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The Greatest Mystery Of Whales The whale is a warm-blooded, air-breathing animal, givin...
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第49届世界卫生大会采纳WHA49.25号决议宣布什么是世界范围内公共卫生的首要问题
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MobilePhones:AreTheyabouttoTransformOurLives Welovethemsomuchthatsomeofussleepwiththemunderthepillowyetweareincreasinglyconcernedthatwecannotescapetheirelectronicreach.Weusethemtoconveyourmostintimatesecretsyetweworrythattheyareathreattoourprivacy.WerelyonthemmorethantheInternettocopewithmodernlifeyetmanyofusdon’tbelieveadvertisementssayingweneedmoreadvancedservices. Sweepingasidethedoubtsthatmanypeoplefeelaboutthebenefitsofnewthirdgenerationphonesandfearsoverthehealtheffectsofphonemasts天线竿arecentreportclaimsthatthelong-termeffectsofnewmobiletechnologieswillbeentirelypositivesolongasthepubliccanbeconvincedtomakeuseofthem.Researchaboutusersofmobilephonesrevealsthatthemobilehasalreadymovedbeyondbeingamerepracticalcommunicationstooltobecomethebackbone支柱ofmodernsociallifefromloveaffairstofriendshiptowork.Onefemaleteacher32toldtheresearchers:"Ilovemyphone.It’smyfriend." Thecloserelationshipbetweenuserandphoneismostpronouncedamongteenagersthereportsayswhoregardtheirmobilesasanexpressionoftheiridentity.Thisispartlybecausemobilesareseenasbeingbeyondthecontrolofparents.Buttheresearcherssuggestthatanotherreasonmaybethatmobilesespeciallytextmessagingareseenasawayofovercomingshyness."Textingisoftenusedforapologiestoexcuselatenessortocommunicateotherthingsthatmakeusuncomfortable"thereportsays.Theimpactofphoneshoweverhasbeenlocalratherthanglobalsupportingexistingfriendshipsandnetworksratherthanopeninguserstoanewbroadercommunity.Eventhelanguageoftextinginoneareacanbeincomprehensibletoanybodyfromanotherarea. Amongthemostimportantbenefitsofusingmobilephonesthereportclaimswillbeavastlyimprovedmobileinfrastructure基础设providinggainsthroughouttheeconomyandtheprovisionofamoresophisticatedlocation-basedservicesforusers.Thereportcallsongovernmenttoputmoreeffortintothedeliveryofservicesbymobilephonewithsuggestionsincludingpublictransportandtrafficinformationanddoctors’textmessagestoremindpatientsofappointments."Ilovethatidea"oneusersaidinaninterview."ItwouldmeanIwouldn’thavetowriteahundredmessagestomyself." Therearemanyotherpossibilities.AtarecenttradefairinSwedenamobilenavigationproductwaslaunched.Whentheuserentersadestinationarouteisautomaticallydownloadedtotheirmobileandpresentedbyvoicepicturesandmapsastheydrive.Infuturethesedeviceswillalsobeabletoplanaroundcongestion交通堵塞androadworksinrealtime.Thirdgenerationphoneswillalsoallowforremotemonitoringofpatientsbydoctors.InBritainscientistsaredevelopinganasthma哮喘managementsolutionusingmobilestodetectearlysignsofanattack. Teenagershaveacloserelationshipwiththeirmobilephonespartlybecausethey
A．VerySlowRide Thesurfaceoftheearthmayseemverystabletoyou.Butyoumightbeamazedifyouknewsomeofthethingsthataregoingonunderthatsurface. Theearthhasanoutershellofrigidpiecescalledtectonicplates地壳构造板块.Theplatesincludebothoceanflooranddryland.Somehavewholecontinentsontopofthem.Thecontinentsontopoftheplatesarejustgoingalongforaslowridemovingonlyaboutfourinchesperyear.Buteventhissmallmovementcausesthreetypesofbiginteractions. Onetypeisoceanridges.Theseridgesdevelopinplaceswheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeachother.Astheplatesseparatehotmagma岩浆flowsuptofillthespace.Newcrust地壳buildsupontheplateboundariesandcausesoceanridges.Theseridgesformlongmountainrangeswhichonlyriseabovetheoceansurfaceinafewplaces. Anothertypeofreaction-trenches-occursbetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardeachother.Astheplatesmeetonebendsdownwardandplungesunderneaththeother.Thisformsdeepoceantrenches.TheMarianasTrenchoffGuaminthewesternPacificOceanhasadepthofmorethan36000feet.Thisisthelowestpointontheoceanfloor.Iftheleadingedgesofthetwocollidingplatescarrycontinentsthenthelayersofrockintheoverridingplatecrumple变皱andfold.AplatethatcarriedwhatisnowIndiacollidedwiththesouthernedgeoftheplatethatcarriedEuropeandmostofAsia.ThiscausedtheHimalayastheworld’shighestmountains. Thethirdreactionistransformfaults转换断层.Thesefaultsoccurwheretwoplatesthataretravelinginoppositedirectionsslidepasteachother.Severeearthquakescanoccur.TheSanAndreasFaultinCaliforniaisagoodexampleofthistypeofmovement. Toexplaintheeffectoftrenchesthewritergivestheexampleof
{{*HTML*}}Cloning克隆:FuturePerfect???1．Acloneisanexactcopyofaplantoranimalproducedfromanyonecell.SinceScottishscientistsreportedthattheyhadmanagedtocloneasheepnamedDollyin1997researchintocloninghasgrownrapidly.InMay1998scientistsinMassachusettsmanagedtocreatetwoidenticalcalves牛犊usingcloningtechnology.Amousehasalsobeenclonedsuccessfully.ButthedebateovercloninghumansreallystartedwhenChicagophysicistRichardSeedmadeasurprisingannouncement:Wewillhavemanagedtocloneahumanbeingwithinthenexttwoyears.hetoldtheworld.??2．Seed’sannouncementprovokedalotofmediaattentionmostofitnegative.InEuropenineteennationshavealreadysignedanagreementbanninghumancloningandintheU.S.thePresidentannounced:WewillbeintroducingalawtobanallhumancloningandmanystatesintheU.S.willhavepassedanti-cloninglawsbytheendoftheyear.??3．Manyresearchersarenotsonegativeaboutcloning.Theyareworriedthatlawsbanninghumancloningwillthreatenimportantresearch.InMarchTheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinecalledanyplantobanresearchoncloninghumansseriouslymistaken.Manyresearchersalsobelievethatinspiteofattemptstobanithumancloningwillhavebecomeroutineby2010becauseitisimpossibletostoptheprogressofscience.??4．Istherereasontofearthatcloningwillleadtoanightmareword?Thepublichasbeenbombarded轰炸withnewspaperarticlestelevisionshowsandfilmsaswellascartoons.Suchinformationisoftenmisleadingandmakespeoplewonderwhatonearththescientistswillbedoingnext.??5．Withinthenextfivetotenyearsscientistswillprobablyhavefoundawayofcloninghumans.Itcouldbethatprettysoonwewillbeabletochoosethepersonthatwewantourchildtolooklike.Buthowwoulditfeeltobeacloneamonghundredstheanti-clonersask.Prettycoolanswerthepro-cloners赞成克隆的人.{{*HTML*}}A．Strongreactions??B．Anxietyaboutthefutureofcloning??C．Therighttochoose??D．Whatiscloning???E．Argumentsinfavorofcloning??F．Acommonsight??Paragraph1______
{{*HTML*}}DVDforRent??1．A．pay-for-playsystemforvideoDVDwillemergebysummerasanalternativeandpossiblyacompetitortotheDVD．formatcurrentlyavailable.??2．ThenewsystemcalledDigitalVideoExpressDivxoperateslikeaDVDplayerexceptforthespeciallycodeddiscs.Thesewillcost$5forinitialviewingovera48-hourperiodandcanbeviewedagainforadditionalfeesandevenpurchasedforunlimitedviewing.??3．Divxcombinestheserviceofavideorental出租的storewiththeoperationofapay-per-viewTVchannel.UnlikearentedvideotapethoughtheDivxdiscneedn’tbereturned.Customerscanretainthediscforreplayinthefutureatanadditionalfeeorsimplythrowitaway.??4．Subsequentplaysorthepurchaseofunlimited-viewingrightsarebilledtothecustomer’sDivxaccountandchargedtoacreditcard.Theplayer’sbuilt-inmemorykeepstrackofallDivxplaysandsendsthisinformationbytoll-freephonemodem调制解调器totheDivxrecord-keepingcentre.EachDivxdiscandplayerhasauniqueidentificationcodesothesystemknowswhichdiscshavebeenplayedandwhere.??5．SomeDivxdiscscouldbeconvertedforunlimitedplayatapricelikelytobelowerthanbuyingaconventionalDVD.OtherscalledDivxGoldwouldbesoldfromthebeginningforunlimitedplaywithoutfurthercharge.AlthoughconventionalDVDswillruninaDivxplayerconventionalDVDplayerswilllackthedecodingandcommunicationsabilitytoplay.Divxdiscs.DivxplayerswillbeofferedbyPanasonicRCAandZenith.??6．About100discswillbeavailableinitiallyfromDisneyDreamworksParamountandUniversalgrowingto500titleswithinayear.OtherfilmmakershaveyettoadopttheDivxsystemwhichisownedbyretailerCircuitCitythe350-storeelectronicschainthatbankrolled提供资金itsdevelopment.Paragraph4______
