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Directions: Look at the following picture and write an article on eager learners. Your article shou...
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Directions: Lookatthefollowingpictureandwriteanar
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配对阅读请仔细阅读第1－2题中五项关于遵循指令的活动从A.－G.中选择出相应的活动名称其中有两项为多
112.Whentheschoolwasoverallthestudentsscattered___
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---HowdoItakethismedicine?---Welllookatthe_______.
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Thetermscollegeanduniversityoriginallyhadverysimilarmeanings.Only1thepassingofcenturiesdid"university"cometo2aneducational3composedofmorethanonecollege. DuringtheMiddleAgesstudents4theuniversitiesofParisOxfordandCambridgefound5convenienttorenthousesandshareexpenses6livinginprivateapartments.Bythe13thcenturythese"housesofscholars"werebecominglegallyrecognizedcorporateinstitutions.AtOxfordtheearliestofthese7wereUniversityCollege8in1249byWilliamofDurham;BalliolCollegefoundedbyJohnBalliolin1263;andMertonCollegefoundedabout1264byWalterdeMerton.Asimilar9tookplaceatCambridge. IntheUnitedStatesthewordcollegemostcommonly10tofour-yearinstitutionsthat11studentsfromsecondaryschoolsandgrantabachelor’s12afterageneral13ofstudies. Acollegemayalsobeaschool14specializedtrainingthattakesplaceafter15thebachelor’sdegree--suchasacollegeoflawormedicine.Schools16intheologicaltrainingmaybecalledseminariesorschoolsinsteadofcolleges.Auniversitynormally17ofagroupofcolleges--onefortheliberalartsorgeneralstudiesand18forengineeringlawmedicineeducationand19.Someofthesecollegesareforadvancedstudy20thecollegeofliberalartsistheinstitutioninwhichoneearnsabachelor’sdegree. 20
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 2
Thetermscollegeanduniversityoriginallyhadverysimilarmeanings.Only1thepassingofcenturiesdid"university"cometo2aneducational3composedofmorethanonecollege. DuringtheMiddleAgesstudents4theuniversitiesofParisOxfordandCambridgefound5convenienttorenthousesandshareexpenses6livinginprivateapartments.Bythe13thcenturythese"housesofscholars"werebecominglegallyrecognizedcorporateinstitutions.AtOxfordtheearliestofthese7wereUniversityCollege8in1249byWilliamofDurham;BalliolCollegefoundedbyJohnBalliolin1263;andMertonCollegefoundedabout1264byWalterdeMerton.Asimilar9tookplaceatCambridge. IntheUnitedStatesthewordcollegemostcommonly10tofour-yearinstitutionsthat11studentsfromsecondaryschoolsandgrantabachelor’s12afterageneral13ofstudies. Acollegemayalsobeaschool14specializedtrainingthattakesplaceafter15thebachelor’sdegree--suchasacollegeoflawormedicine.Schools16intheologicaltrainingmaybecalledseminariesorschoolsinsteadofcolleges.Auniversitynormally17ofagroupofcolleges--onefortheliberalartsorgeneralstudiesand18forengineeringlawmedicineeducationand19.Someofthesecollegesareforadvancedstudy20thecollegeofliberalartsistheinstitutioninwhichoneearnsabachelor’sdegree. 18
Thetermscollegeanduniversityoriginallyhadverysimilarmeanings.Only1thepassingofcenturiesdid"university"cometo2aneducational3composedofmorethanonecollege. DuringtheMiddleAgesstudents4theuniversitiesofParisOxfordandCambridgefound5convenienttorenthousesandshareexpenses6livinginprivateapartments.Bythe13thcenturythese"housesofscholars"werebecominglegallyrecognizedcorporateinstitutions.AtOxfordtheearliestofthese7wereUniversityCollege8in1249byWilliamofDurham;BalliolCollegefoundedbyJohnBalliolin1263;andMertonCollegefoundedabout1264byWalterdeMerton.Asimilar9tookplaceatCambridge. IntheUnitedStatesthewordcollegemostcommonly10tofour-yearinstitutionsthat11studentsfromsecondaryschoolsandgrantabachelor’s12afterageneral13ofstudies. Acollegemayalsobeaschool14specializedtrainingthattakesplaceafter15thebachelor’sdegree--suchasacollegeoflawormedicine.Schools16intheologicaltrainingmaybecalledseminariesorschoolsinsteadofcolleges.Auniversitynormally17ofagroupofcolleges--onefortheliberalartsorgeneralstudiesand18forengineeringlawmedicineeducationand19.Someofthesecollegesareforadvancedstudy20thecollegeofliberalartsistheinstitutioninwhichoneearnsabachelor’sdegree. 8
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity. Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts. TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.The"BasicFour"campaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries. Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.Thenewpyramidcalled"MyPyramid"abandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation. Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized. Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
InthecurrentimmigrationwavesomethingmarkedlydifferentishappeninghereinthemiddleofthegreatAmerican"meltingpot."46ThereisasensethatespeciallyasimmigrantpopulationsreachacriticalmassinmanycommunitiesitisnolongerthemeltingpotthatistransformingthembuttheywhoaretransformingAmericansociety. Americancultureremainsapowerfulforce—forbetterorworse—thatinfluencespeoplebothhereandaroundtheworldincountlessways.ButseveralfactorshavecombinedinrecentyearstoallowimmigrantstoresistiftheychoosetheAmericanizationthathadoncebeenconsideredirresistible. Infacttheveryconceptofassimilationisbeingcalledintoquestionasneverbefore.47Somesociologistsarguethatthemeltingpotoftenmeanslittlemorethan"Angloconformity"andthatassimilationisnotalwaysapositiveexperience—foreithersocietyortheimmigrantsthemselves.Andwithtoday’semphasisondiversityandethnicityithasbecomeeasierthaneverforimmigrantstoavoidthemeltingpotentirely.Eventhemetaphoritselfischanginghavingfallenoutoffashioncompletelywithmanyimmigrationadvocacyandethnicgroups.Theyprefersuchtermsasthe"saladbowl"andthe"mosaic"metaphorsthatconveymoreofasenseofseparatenessindescribingthisnationofimmigrants. 48AmongsociallyconservativefamiliessuchastheJacintoswhoinitiallymovedtoCaliforniafromtheirvillageinMexico’sGuanajuatostatethenmigratedherein1988tofindjobsinthemeatpackingindustrybadinfluencesareaconstantconcern.TheyseetheirchildrenassimilatingbutoftentotheworstaspectsofAmericanculture. Theirconcernsreflectsomeofthecomplexitiesandambivalencethatmarktheassimilationprocessthesedays.ImmigrantssuchastheJacintosareheretostaybutremainwaryoftheiradoptivecountry.Accordingtosociologiststheyarerighttobeconcerned. "Ifassimilationisalearningprocessitinvolveslearninggoodthingsandbadthings"saidRubenG.RumbautasociologyprofessoratMichiganStateUniversity."Itdoesn’talwaysleadtosomethingbetter." Theambivalenceofassimilationcancutbothways.Manynative-bornAmericansalsoseemtoharbormixedfeelingsabouttheprocess.49AsanationtheUnitedStatesincreasinglypromotesdiversitybutthereareunderlyingconcernsthatthemoreemphasisthereisonthefactorsthatsetpeopleapartthemorelikelythatsocietywillendupdivided. WithHispanicsespeciallyMexicansaccountingforanincreasingproportionofU.S.populationgrowthitisthisgroupmorethananyotherthatisredefiningthemeltingpot. HispanicsnowhaveovertakenblacksasthelargestminoritygroupinNebraskaandwillbecomethebiggestminorityinthecountrywithinthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoCensusBureauprojections.50Thenation’s29millionHispanicsthegreatmajorityofthemfromMexicohavethusbecomethemainfocusforquestionsabouthowtheUnitedStatestodayisassimilatingimmigrantsorhowitisbeingtransformed. 50Thenation’s29millionHispanicsthegreatmajorityofthemfromMexicohavethusbecomethemainfocusforquestionsabouthowtheUnitedStatestodayisassimilatingimmigrantsorhowitisbeingtransformed.
