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评述希波战争。
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评述希波战争伯罗奔尼撒战争
今天的马拉松长跑与古代雅典人的哪次战争有关
特洛伊战争
希波战争
波罗奔尼撒战争
罗马的扩张战争
希波战争后双方签订了什么条约
简述希波战争中希腊胜利原因
伯里克利当时著名的丧葬演讲是为悼念所亡
希波战争
伯罗奔尼撒战争
雅斯战争
雅波战争
希波战争中的第一次会战是
马拉松长跑与希波战争有关
与罗马共和国向外扩张无关的一场战争是
布匿战争
马其顿战争
希波战争
叙利亚战争
历时半个世纪之久的希波战争使波斯帝国元气大伤希波战争发生的原因是
波斯帝国的扩张
希腊的军事扩张
罗马的军事扩张
亚历山大东侵
希波战争时代的波斯实行的是奴隶制度
在希波战争中爆发的第一场会战是
希波战争PersianWars
希波战争叙利亚战争美塞尼亚战争同盟者战争布匿战争
希波战争的原因性质经过与结果希腊胜利的原因是什么
简述希波战争的原因及历史影响
希波战争的结束是由于列奥尼达率领三百勇士守住了温泉关
在希波战争中希腊军队取得决定性了什么海战
希波战争
希腊历史上最重要的两场战争是和伯罗奔尼撒战争
亚马逊战争
克里特战争
希波战争
爱奥尼亚战争
古代雅典人设置马拉松长跑是为了纪念哪次战争中的英雄
特洛伊战争
希波战争
伯罗奔尼撒战争
罗马的扩张战争
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"UniversalhistorythehistoryofwhatmanhasaccomplishedinthisworldisatbottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere"wrotetheVictorianstageThomasCarlyle.Wellnotanymoreitisnot. SuddenlyBritainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavouritehistoricalform.Thiscouldbenomorethanapassingliterarycrazebutitalsopointstoabroadertruthabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromforefathersandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Todaywewantempathynotinspiration. FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissancethewritingofhistorymeantrecountingtheexemplarylivesofgreatmen.In1337PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDeVirisIllustribus—OnFamousMenhighlightingthevirtusorvirtueofclassicalheroes.Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortuneandrisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccoloMachiavelliturnedonitshead.InThePrincethechampionedcunningruthlessnessandboldnessratherthanvirtuemercyandjusticeastheskillsofsuccessfulleaders. Overtimetheattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedtheleadingpaintersandauthorsoftheirdaystressingtheuniquenessoftheartist’spersonalexperienceratherthanpublicglory.BycontrasttheVictorianauthorSamualSmileswroteSelf-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineersindustrialistsandexplores."Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepowerofself-helpifpatientpurposeresoluteworkingandsteadfastintegrityissuingintheformulationoftrulynobleandmanycharacterexhibit"wroteSmiles."whatitisinthepowerofeachtoaccomplishforhimself"HisbiographiesofJamesWaltRichardArkwrightandJosiahWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworkingmanthroughhisdifficultlife. ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlylewhofocusedhisbiographiesonthetrulyheroiclivesofMartinLutherOliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.Theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitatebuttobeacknowledgedaspossessinghigherauthoritythanmeremortals. CommunistManifesto.Forthemhistorydidnothingitpossessednoimmensewealthnorwagedbattles:"Itismanreallivingmanwhodoesallthat."Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.Assuchitneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealitiesthesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:"Menmaketheirownhistorybuttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease;theydonotmakeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselvesbutundercircumstancesdirectlyfoundgivenandtransmittedfromthepast." Thiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionizedourappreciationofthepast.InplaceofThomasCarlyleBritainnurturedChristopherHillEPThompsonandEricHobsbawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewrealmsofunderstanding—fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies—wereopenedupasscholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflostsocieties.Andittransformedpublichistorytoo:downstairsbecamejustasfascinatingasupstairs. [A]emphasizedthevirtueofclassicalheroes. 41.iPetrarch [B]highlightedthepublicgloryoftheleadingartists. 42.NiccoloMachiavelli [C]focusedonepochalfigureswhoseliveswerehardtoimitate. 43.SamuelSmiles [D]openedupnewrealmsofunderstandingthegreatmeninhistory. 44.ThomasCarlyle [E]heldthathistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle. 45.MarxandEngels [F]dismissedvirtueasunnecessaryforsuccessfulleaders. [G]depictedtheworthylivesofengineerindustrialistsandexplorers. 42
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 8
TheBushadministrationisabouttoproposefar-reachingnewrulesthatwouldgivepeoplewithdisabilitiesgreateraccesstotensofthousandsofcourtroomsswimmingpoolsgolfcoursesstadiumstheatershotelsandretailstores.TheproposalwouldsubstantiallyupdateandrewritefederalstandardsforenforcementoftheAmericansWithDisabilitiesActalandmarkcivilrightslawpassedwithstrongbipartisansupportin1990.Thenewruleswouldsetmorestringentrequirementsinmanyareasandaddresssomeissuesforthefirsttimeinanefforttomeettheneedsofanagingpopulationandgrowingnumbersofdisabledwarveterans. Morethansevenmillionbusinessesandallstateandlocalgovernmentagencieswouldbeaffected.Theproposalincludessomeexemptionsforpartsofexistingbuildingsbutanynewconstructionorrenovationswouldhavetocomply.Thenewstandardswouldaffecteverythingfromthelocationoflightswitchestotheheightofretailservicecounterstotheuseofmonkeysas"serviceanimals"forpeoplewithdisabilitieswhichwouldbeforbidden’. TheWhiteHouseapprovedtheproposalinMayafterafive-monthreview.ItisscheduledtobepublishedintheFederalRegisteronTuesdaywith60daysforpubliccomment.Afterconsideringthosecommentsthegovernmentwouldissuefinalruleswiththeforceoflaw.Alreadytheproposalisstirringconcern.TheUnitedStatesChamberofCommercesaysitwouldbeonerousandcostlywhileadvocatesfordisabledAmericanssayitdoesnotgofarenough. SincethedisabilitylawwassignedbythefirstPresidentBushadvancesintechnologyhavemadeservicesmoreavailabletopeoplewithdisabilities.ButJusticeDepartmentofficialssaidtheywerestillreceivinglargenumbersofcomplaints.InrecentmonthsthefederalgovernmenthassettledlawsuitssecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansatMadisonSquareGardeninNewYorkandatthenation’slargestcollegefootballstadiumattheUniversityofMichigan. TheJusticeDepartmentacknowledgedthatsomeofthechangeswouldhavesignificantcosts.Butoverallitsaidthevalueofthepublicbenefitsestimatedat$54billionexceedstheexpectedcostsof$23billion.InaneconomicanalysisoftheproposedrulestheJusticeDepartmentsaidtheneedforanaccessibleenvironmentwasgreaterthaneverbecausetheIraqwarwas"creatinganewgenerationofyoungmenandwomenwithdisabilities".JohnL.WodatchchiefofthedisabilityrightssectionoftheJusticeDepartmentsaid"Disabilityisinherentinthehumancondition.Thevastmajorityofindividualswhoarefortunateenoughtoreachanadvancedagewillbenefitfromtheproposedrequirements. ThecaseofsecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansismentionedinParagraph4to
