwhethertoextenditsemissions-tradingsystemtoairlines.IfitdecidesinfavourthewholeindustrywillfeeltheimpactforitwillaffectnotjustEuropeanairlinesbutallthosethatflyintoandoutoftheEU.ButwhateverhappensintheEUitseemsthattheairlinesareboundtofacedemandsthattheyshouldpayfortheiremissions. [C]Slowlybusinessmenandpoliticiansarecomingtoagreewithscientists.Ifthisgenerationdoesnottackleclimatechangeitsdescendantswillnotthinkmuchofit.Thatmeansraisingcostsforallsourcesofpollution.Eventhoseinexpensiveweekendbreakswillbecancelled. [D]Asthedebategrowssomeflyersmayreconsidertheirways.Putfranklyairtravelmakesamockeryofmanypeople’sattemptstoliveagreenlife.Somebodywhowantstoreducehis"carbonfootprint"canbicycletoworkneverbuyspraysandturnoffhisair-conditioner—andstillblowawayallthisvirtueonacoupleoflongflights. [E]Companiesarebeginningtotakeactionsandencouraginggovernmentstodothesame.Europealreadyhasanemissions-tradingsystemETSforitsfivedirtiestindustries.InAmericaalthoughtheBushadministrationstillresistsfederallegislationmoreandmorestatesdonot. [F]Yetinotherwaysairlinesareafinetarget.Theypaynotaxonfuelforinternationalflightsandthereforeescapethe"polluterpays"principle.TheiremissionsareespeciallydamagingtooAndtheindustry’senergyconsumptionhasbeengrowingfasterthanthatofotherpollutingindustries. [G]Surfacetransportbycontrastproduces22%.Europe’smerchantshipsspewoutaroundathirdmorecarbonthanaircraftdoandnobodyisgoingafterthem.Andunlikecars—potentsymbolsofindividualismandsomewouldsayindividualselfishness—airlinesarepublictransportjamminginasmanypeopleastheycanintoeachplane. 41
Fewscientificfieldsareasfullofriskasthatofresearchintohumanintelligence.Thetwoquestionsthat1overandoveragainare"isitaresultofnatureornurture"and"doesracemakeadifference" Making2commentsaboutthesecondquestioncanbea3moveasJamesWatsonaco-discovererofDNAstructurerecentlyfound.Hesuggestedthathewas"4abouttheprospectofAfrica"5"alloursocialpoliciesarebasedonthefactthattheirintelligenceisthesameasourswhitepeople6allthetestingsaysnotreally".Such7byDr.Watsonarenotmerely8theyarescientificallyweird.Iftheterm9hasanyusefulscientificmeaningthenAfricathecontinentwheremodernhumanitybeganismostraciallydiverse.Theresulting10amongthepublicforcedDr.Watsontoleavehislaboratory. 11thestudyofthefirstquestion12betweenintelligenceandgenetics—hassomewiserpractitioners.OneofthemTerrieMoffittofKing’sCollegehasjust13aprojectjudgingtherelativeimportanceofnatureandnurture.Dr.Moffitt’steam14theeffectonintelligenceofbreastfeedingbutinageneticcontext.Previousstudieshaveshownthatbreastfedchildrenaremoreintelligent15aboutsixIQpointsthanthosegivenbabyformulas. Theteamhowever16theinvolvementofagenecalledFADS2whichcomesintwovarietiesknownasCandG.Theresearchers17ifthesetwovarietiesinteracteddifferentlywithbreastmilk.18ondatafromtwogroupsofpeopletheyfoundthattheintelligenceincreaseassociatedwithbreastfeedingonlyhappenedtopeoplehaving19atleastonecopyoftheCvariety.Theeffectdidnot.20onthesocialclassesorIQsoftheparents. 19