MobilePhones:AreTheyabouttoTransformOurLives Welovethemsomuchthatsomeofussleepwiththemunderthepillowyetweareincreasinglyconcernedthatwecannotescapetheirelectronicreach.Weusethemtoconveyourmostintimatesecretsyetweworrythattheyareathreattoourprivacy.WerelyonthemmorethantheInternettocopewithmodernlifeyetmanyofusdon’tbelieveadvertisementssayingweneedmoreadvancedservices. Sweepingasidethedoubtsthatmanypeoplefeelaboutthebenefitsofnewthirdgenerationphonesandfearsoverthehealtheffectsofphonemasts天线竿arecentreportclaimsthatthelong-termeffectsofnewmobiletechnologieswillbeentirelypositivesolongasthepubliccanbeconvincedtomakeuseofthem.Researchaboutusersofmobilephonesrevealsthatthemobilehasalreadymovedbeyondbeingamerepracticalcommunicationstooltobecomethebackbone支柱ofmodernsociallifefromloveaffairstofriendshiptowork.Onefemaleteacher32toldtheresearchers:"Ilovemyphone.It’smyfriend." Thecloserelationshipbetweenuserandphoneismostpronouncedamongteenagersthereportsayswhoregardtheirmobilesasanexpressionoftheiridentity.Thisispartlybecausemobilesareseenasbeingbeyondthecontrolofparents.Buttheresearcherssuggestthatanotherreasonmaybethatmobilesespeciallytextmessagingareseenasawayofovercomingshyness."Textingisoftenusedforapologiestoexcuselatenessortocommunicateotherthingsthatmakeusuncomfortable"thereportsays.Theimpactofphoneshoweverhasbeenlocalratherthanglobalsupportingexistingfriendshipsandnetworksratherthanopeninguserstoanewbroadercommunity.Eventhelanguageoftextinginoneareacanbeincomprehensibletoanybodyfromanotherarea. Amongthemostimportantbenefitsofusingmobilephonesthereportclaimswillbeavastlyimprovedmobileinfrastructure基础设providinggainsthroughouttheeconomyandtheprovisionofamoresophisticatedlocation-basedservicesforusers.Thereportcallsongovernmenttoputmoreeffortintothedeliveryofservicesbymobilephonewithsuggestionsincludingpublictransportandtrafficinformationanddoctors’textmessagestoremindpatientsofappointments."Ilovethatidea"oneusersaidinaninterview."ItwouldmeanIwouldn’thavetowriteahundredmessagestomyself." Therearemanyotherpossibilities.AtarecenttradefairinSwedenamobilenavigationproductwaslaunched.Whentheuserentersadestinationarouteisautomaticallydownloadedtotheirmobileandpresentedbyvoicepicturesandmapsastheydrive.Infuturethesedeviceswillalsobeabletoplanaroundcongestion交通堵塞androadworksinrealtime.Thirdgenerationphoneswillalsoallowforremotemonitoringofpatientsbydoctors.InBritainscientistsaredevelopinganasthma哮喘managementsolutionusingmobilestodetectearlysignsofanattack. Whatdoesthewritersuggestinthefirstparagraphaboutourattitudestomobilephones
A．VerySlowRide Thesurfaceoftheearthmayseemverystabletoyou.Butyoumightbeamazedifyouknewsomeofthethingsthataregoingonunderthatsurface. Theearthhasanoutershellofrigidpiecescalledtectonicplates地壳构造板块.Theplatesincludebothoceanflooranddryland.Somehavewholecontinentsontopofthem.Thecontinentsontopoftheplatesarejustgoingalongforaslowridemovingonlyaboutfourinchesperyear.Buteventhissmallmovementcausesthreetypesofbiginteractions. Onetypeisoceanridges.Theseridgesdevelopinplaceswheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeachother.Astheplatesseparatehotmagma岩浆flowsuptofillthespace.Newcrust地壳buildsupontheplateboundariesandcausesoceanridges.Theseridgesformlongmountainrangeswhichonlyriseabovetheoceansurfaceinafewplaces. Anothertypeofreaction-trenches-occursbetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardeachother.Astheplatesmeetonebendsdownwardandplungesunderneaththeother.Thisformsdeepoceantrenches.TheMarianasTrenchoffGuaminthewesternPacificOceanhasadepthofmorethan36000feet.Thisisthelowestpointontheoceanfloor.Iftheleadingedgesofthetwocollidingplatescarrycontinentsthenthelayersofrockintheoverridingplatecrumple变皱andfold.AplatethatcarriedwhatisnowIndiacollidedwiththesouthernedgeoftheplatethatcarriedEuropeandmostofAsia.ThiscausedtheHimalayastheworld’shighestmountains. Thethirdreactionistransformfaults转换断层.Thesefaultsoccurwheretwoplatesthataretravelinginoppositedirectionsslidepasteachother.Severeearthquakescanoccur.TheSanAndreasFaultinCaliforniaisagoodexampleofthistypeofmovement. Accordingtothepassagetheearthis
ControllingRobotswiththeMind BelleourtinymonkeywasseatedinherspecialchairinsideachamberatourDukeUniversitylab.Herrighthandgraspedajoystick操纵杆asshewatchedahorizontalseriesoflightsonadisplaypanel.Sheknewthatifalightsuddenlyshoneandshemovedthejoystickleftorrighttocorrespondtoitspositionshewouldbesentadropoffruitjuiceintohermouth. Belleworeacapgluedtoherhead.Underitwerefourplasticconnectorswhichfedarraysofmicrowires—eachwirefinerthanthefinestsewingthread—intodifferentregionsofBelle’smotorcortex脑皮层thebraintissuethatplansmovementsandsendsinstructions.Eachofthe100microwireslaybesideasinglemotorneuron神经元.WhenaneuronproducedanelectricaldischargetheadjacentmicrowirewouldcapturethecurrentandsenditupthroughasmallwiringbundlethatranfromBelle’scaptoaboxofelectronicsonatablenexttothebooth.Theboxinturnwaslinkedtotwocomputersonenextdoorandtheotherhalfacountryaway. Aftermonthsofhardworkwewereabouttotesttheideathatwecouldreliablytranslatetherawelectricalactivityinalivingbeing’sbrain—Belle’smerethoughts—intosignalsthatcoulddirecttheactionsofarobot.WehadassembledamultijointedrobotarminthisroomawayfromBelle’sviewwhichshewouldcontrolforthefirsttime.AssoonasBelle’sbrainsensedalitspotonthepanelelectronicsintheboxrunningtworeal-timemathematicalmodelswouldrapidlyanalyzethetinyactionpotentialsproducedbyherbraincells.Ourlabcomputerwouldconverttheelectricalpatternsintoinstructionsthatwoulddirecttherobotarm.SixhundredmilesnorthinCambridgeMassadifferentcomputerwouldproducethesameactionsinanotherrobotarmbuiltbyMandayamA.Srinivasan.IfwehaddoneeverythingcorrectlythetworobotarmswouldbehaveasBelle’sarmdidatexactlythesametime. Finallythemomentcame.WerandomlyswitchedonlightsinfrontofBelleandsheimmediatelymovedherjoystickbackandforthtocorrespondtothem.OurrobotarmmovedsimilarlytoBelle’srealarm.SodidSrinivasan’s.Belleandtherobotsmovedinsynchrony同步likedancerschoreographed设计舞蹈动作bytheelectricalimpulsessparkinginBelle’smind. Inthetwoyearssincethatdayourlabsandseveralothershaveadvancedneurosciencecomputerscienceandmicroelectronicstocreatewaysforratsmonkeysandeventuallyhumanstocontrolmechanicalandelectronicmachinespurelyby"thinkingthrough"orimaginingthemotions.Ourimmediategoalistohelpapersonwhohasbeenunabletomovebyaneurological神经的disorderorspinalcord脊髓injurybutwhosemotorcortexissparedtooperateawheelchairoraroboticlimb. ThewiresfixedunderBelle’scapwereconnectedto
{{*HTML*}}MemoryTest??1．IamgoingtogiveyoufivetechniquesthatwillenableyoutorememberanythingyouneedtoknowatschoolpromisedlecturerlanRobinsontoahundredschoolchildren.Heslappedhishanddownonthetable.WhenI’vefinishedintwohours’timeyourworkwillbefarmoreeffectiveandproductive.Anyonenotinterestedleavenow.Theentireroomsatstill.??2．RobinsoncallshimselftheMindMagician魔术师.Hespecializesindoingmagictricksthatlooktotallyimpossibleandthenherevealsthattheyinvolvenothingmoremysteriousthangoodold-fashionedtrickery骗术.Ihavealwaysbeeninterestedintricksinvolvingmemory-beingabletoreeloff一口气说出theorderofcardsinapackthatsortofthingheexplains.??3．Robinsonwasalreadylecturingtoschoolsonhismagictechniqueswhenitstruckhimthatstudentsmightfindmemorytechniquesevenmorevaluable.Itwasn’tadifficultareatomoveintoasthestuff’sallthereinbooks.Sohesummarizedeverythingtomakeatwo-hourlectureaboutfivetechniques.??4．Youwanttolearnalistofahundredthings?AthousandNoproblemsaysRobinson.Thescandalisthateverychildisnottaughtthetechniquesfromthebeginningoftheirschoollife.Theschoolchildrenwhowerewatchinghimthoughtitwasbrilliant.IwishI’dbeentoldthisearliercommentedMarkafterRobinsonhadshownthemhowtoconstructmentaljourneys.??5．Essentiallyyouvisualize想象awalkdownastreetoratriproundaroomandpickthepointswhereyouwillputthethingsyouwanttoremember—thelamppostthefruitbowl.Thenineachlocationyouputavisualrepresentationofyourlist—phrasalverbshistoricaldateswhatever—makingthemasstrangeaspossible.Itisthatsimpleanditworks.??6．Thereactionofschoolshasbeenuniformlyenthusiastic.Thepupilsbenefitedenormouslyfromlan’spresentationsaysDr.JohnstonheadoftheschoolwhereRobinsonwasspeaking.Ideallyweshouldrunaregularclassinmemorytechniquessopupilscanpickitupgradually./Robinsontoldthepupilsthatallthememorytechniquescouldbefoundin______.