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 16
WhenMelissaMahanandherhusbandvisitedtheNetherlandstheyfeltimprisonedbytheirtourbus.Itforcedthemtoseethecityaccordingtoaparticularrouteandspecificschedule--butgoingoffontheirownmeantmissingoutontheinformationprovidedbytheguide.OntheirreturnhometoSanDiegoCaliforniatheystartedanewcompanycalledTourCoupes.NowwhentouristsinSanDiegorentoneoftheirsmallbrightlycolouredthree-wheeledvehiclestheyaretreatedtoanarrationoverthestereosystemabouttheplacestheypasstriggeredbyGlobalPositioningSystemGPSsatellitetechnology. ThisisjustoneexampleofhowGPSisbeingusedtoprovidenewservicestotourists."Whatwereallyhavehereisatechnologythatallowspeopletoforgetaboutthetechnology"saysJimCarrierofIntelliToursaGPStourismfirmwhichbeganofferingasimilarserviceoverayearagoinMontgomeryAlabama.ThecityispackedwithsitesassociatedwithtwoimportantchaptersinAmericanhistorythecivilwarofthe1860sandthecivil-rightsmovementacenturylater.Montgomeryhasa120-year-oldtrolleysystemcalledtheLightningRoutewhichcirculatesaroundthedowntownareaandismainlyusedbytourists.OntheLightningRoutetrolleysGPS-triggeredaudioclipspointouthistoricalhotspots. OtherfirmssuchasCityShowinNewYorkandGPSToursCanadainBanffCanadaofferhand-heldGPSreceiversthatplayaudioclipsforlisteningtowhilewalkingordriving.InSouthAfricaEuropcaracar-rentalfirmoffersadevicecalledtheXplorer.Aswellasprovidingcommentaryon2000pointsofinterestitcanalsowarndriversiftheyexceedthelocalspeedlimit. Ifsuchservicesprovepopulartheuseofdedicatedaudio-guidedevicescouldgivewaytoadifferentapproach.Agrowingnumberofmobilephoneshavebuilt-inGPSorcandeterminetheirlocationsusingothertechnologies.Informationfortouristsdeliveredviaphonescouldbeupdatedinrealtimeandcouldcontainadvertisements."Location-basedservices"suchastheabilitytocallupalistofnearbybanksorpizzeriashavebeentalkedaboutforyearsbuthavenevertakenoff.Butaimingsuchservicesattouristsmakessense--sincepeoplearemorelikelytowantinformationwheninanunfamiliarplace.Itcouldgivemobileroamingawholenewmeaning. MelissaMahan’sstoryismentionedinthetextto
"UniversalhistorythehistoryofwhatmanhasaccomplishedinthisworldisatbottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere"wrotetheVictorianstageThomasCarlyle.Wellnotanymoreitisnot. SuddenlyBritainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavouritehistoricalform.Thiscouldbenomorethanapassingliterarycrazebutitalsopointstoabroadertruthabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromforefathersandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Todaywewantempathynotinspiration. FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissancethewritingofhistorymeantrecountingtheexemplarylivesofgreatmen.In1337PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDeVirisIllustribus—OnFamousMenhighlightingthevirtusorvirtueofclassicalheroes.Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortuneandrisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccoloMachiavelliturnedonitshead.InThePrincethechampionedcunningruthlessnessandboldnessratherthanvirtuemercyandjusticeastheskillsofsuccessfulleaders. Overtimetheattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedtheleadingpaintersandauthorsoftheirdaystressingtheuniquenessoftheartist’spersonalexperienceratherthanpublicglory.BycontrasttheVictorianauthorSamualSmileswroteSelf-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineersindustrialistsandexplores."Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepowerofself-helpifpatientpurposeresoluteworkingandsteadfastintegrityissuingintheformulationoftrulynobleandmanycharacterexhibit"wroteSmiles."whatitisinthepowerofeachtoaccomplishforhimself"HisbiographiesofJamesWaltRichardArkwrightandJosiahWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworkingmanthroughhisdifficultlife. ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlylewhofocusedhisbiographiesonthetrulyheroiclivesofMartinLutherOliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.Theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitatebuttobeacknowledgedaspossessinghigherauthoritythanmeremortals. CommunistManifesto.Forthemhistorydidnothingitpossessednoimmensewealthnorwagedbattles:"Itismanreallivingmanwhodoesallthat."Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.Assuchitneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealitiesthesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:"Menmaketheirownhistorybuttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease;theydonotmakeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselvesbutundercircumstancesdirectlyfoundgivenandtransmittedfromthepast." Thiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionizedourappreciationofthepast.InplaceofThomasCarlyleBritainnurturedChristopherHillEPThompsonandEricHobsbawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewrealmsofunderstanding—fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies—wereopenedupasscholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflostsocieties.Andittransformedpublichistorytoo:downstairsbecamejustasfascinatingasupstairs. [A]emphasizedthevirtueofclassicalheroes. 41.iPetrarch [B]highlightedthepublicgloryoftheleadingartists. 42.NiccoloMachiavelli [C]focusedonepochalfigureswhoseliveswerehardtoimitate. 43.SamuelSmiles [D]openedupnewrealmsofunderstandingthegreatmeninhistory. 44.ThomasCarlyle [E]heldthathistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle. 45.MarxandEngels [F]dismissedvirtueasunnecessaryforsuccessfulleaders. [G]depictedtheworthylivesofengineerindustrialistsandexplorers. 44
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethephotosbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningand 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 14
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 4
46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorinanshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.47FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecauseevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalreadypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’energy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. 49Saint-Simon’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirutopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.50Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. 50Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife.