AcuriouselectionwilltakeplaceinStLouisonApril3rd.Sevencandidateswillcompetefortwoseatsonthecity’sschoolboard.Thepollswillopenat6amandstayopenuntil7pm.Staffingthepollingstationsandcountingtheelectronicballotswillcosttaxpayersatleast$260000.Twohappycandidateswillcelebrateandtakeoffice-justintimetohavethestateofMissouricompletethetakeoverofthedistrict’sschoolsandgivethemandtheotherboardmembersnothingtodoforseveralyears.Thiselectiontonothingcomesafteryearsoffallingtestscoresrevolvingsuperintendentsscreamingmatchesbetweenboardmembersatpublicmeetingsandagrowingdissatisfactionwitheveryaspectofpubliceducation.ThestateboardofeducationvotedonMarch22ndtotakeovertheschooldistricteffectiveinmid-June.SomeprominentfiguresendorsedthiscourseincludingthemayorofStLouisandevensomemembersoftheStLouisschoolboard.Othersinthecitythougharedeeplyopposedandreadytofightaboutit. Althoughthecityschoolsoverallhaveanamplydeservedreputationforlowstandardstherearesomegoodschoolsandmanygoodstudents.Thebeststudentshavethemosttolosefearingthattheturmoilcoulddamagetheirchancesofgettingintogooduniversities.Whenthestateeducationboardvotedonthetakeoveragroupofangrystudentsteachersandothermembersofthepublictriedtodisruptthemeeting.Protestersarestilltryingtousethecourtstostoptheactionandtheteachers’unionhasthreatenedastrike. UnderMissourilawthecity’sschoolswillnowbeplacedunderathree-memberboardappointedbythegovernorthemayorandthepresidentoftheboardofaldermen.GovernorMattBlunt’schoiceofRickSullivantheheadofabuildingfirmhasalreadybeenattackedbecauseofMrSullivan’slackofexperienceineducationandbecausehelivesinoneofthewealthiestsuburbsoutsidethecity. MrSullivanandtheothermemberswhohaveyettobeappointedhaveanalmostimpossibletaskbeforethem.Thedistrictwhichinthepastfiveyearshasturneda$52msurplusintoa$24.5mdeficithasalreadyclosedschoolscutservicesandsqueezedspendinghard.Butasitscriticspointouttheelectedschoolboardstillfoundplentyofmoneyfortoursandpublicrelations. Thetrickleofvotersturningoutforthepointlessboardelectionwillpassbannerscelebratingthenewseasonoftheworldbaseballchampions.StLouishasmadehugeprogressinattractinganewgenerationofyoungprofessionalstoitsdowntownareabuildingnewbusinessdevelopmentsandinstallingnewinfrastructure.Thegreatfailureinitsschoolsputsallthatindanger. WhatisthebestdescriptionoftheschoolsinSt.Louis
What’syourearliestmemoryDoyourememberlearningtowalkThebirthofasiblingNurseryschoolAdultsrarelyremembereventsfrommuchbeforekindergartenjustaschildrenyoungerthan3or4seldomrecallanyspecificexperiencesasdistinctfromgeneralknowledge.Psychologistshavefloatedallsortsofexplanationsforthis“childhoodamnesia”.Thereductionistsappealedtotheneurologicalarguingthatthehippocampusthebrainregionresponsibleforformingmemoriesdoesn’tmatureuntilabouttheageof2.Butthereigningtheoryholdsthatsinceadultsdonotthinklikechildrentheycannotaccesschildhoodmemories.Adultsarestruckwithgrown-up“schema”thebarebonesofnarratives.46Whentheyrifflethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffragmentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeletonaccordingtothistheorytheydon’tfindanythatfit.It’sliketryingtofindtheFrenchwordinanEnglishindex. NowpsychologistKatherineNelsonoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkoffersanewexplanationforchildhoodamnesia.47Shearguesthatchildrendon’tevenformlastinglong-termmemoriesofpersonalexperiencesuntiltheylearntousesomeoneelse’sdescriptionofthoseexperiencestoturntheirownshort-termfleetingrecollectionsintopermanentmemories.Inotherwordschildrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkaboutthem—hearMomrecountthatdays’triptothedinosaurmuseumhearDadre-memberaloudtheirtriptotheamusementpark. WhyshouldmemorydependsoheavilyonnarrativeNelsonmarshalsevidencethatthemindstructuresremembrancesthatway.48Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtimeforinstanceremembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.Talkingaboutaneventinanarrativewayhelpsachildrememberit.49Andlearningtostructurememoriesasalong-runningnarrativeNelsonsuggestsisthekeytoapermanent“autobiographicalmemory”thespecificremembrancesthatformone’slifestory.Whatyouhadforlunchyesterdayisn’tpartofit;whatyouateonyourfirstdatewithyourfuturespousemaybe. Languageofcourseisthekeytosuchanarrative.Childrenlearntoengageintalkaboutthepast.Theestablishmentofthesememoriesisrelatedtotheexperienceoftalkingtootherpeopleaboutthem.50Inparticularachildmustrecognizethataretelling—ofthatmuseumtripsay—isjustthetripitselfinanothermediumthatofspeechratherthanexperience.Thatdoesn’thappenuntilthechildisperhapsfourorfive.Bythetimeshe’sreadyforkindergartenshe’llrememberallsortsofthings.Andshemayevenbythenhavelearned’nottoblurtthemoutinpublic. 46Whentheyrifflethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffragmentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeletonaccordingtothistheorytheydon’tfindanythatfit.
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3giveyourcomments.
