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Text 4 On the morning of April 15,38,500 worshippers from all over the world will descend upon ...
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HereadsEnglishbookseverymorning.用tomorrowmorning改
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HELLO!CHANG!GOOD MORNING!
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HELLO!LI!GOOD MORNING!
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DoesAlicefeedchickenseverymorning?用yesterdaymornin
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HELLO!WANG!G00D MORNING!
HELLO!LI!GOOD MORNING!
HELLO!CHANG!GOOD!MORNING!
早上见到张先生你向他问好应说:！ A.MrZhanggoodmorning B.Goodmorn
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Smokingwhichmaybeapleasureforsomepeopleisaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.1medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonly4thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodonot.Infactnonsmokerswhomust5inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay6morethanthe.smokersthemselves. Asyouayedoubtless7aconsiderablenumberofourstudentshave8ineffortto9theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassroom.Ibelievetheyare10rightintheiraim.11Iwouldhopethatitis12toachievethisby13onthesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern14othersratherthanregulation.Smokingis15bylawintheaterandinhallsusedfor16filmsaswellasinlaboratorieswherethere17beafirehazard.Elsewhereitisuptoyourgoodsense. Iam18askingyoutomaintain19intheauditoriumsclassroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenonsmokershealthandwell-beingin20whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text4 Inademocraticsocietycitizensareencouragedtoformtheirownopinionsoncandidatesforpublicofficetaxesconstitutionalamendmentsenvironmentalconcernsforeignpolicyandotherissues.Theopinionsheldbyanypopulationareshapedandmanipulatedbyseveralfactors:individualcircumstancesthemassmediaspecialinterestgroupsandopinionleaders. Wealthypeopletendtothinkdifferentlyonsocialissuesfrompoorpeople.Factoryworkersprobablydonotsharethesameviewsaswhite-collarnonunionworkers.Womenemployedoutsidetheirhomessometimeshaveperspectivesdifferentfromthoseoffulltimehomemakers.Intheseandotherwaysindividualstatusshapesone’sviewofcurrentevents. Themassmediaespeciallytelevisionarepowerfulinfluencesonthewaypeoplethinkandact.Governmentofficialsnotehowmailfromthepublictendsto"followtheheadlines."Whateverisfeaturedinnewspapersandmagazinesandontelevisionattractsenoughattentionthatpeoplebegintoinformthemandtoexpressopinions. Themassmediahavealsocreatedlargeraudiencesforgovernmentandawiderrangeofpubicissuesthanexistedbefore.Priortotelevisionandthenationaleditionsofnewspapersissuesandcandidatestendedtoremainlocalized.InGreatBritainandWestGermanyforexamplevotersaslocalcontestsusuallyviewedelectionstothenationallegislatures.Today’selectionsareseenasstrugglesbetweenpartyleadersandprograms.IntheUnitedStatesradioandtelevisionhavebeenbeneficialtothepresidency.SincethedaysofFranklinD.Rooseveltandhis"firesidechats"presidentshaveappealeddirectlytoanationalaudienceovertheheadsofCongresstoadvocatetheirprograms. Specialgroupsspendvastsumsannuallytryingtoinfluencepublicopinion.Publicutilitiesforinstancetriedtoswaypublicopinioninfavorofnuclearpowerplants.Opposedtothemwerecitizens’organizationsthatlobbiedtohalttheuseofnuclearpower.Duringthe1960stheAmericanMedicalAssociationconductedanunsuccessfuladvertisingcampaigndesignedtopresentthepassageofmedicate. Opinionleadersareusuallysuchprominentpublicfiguresaspoliticiansshowbusinesspersonalitiesandcelebrityathletes. Theopinionsoftheseindividualswhetherinformedandintelligentornotcarryweightwithsomesegmentsofthepopulation.SomeindividualssuchasNobelprizewinnersaresuddenlythrustintopublicviewbythemedia.’Byquicklyreachingalargeaudiencetheirviewsgainahearingandareperhapsinfluentialinshapingviewsoncomplexissues. Theopinionsofthepeoplearecontrolledbyseveralfactors:
Smokingwhichmaybeapleasureforsomepeopleisaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.1medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonly4thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodonot.Infactnonsmokerswhomust5inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay6morethanthe.smokersthemselves. Asyouayedoubtless7aconsiderablenumberofourstudentshave8ineffortto9theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassroom.Ibelievetheyare10rightintheiraim.11Iwouldhopethatitis12toachievethisby13onthesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern14othersratherthanregulation.Smokingis15bylawintheaterandinhallsusedfor16filmsaswellasinlaboratorieswherethere17beafirehazard.Elsewhereitisuptoyourgoodsense. Iam18askingyoutomaintain19intheauditoriumsclassroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenonsmokershealthandwell-beingin20whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseWangLinginstead.10points
Text4 DoanimalshavefightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulground-clearingwaytostart.Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershavefights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdefilestightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople--forinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerationsInadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning--theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl--istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. Thewordinstinctprobablymeans
Text1 Onlytwoanimalshaveenteredthehumanhouseholdotherwisethanasprisonersandbecomedomesticatedbyothermeansthanthoseofenforcedservilities:thedogandthecat.Twothingstheyhaveincommonnamelythatbothbelongtotheorderofcarnivoresandbothservemanintheircapacityofhunters. Inallothercharacteristicsaboveallinthemanneroftheirassociationwithmantheyareasdifferentasthenightfromtheday.Thereisnodomesticanimalwhichhassorapidlyaltereditswholewayoflivingindeeditswholesphereofintereststhathasbecomedomesticinsotrueasenseasthedog;andthereisnoanimalthatinthecourseofitscenturyoldassociationwithmanhasalteredsolittleasthecat.ThereissometruthintheassertionthatthecatwiththeexceptionofafewluxurybreedssuchasAngorasPersiansandSiameseisnodomesticanimalbutacompletelywildbeing.Maintainingitsfullindependenceithastakenupitsabodeinthehousesandouthousesofmanforthesimplereasonthattherearemoremicethey’rethanelsewhere:Thewholecharmofthedogliesinthedepthofthefriendshipandthestrengthofthespiritualtieswithwhichhehasboundhimselftomanbuttheappealofthecatliesintheveryfactthatshehasformednoclosebondwithhimthatshehas’theuncompromisingindependenceofatigeroraleopardwhilesheishuntinginhisstablesandbarns;thatshestillremainmysteriousandremotewhensheisrubbingherselfgentlyagainstthelegsofhermistressorpurringcontentedlyinfrontofthefire. Thepurringcatisformeasymboloftheheartsideandthehiddensecuritywhichitstandsfor.IshouldnomoreliketobewithoutacatinmyhomethantobewithoutthedogthattrotsbehindmeinfieldorstreetSincemyearliestyouthIhavealwayshaddogsandcatsaboutme.Businesslikefriendshaveadvisedmetowriteadogbookandacatbookseparatelybecausedogloversoftendislikecatsandcatloversfrequentlyabhordogs.ButIconsideritthefinesttestofgenuineloveandunderstandingofanimalsifapersonhassympathiesforboththesecreaturesandcanappreciateineachitsownspecialvirtue. Wecaninferfromthepassagethattheauthor
Text2 Bythe1980saccordingtointernationalbutadmittedlyinconsistentdefinitionsofliteracyaboutsevenoutoftenadultsintheworldwereconsideredliterate.Theincreaseinliteracyfromancienttimestothepresenthasnotbeenastoryofunbrokenprogress.Theabilityofpeoplewithinagivensocietytoreadandwritehasbeeninfluencedbyanumberoffactorsincludingeconomicwell-beingtheavailabilityofmaterialtoreadtheamountofeducationavailableandthebasicmatteroftheusefulnessofreading. Ofthesefactorsusefulnesshasprobablybeenthemostdecisive.Inancientsocietiesaspeoplesettledintostablepatternsofagricultureandtradeitbecameusefulforsomeofthemtoreadandwriteinordertokeeprecordstotransactbusinessandtomeasureamountsoflandanimalsgoodsmaterialsandproduce.Sincealleconomicaspectsofasocietywerecloselytiedtotheoperationsofgovernmentliteracybecameusefulandevennecessaryforthekeepingofrecordsbyofficials.TheresponsibilitiesofcitizenshipledtoafairlyhighlevelofliteracyinancientGreeceandRomebutinadditiontothattherealsogrewanappreciationofgoodliteraturepoetrydramahistoryandphilosophy. DuringtheearlyMiddleAgeswiththegeneralbreakdownofsocietyinEuropeandthedecreaseofcommerceliteracybecamelargelyconfinedtothechurch.ButinthelateMiddleAgesintheperiodoftheRenaissancethegreatexpansionofcommerceandbankingledtoarevivalinliteracyforthesamereasonthathadcausedittoincreaseintheancientworldusefulness. Withtheinventionoftheprintingpressandinexpensivepaperlateinthe15thcenturytherewasforthefirsttimeagreatavailabilityofreadingmaterialforamuchgreaternumberofpeople.ReligiousreformerswereamongthefirsttoutilizethesituationquicklygettingtranslationsoftheBibleandeducationaltractsandbookletsintothehandsofmanypeople. Thebroadenedreligiousenlightenmentthatresultedwasfollowedinlatercenturiesbyapoliticalone.Politicaltheoristswhofavoreddoctrinespromotingthenaturalrightsofmancalledforanattackuponilliteracy.PoliticalrevolutionsparticularlyintheunitedStatesandFrancehelpedinaugurateanerainwhichallclasseswerecalledupontobecomeinformedonpublicpolicyfortheirownwelfare.Againstthispoliticalbackgroundthereemergedthemovementforuniversalpopulareducation.Literacycametobeunderstoodasameanswherebytheindividualcouldbenefitandadvanceandgraduallywholesocietiesbegantoacknowledgethatuniversalliteracyamongtheircitizenswasanavenuetogreatereconomicwell-being. Fromthefirstparagraphweknow
Text3 Whenyouaresmallallambitionsfallintoonegrandcategory:whenI’mgrownup.WhenI’mgrownupyousayI’llgoupinspace.I’mgoingtobeanauthor.I’llkillthemallandthenthey’llbesorry.I’llbemarriedinacathedralwithsixteenbridesmaidsinpinklace.I’llhaveapuppyofmyownandnoonewillbeabletotakehimaway. Noneofiteverhappensofcourse--ordarnlittlebutthefantasiesgiveyoutheideathatthereissomethingtogrowupfor.Indeedoneofthesaddestthingsaboutgildedadolescenceisthefeelingthatfromeighteenonit’salldownhill;IreadwithhorrorofanAmericanhippieweddingwheresomeonesaidtothegroomagedtwenty"youseemsokindagrownupsomehow"andtheladhadtogoroundseekingassurancethathewasn’t.Noreallyhewasn’t.Adeterminationtobebetteradultsthanthepresentincumbentsisfinebuttorefusetogrowupatallisjustplainunrealism. WhenmychildrenaregrownupI’lllearntoflyanairplane.IwillcareerroundtheskyknowingthatifIdo"gopop"therewillbenolittleonestosuffershockandmaladjustment;thateveniftheworstdoescometotheworstIwillatleastdodgethegeriatricwardandallthatlookforyourglassesinordertoseewhereyou’veleftyourteeth.WhenmychildrenaregrownupI’llhavefragilelovelythingsonlowtables;I’llhaveawhitecarpet;I’llgotothepicturesintheafternoons.WhenthechildrenaregrownupI’llactuallybeabletodoaday’sworkinaflayinsteadofspreadingoverthreeandgoawayforaweekendwithoutplanningasifforatriptotheMoon.WhenI’mgrownup--Imeanwhenthey’regrownup--I’llbefree. OfcourseIknowit’sgottogetworsebeforeitgetsbetter.Twelve-year-oldI’mtolddon’tgotobedatsevensoyoudon’tevengetyourevening.Oncethey’repasttenyouhavetostartworryingabouttheirfriendsinsteadofsimplyshootingtheintrudersoffthedoorstepandtosettledowntoasteadytenyearsofcriticismofeverythingyou’veeverthoughtordoneorwon.Boysitseemsmaybelessofatrialthangirlssincetheycan’tgetpregnantandtheydon’tborrowyourclothes--iftheydoborrowyourclothesofcourseyou’yegotevenmoretoworryabout. Theyoungdon’trespecttheirparentsanymore.Goodnesshowsad.Stilllikeeatingsnailsitmightbeallrightonceyou’vegotovertheidea;itmightletusoffhavingtobotherquitesomuchwiththemwhenthetimecomes.Butoneissimplynotgoingtobeabletodroneawayone’sdaystoothlessbythefirebroodingonthepast. Whatdothewriterthinkabouthisorherchildren