TheBushadministrationisabouttoproposefar-reachingnewrulesthatwouldgivepeoplewithdisabilitiesgreateraccesstotensofthousandsofcourtroomsswimmingpoolsgolfcoursesstadiumstheatershotelsandretailstores.TheproposalwouldsubstantiallyupdateandrewritefederalstandardsforenforcementoftheAmericansWithDisabilitiesActalandmarkcivilrightslawpassedwithstrongbipartisansupportin1990.Thenewruleswouldsetmorestringentrequirementsinmanyareasandaddresssomeissuesforthefirsttimeinanefforttomeettheneedsofanagingpopulationandgrowingnumbersofdisabledwarveterans. Morethansevenmillionbusinessesandallstateandlocalgovernmentagencieswouldbeaffected.Theproposalincludessomeexemptionsforpartsofexistingbuildingsbutanynewconstructionorrenovationswouldhavetocomply.Thenewstandardswouldaffecteverythingfromthelocationoflightswitchestotheheightofretailservicecounterstotheuseofmonkeysas"serviceanimals"forpeoplewithdisabilitieswhichwouldbeforbidden’. TheWhiteHouseapprovedtheproposalinMayafterafive-monthreview.ItisscheduledtobepublishedintheFederalRegisteronTuesdaywith60daysforpubliccomment.Afterconsideringthosecommentsthegovernmentwouldissuefinalruleswiththeforceoflaw.Alreadytheproposalisstirringconcern.TheUnitedStatesChamberofCommercesaysitwouldbeonerousandcostlywhileadvocatesfordisabledAmericanssayitdoesnotgofarenough. SincethedisabilitylawwassignedbythefirstPresidentBushadvancesintechnologyhavemadeservicesmoreavailabletopeoplewithdisabilities.ButJusticeDepartmentofficialssaidtheywerestillreceivinglargenumbersofcomplaints.InrecentmonthsthefederalgovernmenthassettledlawsuitssecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansatMadisonSquareGardeninNewYorkandatthenation’slargestcollegefootballstadiumattheUniversityofMichigan. TheJusticeDepartmentacknowledgedthatsomeofthechangeswouldhavesignificantcosts.Butoverallitsaidthevalueofthepublicbenefitsestimatedat$54billionexceedstheexpectedcostsof$23billion.InaneconomicanalysisoftheproposedrulestheJusticeDepartmentsaidtheneedforanaccessibleenvironmentwasgreaterthaneverbecausetheIraqwarwas"creatinganewgenerationofyoungmenandwomenwithdisabilities".JohnL.WodatchchiefofthedisabilityrightssectionoftheJusticeDepartmentsaid"Disabilityisinherentinthehumancondition.Thevastmajorityofindividualswhoarefortunateenoughtoreachanadvancedagewillbenefitfromtheproposedrequirements. WhatdowelearnabouttheBushadministration’sproposalofnewrules
InoneverylongsentencetheintroductiontotheU.N.CharterexpressestheidealsandthecommonaimsofallthepeoplewhosegovernmentsjoinedtogethertoformtheU.N. "WethepeopleoftheU.N.determinedtosavesucceedinggenerationsfromthescourgeofwarwhichtwiceinourlifetimehasbroughtuntoldsufferingtomankindandtoreaffirmfaithinfundamentalrightsinthedignityandworthofthehumanpersonintheequalrightsofmenandwomenandofnationslargeandsmallandtoestablishconditionsunderwhichjusticeandrespectfortheobligationsarisingfromtreatiesandothersourcesofinternationallawcanbemaintainedandtopromotesocialprogressandbetterstandardsoflifeinlargerfreedomandfortheseendstopractisetoleranceandlivetogetherinpeacewithoneanotherasgoodneighboursandtouniteourstrengthtomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurityandtoensurebytheacceptanceofprinciplesandtheinstitutionofmethodsthatarmedforceshallnotbeusedsaveinthecommoninterestandtoemployinternationalmachineryforthepromotionofeconomicandsocialadvancementofallpeopleshaveresolvedtocombineoureffortstoaccomplishtheseaims." Thename"UnitedNations"isaccreditedtoU.S.PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltandthefirstgroupofrepresentativesofmemberStatesmetandsignedadeclarationofcommonintentonNewYear’sDayin1942.RepresentativesoffivepowersworkedtogethertodrawupproposalscompletedatDumbartonOaksin1944.TheseproposalsmodifiedafterdeliberationattheconferenceonInternationalOrganizationinSanFranciscowhichbeganinApril1945werefinallyagreedonandsignedastheU.N.Charterby50countrieson26June1945.PolandnotrepresentedattheconferencesignedtheCharterlaterandwasaddedtothelistoforiginalmembers.ItwasnotuntilthatautumnhoweveraftertheCharterhadbeenratifiedbyChinaFrancetheU.S.S.R.U.theU.K.andtheU.S.andbyamajorityoftheotherparticipantsthattheU.N.officiallycameintoexistence.Thedatewas24OctobernowuniversallycelebratedasUnitedNationsDay. TheessentialfunctionsoftheU.N.aretomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecuritytodevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnationstocooperateinternationallyinsolvinginternationaleconomicsocialculturalandhumanproblemspromotingrespectforhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsandtobeacentreforco-ordinatingtheactionsofnationsonattainingthesecommonends. NocountrytakesprecedenceoveranotherintheU.N.Eachmember’srightsandobligationsarethesame.Allmustcontributetothepeacefulsettlementofinternationaldisputeandmembershavepledgedtorefrainfromthethreatoruseofforceagainstotherstates. WhatdidPresidentRoosevelthavetodowiththeUnitedNations
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 20
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 18