AfterLosAngelesAtlantamaybeAmerica’smostcar-dependentcity.Atlantanssentimentallygivetheircarsnamescomparespeedingticketsandjealouslyguardanysidestreetwhereitispossibletopark.Thecity’sroadsaresowellwornthatthefirstactofthenewmayorShirleyFranklinwastostartrepairingpotholes.In199813metrocountieslostfederalhighwayfundsbecausetheirair-pollutionlevelsviolatedtheCleanAirAct.TheAmericanHighwayUsersAlliancerankedthreeAtlantainterchangesamongthe18worstbottlenecksinthecountry. Othercitiesinthesamefixhavereorganizedtheirhighwaysimposedcommuterandcartaxesorexpandedtheirpublic-transportsystems.Atlantadoesnotlikeanyofthesethings.Publictransportisavexedsubjecttoo.Atlanta’smetropolitanregionisdividedintonumerouscountyandsmallercitygovernmentswhichfindithardtoworktogether.Railwaysnowservethecitycenterandtheairportbutnotmuchelse;busstopsareoftennearinvisiblepolesofferingnoindicationofwhichbusmightstopthereorwhen. Georgia’sDemocraticgovernorRoyBarneswhohopesforreelectioninNovemberhasotherplans.TowinbackthefederalhighwaymoneylostundertheCleanAirActhecreatedtheGeorgiaRegionalTransportationAuthorityGRTAa15-memberboardwiththepowertomakethecountygovernmentsthecityandtheten-countyAtlantaRegionalCommissioncooperateontransportplanswhethertheylikeitornot. NowGRTAhasissueditsownpreliminaryplanallocating$4.5billionoverthenextthreeyearsforavarietyofschemes.Theplanearmarksmoneytowidenroads;tohaveanelectricshuttlebusshuttletouristsamongtheelegantvillasofBuckhead;andtocreateacommuterraillinkbetweenAtlantaandMacontwohourstothesouth.Countieswillbeencouragedwithgenerousten-to-onematchingfundstostartexpressbusservices. PublicgoodwillhowevermaynotstretchasfarasthenextplanwhichistobuildtheNorthernArchighwayfor65milesacrossthreecountiesnorthofthecitylimits.GRTAhasallotted$270mforthis.Supporterssayitwouldeasethecongestiononlocalroads;opponentsthinkitwouldworsenover-developmentandtraffic.ThecountiesaffectedandevenGRTA’sownboardaredivided. Thegovernorisinfavorhowever;andsincehecanappointandfireGRTA’Smembersthatisprobablytheendofthestory.MrBarneshasatendencytodoashewantsregardless.Hisarroganceontrafficmatterscouldalsolosehimvotes.ButMrBarnesthinkthatAtlanta’sslowingeconomycoulddohimmoreharmthantheanti-sprawlmovement. ThewordbottleneckPara.1bestconnotes
AhugepopulationofredfireantshasbedeviledTexasfarmersforyears.Bysomeestimatestheinsectscoststatebusinessescloseto$1billionayearduetocropandmachinerydestruction.Killingtheantsandtheirnestshasnotproveneasy. TexasA＆MresearchershavediscoveredthatthephoridflyfromSouthAmericawilllayeggsontheredfireantsandthemaggotswhicharehatchedeatawayattheant’sbrainseventuallycausingtheirheadstofalloff.Someoneattheuniversitywaswillingtounderwritetheworktosolveaproblem.Thatinvestmentwasalmostcertainlymuchlessthanthe$1billionayearthatfireantscostbusinessesinthestate. Arecessiondoesnotstopadvancementsintechnology.Itjustmakescompaniessofrightenedofriskthattheychoosenottomaketheinvestmentintheredfireantprojects. InthelastweekthetwomostsuccessfultechnologycompaniesintheworldIBMandGooglehaveannouncedmajornewproducts.IBMreleased"streamcomputing"applicationsthatallowbusinessestolookatandanalyzehugeamountsofdatainrealtime.ThemostimportantproductofGoogleallowsthecompany’scustomerstotakeverylargeamountsofsearchdataandorganizeitintospreadsheets.Thesearedevelopmentsthatwillprobablyhelpthefirmstakebusinessawayfromtheircompetitors. ThesharesofGoogleandIBMhavehandilyoutperformedthoseofalltheotherlargetechcompaniesbasedintheU.S.suchasHewlettPackardHPQMicrosoftMSFTCiscoCSCOandOracleORCL.Eachofthecompaniesisblessedwithsubstantialearningsandtechnologystaffsinthetensofthousands.Butthefirmsarenotallviewedthesameatleastbyinvestorswhotradetensofmillionsoftheirshareseachday. InmostwaysIBMandGooglearenotlikeoneanotheratall.IBMmakesitsmoneysellingexpensivehardwareclientservicesandsoftwaretocompaniesmostofwhichareverylargeandtogovernments.Googlehasmillionsofcustomerswhopaynothingtouseitsservices.Ithasmillionsofadvertiserswhospendmoneytoreachpeoplewholookatsearchresultsandmostofthesemarketersareverysmall. Whatthecompaniesdohaveincommonisawillingnesstotakerisksprobablyriskswithlongoddsinordertolaunchnewproducts.TheseproductsmaybefailuresbuttheyarewellenoughresearchedanddesignedthattheyhaveagoodchanceofkeepingIBMandGoogleaheadofthecompetitionevenifthatdoesnotimmediatelyinvolvesignificantnewrevenue. Theredfireantproblemnevergoesaway.Unsolvedproblemsineveryindustrycostcompaniesmoney.Sometimescompaniesdonotevenknowthattheirproblemscanbesolved.Thephoridflyisanobscurespecies.Soissoftwarethatcananalyzehugeamountsofdatainrealtime. Theredfireantproblemremainsunsolvedbecause
What’syourearliestmemoryDoyourememberlearningtowalkThebirthofasiblingNurseryschoolAdultsrarelyremembereventsfrommuchbeforekindergartenjustaschildrenyoungerthan3or4seldomrecallanyspecificexperiencesasdistinctfromgeneralknowledge.Psychologistshavefloatedallsortsofexplanationsforthis“childhoodamnesia”.Thereductionistsappealedtotheneurologicalarguingthatthehippocampusthebrainregionresponsibleforformingmemoriesdoesn’tmatureuntilabouttheageof2.Butthereigningtheoryholdsthatsinceadultsdonotthinklikechildrentheycannotaccesschildhoodmemories.Adultsarestruckwithgrown-up“schema”thebarebonesofnarratives.46Whentheyrifflethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffragmentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeletonaccordingtothistheorytheydon’tfindanythatfit.It’sliketryingtofindtheFrenchwordinanEnglishindex. NowpsychologistKatherineNelsonoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkoffersanewexplanationforchildhoodamnesia.47Shearguesthatchildrendon’tevenformlastinglong-termmemoriesofpersonalexperiencesuntiltheylearntousesomeoneelse’sdescriptionofthoseexperiencestoturntheirownshort-termfleetingrecollectionsintopermanentmemories.Inotherwordschildrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkaboutthem—hearMomrecountthatdays’triptothedinosaurmuseumhearDadre-memberaloudtheirtriptotheamusementpark. WhyshouldmemorydependsoheavilyonnarrativeNelsonmarshalsevidencethatthemindstructuresremembrancesthatway.48Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtimeforinstanceremembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.Talkingaboutaneventinanarrativewayhelpsachildrememberit.49Andlearningtostructurememoriesasalong-runningnarrativeNelsonsuggestsisthekeytoapermanent“autobiographicalmemory”thespecificremembrancesthatformone’slifestory.Whatyouhadforlunchyesterdayisn’tpartofit;whatyouateonyourfirstdatewithyourfuturespousemaybe. Languageofcourseisthekeytosuchanarrative.Childrenlearntoengageintalkaboutthepast.Theestablishmentofthesememoriesisrelatedtotheexperienceoftalkingtootherpeopleaboutthem.50Inparticularachildmustrecognizethataretelling—ofthatmuseumtripsay—isjustthetripitselfinanothermediumthatofspeechratherthanexperience.Thatdoesn’thappenuntilthechildisperhapsfourorfive.Bythetimeshe’sreadyforkindergartenshe’llrememberallsortsofthings.Andshemayevenbythenhavelearned’nottoblurtthemoutinpublic. 50Inparticularachildmustrecognizethataretelling—ofthatmuseumtripsay—isjustthetripitselfinanothermediumthatofspeechratherthanexperience.