Text4 Inademocraticsocietycitizensareencouragedtoformtheirownopinionsoncandidatesforpublicofficetaxesconstitutionalamendmentsenvironmentalconcernsforeignpolicyandotherissues.Theopinionsheldbyanypopulationareshapedandmanipulatedbyseveralfactors:individualcircumstancesthemassmediaspecialinterestgroupsandopinionleaders. Wealthypeopletendtothinkdifferentlyonsocialissuesfrompoorpeople.Factoryworkersprobablydonotsharethesameviewsaswhite-collarnonunionworkers.Womenemployedoutsidetheirhomessometimeshaveperspectivesdifferentfromthoseoffulltimehomemakers.Intheseandotherwaysindividualstatusshapesone’sviewofcurrentevents. Themassmediaespeciallytelevisionarepowerfulinfluencesonthewaypeoplethinkandact.Governmentofficialsnotehowmailfromthepublictendsto"followtheheadlines."Whateverisfeaturedinnewspapersandmagazinesandontelevisionattractsenoughattentionthatpeoplebegintoinformthemandtoexpressopinions. Themassmediahavealsocreatedlargeraudiencesforgovernmentandawiderrangeofpubicissuesthanexistedbefore.Priortotelevisionandthenationaleditionsofnewspapersissuesandcandidatestendedtoremainlocalized.InGreatBritainandWestGermanyforexamplevotersaslocalcontestsusuallyviewedelectionstothenationallegislatures.Today’selectionsareseenasstrugglesbetweenpartyleadersandprograms.IntheUnitedStatesradioandtelevisionhavebeenbeneficialtothepresidency.SincethedaysofFranklinD.Rooseveltandhis"firesidechats"presidentshaveappealeddirectlytoanationalaudienceovertheheadsofCongresstoadvocatetheirprograms. Specialgroupsspendvastsumsannuallytryingtoinfluencepublicopinion.Publicutilitiesforinstancetriedtoswaypublicopinioninfavorofnuclearpowerplants.Opposedtothemwerecitizens’organizationsthatlobbiedtohalttheuseofnuclearpower.Duringthe1960stheAmericanMedicalAssociationconductedanunsuccessfuladvertisingcampaigndesignedtopresentthepassageofmedicate. Opinionleadersareusuallysuchprominentpublicfiguresaspoliticiansshowbusinesspersonalitiesandcelebrityathletes. Theopinionsoftheseindividualswhetherinformedandintelligentornotcarryweightwithsomesegmentsofthepopulation.SomeindividualssuchasNobelprizewinnersaresuddenlythrustintopublicviewbythemedia.’Byquicklyreachingalargeaudiencetheirviewsgainahearingandareperhapsinfluentialinshapingviewsoncomplexissues. Thesecondparagraphismainlyabout
Text1 Onlytwoanimalshaveenteredthehumanhouseholdotherwisethanasprisonersandbecomedomesticatedbyothermeansthanthoseofenforcedservilities:thedogandthecat.Twothingstheyhaveincommonnamelythatbothbelongtotheorderofcarnivoresandbothservemanintheircapacityofhunters. Inallothercharacteristicsaboveallinthemanneroftheirassociationwithmantheyareasdifferentasthenightfromtheday.Thereisnodomesticanimalwhichhassorapidlyaltereditswholewayoflivingindeeditswholesphereofintereststhathasbecomedomesticinsotrueasenseasthedog;andthereisnoanimalthatinthecourseofitscenturyoldassociationwithmanhasalteredsolittleasthecat.ThereissometruthintheassertionthatthecatwiththeexceptionofafewluxurybreedssuchasAngorasPersiansandSiameseisnodomesticanimalbutacompletelywildbeing.Maintainingitsfullindependenceithastakenupitsabodeinthehousesandouthousesofmanforthesimplereasonthattherearemoremicethey’rethanelsewhere:Thewholecharmofthedogliesinthedepthofthefriendshipandthestrengthofthespiritualtieswithwhichhehasboundhimselftomanbuttheappealofthecatliesintheveryfactthatshehasformednoclosebondwithhimthatshehas’theuncompromisingindependenceofatigeroraleopardwhilesheishuntinginhisstablesandbarns;thatshestillremainmysteriousandremotewhensheisrubbingherselfgentlyagainstthelegsofhermistressorpurringcontentedlyinfrontofthefire. Thepurringcatisformeasymboloftheheartsideandthehiddensecuritywhichitstandsfor.IshouldnomoreliketobewithoutacatinmyhomethantobewithoutthedogthattrotsbehindmeinfieldorstreetSincemyearliestyouthIhavealwayshaddogsandcatsaboutme.Businesslikefriendshaveadvisedmetowriteadogbookandacatbookseparatelybecausedogloversoftendislikecatsandcatloversfrequentlyabhordogs.ButIconsideritthefinesttestofgenuineloveandunderstandingofanimalsifapersonhassympathiesforboththesecreaturesandcanappreciateineachitsownspecialvirtue. Theauthorwantstowrite