IstheTieaNecessityTiesornecktieshavebeenasymbolofpolitenessandeleganceinBritainforcenturies.ButthecasualPrimeMinisterTonyBlairhasproblemswiththem.Reportssuggestthateventhecivilservantsmaystopwearingties.SoarethefamouslyformalBritishreallygoingtoabandonthenecktiesMaybe.LastweektheUK’sCabinetSecretaryAndrewTurnbullopenlywelcomedatielessera.Hehintedthatcivilservantswouldsoonbefreeofthecostliest12inchesoffabricthatmostmeneverbuyintheirlives.InfactBlairshowedthisattitudewhenhehadhisfirstgueststoacocktailparty.Manyofthemwerecelebrities知名人士withouttieswhichwouldhavebeenunimaginableevenintherecentpast.ForsomemoreconservativeBritishthetieisamustforproperappearance.EarlierLaborleaderJimCallaghansaidhewouldhavediedratherthanhavehischildrenseeninpublicwithoutatie.ForpeoplelikeCallaghanthetiewasasignofbeingcompleteofshowingrespect.Menweresupposedtowearatiewhengoingtochurchtoworkintheofficetoaparty—almosteverysocialoccasion.Buttodaypeoplehavebeguntoacceptacasualstyleevenforformaloccasions.Theoriginofthetieistricky.Itstartedassomethingcalledsimplyaband.Thetermcouldmeananythingaroundaman’sneck.Itappearedinfinerwaysinthe1630s.Frenchmenshowedaloveofthisparticularfashionstatement.Theirneckwear颈饰impressedCharlesIIthekingofEnglandwhowasexiled流放toFranceatthattime.WhenhereturnedtoEnglandin1660hebroughtthisnewfashionitemalongwithhim.Itwasn’thoweveruntilthelate18thcenturythatfancyyoungmenintroducedamorecolorfulflowingpieceofcloththateventuallybecameknownasthetie.Thenclubsmilitaryinstitutionsandschoolsbegantousecoloredandpatternedtiestoindicatethewearer’smembershipinthelate19thcentury.AfterthatthetiebecameanecessaryitemofclothingforBritishgentlemen.Butnowevengentlemenaregettingtiredofties.Anywaythedayfeelsabiteasierwhenyouwakeupwithouthavingtodecidewhichtiesuitsyouandyourmood.WhydoesBlairsometimesshowupinaformaleventwithoutatie
IstheTieaNecessityTiesornecktieshavebeenasymbolofpolitenessandeleganceinBritainforcenturies.ButthecasualPrimeMinisterTonyBlairhasproblemswiththem.Reportssuggestthateventhecivilservantsmaystopwearingties.SoarethefamouslyformalBritishreallygoingtoabandonthenecktiesMaybe.LastweektheUK’sCabinetSecretaryAndrewTurnbullopenlywelcomedatielessera.Hehintedthatcivilservantswouldsoonbefreeofthecostliest12inchesoffabricthatmostmeneverbuyintheirlives.InfactBlairshowedthisattitudewhenhehadhisfirstgueststoacocktailparty.Manyofthemwerecelebrities知名人士withouttieswhichwouldhavebeenunimaginableevenintherecentpast.ForsomemoreconservativeBritishthetieisamustforproperappearance.EarlierLaborleaderJimCallaghansaidhewouldhavediedratherthanhavehischildrenseeninpublicwithoutatie.ForpeoplelikeCallaghanthetiewasasignofbeingcompleteofshowingrespect.Menweresupposedtowearatiewhengoingtochurchtoworkintheofficetoaparty—almosteverysocialoccasion.Buttodaypeoplehavebeguntoacceptacasualstyleevenforformaloccasions.Theoriginofthetieistricky.Itstartedassomethingcalledsimplyaband.Thetermcouldmeananythingaroundaman’sneck.Itappearedinfinerwaysinthe1630s.Frenchmenshowedaloveofthisparticularfashionstatement.Theirneckwear颈饰impressedCharlesIIthekingofEnglandwhowasexiled流放toFranceatthattime.WhenhereturnedtoEnglandin1660hebroughtthisnewfashionitemalongwithhim.Itwasn’thoweveruntilthelate18thcenturythatfancyyoungmenintroducedamorecolorfulflowingpieceofcloththateventuallybecameknownasthetie.Thenclubsmilitaryinstitutionsandschoolsbegantousecoloredandpatternedtiestoindicatethewearer’smembershipinthelate19thcentury.AfterthatthetiebecameanecessaryitemofclothingforBritishgentlemen.Butnowevengentlemenaregettingtiredofties.Anywaythedayfeelsabiteasierwhenyouwakeupwithouthavingtodecidewhichtiesuitsyouandyourmood.WhobroughttheFrenchmen’sneckweartoBritain
{{*HTML*}}Cloning克隆:FuturePerfect???1．Acloneisanexactcopyofaplantoranimalproducedfromanyonecell.SinceScottishscientistsreportedthattheyhadmanagedtocloneasheepnamedDollyin1997researchintocloninghasgrownrapidly.InMay1998scientistsinMassachusettsmanagedtocreatetwoidenticalcalves牛犊usingcloningtechnology.Amousehasalsobeenclonedsuccessfully.ButthedebateovercloninghumansreallystartedwhenChicagophysicistRichardSeedmadeasurprisingannouncement:Wewillhavemanagedtocloneahumanbeingwithinthenexttwoyears.hetoldtheworld.??2．Seed’sannouncementprovokedalotofmediaattentionmostofitnegative.InEuropenineteennationshavealreadysignedanagreementbanninghumancloningandintheU.S.thePresidentannounced:WewillbeintroducingalawtobanallhumancloningandmanystatesintheU.S.willhavepassedanti-cloninglawsbytheendoftheyear.??3．Manyresearchersarenotsonegativeaboutcloning.Theyareworriedthatlawsbanninghumancloningwillthreatenimportantresearch.InMarchTheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinecalledanyplantobanresearchoncloninghumansseriouslymistaken.Manyresearchersalsobelievethatinspiteofattemptstobanithumancloningwillhavebecomeroutineby2010becauseitisimpossibletostoptheprogressofscience.??4．Istherereasontofearthatcloningwillleadtoanightmareword?Thepublichasbeenbombarded轰炸withnewspaperarticlestelevisionshowsandfilmsaswellascartoons.Suchinformationisoftenmisleadingandmakespeoplewonderwhatonearththescientistswillbedoingnext.??5．Withinthenextfivetotenyearsscientistswillprobablyhavefoundawayofcloninghumans.Itcouldbethatprettysoonwewillbeabletochoosethepersonthatwewantourchildtolooklike.Buthowwoulditfeeltobeacloneamonghundredstheanti-clonersask.Prettycoolanswerthepro-cloners赞成克隆的人.Paragraph3______
{{*HTML*}}MemoryTest??1．IamgoingtogiveyoufivetechniquesthatwillenableyoutorememberanythingyouneedtoknowatschoolpromisedlecturerlanRobinsontoahundredschoolchildren.Heslappedhishanddownonthetable.WhenI’vefinishedintwohours’timeyourworkwillbefarmoreeffectiveandproductive.Anyonenotinterestedleavenow.Theentireroomsatstill.??2．RobinsoncallshimselftheMindMagician魔术师.Hespecializesindoingmagictricksthatlooktotallyimpossibleandthenherevealsthattheyinvolvenothingmoremysteriousthangoodold-fashionedtrickery骗术.Ihavealwaysbeeninterestedintricksinvolvingmemory-beingabletoreeloff一口气说出theorderofcardsinapackthatsortofthingheexplains.??3．Robinsonwasalreadylecturingtoschoolsonhismagictechniqueswhenitstruckhimthatstudentsmightfindmemorytechniquesevenmorevaluable.Itwasn’tadifficultareatomoveintoasthestuff’sallthereinbooks.Sohesummarizedeverythingtomakeatwo-hourlectureaboutfivetechniques.??4．Youwanttolearnalistofahundredthings?AthousandNoproblemsaysRobinson.Thescandalisthateverychildisnottaughtthetechniquesfromthebeginningoftheirschoollife.Theschoolchildrenwhowerewatchinghimthoughtitwasbrilliant.IwishI’dbeentoldthisearliercommentedMarkafterRobinsonhadshownthemhowtoconstructmentaljourneys.??5．Essentiallyyouvisualize想象awalkdownastreetoratriproundaroomandpickthepointswhereyouwillputthethingsyouwanttoremember—thelamppostthefruitbowl.Thenineachlocationyouputavisualrepresentationofyourlist—phrasalverbshistoricaldateswhatever—makingthemasstrangeaspossible.Itisthatsimpleanditworks.??6．Thereactionofschoolshasbeenuniformlyenthusiastic.Thepupilsbenefitedenormouslyfromlan’spresentationsaysDr.JohnstonheadoftheschoolwhereRobinsonwasspeaking.Ideallyweshouldrunaregularclassinmemorytechniquessopupilscanpickitupgradually./{{*HTML*}}A．Goodresults??B．Anancientskill??C．Gainingattention??D．Memorytricks??E．Alectureonmemorytechniques??F．Waystoimprovememory??Paragraph2______