OneoftheenduringmythsofAmericanfolkloreisthatJesseJameswasahome-grownRobinHoodwho"stolefromtherichandgavetothepoor"Thatlegendenjoyedarevivedpopularityinthe1960s.Supportedbymoviespulpfictionandevenseriousscholarshipthisimagehasdominatedourunderstandingofthepost-CivilWarJamesgangandotherwesternoutlaws.HistorianshavedescribedJamesasa"primitiverebel"whochampioned"aspecialtypeofpeasantprotestandrebellion"againstmodernizingforcesbyrobbingbanksandrailroads. ButJameshimselfwouldhaveconsideredthisnotionagreatjoke.InfactJames’srobberswentaftertheexpresscompanysafesjustbecausethat’swherethemoneywas.AsfortheRobinHoodthemethereisnoevidencetheJamesgangdidanythingwiththecashtheystoleexcepttospenditonfinehorsefleshandgambling. ThekeytounderstandingthemotivesoftheJamesgang—besidesgreed—istheCivilWarespeciallytheviciousguerrillacombatwithinthelargerwarthatplaguedMissouri.SupportfortheConfederacywasstrongintheLittleDixiecountiesthatflankedtheMissouriRiverjusteastoftheKansasborder.InthesecountieslivedmostofthemenandboyswhowentintothebushasConfederateguerrillasincludingFrankandJesseJames.Theylearnedtheirtradeunderthetutelageofsuchpsychopathickillersas"BloodyBill"AndersonandWilliamClarkeQuantrillwhomurderedscoresofMissouriUnionistsandfoughtitoutwithUnionsoldiersduringfouryearsofinternecinewarfare. Theseguerrillaswereanythingbutthepoorfarmersoffolklore.ManyofthemlikeJamescamefromfamiliesthatwerethreetimesmorelikelytoownslavesandpossessedtwiceasmuchwealthastheaverageMissourifamily.JamesfoughtduringthewaragainstemancipationandafterthewaragainsttheRepublicanPartythatfreedandenfranchisedtheslaves.ManyofthebanksandexpresscompaniesstruckbytheJamesgangwereownedbyindividualsorgroupsassociatedwiththeRepublicanParty.LiketheKuKluxKlaninformerConfederatestatestheJamesgangdiditsbesttounderminetheneworderusheredinbyNorthernvictoryintheCivilWar. WhenDemocratsregainedcontrolofMissouriinthe1870stheJamesganglookedforgreenerpasturesoutsidethestate.InAugust1876theyrodeallthewaytoNorthfieldMinn.withtheaimofrobbingabankthereinwhichaUniongeneralwasreportedtohavedepositedlargefunds.Whenthebankcashier—alsoaUnionveteran—refusedtoopenthevaultJamesshothimincoldblood.ThecitizensofNorthfieldfoughtbackkillingtwoofthebanditsbeforetheycouldfleethetown.JesseandFrankJamesgotawaybutthisaffairwasthebeginningoftheendforJesse’scareerastheself-described"Napoleonofcrime. Whichisthebesttitleofthispassage
It’ssevenweeksintothenewyear.DoyouknowwhereyourresolutionisIfyou’relikemillionsofAmericansyouprobablyvowedtoloseweightquitsmokinganddrinklessinthenewyear.YoukickedoffJanuarywithacommitmenttolong-termwell-being--untilyoucameface-to-facewithacheeseburger.Youspentabundleonashinynewgympass.Turnsoutitwasn’treasonenoughforyoutoactuallyusethegym. Peoplecanmakepoordecisionswhenitcomestohealth--despitetheirbestintentions.It’snoteasyabidingbywholesomechoicesgivingupFrenchfrieswhentheconsequencesofnotdoingsoheartdiseaseseemsofarinthefuture.Mostpeoplearebadatjudgingtheirhealthrisks:smokersgenerallyknowcigarettescausecancerbuttheyalsotendtobelievethey’relesslikelythanothersmokerstogetit.Andasanysnack-lovingdietercanattestpeoplecanbecomicallyineptatpredictingtheirfuture.behavior.Youswearyouwilleatjustonepotatochipbutdon’tstopuntilthebagisempty. SowhatdoesittaketomotivatepeopletosticktothepathsetbytheirconsciousbrainHowcangoodchoicesbemadetoseemmoreappealingthanbadonesTheproblemstumpsdoctorspublic-healthofficialsandweight-lossexpertsbutonesolutionmayspringfromanunlikelysource.Meetyournewpersonaltrainer:yourboss. Americanbusinesseshaveaparticularinterestinpersonalhealthsinceworkerillnesscoststhembillionseachyearininsuranceclaimssickdaysandhighstaffturnover.A2008surveyofmajorUSemployersfoundthat64%considertheiremployees’poorhealthdecisionsaseriousbarriertoaffordableinsurancecoverage.Nowsomecompaniesaretacklingthemotivationproblemheadonusingtacticsdrawnfrombehavioralpsychologytonudgetheiremployeestogethealthy. "It’sabitparadoxicalthatemployersneedtoprovideincentivesforpeopletoimprovetheirownhealth"saysMichaelFollickabehavioralpsychologistatBrownUniversityandpresidentoftheconsultancyAbacusEmployerHealthSolutions. Paradoxicalmaybebuteffective.ConsiderAmicaMutualInsurancebasedinRhodeIsland.Arnicaseemedtobedoingeverythingright:itboastsanon-sitefitnesscenteratitsheadquarters.ItpaystowardWeightWatchersandsmoking-cessationhelpgivesgiftcardstorewardproperprenatalcareandoffersfreeflushotseachyear.Stillinthemid-2000sabout7%ofthecompany’sinsuredpopulationincludingroughly3100employeesandtheirdependentshaddiabetes."Wemanagerisk.That’sourcorebusiness"saysScottBoydAmica’sdirectorofcompensationandbenefits.Butdiabetes-relatedclaimsfromArnicaemployeeshaddoubledinfouryears."WethoughtOK"Boydsaysnow"wehavetomanagethesehigh-riskgroupsalittlebetter. InthefirstparagraphwecaninferthattheAmericans
46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorinanshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.47FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecauseevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalreadypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’energy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. 49Saint-Simon’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirutopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.50Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. 46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.