Text3 Everyproductonthemarkethasavarietyofcostsbuiltintoitbeforeitiseverputupforsaletoacustomer.Therearecostsofproductiontransportationstorageadvertisingandmore.Eachofthesecostsmustbringinsomeprofitateachstage:truckersmustprofitfromtransportingproductsortheywouldnotbeinbusiness.Thuscostsalsoincludeseverallayersofprofits.Thesellingpriceofaproductmusttakeallofthesecostsandbuilt-inprofitsintoconsideration.Thesellingpriceitselfconsistsofamarkupoverthetotalofallcostsanditisnormallybasedonapercentageofthetotalcost. Themarkupmaybequitehigh90percentofcostoritmaybelow.Groceryitemsinasupermarketusuallyhavealowmarkupwhileminkcosthaveaveryhighone.Highmarkupshoweverdonotinthemselvesguaranteebigprofits.Profitscomefromturnover.Ifanitemhasa50percentmarkupanddoesnotsellthereisnoprofit.Butifacerealhasan8percentmarkupandsellsverywelltherearereasonableprofits. Whilemostpricingisbasedoncostfactorstherearesomeexceptions.Prestigepricingmeanssettingpricesartificiallyhighinordertoattractselectclientele.Suchpricingattemptstosuggestthatthequalityorstyleoftheproductisexceptionalorthattheitemcannotbefoundelsewhere.Storescanuseprestigepricingtoattractwealthyshoppers. Leaderpricingandbaitpricingaretheoppositesofprestigepricing.Leaderpricingmeanssettinglowpricesoncertainitemstogetpeopletocomeintothestores.Theproductssopricedarecalledlossleadersbecauselittleornoprofitcanbemadeonthem.Theprofitsaremadefromotherproductspeoplebuywhileinthestore.Baitpricingnowgenerallyconsideredillegalmeanssettingartificiallylowpricestoattractcustomers.Thestorehoweverhasnointentionofsellinggoodsatthebaitprices.Thepointistogetpeopleintothestoreandpersuadethemoftheinferiorityofthelow-priceditem.Thenahigherpriceditemispresentedasabetteralternative. Acommonretailtacticisoddpricedproducts.Forsomeproductsof$300thestorewillsetthepriceat$295or$299.95togivetheappearanceofalowerprice.Automobilesandotherhigh-pricedproductsareusuallypricedinthismanner.Forsomereason$7995hasmoreappeartoapotentialcarcustomerthan$8000. Bidpricingisaspecialkindofpricesetting.Itisoftenusedintheawardingofgovernmentcontracts.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitbidsonajobandnormallythelowestbidderwins.Aschoolsystemmaywanttobuyalargenumberofcomputers.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitpricesandtheschooldistrictwilldecideonthebestbidbasedaswellonconsiderationsofqualityandservice. Inadepartmentstorethepurposeofshowingclientsbaitpriceditemsisto
Smokingwhichmaybeapleasureforsomepeopleisaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.1medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonly4thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodonot.Infactnonsmokerswhomust5inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay6morethanthe.smokersthemselves. Asyouayedoubtless7aconsiderablenumberofourstudentshave8ineffortto9theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassroom.Ibelievetheyare10rightintheiraim.11Iwouldhopethatitis12toachievethisby13onthesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern14othersratherthanregulation.Smokingis15bylawintheaterandinhallsusedfor16filmsaswellasinlaboratorieswherethere17beafirehazard.Elsewhereitisuptoyourgoodsense. Iam18askingyoutomaintain19intheauditoriumsclassroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenonsmokershealthandwell-beingin20whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Smokingwhichmaybeapleasureforsomepeopleisaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.1medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonly4thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodonot.Infactnonsmokerswhomust5inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay6morethanthe.smokersthemselves. Asyouayedoubtless7aconsiderablenumberofourstudentshave8ineffortto9theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassroom.Ibelievetheyare10rightintheiraim.11Iwouldhopethatitis12toachievethisby13onthesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern14othersratherthanregulation.Smokingis15bylawintheaterandinhallsusedfor16filmsaswellasinlaboratorieswherethere17beafirehazard.Elsewhereitisuptoyourgoodsense. Iam18askingyoutomaintain19intheauditoriumsclassroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenonsmokershealthandwell-beingin20whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Text3 