TryingtoFindaPartnerOneofthemoststrikingfindingsofarecentpollintheUKisthatofthepeopleinterviewedoneintwobelievesthatitisbecomingmoredifficulttomeetsomeonetostartafamilywith.WhyaremanyfindingitincreasinglydifficulttostartandsustainintimaterelationshipsDoesmodernlifereallymakeithardertofallinloveOrarewemakingitharderforourselvesItiscertainlythecasetodaythatcontemporarycouplesbenefitindifferentwaysfromrelationships.Womennolongerrelyuponpartnersforeconomicsecurityorstatus.Amandoesn’texpecthisspousetobeinsolechargeofrunninghishouseholdandraisinghischildren.Butperhapstheknowledgethatwecanliveperfectlywellwithoutapartnershipmeansthatittakesmuchmoretopersuadepeopletoabandontheirindependence.Intheoryfindingapartnershouldbemuchsimplerthesedays.Onlyafewgenerationsagoyourchoiceofsoulmate心上人wasconstrainedbygeographysocialconventionandfamilytradition.Althoughitwasneverexplicitmanymarriageswereessentiallyarranged.Nowthosebarriershavebeenbrokendown.Youcanapproachabuilderorabrainsurgeoninanybarinanycityonanygivenevening.Whentheworldisyouroyster牡蛎yousurelyhaveabetterchanceoffindingapearl.Butitseemsthattheoldconventionshavebeenreplacedbyaneventighterconstraint:thetyrannyofchoice.Theexpectationsofpartnersareinflatedtoanunmanageabledegree:goodlooksimpressivesalarykindtograndmotherandrightsocks.Thereisnoroomforerrorinthefirstimpression.Wethinkthatarelationshipcanbeperfect.Ifitisn’titisdisposable.Weworktoprotectourselvesagainstfutureheartacheanddon’tputinthehardemotionallaborneededtobuildastrongrelationship.Ofcoursethisiscomplicatedbyrealities.Thecostofhousingandchild-rearingcreatespressuretohaveastableincomeandcareerbeforealifepartnership.Whatdoestherecentpollshow
WhereHaveAlltheFrogsGone Inthe1980sscientistsaroundtheworldbegantonoticesomethingstrange:Frogsweredisappearing.Morerecentresearchhasshownthatmanykindsofamphibians两栖动物aredecliningorhavebecomeextinct.Theyhavebeenaroundforalongtime—over350millionyears.Whyaretheydyingoutnow Scientistsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthisquestion.Firstofallamphibiansareanimportantsourceofscientificandmedicalknowledge.Bystudyingamphibiansscientistshavelearnedaboutnewsubstancesthatcouldbeveryusefulfortreatinghumandiseases.Furtherresearchcouldleadtomanymorediscoveriesbutthatwillbeimpossibleiftheamphibiansdisappear. Themostseriousaspectofamphibianlosshowevergoesbeyondtheamphibiansthemselves.Scientistsarebeginningtothinkaboutwhatamphibiandeclinemeansfortheplanetasawhole.Iftheearthisbecomingunlivableforamphibiansisitalsobecomingunlivableforotherkindsofanimalsandhumanbeingsaswe Scientistsnowbelievethatamphibiandeclineisduetoseveralenvironmentalfactors.Oneofthesefactorsisthedestructionofhabitatthenaturalareawhereananimallives.Amphibiansareverysensitivetochangesintheirhabitat.Iftheycannotfindtherightconditionstheywillnotlaytheireggs.Thesedaysaswildareasarecoveredwithhousesroadsfarmsorfactoriesmanykindsofamphibiansarenolongerlayingeggs.Forexamplethearroyotoad蟾蜍ofsouthernCaliforniawillonlylayitseggsonthesandybottomofaslow-movingstream.ThereareveryfewstreamsleftinsouthernCaliforniaandthosestreamsareoftenmuddybecauseofbuildingprojects.Notsurprisinglythearroyotoadisnowindangerofextinction. Thereareanumberofotherfactorsinamphibiandecline.Pollutionisoneofthem.Inmanyindustrialareasairpollutionhaspoisonedtherainwhichthenfallsonpondsandkillsthefrogsandtoadsthatlivethere.Infarmingareastheheavyuseofchemicalsoncropshasalsokilledoffamphibians.AnotherfactoristhatairpollutionhasledtoincreasedlevelsofultravioletUVlight.ThisendangersamphibianswhichseemtobeespeciallysensitivetoUVlight.Andfinallyscientistshavediscoveredanewdiseasethatseemstobekillingmanyspeciesofamphibiansindifferentpartsoftheworld. Allthesereasonsforthedisappearanceofamphibiansarealsogoodreasonsformoregeneralconcern.Thedestructionoflandthepollutionoftheairandthewaterthechangesinouratmospherethespreadofdiseases—thesefactorsaffecthumanbeingstoo.Amphibiansareespeciallysensitivetoenvironmentalchange.Perhapstheyarelikethecanary金丝雀birdthatcoalminersonceusedtotakedownintotheminestodetectpoisonousgases.Whenthecanarybecameillordiedtheminersknewthatdangerousgaseswerenearandtheirownliveswereindanger. Losingamphibiansmeanslosing
{{*HTML*}}MemoryTest??1．IamgoingtogiveyoufivetechniquesthatwillenableyoutorememberanythingyouneedtoknowatschoolpromisedlecturerlanRobinsontoahundredschoolchildren.Heslappedhishanddownonthetable.WhenI’vefinishedintwohours’timeyourworkwillbefarmoreeffectiveandproductive.Anyonenotinterestedleavenow.Theentireroomsatstill.??2．RobinsoncallshimselftheMindMagician魔术师.Hespecializesindoingmagictricksthatlooktotallyimpossibleandthenherevealsthattheyinvolvenothingmoremysteriousthangoodold-fashionedtrickery骗术.Ihavealwaysbeeninterestedintricksinvolvingmemory-beingabletoreeloff一口气说出theorderofcardsinapackthatsortofthingheexplains.??3．Robinsonwasalreadylecturingtoschoolsonhismagictechniqueswhenitstruckhimthatstudentsmightfindmemorytechniquesevenmorevaluable.Itwasn’tadifficultareatomoveintoasthestuff’sallthereinbooks.Sohesummarizedeverythingtomakeatwo-hourlectureaboutfivetechniques.??4．Youwanttolearnalistofahundredthings?AthousandNoproblemsaysRobinson.Thescandalisthateverychildisnottaughtthetechniquesfromthebeginningoftheirschoollife.Theschoolchildrenwhowerewatchinghimthoughtitwasbrilliant.IwishI’dbeentoldthisearliercommentedMarkafterRobinsonhadshownthemhowtoconstructmentaljourneys.??5．Essentiallyyouvisualize想象awalkdownastreetoratriproundaroomandpickthepointswhereyouwillputthethingsyouwanttoremember—thelamppostthefruitbowl.Thenineachlocationyouputavisualrepresentationofyourlist—phrasalverbshistoricaldateswhatever—makingthemasstrangeaspossible.Itisthatsimpleanditworks.??6．Thereactionofschoolshasbeenuniformlyenthusiastic.Thepupilsbenefitedenormouslyfromlan’spresentationsaysDr.JohnstonheadoftheschoolwhereRobinsonwasspeaking.Ideallyweshouldrunaregularclassinmemorytechniquessopupilscanpickitupgradually./{{*HTML*}}A．books??B．lecture??C．tricks??D．facts??E．memory??F．list??Thememorytechniquesusedarenomorecomplexthantheold______.
{{*HTML*}}DVDforRent??1．A．pay-for-playsystemforvideoDVDwillemergebysummerasanalternativeandpossiblyacompetitortotheDVD．formatcurrentlyavailable.??2．ThenewsystemcalledDigitalVideoExpressDivxoperateslikeaDVDplayerexceptforthespeciallycodeddiscs.Thesewillcost$5forinitialviewingovera48-hourperiodandcanbeviewedagainforadditionalfeesandevenpurchasedforunlimitedviewing.??3．Divxcombinestheserviceofavideorental出租的storewiththeoperationofapay-per-viewTVchannel.UnlikearentedvideotapethoughtheDivxdiscneedn’tbereturned.Customerscanretainthediscforreplayinthefutureatanadditionalfeeorsimplythrowitaway.??4．Subsequentplaysorthepurchaseofunlimited-viewingrightsarebilledtothecustomer’sDivxaccountandchargedtoacreditcard.Theplayer’sbuilt-inmemorykeepstrackofallDivxplaysandsendsthisinformationbytoll-freephonemodem调制解调器totheDivxrecord-keepingcentre.EachDivxdiscandplayerhasauniqueidentificationcodesothesystemknowswhichdiscshavebeenplayedandwhere.??5．SomeDivxdiscscouldbeconvertedforunlimitedplayatapricelikelytobelowerthanbuyingaconventionalDVD.OtherscalledDivxGoldwouldbesoldfromthebeginningforunlimitedplaywithoutfurthercharge.AlthoughconventionalDVDswillruninaDivxplayerconventionalDVDplayerswilllackthedecodingandcommunicationsabilitytoplay.Divxdiscs.DivxplayerswillbeofferedbyPanasonicRCAandZenith.??6．About100discswillbeavailableinitiallyfromDisneyDreamworksParamountandUniversalgrowingto500titleswithinayear.OtherfilmmakershaveyettoadopttheDivxsystemwhichisownedbyretailerCircuitCitythe350-storeelectronicschainthatbankrolled提供资金itsdevelopment.IfconvertedforunlimitedusetheDivxdisc______.