46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorinanshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.47FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecauseevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalreadypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’energy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. 49Saint-Simon’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirutopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.50Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. 48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism.
Thetelecommunicationspharmaceuticalandairlineindustriesallhaveundergoneradicalchangesinrecentyears.Pharmaceuticalcompanieswhichoncesolddrugstothedoctorsthatdispensedthemswitchedtothesolution-sellingmethodandstarteddealingwithhealth-carecompanies.Andmanymajorairlinesconsolidatedatthesametimethatlow-costfirmslikeJetBlueenteredthemarket. Ineachoftheseindustriesthegamechangedandwithnewrulescamenewwaystowin.ThatisthepremiseofHarvardBusinessSchool’s"ChangingtheGame.NegotiationandCompetitiveDecisionMaking."Theprogramwhichcoversnotonlydeal-makingbutalsotopicsasdiverseasonlineauctionsandstrategicpartnerships"isforcompaniesthataregoingthroughfundamentalchangeinthewaythingsaredone"saysMaxBazermanprogramchairandprofessorofbusinessadministrationattheschool. ThisisnotaprogramfornovicessaysBazerman;mostparticipantshavealreadyattendedageneralnegotiationprogram.In"ChangingtheGame"participantslearntounderstandtheirthoughtprocessesregardingnegotiationtocomparerationalandintuitivedecision-makingstrategiesandtoidentifycommonmistakesmadebyeventhemostexperiencedprofessionals.Byfocusingoncompetitiveenvironmentstheprogramdrawsonsomeofthemostadvancedconceptsfromtheemergingareasofbehavioraleconomicsbehavioraldecisionresearchandbehavioralfinance. Participantsengageinsimulatednegotiationsthathighlightthetensionbetweencreatingandassessingvalueandlearnhowtothinkaboutbothsimultaneously.Thesoup-to-nutssimulationsencompasspreparationteambuildingnegotiatingandfeedbackaswellasthedevelopmentofaconceptualstructureforthinkingaboutnegotiationsmorerationally.Participantsthenapplythatstructureintheircritiquesofseverallarge-scalenegotiationcases.Ultimatelyparticipantsapplytheirnewly-honedanalyticskillstotheirowncompaniesandcritiqueofpastnegotiations. Negotiationscantakemanyformsofcourse.Bazermannotesthatauctionsarebecomingincreasinglycommon.Thankstoarenewedfocusondrivingclowncostsauctionshaveemergedasavaluablewayforbuyerstoexertmaximumleveragealthoughthecourseoffersadvicetosellersaswell.Hereagaincourseworkfocusesbothonanalysisofcasestudiesandonsimulationsthatgiveparticipantsachancetorolluptheirsleevesandputthemselvestothetest. "Max’sapproachismorepragmaticthanotherprogramsI’vetaken"saysGerryDullyseniorvicepresidentofglobalmarketingandlogisticsatMethanexaproducerofmethanolbasedinVancouver."LookingatmypriorexperienceIcouldseewhatmistakesImadeandI’mmoreconsciousofthemnow.ThecoursehadaprofoundimpactonhowI’vemodifiedmybehaviorinnegotiatingsituations. WhatisthefocusofHarvardBusinessSchool’strainingprogram
OneoftheenduringmythsofAmericanfolkloreisthatJesseJameswasahome-grownRobinHoodwho"stolefromtherichandgavetothepoor"Thatlegendenjoyedarevivedpopularityinthe1960s.Supportedbymoviespulpfictionandevenseriousscholarshipthisimagehasdominatedourunderstandingofthepost-CivilWarJamesgangandotherwesternoutlaws.HistorianshavedescribedJamesasa"primitiverebel"whochampioned"aspecialtypeofpeasantprotestandrebellion"againstmodernizingforcesbyrobbingbanksandrailroads. ButJameshimselfwouldhaveconsideredthisnotionagreatjoke.InfactJames’srobberswentaftertheexpresscompanysafesjustbecausethat’swherethemoneywas.AsfortheRobinHoodthemethereisnoevidencetheJamesgangdidanythingwiththecashtheystoleexcepttospenditonfinehorsefleshandgambling. ThekeytounderstandingthemotivesoftheJamesgang—besidesgreed—istheCivilWarespeciallytheviciousguerrillacombatwithinthelargerwarthatplaguedMissouri.SupportfortheConfederacywasstrongintheLittleDixiecountiesthatflankedtheMissouriRiverjusteastoftheKansasborder.InthesecountieslivedmostofthemenandboyswhowentintothebushasConfederateguerrillasincludingFrankandJesseJames.Theylearnedtheirtradeunderthetutelageofsuchpsychopathickillersas"BloodyBill"AndersonandWilliamClarkeQuantrillwhomurderedscoresofMissouriUnionistsandfoughtitoutwithUnionsoldiersduringfouryearsofinternecinewarfare. Theseguerrillaswereanythingbutthepoorfarmersoffolklore.ManyofthemlikeJamescamefromfamiliesthatwerethreetimesmorelikelytoownslavesandpossessedtwiceasmuchwealthastheaverageMissourifamily.JamesfoughtduringthewaragainstemancipationandafterthewaragainsttheRepublicanPartythatfreedandenfranchisedtheslaves.ManyofthebanksandexpresscompaniesstruckbytheJamesgangwereownedbyindividualsorgroupsassociatedwiththeRepublicanParty.LiketheKuKluxKlaninformerConfederatestatestheJamesgangdiditsbesttounderminetheneworderusheredinbyNorthernvictoryintheCivilWar. WhenDemocratsregainedcontrolofMissouriinthe1870stheJamesganglookedforgreenerpasturesoutsidethestate.InAugust1876theyrodeallthewaytoNorthfieldMinn.withtheaimofrobbingabankthereinwhichaUniongeneralwasreportedtohavedepositedlargefunds.Whenthebankcashier—alsoaUnionveteran—refusedtoopenthevaultJamesshothimincoldblood.ThecitizensofNorthfieldfoughtbackkillingtwoofthebanditsbeforetheycouldfleethetown.JesseandFrankJamesgotawaybutthisaffairwasthebeginningoftheendforJesse’scareerastheself-described"Napoleonofcrime. Asfortheguerrillawhichistheright