Fewscientificfieldsareasfullofriskasthatofresearchintohumanintelligence.Thetwoquestionsthat1overandoveragainare"isitaresultofnatureornurture"and"doesracemakeadifference" Making2commentsaboutthesecondquestioncanbea3moveasJamesWatsonaco-discovererofDNAstructurerecentlyfound.Hesuggestedthathewas"4abouttheprospectofAfrica"5"alloursocialpoliciesarebasedonthefactthattheirintelligenceisthesameasourswhitepeople6allthetestingsaysnotreally".Such7byDr.Watsonarenotmerely8theyarescientificallyweird.Iftheterm9hasanyusefulscientificmeaningthenAfricathecontinentwheremodernhumanitybeganismostraciallydiverse.Theresulting10amongthepublicforcedDr.Watsontoleavehislaboratory. 11thestudyofthefirstquestion12betweenintelligenceandgenetics—hassomewiserpractitioners.OneofthemTerrieMoffittofKing’sCollegehasjust13aprojectjudgingtherelativeimportanceofnatureandnurture.Dr.Moffitt’steam14theeffectonintelligenceofbreastfeedingbutinageneticcontext.Previousstudieshaveshownthatbreastfedchildrenaremoreintelligent15aboutsixIQpointsthanthosegivenbabyformulas. Theteamhowever16theinvolvementofagenecalledFADS2whichcomesintwovarietiesknownasCandG.Theresearchers17ifthesetwovarietiesinteracteddifferentlywithbreastmilk.18ondatafromtwogroupsofpeopletheyfoundthattheintelligenceincreaseassociatedwithbreastfeedingonlyhappenedtopeoplehaving19atleastonecopyoftheCvariety.Theeffectdidnot.20onthesocialclassesorIQsoftheparents. 17
FORthepasttwoyearsinSiliconValleythecentreofAmerica’stechnologyindustryconference-goershaveentertainedthemselvesplayingaguessinggame:howmanytimeswillaspeakermentionthephraselongtailItisusuallyahighnumberthankstotheinfluenceofthelongtailtheorywhichwasfirstdevelopedbyChrisAndersontheeditorofWiredmagazineinanarticlein2004.Thoughtechnologistsandbloggerschuckleathoweverybusinesspresentationnowhastohaveitslong-tailsectionmostareenviousofMrAndersonwhosebrainwavequicklybecamethemostfashionablebusinessideaaround.Whetherablockbusterfilmabestsellingnovelorachart-toppingrapsongpopularcultureidolizesthehit.Companiesdevotethemselvestocreatingthembecausethecostofdistributionandthelimitsofshelfspaceinphysicalshopsmeanthatprofitabilitydependsonahighvolumeofsales.Butaroundthebeginningofthiscenturyagroupofinternetcompaniesrealizedthatwithendlessshelvesandanationaloreveninternationalaudienceonlinetheycouldofferahugerangeofproducts—andmakemoneyatthesametime.ThenichetheobscureandthespecialistMrAndersonargueswillgaingroundattheexpenseofthehit.Asevidencehepointstoadropinthenumberofcompaniesthattraditionallycalculatetheirrevenue/salesratioaccordingtothe80/20rule—wherethetopfifthofproductscontributefour-fifthsofrevenues.EcastaSanFranciscodigitaljukeboxcompanyfoundthat98%ofits10000albumssoldatleastonetrackeverythreemonths.ExpressedinthelanguageofstatisticstheexperiencesofEcastandothercompaniessuchasAmazonanonlinebooksellersuggestthatproductsdowninthelongtailofastatisticaldistributionaddedtogethercanbehighlyprofitable.Theinternethelpspeoplefindtheirwaytorelativelyobscurematerialwithrecommendationsandreviewsbyotherpeopleandforthosewillingtohavetheirartistictastespredictedbyapieceofsoftwarecomputerprogramswhichanalyzepastselections.Long-tailenthusiastsarguethatthewholeofculturewillbenefitnotjustcommercialenterprises.Televisionfilmandmusicaresuchbewitchingmediaintheirownrightthatmanypeoplearequitehappytowatchandlistentowhatthemainstreamprovides.Butifindividualshavetheopportunitytopickbettermoreideallysuitedentertainmentfromafarwiderselectiontheywilltakeitaccordingtothetheoryofthelongtail.Someanalystsreckonthatentirepopulationsmightbecomehappierandwiseroncetheyhaveaccesstothousandsofdocumentariesindependentfilmsandsub-genresofeverykindofmusicinsteadofbeingsubjectedtowhatMrAndersoncallsthetyrannyoflowest-common-denominatorfare.Thatmightbetakingthingsabitfar.Butthelongtailiscertainlyoneoftheinternet’sbettergiftstohumanity.Accordingtothefirstparagraphtheauthorbelievesthat______.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