{{*HTML*}}DVDforRent??1．A．pay-for-playsystemforvideoDVDwillemergebysummerasanalternativeandpossiblyacompetitortotheDVD．formatcurrentlyavailable.??2．ThenewsystemcalledDigitalVideoExpressDivxoperateslikeaDVDplayerexceptforthespeciallycodeddiscs.Thesewillcost$5forinitialviewingovera48-hourperiodandcanbeviewedagainforadditionalfeesandevenpurchasedforunlimitedviewing.??3．Divxcombinestheserviceofavideorental出租的storewiththeoperationofapay-per-viewTVchannel.UnlikearentedvideotapethoughtheDivxdiscneedn’tbereturned.Customerscanretainthediscforreplayinthefutureatanadditionalfeeorsimplythrowitaway.??4．Subsequentplaysorthepurchaseofunlimited-viewingrightsarebilledtothecustomer’sDivxaccountandchargedtoacreditcard.Theplayer’sbuilt-inmemorykeepstrackofallDivxplaysandsendsthisinformationbytoll-freephonemodem调制解调器totheDivxrecord-keepingcentre.EachDivxdiscandplayerhasauniqueidentificationcodesothesystemknowswhichdiscshavebeenplayedandwhere.??5．SomeDivxdiscscouldbeconvertedforunlimitedplayatapricelikelytobelowerthanbuyingaconventionalDVD.OtherscalledDivxGoldwouldbesoldfromthebeginningforunlimitedplaywithoutfurthercharge.AlthoughconventionalDVDswillruninaDivxplayerconventionalDVDplayerswilllackthedecodingandcommunicationsabilitytoplay.Divxdiscs.DivxplayerswillbeofferedbyPanasonicRCAandZenith.??6．About100discswillbeavailableinitiallyfromDisneyDreamworksParamountandUniversalgrowingto500titleswithinayear.OtherfilmmakershaveyettoadopttheDivxsystemwhichisownedbyretailerCircuitCitythe350-storeelectronicschainthatbankrolled提供资金itsdevelopment.{{*HTML*}}A．willnotbetakenbackbytheshop??B．isspeciallycoded??C．isbankrolledbyPanasonicetc??D．islikelytobecheaperthantheconventionalDVD．disc??E．hasbeenplayedandwhere??F．isownedbyretailerCircuitCity??TheDivxdiscisdifferentfromtherentedvideotapeinthatonceofferedtheDivxdisc______.
{{*HTML*}}EarthAngels??1．JoyingBresciawas8yearsoldwhenshenoticedthatcigarettebutts烟头werelitteringherhometownbeachinIsleofPalmsSouthCarolina.Whenshelearnedthatittakesfiveyearsfortheremainsofacigarettetodisintegrateshedecidedtotakeaction.JoyinglaunchedaNoButtsontheBeachcampaign.Sheraisedmoneyandawarenessabouttheneedtokeepthebeachesclean.WiththehelpofothersJoyingalsoboughtorreceiveddonationsofgallon-sizeplasticice-creambuckets.Thebucketswerefilledwithsandandplacedatallpublic-accessareasofthebeach.Thebucketsallowedpeopletodisposeoftheircigarettesbeforehittingthebeach.TwoyearslaterJoyingsaysthebucketsarefullandthebeachisnearlyfreeofcigarettedebris残片.??2．PeoplewholiveinorvisitSteamboatSpringsColoradohaveCarterDunhamtothankforanewstatewildliferefugethatpreserves20acresofmarshlandandmanyspeciesofwildlife.CarterandotherstudentswroteamanagementplanfortheareaaroundtheYampaRiver.TheplanwaspartofaclassprojectwhenCarterwasafreshmanatSteamboatSpringsHighSchool.WorkingwiththeColoradoDivisionofWildlifeCarterandhisclassmatesmappedtheareaandspeciesofanimalslivingthere.Theyalsomadedecisionsaboutamongotherthingswherefencesandparkingareasshouldbebuilt.??3．BarbaraBrownandherfriendscollectoil.Itstartedasaprojectfortheir4HClubafteroneofthegirlsnoticedherfatherusingmotoroiltokillweedsontheirfarminVictoriaTexas.Theydidsomeresearchanddiscoveredthatoilcancontaminategroundwater—arealdangerinruralareaswherepeopleliveoffthewaterontheirland.Thegirlsresearchedwaystorecycleoilandworkedwithalocaloil-recyclingcompanyontheissue.NowtheDon’tBeCrudeprogramrunsoil-collectionsites—tanksthatholdupto460gallons—wherepeopleinthecommunitycandisposeoftheiroil.??4．Fiveyearsago11-year-oldRyanHreljacwasalittleboywithabigdream:forallthepeopleinAfricatohavecleandrinkingwater.Hisdreambeganinthefirstgradewhenhelearnedthatpeopleweredyingbecausetheydidn’thavecleanwaterandthataslittleas$70couldbuildawell.WereallytakewaterforgrantedsaysRyanofKemptvilleOntarioinCanada.Inothercountriesyouhavetoplanforit.Ryanearnedthefirst$70bydoingextrachores零工butwiththehelpofothershehassinceraisedhundredsofthousandsofdollars.HiseffortsledtothestartoftheRyan’sWellFoundationwhichraisesmoneyforcleanwaterandhealth-relatedservicesforpeopleinAfricancountriesanddevelopingcountries.Paragraph3______
MobilePhones:AreTheyabouttoTransformOurLives Welovethemsomuchthatsomeofussleepwiththemunderthepillowyetweareincreasinglyconcernedthatwecannotescapetheirelectronicreach.Weusethemtoconveyourmostintimatesecretsyetweworrythattheyareathreattoourprivacy.WerelyonthemmorethantheInternettocopewithmodernlifeyetmanyofusdon’tbelieveadvertisementssayingweneedmoreadvancedservices. Sweepingasidethedoubtsthatmanypeoplefeelaboutthebenefitsofnewthirdgenerationphonesandfearsoverthehealtheffectsofphonemasts天线竿arecentreportclaimsthatthelong-termeffectsofnewmobiletechnologieswillbeentirelypositivesolongasthepubliccanbeconvincedtomakeuseofthem.Researchaboutusersofmobilephonesrevealsthatthemobilehasalreadymovedbeyondbeingamerepracticalcommunicationstooltobecomethebackbone支柱ofmodernsociallifefromloveaffairstofriendshiptowork.Onefemaleteacher32toldtheresearchers:"Ilovemyphone.It’smyfriend." Thecloserelationshipbetweenuserandphoneismostpronouncedamongteenagersthereportsayswhoregardtheirmobilesasanexpressionoftheiridentity.Thisispartlybecausemobilesareseenasbeingbeyondthecontrolofparents.Buttheresearcherssuggestthatanotherreasonmaybethatmobilesespeciallytextmessagingareseenasawayofovercomingshyness."Textingisoftenusedforapologiestoexcuselatenessortocommunicateotherthingsthatmakeusuncomfortable"thereportsays.Theimpactofphoneshoweverhasbeenlocalratherthanglobalsupportingexistingfriendshipsandnetworksratherthanopeninguserstoanewbroadercommunity.Eventhelanguageoftextinginoneareacanbeincomprehensibletoanybodyfromanotherarea. Amongthemostimportantbenefitsofusingmobilephonesthereportclaimswillbeavastlyimprovedmobileinfrastructure基础设providinggainsthroughouttheeconomyandtheprovisionofamoresophisticatedlocation-basedservicesforusers.Thereportcallsongovernmenttoputmoreeffortintothedeliveryofservicesbymobilephonewithsuggestionsincludingpublictransportandtrafficinformationanddoctors’textmessagestoremindpatientsofappointments."Ilovethatidea"oneusersaidinaninterview."ItwouldmeanIwouldn’thavetowriteahundredmessagestomyself." Therearemanyotherpossibilities.AtarecenttradefairinSwedenamobilenavigationproductwaslaunched.Whentheuserentersadestinationarouteisautomaticallydownloadedtotheirmobileandpresentedbyvoicepicturesandmapsastheydrive.Infuturethesedeviceswillalsobeabletoplanaroundcongestion交通堵塞androadworksinrealtime.Thirdgenerationphoneswillalsoallowforremotemonitoringofpatientsbydoctors.InBritainscientistsaredevelopinganasthma哮喘managementsolutionusingmobilestodetectearlysignsofanattack. ThenavigationproductlaunchedinSwedenishelpfultodriversbecauseitcan
{{*HTML*}}EarthAngels??1．JoyingBresciawas8yearsoldwhenshenoticedthatcigarettebutts烟头werelitteringherhometownbeachinIsleofPalmsSouthCarolina.Whenshelearnedthatittakesfiveyearsfortheremainsofacigarettetodisintegrateshedecidedtotakeaction.JoyinglaunchedaNoButtsontheBeachcampaign.Sheraisedmoneyandawarenessabouttheneedtokeepthebeachesclean.WiththehelpofothersJoyingalsoboughtorreceiveddonationsofgallon-sizeplasticice-creambuckets.Thebucketswerefilledwithsandandplacedatallpublic-accessareasofthebeach.Thebucketsallowedpeopletodisposeoftheircigarettesbeforehittingthebeach.TwoyearslaterJoyingsaysthebucketsarefullandthebeachisnearlyfreeofcigarettedebris残片.??2．PeoplewholiveinorvisitSteamboatSpringsColoradohaveCarterDunhamtothankforanewstatewildliferefugethatpreserves20acresofmarshlandandmanyspeciesofwildlife.CarterandotherstudentswroteamanagementplanfortheareaaroundtheYampaRiver.TheplanwaspartofaclassprojectwhenCarterwasafreshmanatSteamboatSpringsHighSchool.WorkingwiththeColoradoDivisionofWildlifeCarterandhisclassmatesmappedtheareaandspeciesofanimalslivingthere.Theyalsomadedecisionsaboutamongotherthingswherefencesandparkingareasshouldbebuilt.??3．BarbaraBrownandherfriendscollectoil.Itstartedasaprojectfortheir4HClubafteroneofthegirlsnoticedherfatherusingmotoroiltokillweedsontheirfarminVictoriaTexas.Theydidsomeresearchanddiscoveredthatoilcancontaminategroundwater—arealdangerinruralareaswherepeopleliveoffthewaterontheirland.Thegirlsresearchedwaystorecycleoilandworkedwithalocaloil-recyclingcompanyontheissue.NowtheDon’tBeCrudeprogramrunsoil-collectionsites—tanksthatholdupto460gallons—wherepeopleinthecommunitycandisposeoftheiroil.??4．Fiveyearsago11-year-oldRyanHreljacwasalittleboywithabigdream:forallthepeopleinAfricatohavecleandrinkingwater.Hisdreambeganinthefirstgradewhenhelearnedthatpeopleweredyingbecausetheydidn’thavecleanwaterandthataslittleas$70couldbuildawell.WereallytakewaterforgrantedsaysRyanofKemptvilleOntarioinCanada.Inothercountriesyouhavetoplanforit.Ryanearnedthefirst$70bydoingextrachores零工butwiththehelpofothershehassinceraisedhundredsofthousandsofdollars.HiseffortsledtothestartoftheRyan’sWellFoundationwhichraisesmoneyforcleanwaterandhealth-relatedservicesforpeopleinAfricancountriesanddevelopingcountries.Disposedoilandmanyotheritemscanbereusedto______.