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 6
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 12
WhenMelissaMahanandherhusbandvisitedtheNetherlandstheyfeltimprisonedbytheirtourbus.Itforcedthemtoseethecityaccordingtoaparticularrouteandspecificschedule--butgoingoffontheirownmeantmissingoutontheinformationprovidedbytheguide.OntheirreturnhometoSanDiegoCaliforniatheystartedanewcompanycalledTourCoupes.NowwhentouristsinSanDiegorentoneoftheirsmallbrightlycolouredthree-wheeledvehiclestheyaretreatedtoanarrationoverthestereosystemabouttheplacestheypasstriggeredbyGlobalPositioningSystemGPSsatellitetechnology. ThisisjustoneexampleofhowGPSisbeingusedtoprovidenewservicestotourists."Whatwereallyhavehereisatechnologythatallowspeopletoforgetaboutthetechnology"saysJimCarrierofIntelliToursaGPStourismfirmwhichbeganofferingasimilarserviceoverayearagoinMontgomeryAlabama.ThecityispackedwithsitesassociatedwithtwoimportantchaptersinAmericanhistorythecivilwarofthe1860sandthecivil-rightsmovementacenturylater.Montgomeryhasa120-year-oldtrolleysystemcalledtheLightningRoutewhichcirculatesaroundthedowntownareaandismainlyusedbytourists.OntheLightningRoutetrolleysGPS-triggeredaudioclipspointouthistoricalhotspots. OtherfirmssuchasCityShowinNewYorkandGPSToursCanadainBanffCanadaofferhand-heldGPSreceiversthatplayaudioclipsforlisteningtowhilewalkingordriving.InSouthAfricaEuropcaracar-rentalfirmoffersadevicecalledtheXplorer.Aswellasprovidingcommentaryon2000pointsofinterestitcanalsowarndriversiftheyexceedthelocalspeedlimit. Ifsuchservicesprovepopulartheuseofdedicatedaudio-guidedevicescouldgivewaytoadifferentapproach.Agrowingnumberofmobilephoneshavebuilt-inGPSorcandeterminetheirlocationsusingothertechnologies.Informationfortouristsdeliveredviaphonescouldbeupdatedinrealtimeandcouldcontainadvertisements."Location-basedservices"suchastheabilitytocallupalistofnearbybanksorpizzeriashavebeentalkedaboutforyearsbuthavenevertakenoff.Butaimingsuchservicesattouristsmakessense--sincepeoplearemorelikelytowantinformationwheninanunfamiliarplace.Itcouldgivemobileroamingawholenewmeaning. Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 10
OneoftheenduringmythsofAmericanfolkloreisthatJesseJameswasahome-grownRobinHoodwho"stolefromtherichandgavetothepoor"Thatlegendenjoyedarevivedpopularityinthe1960s.Supportedbymoviespulpfictionandevenseriousscholarshipthisimagehasdominatedourunderstandingofthepost-CivilWarJamesgangandotherwesternoutlaws.HistorianshavedescribedJamesasa"primitiverebel"whochampioned"aspecialtypeofpeasantprotestandrebellion"againstmodernizingforcesbyrobbingbanksandrailroads. ButJameshimselfwouldhaveconsideredthisnotionagreatjoke.InfactJames’srobberswentaftertheexpresscompanysafesjustbecausethat’swherethemoneywas.AsfortheRobinHoodthemethereisnoevidencetheJamesgangdidanythingwiththecashtheystoleexcepttospenditonfinehorsefleshandgambling. ThekeytounderstandingthemotivesoftheJamesgang—besidesgreed—istheCivilWarespeciallytheviciousguerrillacombatwithinthelargerwarthatplaguedMissouri.SupportfortheConfederacywasstrongintheLittleDixiecountiesthatflankedtheMissouriRiverjusteastoftheKansasborder.InthesecountieslivedmostofthemenandboyswhowentintothebushasConfederateguerrillasincludingFrankandJesseJames.Theylearnedtheirtradeunderthetutelageofsuchpsychopathickillersas"BloodyBill"AndersonandWilliamClarkeQuantrillwhomurderedscoresofMissouriUnionistsandfoughtitoutwithUnionsoldiersduringfouryearsofinternecinewarfare. Theseguerrillaswereanythingbutthepoorfarmersoffolklore.ManyofthemlikeJamescamefromfamiliesthatwerethreetimesmorelikelytoownslavesandpossessedtwiceasmuchwealthastheaverageMissourifamily.JamesfoughtduringthewaragainstemancipationandafterthewaragainsttheRepublicanPartythatfreedandenfranchisedtheslaves.ManyofthebanksandexpresscompaniesstruckbytheJamesgangwereownedbyindividualsorgroupsassociatedwiththeRepublicanParty.LiketheKuKluxKlaninformerConfederatestatestheJamesgangdiditsbesttounderminetheneworderusheredinbyNorthernvictoryintheCivilWar. WhenDemocratsregainedcontrolofMissouriinthe1870stheJamesganglookedforgreenerpasturesoutsidethestate.InAugust1876theyrodeallthewaytoNorthfieldMinn.withtheaimofrobbingabankthereinwhichaUniongeneralwasreportedtohavedepositedlargefunds.Whenthebankcashier—alsoaUnionveteran—refusedtoopenthevaultJamesshothimincoldblood.ThecitizensofNorthfieldfoughtbackkillingtwoofthebanditsbeforetheycouldfleethetown.JesseandFrankJamesgotawaybutthisaffairwasthebeginningoftheendforJesse’scareerastheself-described"Napoleonofcrime. Fromthefirstparagraphwecanknowthat