Everyproductonthemarkethasavarietyofcostsbuiltintoitbeforeitiseverputupforsaletoacustomer.Therearecostsofproductiontransportationstorageadvertisingandmore.Eachofthesecostsmustbringinsomeprofitateachstage:truckersmustprofitfromtransportingproductsortheywouldnotbeinbusiness.Thuscostsalsoincludeseverallayersofprofits.Thesellingpriceofaproductmusttakeallofthesecostsandbuilt-inprofitsintoconsideration.Thesellingpriceitselfconsistsofamarkupoverthetotalofallcostsanditisnormallybasedonapercentageofthetotalcost. Themarkupmaybequitehigh90percentofcostoritmaybelow.Groceryitemsinasupermarketusuallyhavealowmarkupwhileminkcosthaveaveryhighone.Highmarkupshoweverdonotinthemselvesguaranteebigprofits.Profitscomefromturnover.Ifanitemhasa50percentmarkupanddoesnotsellthereisnoprofit.Butifacerealhasan8percentmarkupandsellsverywelltherearereasonableprofits. Whilemostpricingisbasedoncostfactorstherearesomeexceptions.Prestigepricingmeanssettingpricesartificiallyhighinordertoattractselectclientele.Suchpricingattemptstosuggestthatthequalityorstyleoftheproductisexceptionalorthattheitemcannotbefoundelsewhere.Storescanuseprestigepricingtoattractwealthyshoppers. Leaderpricingandbaitpricingaretheoppositesofprestigepricing.Leaderpricingmeanssettinglowpricesoncertainitemstogetpeopletocomeintothestores.Theproductssopricedarecalledlossleadersbecauselittleornoprofitcanbemadeonthem.Theprofitsaremadefromotherproductspeoplebuywhileinthestore.Baitpricingnowgenerallyconsideredillegalmeanssettingartificiallylowpricestoattractcustomers.Thestorehoweverhasnointentionofsellinggoodsatthebaitprices.Thepointistogetpeopleintothestoreandpersuadethemoftheinferiorityofthelow-priceditem.Thenahigherpriceditemispresentedasabetteralternative. Acommonretailtacticisoddpricedproducts.Forsomeproductsof$300thestorewillsetthepriceat$295or$299.95togivetheappearanceofalowerprice.Automobilesandotherhigh-pricedproductsareusuallypricedinthismanner.Forsomereason$7995hasmoreappeartoapotentialcarcustomerthan$8000. Bidpricingisaspecialkindofpricesetting.Itisoftenusedintheawardingofgovernmentcontracts.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitbidsonajobandnormallythelowestbidderwins.Aschoolsystemmaywanttobuyalargenumberofcomputers.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitpricesandtheschooldistrictwilldecideonthebestbidbasedaswellonconsiderationsofqualityandservice. Welearnfromthesecondparagraph
Text4 DoanimalshavefightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulground-clearingwaytostart.Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershavefights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdefilestightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople--forinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerationsInadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning--theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl--istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage
Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.41_____________________________________________________________. Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Fightingmeanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswon. Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.42_____________________________________________________________.Butnationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelikesavages. Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.43_____________________________________________________________.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthe’wholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.44_____________________________________________________________. Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemayestimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutonehundredthousandyears.45_____________________________________________________________.