TryingtoFindaPartnerOneofthemoststrikingfindingsofarecentpollintheUKisthatofthepeopleinterviewedoneintwobelievesthatitisbecomingmoredifficulttomeetsomeonetostartafamilywith.WhyaremanyfindingitincreasinglydifficulttostartandsustainintimaterelationshipsDoesmodernlifereallymakeithardertofallinloveOrarewemakingitharderforourselvesItiscertainlythecasetodaythatcontemporarycouplesbenefitindifferentwaysfromrelationships.Womennolongerrelyuponpartnersforeconomicsecurityorstatus.Amandoesn’texpecthisspousetobeinsolechargeofrunninghishouseholdandraisinghischildren.Butperhapstheknowledgethatwecanliveperfectlywellwithoutapartnershipmeansthatittakesmuchmoretopersuadepeopletoabandontheirindependence.Intheoryfindingapartnershouldbemuchsimplerthesedays.Onlyafewgenerationsagoyourchoiceofsoulmate心上人wasconstrainedbygeographysocialconventionandfamilytradition.Althoughitwasneverexplicitmanymarriageswereessentiallyarranged.Nowthosebarriershavebeenbrokendown.Youcanapproachabuilderorabrainsurgeoninanybarinanycityonanygivenevening.Whentheworldisyouroyster牡蛎yousurelyhaveabetterchanceoffindingapearl.Butitseemsthattheoldconventionshavebeenreplacedbyaneventighterconstraint:thetyrannyofchoice.Theexpectationsofpartnersareinflatedtoanunmanageabledegree:goodlooksimpressivesalarykindtograndmotherandrightsocks.Thereisnoroomforerrorinthefirstimpression.Wethinkthatarelationshipcanbeperfect.Ifitisn’titisdisposable.Weworktoprotectourselvesagainstfutureheartacheanddon’tputinthehardemotionallaborneededtobuildastrongrelationship.Ofcoursethisiscomplicatedbyrealities.Thecostofhousingandchild-rearingcreatespressuretohaveastableincomeandcareerbeforealifepartnership.Thewordsustainparagraph2couldbebestreplacedby
{{*HTML*}}EarthAngels??1．JoyingBresciawas8yearsoldwhenshenoticedthatcigarettebutts烟头werelitteringherhometownbeachinIsleofPalmsSouthCarolina.Whenshelearnedthatittakesfiveyearsfortheremainsofacigarettetodisintegrateshedecidedtotakeaction.JoyinglaunchedaNoButtsontheBeachcampaign.Sheraisedmoneyandawarenessabouttheneedtokeepthebeachesclean.WiththehelpofothersJoyingalsoboughtorreceiveddonationsofgallon-sizeplasticice-creambuckets.Thebucketswerefilledwithsandandplacedatallpublic-accessareasofthebeach.Thebucketsallowedpeopletodisposeoftheircigarettesbeforehittingthebeach.TwoyearslaterJoyingsaysthebucketsarefullandthebeachisnearlyfreeofcigarettedebris残片.??2．PeoplewholiveinorvisitSteamboatSpringsColoradohaveCarterDunhamtothankforanewstatewildliferefugethatpreserves20acresofmarshlandandmanyspeciesofwildlife.CarterandotherstudentswroteamanagementplanfortheareaaroundtheYampaRiver.TheplanwaspartofaclassprojectwhenCarterwasafreshmanatSteamboatSpringsHighSchool.WorkingwiththeColoradoDivisionofWildlifeCarterandhisclassmatesmappedtheareaandspeciesofanimalslivingthere.Theyalsomadedecisionsaboutamongotherthingswherefencesandparkingareasshouldbebuilt.??3．BarbaraBrownandherfriendscollectoil.Itstartedasaprojectfortheir4HClubafteroneofthegirlsnoticedherfatherusingmotoroiltokillweedsontheirfarminVictoriaTexas.Theydidsomeresearchanddiscoveredthatoilcancontaminategroundwater—arealdangerinruralareaswherepeopleliveoffthewaterontheirland.Thegirlsresearchedwaystorecycleoilandworkedwithalocaloil-recyclingcompanyontheissue.NowtheDon’tBeCrudeprogramrunsoil-collectionsites—tanksthatholdupto460gallons—wherepeopleinthecommunitycandisposeoftheiroil.??4．Fiveyearsago11-year-oldRyanHreljacwasalittleboywithabigdream:forallthepeopleinAfricatohavecleandrinkingwater.Hisdreambeganinthefirstgradewhenhelearnedthatpeopleweredyingbecausetheydidn’thavecleanwaterandthataslittleas$70couldbuildawell.WereallytakewaterforgrantedsaysRyanofKemptvilleOntarioinCanada.Inothercountriesyouhavetoplanforit.Ryanearnedthefirst$70bydoingextrachores零工butwiththehelpofothershehassinceraisedhundredsofthousandsofdollars.HiseffortsledtothestartoftheRyan’sWellFoundationwhichraisesmoneyforcleanwaterandhealth-relatedservicesforpeopleinAfricancountriesanddevelopingcountries.{{*HTML*}}A．ProvideCleanWater??B．DigOilWells??C．SaveCleanWater??D．Don’tLitter??E．Don’tBeCrude??F．ProtectWildlife??Paragraph1______
WhereHaveAlltheFrogsGone Inthe1980sscientistsaroundtheworldbegantonoticesomethingstrange:Frogsweredisappearing.Morerecentresearchhasshownthatmanykindsofamphibians两栖动物aredecliningorhavebecomeextinct.Theyhavebeenaroundforalongtime—over350millionyears.Whyaretheydyingoutnow Scientistsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthisquestion.Firstofallamphibiansareanimportantsourceofscientificandmedicalknowledge.Bystudyingamphibiansscientistshavelearnedaboutnewsubstancesthatcouldbeveryusefulfortreatinghumandiseases.Furtherresearchcouldleadtomanymorediscoveriesbutthatwillbeimpossibleiftheamphibiansdisappear. Themostseriousaspectofamphibianlosshowevergoesbeyondtheamphibiansthemselves.Scientistsarebeginningtothinkaboutwhatamphibiandeclinemeansfortheplanetasawhole.Iftheearthisbecomingunlivableforamphibiansisitalsobecomingunlivableforotherkindsofanimalsandhumanbeingsaswe Scientistsnowbelievethatamphibiandeclineisduetoseveralenvironmentalfactors.Oneofthesefactorsisthedestructionofhabitatthenaturalareawhereananimallives.Amphibiansareverysensitivetochangesintheirhabitat.Iftheycannotfindtherightconditionstheywillnotlaytheireggs.Thesedaysaswildareasarecoveredwithhousesroadsfarmsorfactoriesmanykindsofamphibiansarenolongerlayingeggs.Forexamplethearroyotoad蟾蜍ofsouthernCaliforniawillonlylayitseggsonthesandybottomofaslow-movingstream.ThereareveryfewstreamsleftinsouthernCaliforniaandthosestreamsareoftenmuddybecauseofbuildingprojects.Notsurprisinglythearroyotoadisnowindangerofextinction. Thereareanumberofotherfactorsinamphibiandecline.Pollutionisoneofthem.Inmanyindustrialareasairpollutionhaspoisonedtherainwhichthenfallsonpondsandkillsthefrogsandtoadsthatlivethere.Infarmingareastheheavyuseofchemicalsoncropshasalsokilledoffamphibians.AnotherfactoristhatairpollutionhasledtoincreasedlevelsofultravioletUVlight.ThisendangersamphibianswhichseemtobeespeciallysensitivetoUVlight.Andfinallyscientistshavediscoveredanewdiseasethatseemstobekillingmanyspeciesofamphibiansindifferentpartsoftheworld. Allthesereasonsforthedisappearanceofamphibiansarealsogoodreasonsformoregeneralconcern.Thedestructionoflandthepollutionoftheairandthewaterthechangesinouratmospherethespreadofdiseases—thesefactorsaffecthumanbeingstoo.Amphibiansareespeciallysensitivetoenvironmentalchange.Perhapstheyarelikethecanary金丝雀birdthatcoalminersonceusedtotakedownintotheminestodetectpoisonousgases.Whenthecanarybecameillordiedtheminersknewthatdangerousgaseswerenearandtheirownliveswereindanger. Thearroyotoadisdisappearingbecause