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyoushould: 1describethedrawingbriefly 2interpretthephenomenonreflectedbyitandthen 3giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Thetermscollegeanduniversityoriginallyhadverysimilarmeanings.Only1thepassingofcenturiesdid"university"cometo2aneducational3composedofmorethanonecollege. DuringtheMiddleAgesstudents4theuniversitiesofParisOxfordandCambridgefound5convenienttorenthousesandshareexpenses6livinginprivateapartments.Bythe13thcenturythese"housesofscholars"werebecominglegallyrecognizedcorporateinstitutions.AtOxfordtheearliestofthese7wereUniversityCollege8in1249byWilliamofDurham;BalliolCollegefoundedbyJohnBalliolin1263;andMertonCollegefoundedabout1264byWalterdeMerton.Asimilar9tookplaceatCambridge. IntheUnitedStatesthewordcollegemostcommonly10tofour-yearinstitutionsthat11studentsfromsecondaryschoolsandgrantabachelor’s12afterageneral13ofstudies. Acollegemayalsobeaschool14specializedtrainingthattakesplaceafter15thebachelor’sdegree--suchasacollegeoflawormedicine.Schools16intheologicaltrainingmaybecalledseminariesorschoolsinsteadofcolleges.Auniversitynormally17ofagroupofcolleges--onefortheliberalartsorgeneralstudiesand18forengineeringlawmedicineeducationand19.Someofthesecollegesareforadvancedstudy20thecollegeofliberalartsistheinstitutioninwhichoneearnsabachelor’sdegree. 2
What’syourearliestmemoryDoyourememberlearningtowalkThebirthofasiblingNurseryschoolAdultsrarelyremembereventsfrommuchbeforekindergartenjustaschildrenyoungerthan3or4seldomrecallanyspecificexperiencesasdistinctfromgeneralknowledge.Psychologistshavefloatedallsortsofexplanationsforthis“childhoodamnesia”.Thereductionistsappealedtotheneurologicalarguingthatthehippocampusthebrainregionresponsibleforformingmemoriesdoesn’tmatureuntilabouttheageof2.Butthereigningtheoryholdsthatsinceadultsdonotthinklikechildrentheycannotaccesschildhoodmemories.Adultsarestruckwithgrown-up“schema”thebarebonesofnarratives.46Whentheyrifflethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffragmentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeletonaccordingtothistheorytheydon’tfindanythatfit.It’sliketryingtofindtheFrenchwordinanEnglishindex. NowpsychologistKatherineNelsonoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkoffersanewexplanationforchildhoodamnesia.47Shearguesthatchildrendon’tevenformlastinglong-termmemoriesofpersonalexperiencesuntiltheylearntousesomeoneelse’sdescriptionofthoseexperiencestoturntheirownshort-termfleetingrecollectionsintopermanentmemories.Inotherwordschildrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkaboutthem—hearMomrecountthatdays’triptothedinosaurmuseumhearDadre-memberaloudtheirtriptotheamusementpark. WhyshouldmemorydependsoheavilyonnarrativeNelsonmarshalsevidencethatthemindstructuresremembrancesthatway.48Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtimeforinstanceremembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.Talkingaboutaneventinanarrativewayhelpsachildrememberit.49Andlearningtostructurememoriesasalong-runningnarrativeNelsonsuggestsisthekeytoapermanent“autobiographicalmemory”thespecificremembrancesthatformone’slifestory.Whatyouhadforlunchyesterdayisn’tpartofit;whatyouateonyourfirstdatewithyourfuturespousemaybe. Languageofcourseisthekeytosuchanarrative.Childrenlearntoengageintalkaboutthepast.Theestablishmentofthesememoriesisrelatedtotheexperienceoftalkingtootherpeopleaboutthem.50Inparticularachildmustrecognizethataretelling—ofthatmuseumtripsay—isjustthetripitselfinanothermediumthatofspeechratherthanexperience.Thatdoesn’thappenuntilthechildisperhapsfourorfive.Bythetimeshe’sreadyforkindergartenshe’llrememberallsortsofthings.Andshemayevenbythenhavelearned’nottoblurtthemoutinpublic. 48Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtimeforinstanceremembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.
AhugepopulationofredfireantshasbedeviledTexasfarmersforyears.Bysomeestimatestheinsectscoststatebusinessescloseto$1billionayearduetocropandmachinerydestruction.Killingtheantsandtheirnestshasnotproveneasy. TexasA＆MresearchershavediscoveredthatthephoridflyfromSouthAmericawilllayeggsontheredfireantsandthemaggotswhicharehatchedeatawayattheant’sbrainseventuallycausingtheirheadstofalloff.Someoneattheuniversitywaswillingtounderwritetheworktosolveaproblem.Thatinvestmentwasalmostcertainlymuchlessthanthe$1billionayearthatfireantscostbusinessesinthestate. Arecessiondoesnotstopadvancementsintechnology.Itjustmakescompaniessofrightenedofriskthattheychoosenottomaketheinvestmentintheredfireantprojects. InthelastweekthetwomostsuccessfultechnologycompaniesintheworldIBMandGooglehaveannouncedmajornewproducts.IBMreleased"streamcomputing"applicationsthatallowbusinessestolookatandanalyzehugeamountsofdatainrealtime.ThemostimportantproductofGoogleallowsthecompany’scustomerstotakeverylargeamountsofsearchdataandorganizeitintospreadsheets.Thesearedevelopmentsthatwillprobablyhelpthefirmstakebusinessawayfromtheircompetitors. ThesharesofGoogleandIBMhavehandilyoutperformedthoseofalltheotherlargetechcompaniesbasedintheU.S.suchasHewlettPackardHPQMicrosoftMSFTCiscoCSCOandOracleORCL.Eachofthecompaniesisblessedwithsubstantialearningsandtechnologystaffsinthetensofthousands.Butthefirmsarenotallviewedthesameatleastbyinvestorswhotradetensofmillionsoftheirshareseachday. InmostwaysIBMandGooglearenotlikeoneanotheratall.IBMmakesitsmoneysellingexpensivehardwareclientservicesandsoftwaretocompaniesmostofwhichareverylargeandtogovernments.Googlehasmillionsofcustomerswhopaynothingtouseitsservices.Ithasmillionsofadvertiserswhospendmoneytoreachpeoplewholookatsearchresultsandmostofthesemarketersareverysmall. Whatthecompaniesdohaveincommonisawillingnesstotakerisksprobablyriskswithlongoddsinordertolaunchnewproducts.TheseproductsmaybefailuresbuttheyarewellenoughresearchedanddesignedthattheyhaveagoodchanceofkeepingIBMandGoogleaheadofthecompetitionevenifthatdoesnotimmediatelyinvolvesignificantnewrevenue. Theredfireantproblemnevergoesaway.Unsolvedproblemsineveryindustrycostcompaniesmoney.Sometimescompaniesdonotevenknowthattheirproblemscanbesolved.Thephoridflyisanobscurespecies.Soissoftwarethatcananalyzehugeamountsofdatainrealtime. ItisimpliedthatHewlettPackardandotherbigcompanies