TheiPodrevolutionizedthewayweconsumemusic.TheiPhonemadeuscrazyforapps.AndnowtheiPadisgettingreadytorockourlovelives—oratleasthelpimproveoursearchforsomeonetocommunicatewith.InlateMaySkout.comwillbecomethefirstdatingsitetolaunchaniPadapplication.Thefreeappwillbesimilartotheversionthat’salreadyavailabletophoneusers:memberscanentersearchcriteriasuchasagerangegenderandphysicalpreferencesandaHotMapwillshowinrealtimethelocationsofactiveSkoutuserswhofitthosecriteria.Theideaistohelpmembersmeetupandseeifmagichappens.ThecoolthingabouttheiPadadaptationsaysCEOChristianWiklundisthatitsscreenislargeenoughtolettheuserviewthemapwhilesimultaneouslychattingandsearchingthroughanothermember’sphotos.DavidEvanseditorofonlinedatingpost.comsayswecanexpecttoseemoreinnovativetechnologyinafewmonthsaftercompaniesgetacquaintedwiththecapabilitiesoftheiPad.WhatI’mlookingforaredatingsitesthatareoptimizedfortheiPadwithfeaturesnativetothesleekcomputingdeviceliketouchscreenmotionssuchaspinchtwistzoomandshakehesays.It’stheiPadthat’sgoingtoenabledeveloperstocreateentirelynewwaystobrowsediscoverandconnectwithsingles.SteveOdomCEOandfounderofdatingsiteGelatowhichlaunchedlastyearandincludesalivefeedofmembers’social-mediaprofilesisredesigninghisentirewebsitebasedontheiPad’sappearance.ProfilepicturesplayakeyroleinonlinedatingOdomsaysandtheiPadgivessitesanopportunitytoplayupthepresentationoftheirclientele.It’sbigit’sbeautifulandit’sperfectfordatingsitessaysOdomwhoplanstounveiltheredesigninJune.Evanspredictsthatonlinedatingsiteswillbegintodisplaytheircontentlikeamagazinelettingusersflipthroughpagesofprofilesandenlargephotoswhilesimultaneouslytextingwithoneormoreothers.Hesaysthere’salsobeentalkofaddingafacial-codingandeye-trackingfunctionthatwoulduseawebcamontheiPadtorefinesuggestedmatchesbasedonamember’sresponsestocertainprofiles.Ifyougrimacetheprofilewillfadeaway;ifyousmileorifyourpupilsdilatesimilarprofileswillbesuggested.InotherwordssomedaytherecouldbeaniPadappforloveatfirstsight.TheclientsofthedatingsiteGelato______.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Fewscientificfieldsareasfullofriskasthatofresearchintohumanintelligence.Thetwoquestionsthat1overandoveragainare"isitaresultofnatureornurture"and"doesracemakeadifference" Making2commentsaboutthesecondquestioncanbea3moveasJamesWatsonaco-discovererofDNAstructurerecentlyfound.Hesuggestedthathewas"4abouttheprospectofAfrica"5"alloursocialpoliciesarebasedonthefactthattheirintelligenceisthesameasourswhitepeople6allthetestingsaysnotreally".Such7byDr.Watsonarenotmerely8theyarescientificallyweird.Iftheterm9hasanyusefulscientificmeaningthenAfricathecontinentwheremodernhumanitybeganismostraciallydiverse.Theresulting10amongthepublicforcedDr.Watsontoleavehislaboratory. 11thestudyofthefirstquestion12betweenintelligenceandgenetics—hassomewiserpractitioners.OneofthemTerrieMoffittofKing’sCollegehasjust13aprojectjudgingtherelativeimportanceofnatureandnurture.Dr.Moffitt’steam14theeffectonintelligenceofbreastfeedingbutinageneticcontext.Previousstudieshaveshownthatbreastfedchildrenaremoreintelligent15aboutsixIQpointsthanthosegivenbabyformulas. Theteamhowever16theinvolvementofagenecalledFADS2whichcomesintwovarietiesknownasCandG.Theresearchers17ifthesetwovarietiesinteracteddifferentlywithbreastmilk.18ondatafromtwogroupsofpeopletheyfoundthattheintelligenceincreaseassociatedwithbreastfeedingonlyhappenedtopeoplehaving19atleastonecopyoftheCvariety.Theeffectdidnot.20onthesocialclassesorIQsoftheparents. 13
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