Thetelecommunicationspharmaceuticalandairlineindustriesallhaveundergoneradicalchangesinrecentyears.Pharmaceuticalcompanieswhichoncesolddrugstothedoctorsthatdispensedthemswitchedtothesolution-sellingmethodandstarteddealingwithhealth-carecompanies.Andmanymajorairlinesconsolidatedatthesametimethatlow-costfirmslikeJetBlueenteredthemarket. Ineachoftheseindustriesthegamechangedandwithnewrulescamenewwaystowin.ThatisthepremiseofHarvardBusinessSchool’s"ChangingtheGame.NegotiationandCompetitiveDecisionMaking."Theprogramwhichcoversnotonlydeal-makingbutalsotopicsasdiverseasonlineauctionsandstrategicpartnerships"isforcompaniesthataregoingthroughfundamentalchangeinthewaythingsaredone"saysMaxBazermanprogramchairandprofessorofbusinessadministrationattheschool. ThisisnotaprogramfornovicessaysBazerman;mostparticipantshavealreadyattendedageneralnegotiationprogram.In"ChangingtheGame"participantslearntounderstandtheirthoughtprocessesregardingnegotiationtocomparerationalandintuitivedecision-makingstrategiesandtoidentifycommonmistakesmadebyeventhemostexperiencedprofessionals.Byfocusingoncompetitiveenvironmentstheprogramdrawsonsomeofthemostadvancedconceptsfromtheemergingareasofbehavioraleconomicsbehavioraldecisionresearchandbehavioralfinance. Participantsengageinsimulatednegotiationsthathighlightthetensionbetweencreatingandassessingvalueandlearnhowtothinkaboutbothsimultaneously.Thesoup-to-nutssimulationsencompasspreparationteambuildingnegotiatingandfeedbackaswellasthedevelopmentofaconceptualstructureforthinkingaboutnegotiationsmorerationally.Participantsthenapplythatstructureintheircritiquesofseverallarge-scalenegotiationcases.Ultimatelyparticipantsapplytheirnewly-honedanalyticskillstotheirowncompaniesandcritiqueofpastnegotiations. Negotiationscantakemanyformsofcourse.Bazermannotesthatauctionsarebecomingincreasinglycommon.Thankstoarenewedfocusondrivingclowncostsauctionshaveemergedasavaluablewayforbuyerstoexertmaximumleveragealthoughthecourseoffersadvicetosellersaswell.Hereagaincourseworkfocusesbothonanalysisofcasestudiesandonsimulationsthatgiveparticipantsachancetorolluptheirsleevesandputthemselvestothetest. "Max’sapproachismorepragmaticthanotherprogramsI’vetaken"saysGerryDullyseniorvicepresidentofglobalmarketingandlogisticsatMethanexaproducerofmethanolbasedinVancouver."LookingatmypriorexperienceIcouldseewhatmistakesImadeandI’mmoreconsciousofthemnow.ThecoursehadaprofoundimpactonhowI’vemodifiedmybehaviorinnegotiatingsituations. TheChangingtheGameprogramemphasizes
It’ssevenweeksintothenewyear.DoyouknowwhereyourresolutionisIfyou’relikemillionsofAmericansyouprobablyvowedtoloseweightquitsmokinganddrinklessinthenewyear.YoukickedoffJanuarywithacommitmenttolong-termwell-being--untilyoucameface-to-facewithacheeseburger.Youspentabundleonashinynewgympass.Turnsoutitwasn’treasonenoughforyoutoactuallyusethegym. Peoplecanmakepoordecisionswhenitcomestohealth--despitetheirbestintentions.It’snoteasyabidingbywholesomechoicesgivingupFrenchfrieswhentheconsequencesofnotdoingsoheartdiseaseseemsofarinthefuture.Mostpeoplearebadatjudgingtheirhealthrisks:smokersgenerallyknowcigarettescausecancerbuttheyalsotendtobelievethey’relesslikelythanothersmokerstogetit.Andasanysnack-lovingdietercanattestpeoplecanbecomicallyineptatpredictingtheirfuture.behavior.Youswearyouwilleatjustonepotatochipbutdon’tstopuntilthebagisempty. SowhatdoesittaketomotivatepeopletosticktothepathsetbytheirconsciousbrainHowcangoodchoicesbemadetoseemmoreappealingthanbadonesTheproblemstumpsdoctorspublic-healthofficialsandweight-lossexpertsbutonesolutionmayspringfromanunlikelysource.Meetyournewpersonaltrainer:yourboss. Americanbusinesseshaveaparticularinterestinpersonalhealthsinceworkerillnesscoststhembillionseachyearininsuranceclaimssickdaysandhighstaffturnover.A2008surveyofmajorUSemployersfoundthat64%considertheiremployees’poorhealthdecisionsaseriousbarriertoaffordableinsurancecoverage.Nowsomecompaniesaretacklingthemotivationproblemheadonusingtacticsdrawnfrombehavioralpsychologytonudgetheiremployeestogethealthy. "It’sabitparadoxicalthatemployersneedtoprovideincentivesforpeopletoimprovetheirownhealth"saysMichaelFollickabehavioralpsychologistatBrownUniversityandpresidentoftheconsultancyAbacusEmployerHealthSolutions. Paradoxicalmaybebuteffective.ConsiderAmicaMutualInsurancebasedinRhodeIsland.Arnicaseemedtobedoingeverythingright:itboastsanon-sitefitnesscenteratitsheadquarters.ItpaystowardWeightWatchersandsmoking-cessationhelpgivesgiftcardstorewardproperprenatalcareandoffersfreeflushotseachyear.Stillinthemid-2000sabout7%ofthecompany’sinsuredpopulationincludingroughly3100employeesandtheirdependentshaddiabetes."Wemanagerisk.That’sourcorebusiness"saysScottBoydAmica’sdirectorofcompensationandbenefits.Butdiabetes-relatedclaimsfromArnicaemployeeshaddoubledinfouryears."WethoughtOK"Boydsaysnow"wehavetomanagethesehigh-riskgroupsalittlebetter. Whoplayanimportantroleinmotivatingpeopletosticktohealth