InthecurrentimmigrationwavesomethingmarkedlydifferentishappeninghereinthemiddleofthegreatAmerican"meltingpot."46ThereisasensethatespeciallyasimmigrantpopulationsreachacriticalmassinmanycommunitiesitisnolongerthemeltingpotthatistransformingthembuttheywhoaretransformingAmericansociety. Americancultureremainsapowerfulforce—forbetterorworse—thatinfluencespeoplebothhereandaroundtheworldincountlessways.ButseveralfactorshavecombinedinrecentyearstoallowimmigrantstoresistiftheychoosetheAmericanizationthathadoncebeenconsideredirresistible. Infacttheveryconceptofassimilationisbeingcalledintoquestionasneverbefore.47Somesociologistsarguethatthemeltingpotoftenmeanslittlemorethan"Angloconformity"andthatassimilationisnotalwaysapositiveexperience—foreithersocietyortheimmigrantsthemselves.Andwithtoday’semphasisondiversityandethnicityithasbecomeeasierthaneverforimmigrantstoavoidthemeltingpotentirely.Eventhemetaphoritselfischanginghavingfallenoutoffashioncompletelywithmanyimmigrationadvocacyandethnicgroups.Theyprefersuchtermsasthe"saladbowl"andthe"mosaic"metaphorsthatconveymoreofasenseofseparatenessindescribingthisnationofimmigrants. 48AmongsociallyconservativefamiliessuchastheJacintoswhoinitiallymovedtoCaliforniafromtheirvillageinMexico’sGuanajuatostatethenmigratedherein1988tofindjobsinthemeatpackingindustrybadinfluencesareaconstantconcern.TheyseetheirchildrenassimilatingbutoftentotheworstaspectsofAmericanculture. Theirconcernsreflectsomeofthecomplexitiesandambivalencethatmarktheassimilationprocessthesedays.ImmigrantssuchastheJacintosareheretostaybutremainwaryoftheiradoptivecountry.Accordingtosociologiststheyarerighttobeconcerned. "Ifassimilationisalearningprocessitinvolveslearninggoodthingsandbadthings"saidRubenG.RumbautasociologyprofessoratMichiganStateUniversity."Itdoesn’talwaysleadtosomethingbetter." Theambivalenceofassimilationcancutbothways.Manynative-bornAmericansalsoseemtoharbormixedfeelingsabouttheprocess.49AsanationtheUnitedStatesincreasinglypromotesdiversitybutthereareunderlyingconcernsthatthemoreemphasisthereisonthefactorsthatsetpeopleapartthemorelikelythatsocietywillendupdivided. WithHispanicsespeciallyMexicansaccountingforanincreasingproportionofU.S.populationgrowthitisthisgroupmorethananyotherthatisredefiningthemeltingpot. HispanicsnowhaveovertakenblacksasthelargestminoritygroupinNebraskaandwillbecomethebiggestminorityinthecountrywithinthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoCensusBureauprojections.50Thenation’s29millionHispanicsthegreatmajorityofthemfromMexicohavethusbecomethemainfocusforquestionsabouthowtheUnitedStatestodayisassimilatingimmigrantsorhowitisbeingtransformed. 48AmongsociallyconservativefamiliessuchastheJacintoswhoinitiallymovedtoCaliforniafromtheirvillageinMexico’sGuanajuatostatethenmigratedherein1988tofindjobsinthemeatpackingindustrybadinfluencesareaconstantconcern.
Thetermscollegeanduniversityoriginallyhadverysimilarmeanings.Only1thepassingofcenturiesdid"university"cometo2aneducational3composedofmorethanonecollege. DuringtheMiddleAgesstudents4theuniversitiesofParisOxfordandCambridgefound5convenienttorenthousesandshareexpenses6livinginprivateapartments.Bythe13thcenturythese"housesofscholars"werebecominglegallyrecognizedcorporateinstitutions.AtOxfordtheearliestofthese7wereUniversityCollege8in1249byWilliamofDurham;BalliolCollegefoundedbyJohnBalliolin1263;andMertonCollegefoundedabout1264byWalterdeMerton.Asimilar9tookplaceatCambridge. IntheUnitedStatesthewordcollegemostcommonly10tofour-yearinstitutionsthat11studentsfromsecondaryschoolsandgrantabachelor’s12afterageneral13ofstudies. Acollegemayalsobeaschool14specializedtrainingthattakesplaceafter15thebachelor’sdegree--suchasacollegeoflawormedicine.Schools16intheologicaltrainingmaybecalledseminariesorschoolsinsteadofcolleges.Auniversitynormally17ofagroupofcolleges--onefortheliberalartsorgeneralstudiesand18forengineeringlawmedicineeducationand19.Someofthesecollegesareforadvancedstudy20thecollegeofliberalartsistheinstitutioninwhichoneearnsabachelor’sdegree. 4
Thetermscollegeanduniversityoriginallyhadverysimilarmeanings.Only1thepassingofcenturiesdid"university"cometo2aneducational3composedofmorethanonecollege. DuringtheMiddleAgesstudents4theuniversitiesofParisOxfordandCambridgefound5convenienttorenthousesandshareexpenses6livinginprivateapartments.Bythe13thcenturythese"housesofscholars"werebecominglegallyrecognizedcorporateinstitutions.AtOxfordtheearliestofthese7wereUniversityCollege8in1249byWilliamofDurham;BalliolCollegefoundedbyJohnBalliolin1263;andMertonCollegefoundedabout1264byWalterdeMerton.Asimilar9tookplaceatCambridge. IntheUnitedStatesthewordcollegemostcommonly10tofour-yearinstitutionsthat11studentsfromsecondaryschoolsandgrantabachelor’s12afterageneral13ofstudies. Acollegemayalsobeaschool14specializedtrainingthattakesplaceafter15thebachelor’sdegree--suchasacollegeoflawormedicine.Schools16intheologicaltrainingmaybecalledseminariesorschoolsinsteadofcolleges.Auniversitynormally17ofagroupofcolleges--onefortheliberalartsorgeneralstudiesand18forengineeringlawmedicineeducationand19.Someofthesecollegesareforadvancedstudy20thecollegeofliberalartsistheinstitutioninwhichoneearnsabachelor’sdegree. 10
AhugepopulationofredfireantshasbedeviledTexasfarmersforyears.Bysomeestimatestheinsectscoststatebusinessescloseto$1billionayearduetocropandmachinerydestruction.Killingtheantsandtheirnestshasnotproveneasy. TexasA＆MresearchershavediscoveredthatthephoridflyfromSouthAmericawilllayeggsontheredfireantsandthemaggotswhicharehatchedeatawayattheant’sbrainseventuallycausingtheirheadstofalloff.Someoneattheuniversitywaswillingtounderwritetheworktosolveaproblem.Thatinvestmentwasalmostcertainlymuchlessthanthe$1billionayearthatfireantscostbusinessesinthestate. Arecessiondoesnotstopadvancementsintechnology.Itjustmakescompaniessofrightenedofriskthattheychoosenottomaketheinvestmentintheredfireantprojects. InthelastweekthetwomostsuccessfultechnologycompaniesintheworldIBMandGooglehaveannouncedmajornewproducts.IBMreleased"streamcomputing"applicationsthatallowbusinessestolookatandanalyzehugeamountsofdatainrealtime.ThemostimportantproductofGoogleallowsthecompany’scustomerstotakeverylargeamountsofsearchdataandorganizeitintospreadsheets.Thesearedevelopmentsthatwillprobablyhelpthefirmstakebusinessawayfromtheircompetitors. ThesharesofGoogleandIBMhavehandilyoutperformedthoseofalltheotherlargetechcompaniesbasedintheU.S.suchasHewlettPackardHPQMicrosoftMSFTCiscoCSCOandOracleORCL.Eachofthecompaniesisblessedwithsubstantialearningsandtechnologystaffsinthetensofthousands.Butthefirmsarenotallviewedthesameatleastbyinvestorswhotradetensofmillionsoftheirshareseachday. InmostwaysIBMandGooglearenotlikeoneanotheratall.IBMmakesitsmoneysellingexpensivehardwareclientservicesandsoftwaretocompaniesmostofwhichareverylargeandtogovernments.Googlehasmillionsofcustomerswhopaynothingtouseitsservices.Ithasmillionsofadvertiserswhospendmoneytoreachpeoplewholookatsearchresultsandmostofthesemarketersareverysmall. Whatthecompaniesdohaveincommonisawillingnesstotakerisksprobablyriskswithlongoddsinordertolaunchnewproducts.TheseproductsmaybefailuresbuttheyarewellenoughresearchedanddesignedthattheyhaveagoodchanceofkeepingIBMandGoogleaheadofthecompetitionevenifthatdoesnotimmediatelyinvolvesignificantnewrevenue. Theredfireantproblemnevergoesaway.Unsolvedproblemsineveryindustrycostcompaniesmoney.Sometimescompaniesdonotevenknowthattheirproblemscanbesolved.Thephoridflyisanobscurespecies.Soissoftwarethatcananalyzehugeamountsofdatainrealtime. Thetextiswrittentoanswerthequestion
Thetermscollegeanduniversityoriginallyhadverysimilarmeanings.Only1thepassingofcenturiesdid"university"cometo2aneducational3composedofmorethanonecollege. DuringtheMiddleAgesstudents4theuniversitiesofParisOxfordandCambridgefound5convenienttorenthousesandshareexpenses6livinginprivateapartments.Bythe13thcenturythese"housesofscholars"werebecominglegallyrecognizedcorporateinstitutions.AtOxfordtheearliestofthese7wereUniversityCollege8in1249byWilliamofDurham;BalliolCollegefoundedbyJohnBalliolin1263;andMertonCollegefoundedabout1264byWalterdeMerton.Asimilar9tookplaceatCambridge. IntheUnitedStatesthewordcollegemostcommonly10tofour-yearinstitutionsthat11studentsfromsecondaryschoolsandgrantabachelor’s12afterageneral13ofstudies. Acollegemayalsobeaschool14specializedtrainingthattakesplaceafter15thebachelor’sdegree--suchasacollegeoflawormedicine.Schools16intheologicaltrainingmaybecalledseminariesorschoolsinsteadofcolleges.Auniversitynormally17ofagroupofcolleges--onefortheliberalartsorgeneralstudiesand18forengineeringlawmedicineeducationand19.Someofthesecollegesareforadvancedstudy20thecollegeofliberalartsistheinstitutioninwhichoneearnsabachelor’sdegree. 12
Thetermscollegeanduniversityoriginallyhadverysimilarmeanings.Only1thepassingofcenturiesdid"university"cometo2aneducational3composedofmorethanonecollege. DuringtheMiddleAgesstudents4theuniversitiesofParisOxfordandCambridgefound5convenienttorenthousesandshareexpenses6livinginprivateapartments.Bythe13thcenturythese"housesofscholars"werebecominglegallyrecognizedcorporateinstitutions.AtOxfordtheearliestofthese7wereUniversityCollege8in1249byWilliamofDurham;BalliolCollegefoundedbyJohnBalliolin1263;andMertonCollegefoundedabout1264byWalterdeMerton.Asimilar9tookplaceatCambridge. IntheUnitedStatesthewordcollegemostcommonly10tofour-yearinstitutionsthat11studentsfromsecondaryschoolsandgrantabachelor’s12afterageneral13ofstudies. Acollegemayalsobeaschool14specializedtrainingthattakesplaceafter15thebachelor’sdegree--suchasacollegeoflawormedicine.Schools16intheologicaltrainingmaybecalledseminariesorschoolsinsteadofcolleges.Auniversitynormally17ofagroupofcolleges--onefortheliberalartsorgeneralstudiesand18forengineeringlawmedicineeducationand19.Someofthesecollegesareforadvancedstudy20thecollegeofliberalartsistheinstitutioninwhichoneearnsabachelor’sdegree. 16
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity. Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts. TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.The"BasicFour"campaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries. Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.Thenewpyramidcalled"MyPyramid"abandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation. Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized. Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice. WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEabouttheFoodGuidePyramidin1992
Thetermscollegeanduniversityoriginallyhadverysimilarmeanings.Only1thepassingofcenturiesdid"university"cometo2aneducational3composedofmorethanonecollege. DuringtheMiddleAgesstudents4theuniversitiesofParisOxfordandCambridgefound5convenienttorenthousesandshareexpenses6livinginprivateapartments.Bythe13thcenturythese"housesofscholars"werebecominglegallyrecognizedcorporateinstitutions.AtOxfordtheearliestofthese7wereUniversityCollege8in1249byWilliamofDurham;BalliolCollegefoundedbyJohnBalliolin1263;andMertonCollegefoundedabout1264byWalterdeMerton.Asimilar9tookplaceatCambridge. IntheUnitedStatesthewordcollegemostcommonly10tofour-yearinstitutionsthat11studentsfromsecondaryschoolsandgrantabachelor’s12afterageneral13ofstudies. Acollegemayalsobeaschool14specializedtrainingthattakesplaceafter15thebachelor’sdegree--suchasacollegeoflawormedicine.Schools16intheologicaltrainingmaybecalledseminariesorschoolsinsteadofcolleges.Auniversitynormally17ofagroupofcolleges--onefortheliberalartsorgeneralstudiesand18forengineeringlawmedicineeducationand19.Someofthesecollegesareforadvancedstudy20thecollegeofliberalartsistheinstitutioninwhichoneearnsabachelor’sdegree. 14