{{*HTML*}}DVDforRent??1．A．pay-for-playsystemforvideoDVDwillemergebysummerasanalternativeandpossiblyacompetitortotheDVD．formatcurrentlyavailable.??2．ThenewsystemcalledDigitalVideoExpressDivxoperateslikeaDVDplayerexceptforthespeciallycodeddiscs.Thesewillcost$5forinitialviewingovera48-hourperiodandcanbeviewedagainforadditionalfeesandevenpurchasedforunlimitedviewing.??3．Divxcombinestheserviceofavideorental出租的storewiththeoperationofapay-per-viewTVchannel.UnlikearentedvideotapethoughtheDivxdiscneedn’tbereturned.Customerscanretainthediscforreplayinthefutureatanadditionalfeeorsimplythrowitaway.??4．Subsequentplaysorthepurchaseofunlimited-viewingrightsarebilledtothecustomer’sDivxaccountandchargedtoacreditcard.Theplayer’sbuilt-inmemorykeepstrackofallDivxplaysandsendsthisinformationbytoll-freephonemodem调制解调器totheDivxrecord-keepingcentre.EachDivxdiscandplayerhasauniqueidentificationcodesothesystemknowswhichdiscshavebeenplayedandwhere.??5．SomeDivxdiscscouldbeconvertedforunlimitedplayatapricelikelytobelowerthanbuyingaconventionalDVD.OtherscalledDivxGoldwouldbesoldfromthebeginningforunlimitedplaywithoutfurthercharge.AlthoughconventionalDVDswillruninaDivxplayerconventionalDVDplayerswilllackthedecodingandcommunicationsabilitytoplay.Divxdiscs.DivxplayerswillbeofferedbyPanasonicRCAandZenith.??6．About100discswillbeavailableinitiallyfromDisneyDreamworksParamountandUniversalgrowingto500titleswithinayear.OtherfilmmakershaveyettoadopttheDivxsystemwhichisownedbyretailerCircuitCitythe350-storeelectronicschainthatbankrolled提供资金itsdevelopment.{{*HTML*}}A．BoomingBusinessofCircuitCity??B．SuperiorQualityofConventionalDVD．Discs??C．TheNewSystemCalledDivx??D．UnlimitedPlayofDivxDiscs??E．Disc-playTrackingandBillingSystems??F．TwoFunctionsCombined??Paragraph2______
{{*HTML*}}MemoryTest??1．IamgoingtogiveyoufivetechniquesthatwillenableyoutorememberanythingyouneedtoknowatschoolpromisedlecturerlanRobinsontoahundredschoolchildren.Heslappedhishanddownonthetable.WhenI’vefinishedintwohours’timeyourworkwillbefarmoreeffectiveandproductive.Anyonenotinterestedleavenow.Theentireroomsatstill.??2．RobinsoncallshimselftheMindMagician魔术师.Hespecializesindoingmagictricksthatlooktotallyimpossibleandthenherevealsthattheyinvolvenothingmoremysteriousthangoodold-fashionedtrickery骗术.Ihavealwaysbeeninterestedintricksinvolvingmemory-beingabletoreeloff一口气说出theorderofcardsinapackthatsortofthingheexplains.??3．Robinsonwasalreadylecturingtoschoolsonhismagictechniqueswhenitstruckhimthatstudentsmightfindmemorytechniquesevenmorevaluable.Itwasn’tadifficultareatomoveintoasthestuff’sallthereinbooks.Sohesummarizedeverythingtomakeatwo-hourlectureaboutfivetechniques.??4．Youwanttolearnalistofahundredthings?AthousandNoproblemsaysRobinson.Thescandalisthateverychildisnottaughtthetechniquesfromthebeginningoftheirschoollife.Theschoolchildrenwhowerewatchinghimthoughtitwasbrilliant.IwishI’dbeentoldthisearliercommentedMarkafterRobinsonhadshownthemhowtoconstructmentaljourneys.??5．Essentiallyyouvisualize想象awalkdownastreetoratriproundaroomandpickthepointswhereyouwillputthethingsyouwanttoremember—thelamppostthefruitbowl.Thenineachlocationyouputavisualrepresentationofyourlist—phrasalverbshistoricaldateswhatever—makingthemasstrangeaspossible.Itisthatsimpleanditworks.??6．Thereactionofschoolshasbeenuniformlyenthusiastic.Thepupilsbenefitedenormouslyfromlan’spresentationsaysDr.JohnstonheadoftheschoolwhereRobinsonwasspeaking.Ideallyweshouldrunaregularclassinmemorytechniquessopupilscanpickitupgradually./Paragraph4______
{{*HTML*}}Cloning克隆:FuturePerfect???1．Acloneisanexactcopyofaplantoranimalproducedfromanyonecell.SinceScottishscientistsreportedthattheyhadmanagedtocloneasheepnamedDollyin1997researchintocloninghasgrownrapidly.InMay1998scientistsinMassachusettsmanagedtocreatetwoidenticalcalves牛犊usingcloningtechnology.Amousehasalsobeenclonedsuccessfully.ButthedebateovercloninghumansreallystartedwhenChicagophysicistRichardSeedmadeasurprisingannouncement:Wewillhavemanagedtocloneahumanbeingwithinthenexttwoyears.hetoldtheworld.??2．Seed’sannouncementprovokedalotofmediaattentionmostofitnegative.InEuropenineteennationshavealreadysignedanagreementbanninghumancloningandintheU.S.thePresidentannounced:WewillbeintroducingalawtobanallhumancloningandmanystatesintheU.S.willhavepassedanti-cloninglawsbytheendoftheyear.??3．Manyresearchersarenotsonegativeaboutcloning.Theyareworriedthatlawsbanninghumancloningwillthreatenimportantresearch.InMarchTheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinecalledanyplantobanresearchoncloninghumansseriouslymistaken.Manyresearchersalsobelievethatinspiteofattemptstobanithumancloningwillhavebecomeroutineby2010becauseitisimpossibletostoptheprogressofscience.??4．Istherereasontofearthatcloningwillleadtoanightmareword?Thepublichasbeenbombarded轰炸withnewspaperarticlestelevisionshowsandfilmsaswellascartoons.Suchinformationisoftenmisleadingandmakespeoplewonderwhatonearththescientistswillbedoingnext.??5．Withinthenextfivetotenyearsscientistswillprobablyhavefoundawayofcloninghumans.Itcouldbethatprettysoonwewillbeabletochoosethepersonthatwewantourchildtolooklike.Buthowwoulditfeeltobeacloneamonghundredstheanti-clonersask.Prettycoolanswerthepro-cloners赞成克隆的人.TheUnitedStateswillintroduce______.