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 2
TheBushadministrationisabouttoproposefar-reachingnewrulesthatwouldgivepeoplewithdisabilitiesgreateraccesstotensofthousandsofcourtroomsswimmingpoolsgolfcoursesstadiumstheatershotelsandretailstores.TheproposalwouldsubstantiallyupdateandrewritefederalstandardsforenforcementoftheAmericansWithDisabilitiesActalandmarkcivilrightslawpassedwithstrongbipartisansupportin1990.Thenewruleswouldsetmorestringentrequirementsinmanyareasandaddresssomeissuesforthefirsttimeinanefforttomeettheneedsofanagingpopulationandgrowingnumbersofdisabledwarveterans. Morethansevenmillionbusinessesandallstateandlocalgovernmentagencieswouldbeaffected.Theproposalincludessomeexemptionsforpartsofexistingbuildingsbutanynewconstructionorrenovationswouldhavetocomply.Thenewstandardswouldaffecteverythingfromthelocationoflightswitchestotheheightofretailservicecounterstotheuseofmonkeysas"serviceanimals"forpeoplewithdisabilitieswhichwouldbeforbidden’. TheWhiteHouseapprovedtheproposalinMayafterafive-monthreview.ItisscheduledtobepublishedintheFederalRegisteronTuesdaywith60daysforpubliccomment.Afterconsideringthosecommentsthegovernmentwouldissuefinalruleswiththeforceoflaw.Alreadytheproposalisstirringconcern.TheUnitedStatesChamberofCommercesaysitwouldbeonerousandcostlywhileadvocatesfordisabledAmericanssayitdoesnotgofarenough. SincethedisabilitylawwassignedbythefirstPresidentBushadvancesintechnologyhavemadeservicesmoreavailabletopeoplewithdisabilities.ButJusticeDepartmentofficialssaidtheywerestillreceivinglargenumbersofcomplaints.InrecentmonthsthefederalgovernmenthassettledlawsuitssecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansatMadisonSquareGardeninNewYorkandatthenation’slargestcollegefootballstadiumattheUniversityofMichigan. TheJusticeDepartmentacknowledgedthatsomeofthechangeswouldhavesignificantcosts.Butoverallitsaidthevalueofthepublicbenefitsestimatedat$54billionexceedstheexpectedcostsof$23billion.InaneconomicanalysisoftheproposedrulestheJusticeDepartmentsaidtheneedforanaccessibleenvironmentwasgreaterthaneverbecausetheIraqwarwas"creatinganewgenerationofyoungmenandwomenwithdisabilities".JohnL.WodatchchiefofthedisabilityrightssectionoftheJusticeDepartmentsaid"Disabilityisinherentinthehumancondition.Thevastmajorityofindividualswhoarefortunateenoughtoreachanadvancedagewillbenefitfromtheproposedrequirements. Whichofthefollowingstatementbestsummarizesthetext
It’ssevenweeksintothenewyear.DoyouknowwhereyourresolutionisIfyou’relikemillionsofAmericansyouprobablyvowedtoloseweightquitsmokinganddrinklessinthenewyear.YoukickedoffJanuarywithacommitmenttolong-termwell-being--untilyoucameface-to-facewithacheeseburger.Youspentabundleonashinynewgympass.Turnsoutitwasn’treasonenoughforyoutoactuallyusethegym. Peoplecanmakepoordecisionswhenitcomestohealth--despitetheirbestintentions.It’snoteasyabidingbywholesomechoicesgivingupFrenchfrieswhentheconsequencesofnotdoingsoheartdiseaseseemsofarinthefuture.Mostpeoplearebadatjudgingtheirhealthrisks:smokersgenerallyknowcigarettescausecancerbuttheyalsotendtobelievethey’relesslikelythanothersmokerstogetit.Andasanysnack-lovingdietercanattestpeoplecanbecomicallyineptatpredictingtheirfuture.behavior.Youswearyouwilleatjustonepotatochipbutdon’tstopuntilthebagisempty. SowhatdoesittaketomotivatepeopletosticktothepathsetbytheirconsciousbrainHowcangoodchoicesbemadetoseemmoreappealingthanbadonesTheproblemstumpsdoctorspublic-healthofficialsandweight-lossexpertsbutonesolutionmayspringfromanunlikelysource.Meetyournewpersonaltrainer:yourboss. Americanbusinesseshaveaparticularinterestinpersonalhealthsinceworkerillnesscoststhembillionseachyearininsuranceclaimssickdaysandhighstaffturnover.A2008surveyofmajorUSemployersfoundthat64%considertheiremployees’poorhealthdecisionsaseriousbarriertoaffordableinsurancecoverage.Nowsomecompaniesaretacklingthemotivationproblemheadonusingtacticsdrawnfrombehavioralpsychologytonudgetheiremployeestogethealthy. "It’sabitparadoxicalthatemployersneedtoprovideincentivesforpeopletoimprovetheirownhealth"saysMichaelFollickabehavioralpsychologistatBrownUniversityandpresidentoftheconsultancyAbacusEmployerHealthSolutions. Paradoxicalmaybebuteffective.ConsiderAmicaMutualInsurancebasedinRhodeIsland.Arnicaseemedtobedoingeverythingright:itboastsanon-sitefitnesscenteratitsheadquarters.ItpaystowardWeightWatchersandsmoking-cessationhelpgivesgiftcardstorewardproperprenatalcareandoffersfreeflushotseachyear.Stillinthemid-2000sabout7%ofthecompany’sinsuredpopulationincludingroughly3100employeesandtheirdependentshaddiabetes."Wemanagerisk.That’sourcorebusiness"saysScottBoydAmica’sdirectorofcompensationandbenefits.Butdiabetes-relatedclaimsfromArnicaemployeeshaddoubledinfouryears."WethoughtOK"Boydsaysnow"wehavetomanagethesehigh-riskgroupsalittlebetter. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
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