AfterLosAngelesAtlantamaybeAmerica’smostcar-dependentcity.Atlantanssentimentallygivetheircarsnamescomparespeedingticketsandjealouslyguardanysidestreetwhereitispossibletopark.Thecity’sroadsaresowellwornthatthefirstactofthenewmayorShirleyFranklinwastostartrepairingpotholes.In199813metrocountieslostfederalhighwayfundsbecausetheirair-pollutionlevelsviolatedtheCleanAirAct.TheAmericanHighwayUsersAlliancerankedthreeAtlantainterchangesamongthe18worstbottlenecksinthecountry. Othercitiesinthesamefixhavereorganizedtheirhighwaysimposedcommuterandcartaxesorexpandedtheirpublic-transportsystems.Atlantadoesnotlikeanyofthesethings.Publictransportisavexedsubjecttoo.Atlanta’smetropolitanregionisdividedintonumerouscountyandsmallercitygovernmentswhichfindithardtoworktogether.Railwaysnowservethecitycenterandtheairportbutnotmuchelse;busstopsareoftennearinvisiblepolesofferingnoindicationofwhichbusmightstopthereorwhen. Georgia’sDemocraticgovernorRoyBarneswhohopesforreelectioninNovemberhasotherplans.TowinbackthefederalhighwaymoneylostundertheCleanAirActhecreatedtheGeorgiaRegionalTransportationAuthorityGRTAa15-memberboardwiththepowertomakethecountygovernmentsthecityandtheten-countyAtlantaRegionalCommissioncooperateontransportplanswhethertheylikeitornot. NowGRTAhasissueditsownpreliminaryplanallocating$4.5billionoverthenextthreeyearsforavarietyofschemes.Theplanearmarksmoneytowidenroads;tohaveanelectricshuttlebusshuttletouristsamongtheelegantvillasofBuckhead;andtocreateacommuterraillinkbetweenAtlantaandMacontwohourstothesouth.Countieswillbeencouragedwithgenerousten-to-onematchingfundstostartexpressbusservices. PublicgoodwillhowevermaynotstretchasfarasthenextplanwhichistobuildtheNorthernArchighwayfor65milesacrossthreecountiesnorthofthecitylimits.GRTAhasallotted$270mforthis.Supporterssayitwouldeasethecongestiononlocalroads;opponentsthinkitwouldworsenover-developmentandtraffic.ThecountiesaffectedandevenGRTA’sownboardaredivided. Thegovernorisinfavorhowever;andsincehecanappointandfireGRTA’Smembersthatisprobablytheendofthestory.MrBarneshasatendencytodoashewantsregardless.Hisarroganceontrafficmatterscouldalsolosehimvotes.ButMrBarnesthinkthatAtlanta’sslowingeconomycoulddohimmoreharmthantheanti-sprawlmovement. WhichofthefollowingisNOTpartoftheanti-sprawlmovementasplannedbygovernorRoyBarnes
[A]Communicationmakesbothpartyknowmoreabouteachotherwhichmakeanagreement. [B]Theargumentitselfcannotexpandknowledge. [C]Reasonabledebateplaysapostiveroleinknowledgeadrances [D]Abasiccommonknowledgemabecontributiontotheargumentfromwhichpeoplelearnsomething. [E]Generallyknowledgeisgainedbyargument. [F]Learningcanbeinterruptedbytheargument. DowelearnmorefrompeoplewhoseviewsweshareincommonthanfromthosewhoseideascontradictorsThespeakerclaimssoforthereasonthatdisagreementcancausestressandinhabitlearning.Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpedelearning.Otherwiseinmyviewwelearnfarfromdiscourseanddebatewiththosewhoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourown. 41.______ Admittedlyundersomecircumstancesdisagreementwithotherscanbecounterproductivetolearning.Forsupportingexamplesoneneedlooknofurtherthanatelevisionset.Ontoday’stypicaltelevisionorradiotalkshowdisagreementusuallymanifestsitselfinmeaninglessrhetoricalboutsandshoutingmatchesduringwhichopponentsvietohavetheirownmessageheardbuthavelittleinteresteitherinfindinganycommongroundwithorinacknowledgingthemeritsoftheopponent’sviewpoint.Understandablyneitherthecombatantsnortheviewerslearnanythingmeaningful.Infactthesebattlesonlyservetoreinforcethepredispositionsandbiasesofallconcerned.Theendresultisthatlearningisimpeded. 42.______ Disagreementcanalsoinhibitlearningwhentwoopponentsdisagreeonfundamentalassumptionsneededformeaningfuldiscourseanddebate.Forexampleastudentofpaleontologylearnslittleabouttheevolutionofananimalspeciesundercurrentstudybydebatingwithanindividualwhosereligiousbeliefsystemprecludesthepossibilityofevolutiontobeginwith.Andeconomicsandfinancestudentslearnlittleaboutthedynamicsofalaissez-fairesystembydebatingwithasocialistwhoseviewisthatacentralizedpowershouldcontrolalleconomicactivity. 43.______ AsidefromtheforegoingtwoprovisionshoweverIfundamentallydisagreewiththespeaker’sclaim.Assumingcommongroundbetweentworationalandreasonableopponentswillingtodebateonintellectualmeritsbothopponentsstandtogainmuchfromthatdebate.Indeeditisprimarilythroughsuchdebatethathumanknowledgeadvanceswhetheratthepersonalcommunityorgloballevel. 44.______ Atthepersonallevelbylisteningtotheirparents’rationalefortheirseeminglyoppressiverulesandpoliciesteenagerscanlearnhowcertainbehaviorsnaturallycarrycertainundesirableconsequences.Atthesametimebylisteningtotheirteenagersconcernsaboutautonomyandaboutpeerpressuresparentscanlearnthevaluablelessonthateffectiveparentingandcontrolaretwodifferentthings.Atthecommunitylevelthroughdispassionatedialogueanenvironmentalactivistcancometounderstandthelegitimateeconomicconcernsofthosewhosejobsdependonthecontinuedprofitableoperationofafactory.Converselythelattermightstandtolearnmuchaboutthepotentialpublic-healthpricetobepaidbyensuringjobgrowthandalowunemploymentrate.Finallyatthegloballeveltwonationswithopposingpoliticaloreconomicinterestscanreachmutuallybeneficialagreementsbystrivingtounderstandtheother’slegitimateconcernsforitsnationalsecurityitspoliticalsovereigntythestabilityofitseconomyandcurrencyandsoforth. 45.______ InsumunlesstwoopponentsinadebateareeachwillingtoplayonthesamefieldandbythesamerulesIconcedethatdisagreementcanimpedelearning.Otherwisereasoneddiscourseanddebatebetweenpeoplewithopposingviewpointsistheveryfoundationuponwhichhumanknowledgeadvances.Accordinglyonbalancethespeakerisfundamentallycorrect. 42
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity. Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts. TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.The"BasicFour"campaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries. Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.Thenewpyramidcalled"MyPyramid"abandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation. Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized. Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice. TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusinesscanbeeasilyprovedbythefactthat
Thetermscollegeanduniversityoriginallyhadverysimilarmeanings.Only1thepassingofcenturiesdid"university"cometo2aneducational3composedofmorethanonecollege. DuringtheMiddleAgesstudents4theuniversitiesofParisOxfordandCambridgefound5convenienttorenthousesandshareexpenses6livinginprivateapartments.Bythe13thcenturythese"housesofscholars"werebecominglegallyrecognizedcorporateinstitutions.AtOxfordtheearliestofthese7wereUniversityCollege8in1249byWilliamofDurham;BalliolCollegefoundedbyJohnBalliolin1263;andMertonCollegefoundedabout1264byWalterdeMerton.Asimilar9tookplaceatCambridge. IntheUnitedStatesthewordcollegemostcommonly10tofour-yearinstitutionsthat11studentsfromsecondaryschoolsandgrantabachelor’s12afterageneral13ofstudies. Acollegemayalsobeaschool14specializedtrainingthattakesplaceafter15thebachelor’sdegree--suchasacollegeoflawormedicine.Schools16intheologicaltrainingmaybecalledseminariesorschoolsinsteadofcolleges.Auniversitynormally17ofagroupofcolleges--onefortheliberalartsorgeneralstudiesand18forengineeringlawmedicineeducationand19.Someofthesecollegesareforadvancedstudy20thecollegeofliberalartsistheinstitutioninwhichoneearnsabachelor’sdegree. 6