WhereHaveAlltheFrogsGone Inthe1980sscientistsaroundtheworldbegantonoticesomethingstrange:Frogsweredisappearing.Morerecentresearchhasshownthatmanykindsofamphibians两栖动物aredecliningorhavebecomeextinct.Theyhavebeenaroundforalongtime—over350millionyears.Whyaretheydyingoutnow Scientistsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthisquestion.Firstofallamphibiansareanimportantsourceofscientificandmedicalknowledge.Bystudyingamphibiansscientistshavelearnedaboutnewsubstancesthatcouldbeveryusefulfortreatinghumandiseases.Furtherresearchcouldleadtomanymorediscoveriesbutthatwillbeimpossibleiftheamphibiansdisappear. Themostseriousaspectofamphibianlosshowevergoesbeyondtheamphibiansthemselves.Scientistsarebeginningtothinkaboutwhatamphibiandeclinemeansfortheplanetasawhole.Iftheearthisbecomingunlivableforamphibiansisitalsobecomingunlivableforotherkindsofanimalsandhumanbeingsaswe Scientistsnowbelievethatamphibiandeclineisduetoseveralenvironmentalfactors.Oneofthesefactorsisthedestructionofhabitatthenaturalareawhereananimallives.Amphibiansareverysensitivetochangesintheirhabitat.Iftheycannotfindtherightconditionstheywillnotlaytheireggs.Thesedaysaswildareasarecoveredwithhousesroadsfarmsorfactoriesmanykindsofamphibiansarenolongerlayingeggs.Forexamplethearroyotoad蟾蜍ofsouthernCaliforniawillonlylayitseggsonthesandybottomofaslow-movingstream.ThereareveryfewstreamsleftinsouthernCaliforniaandthosestreamsareoftenmuddybecauseofbuildingprojects.Notsurprisinglythearroyotoadisnowindangerofextinction. Thereareanumberofotherfactorsinamphibiandecline.Pollutionisoneofthem.Inmanyindustrialareasairpollutionhaspoisonedtherainwhichthenfallsonpondsandkillsthefrogsandtoadsthatlivethere.Infarmingareastheheavyuseofchemicalsoncropshasalsokilledoffamphibians.AnotherfactoristhatairpollutionhasledtoincreasedlevelsofultravioletUVlight.ThisendangersamphibianswhichseemtobeespeciallysensitivetoUVlight.Andfinallyscientistshavediscoveredanewdiseasethatseemstobekillingmanyspeciesofamphibiansindifferentpartsoftheworld. Allthesereasonsforthedisappearanceofamphibiansarealsogoodreasonsformoregeneralconcern.Thedestructionoflandthepollutionoftheairandthewaterthechangesinouratmospherethespreadofdiseases—thesefactorsaffecthumanbeingstoo.Amphibiansareespeciallysensitivetoenvironmentalchange.Perhapstheyarelikethecanary金丝雀birdthatcoalminersonceusedtotakedownintotheminestodetectpoisonousgases.Whenthecanarybecameillordiedtheminersknewthatdangerousgaseswerenearandtheirownliveswereindanger. Scientiststhinkthatthedeclineofamphibianscould
{{*HTML*}}EarthAngels??1．JoyingBresciawas8yearsoldwhenshenoticedthatcigarettebutts烟头werelitteringherhometownbeachinIsleofPalmsSouthCarolina.Whenshelearnedthatittakesfiveyearsfortheremainsofacigarettetodisintegrateshedecidedtotakeaction.JoyinglaunchedaNoButtsontheBeachcampaign.Sheraisedmoneyandawarenessabouttheneedtokeepthebeachesclean.WiththehelpofothersJoyingalsoboughtorreceiveddonationsofgallon-sizeplasticice-creambuckets.Thebucketswerefilledwithsandandplacedatallpublic-accessareasofthebeach.Thebucketsallowedpeopletodisposeoftheircigarettesbeforehittingthebeach.TwoyearslaterJoyingsaysthebucketsarefullandthebeachisnearlyfreeofcigarettedebris残片.??2．PeoplewholiveinorvisitSteamboatSpringsColoradohaveCarterDunhamtothankforanewstatewildliferefugethatpreserves20acresofmarshlandandmanyspeciesofwildlife.CarterandotherstudentswroteamanagementplanfortheareaaroundtheYampaRiver.TheplanwaspartofaclassprojectwhenCarterwasafreshmanatSteamboatSpringsHighSchool.WorkingwiththeColoradoDivisionofWildlifeCarterandhisclassmatesmappedtheareaandspeciesofanimalslivingthere.Theyalsomadedecisionsaboutamongotherthingswherefencesandparkingareasshouldbebuilt.??3．BarbaraBrownandherfriendscollectoil.Itstartedasaprojectfortheir4HClubafteroneofthegirlsnoticedherfatherusingmotoroiltokillweedsontheirfarminVictoriaTexas.Theydidsomeresearchanddiscoveredthatoilcancontaminategroundwater—arealdangerinruralareaswherepeopleliveoffthewaterontheirland.Thegirlsresearchedwaystorecycleoilandworkedwithalocaloil-recyclingcompanyontheissue.NowtheDon’tBeCrudeprogramrunsoil-collectionsites—tanksthatholdupto460gallons—wherepeopleinthecommunitycandisposeoftheiroil.??4．Fiveyearsago11-year-oldRyanHreljacwasalittleboywithabigdream:forallthepeopleinAfricatohavecleandrinkingwater.Hisdreambeganinthefirstgradewhenhelearnedthatpeopleweredyingbecausetheydidn’thavecleanwaterandthataslittleas$70couldbuildawell.WereallytakewaterforgrantedsaysRyanofKemptvilleOntarioinCanada.Inothercountriesyouhavetoplanforit.Ryanearnedthefirst$70bydoingextrachores零工butwiththehelpofothershehassinceraisedhundredsofthousandsofdollars.HiseffortsledtothestartoftheRyan’sWellFoundationwhichraisesmoneyforcleanwaterandhealth-relatedservicesforpeopleinAfricancountriesanddevelopingcountries.{{*HTML*}}A．makenewmaterials??B．preservewetlandandanimals??C．havecleanair??D．havecleanwater??E．collectcigarettebutts??F．collectdisposedoil??Joyingplacedthebucketsatallpublic-accessareasto______.
TryingtoFindaPartnerOneofthemoststrikingfindingsofarecentpollintheUKisthatofthepeopleinterviewedoneintwobelievesthatitisbecomingmoredifficulttomeetsomeonetostartafamilywith.WhyaremanyfindingitincreasinglydifficulttostartandsustainintimaterelationshipsDoesmodernlifereallymakeithardertofallinloveOrarewemakingitharderforourselvesItiscertainlythecasetodaythatcontemporarycouplesbenefitindifferentwaysfromrelationships.Womennolongerrelyuponpartnersforeconomicsecurityorstatus.Amandoesn’texpecthisspousetobeinsolechargeofrunninghishouseholdandraisinghischildren.Butperhapstheknowledgethatwecanliveperfectlywellwithoutapartnershipmeansthatittakesmuchmoretopersuadepeopletoabandontheirindependence.Intheoryfindingapartnershouldbemuchsimplerthesedays.Onlyafewgenerationsagoyourchoiceofsoulmate心上人wasconstrainedbygeographysocialconventionandfamilytradition.Althoughitwasneverexplicitmanymarriageswereessentiallyarranged.Nowthosebarriershavebeenbrokendown.Youcanapproachabuilderorabrainsurgeoninanybarinanycityonanygivenevening.Whentheworldisyouroyster牡蛎yousurelyhaveabetterchanceoffindingapearl.Butitseemsthattheoldconventionshavebeenreplacedbyaneventighterconstraint:thetyrannyofchoice.Theexpectationsofpartnersareinflatedtoanunmanageabledegree:goodlooksimpressivesalarykindtograndmotherandrightsocks.Thereisnoroomforerrorinthefirstimpression.Wethinkthatarelationshipcanbeperfect.Ifitisn’titisdisposable.Weworktoprotectourselvesagainstfutureheartacheanddon’tputinthehardemotionallaborneededtobuildastrongrelationship.Ofcoursethisiscomplicatedbyrealities.Thecostofhousingandchild-rearingcreatespressuretohaveastableincomeandcareerbeforealifepartnership.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTaconstraintonone’schoiceofsoulmateintheolddays
{{*HTML*}}Cloning克隆:FuturePerfect???1．Acloneisanexactcopyofaplantoranimalproducedfromanyonecell.SinceScottishscientistsreportedthattheyhadmanagedtocloneasheepnamedDollyin1997researchintocloninghasgrownrapidly.InMay1998scientistsinMassachusettsmanagedtocreatetwoidenticalcalves牛犊usingcloningtechnology.Amousehasalsobeenclonedsuccessfully.ButthedebateovercloninghumansreallystartedwhenChicagophysicistRichardSeedmadeasurprisingannouncement:Wewillhavemanagedtocloneahumanbeingwithinthenexttwoyears.hetoldtheworld.??2．Seed’sannouncementprovokedalotofmediaattentionmostofitnegative.InEuropenineteennationshavealreadysignedanagreementbanninghumancloningandintheU.S.thePresidentannounced:WewillbeintroducingalawtobanallhumancloningandmanystatesintheU.S.willhavepassedanti-cloninglawsbytheendoftheyear.??3．Manyresearchersarenotsonegativeaboutcloning.Theyareworriedthatlawsbanninghumancloningwillthreatenimportantresearch.InMarchTheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinecalledanyplantobanresearchoncloninghumansseriouslymistaken.Manyresearchersalsobelievethatinspiteofattemptstobanithumancloningwillhavebecomeroutineby2010becauseitisimpossibletostoptheprogressofscience.??4．Istherereasontofearthatcloningwillleadtoanightmareword?Thepublichasbeenbombarded轰炸withnewspaperarticlestelevisionshowsandfilmsaswellascartoons.Suchinformationisoftenmisleadingandmakespeoplewonderwhatonearththescientistswillbedoingnext.??5．Withinthenextfivetotenyearsscientistswillprobablyhavefoundawayofcloninghumans.Itcouldbethatprettysoonwewillbeabletochoosethepersonthatwewantourchildtolooklike.Buthowwoulditfeeltobeacloneamonghundredstheanti-clonersask.Prettycoolanswerthepro-cloners赞成克隆的人.{{*HTML*}}A．thenucleusofacell??B．clonedhumanbeings??C．ahumanbeingintwoyears??D．alawtobanhumancloning??E．areportonhumancloning??F．heavymediacoverage??RichardSeedclaimedtobeabletoclone______.
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