[A]Communicationmakesbothpartyknowmoreabouteachotherwhichmakeanagreement. [B]Theargumentitselfcannotexpandknowledge. [C]Reasonabledebateplaysapostiveroleinknowledgeadrances [D]Abasiccommonknowledgemabecontributiontotheargumentfromwhichpeoplelearnsomething. [E]Generallyknowledgeisgainedbyargument. [F]Learningcanbeinterruptedbytheargument. DowelearnmorefrompeoplewhoseviewsweshareincommonthanfromthosewhoseideascontradictorsThespeakerclaimssoforthereasonthatdisagreementcancausestressandinhabitlearning.Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpedelearning.Otherwiseinmyviewwelearnfarfromdiscourseanddebatewiththosewhoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourown. 41.______ Admittedlyundersomecircumstancesdisagreementwithotherscanbecounterproductivetolearning.Forsupportingexamplesoneneedlooknofurtherthanatelevisionset.Ontoday’stypicaltelevisionorradiotalkshowdisagreementusuallymanifestsitselfinmeaninglessrhetoricalboutsandshoutingmatchesduringwhichopponentsvietohavetheirownmessageheardbuthavelittleinteresteitherinfindinganycommongroundwithorinacknowledgingthemeritsoftheopponent’sviewpoint.Understandablyneitherthecombatantsnortheviewerslearnanythingmeaningful.Infactthesebattlesonlyservetoreinforcethepredispositionsandbiasesofallconcerned.Theendresultisthatlearningisimpeded. 42.______ Disagreementcanalsoinhibitlearningwhentwoopponentsdisagreeonfundamentalassumptionsneededformeaningfuldiscourseanddebate.Forexampleastudentofpaleontologylearnslittleabouttheevolutionofananimalspeciesundercurrentstudybydebatingwithanindividualwhosereligiousbeliefsystemprecludesthepossibilityofevolutiontobeginwith.Andeconomicsandfinancestudentslearnlittleaboutthedynamicsofalaissez-fairesystembydebatingwithasocialistwhoseviewisthatacentralizedpowershouldcontrolalleconomicactivity. 43.______ AsidefromtheforegoingtwoprovisionshoweverIfundamentallydisagreewiththespeaker’sclaim.Assumingcommongroundbetweentworationalandreasonableopponentswillingtodebateonintellectualmeritsbothopponentsstandtogainmuchfromthatdebate.Indeeditisprimarilythroughsuchdebatethathumanknowledgeadvanceswhetheratthepersonalcommunityorgloballevel. 44.______ Atthepersonallevelbylisteningtotheirparents’rationalefortheirseeminglyoppressiverulesandpoliciesteenagerscanlearnhowcertainbehaviorsnaturallycarrycertainundesirableconsequences.Atthesametimebylisteningtotheirteenagersconcernsaboutautonomyandaboutpeerpressuresparentscanlearnthevaluablelessonthateffectiveparentingandcontrolaretwodifferentthings.Atthecommunitylevelthroughdispassionatedialogueanenvironmentalactivistcancometounderstandthelegitimateeconomicconcernsofthosewhosejobsdependonthecontinuedprofitableoperationofafactory.Converselythelattermightstandtolearnmuchaboutthepotentialpublic-healthpricetobepaidbyensuringjobgrowthandalowunemploymentrate.Finallyatthegloballeveltwonationswithopposingpoliticaloreconomicinterestscanreachmutuallybeneficialagreementsbystrivingtounderstandtheother’slegitimateconcernsforitsnationalsecurityitspoliticalsovereigntythestabilityofitseconomyandcurrencyandsoforth. 45.______ InsumunlesstwoopponentsinadebateareeachwillingtoplayonthesamefieldandbythesamerulesIconcedethatdisagreementcanimpedelearning.Otherwisereasoneddiscourseanddebatebetweenpeoplewithopposingviewpointsistheveryfoundationuponwhichhumanknowledgeadvances.Accordinglyonbalancethespeakerisfundamentallycorrect. 44
AcuriouselectionwilltakeplaceinStLouisonApril3rd.Sevencandidateswillcompetefortwoseatsonthecity’sschoolboard.Thepollswillopenat6amandstayopenuntil7pm.Staffingthepollingstationsandcountingtheelectronicballotswillcosttaxpayersatleast$260000.Twohappycandidateswillcelebrateandtakeoffice-justintimetohavethestateofMissouricompletethetakeoverofthedistrict’sschoolsandgivethemandtheotherboardmembersnothingtodoforseveralyears.Thiselectiontonothingcomesafteryearsoffallingtestscoresrevolvingsuperintendentsscreamingmatchesbetweenboardmembersatpublicmeetingsandagrowingdissatisfactionwitheveryaspectofpubliceducation.ThestateboardofeducationvotedonMarch22ndtotakeovertheschooldistricteffectiveinmid-June.SomeprominentfiguresendorsedthiscourseincludingthemayorofStLouisandevensomemembersoftheStLouisschoolboard.Othersinthecitythougharedeeplyopposedandreadytofightaboutit. Althoughthecityschoolsoverallhaveanamplydeservedreputationforlowstandardstherearesomegoodschoolsandmanygoodstudents.Thebeststudentshavethemosttolosefearingthattheturmoilcoulddamagetheirchancesofgettingintogooduniversities.Whenthestateeducationboardvotedonthetakeoveragroupofangrystudentsteachersandothermembersofthepublictriedtodisruptthemeeting.Protestersarestilltryingtousethecourtstostoptheactionandtheteachers’unionhasthreatenedastrike. UnderMissourilawthecity’sschoolswillnowbeplacedunderathree-memberboardappointedbythegovernorthemayorandthepresidentoftheboardofaldermen.GovernorMattBlunt’schoiceofRickSullivantheheadofabuildingfirmhasalreadybeenattackedbecauseofMrSullivan’slackofexperienceineducationandbecausehelivesinoneofthewealthiestsuburbsoutsidethecity. MrSullivanandtheothermemberswhohaveyettobeappointedhaveanalmostimpossibletaskbeforethem.Thedistrictwhichinthepastfiveyearshasturneda$52msurplusintoa$24.5mdeficithasalreadyclosedschoolscutservicesandsqueezedspendinghard.Butasitscriticspointouttheelectedschoolboardstillfoundplentyofmoneyfortoursandpublicrelations. Thetrickleofvotersturningoutforthepointlessboardelectionwillpassbannerscelebratingthenewseasonoftheworldbaseballchampions.StLouishasmadehugeprogressinattractinganewgenerationofyoungprofessionalstoitsdowntownareabuildingnewbusinessdevelopmentsandinstallingnewinfrastructure.Thegreatfailureinitsschoolsputsallthatindanger. Whichofthefollowingisthemostresultofwinnersoftheelection
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