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbingandbutting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse. A.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets--whilethatistosaywehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife. B.Inmyopinionthegreatestcountriesshouldbehaveproperlytoothercountriesandobeytherulestheyconstitutedtogether. C.Nowwe’vegotlittletimetolearnhowtogetalongwellwithothersorothercountries. D.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter. E.Afteralltheraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted. F.ThusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch. G.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors. 43
Smokingwhichmaybeapleasureforsomepeopleisaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.1medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonly4thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodonot.Infactnonsmokerswhomust5inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay6morethanthe.smokersthemselves. Asyouayedoubtless7aconsiderablenumberofourstudentshave8ineffortto9theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassroom.Ibelievetheyare10rightintheiraim.11Iwouldhopethatitis12toachievethisby13onthesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern14othersratherthanregulation.Smokingis15bylawintheaterandinhallsusedfor16filmsaswellasinlaboratorieswherethere17beafirehazard.Elsewhereitisuptoyourgoodsense. Iam18askingyoutomaintain19intheauditoriumsclassroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenonsmokershealthandwell-beingin20whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Text3 Everyproductonthemarkethasavarietyofcostsbuiltintoitbeforeitiseverputupforsaletoacustomer.Therearecostsofproductiontransportationstorageadvertisingandmore.Eachofthesecostsmustbringinsomeprofitateachstage:truckersmustprofitfromtransportingproductsortheywouldnotbeinbusiness.Thuscostsalsoincludeseverallayersofprofits.Thesellingpriceofaproductmusttakeallofthesecostsandbuilt-inprofitsintoconsideration.Thesellingpriceitselfconsistsofamarkupoverthetotalofallcostsanditisnormallybasedonapercentageofthetotalcost. Themarkupmaybequitehigh90percentofcostoritmaybelow.Groceryitemsinasupermarketusuallyhavealowmarkupwhileminkcosthaveaveryhighone.Highmarkupshoweverdonotinthemselvesguaranteebigprofits.Profitscomefromturnover.Ifanitemhasa50percentmarkupanddoesnotsellthereisnoprofit.Butifacerealhasan8percentmarkupandsellsverywelltherearereasonableprofits. Whilemostpricingisbasedoncostfactorstherearesomeexceptions.Prestigepricingmeanssettingpricesartificiallyhighinordertoattractselectclientele.Suchpricingattemptstosuggestthatthequalityorstyleoftheproductisexceptionalorthattheitemcannotbefoundelsewhere.Storescanuseprestigepricingtoattractwealthyshoppers. Leaderpricingandbaitpricingaretheoppositesofprestigepricing.Leaderpricingmeanssettinglowpricesoncertainitemstogetpeopletocomeintothestores.Theproductssopricedarecalledlossleadersbecauselittleornoprofitcanbemadeonthem.Theprofitsaremadefromotherproductspeoplebuywhileinthestore.Baitpricingnowgenerallyconsideredillegalmeanssettingartificiallylowpricestoattractcustomers.Thestorehoweverhasnointentionofsellinggoodsatthebaitprices.Thepointistogetpeopleintothestoreandpersuadethemoftheinferiorityofthelow-priceditem.Thenahigherpriceditemispresentedasabetteralternative. Acommonretailtacticisoddpricedproducts.Forsomeproductsof$300thestorewillsetthepriceat$295or$299.95togivetheappearanceofalowerprice.Automobilesandotherhigh-pricedproductsareusuallypricedinthismanner.Forsomereason$7995hasmoreappeartoapotentialcarcustomerthan$8000. Bidpricingisaspecialkindofpricesetting.Itisoftenusedintheawardingofgovernmentcontracts.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitbidsonajobandnormallythelowestbidderwins.Aschoolsystemmaywanttobuyalargenumberofcomputers.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitpricesandtheschooldistrictwilldecideonthebestbidbasedaswellonconsiderationsofqualityandservice. Ifyouwanttosellacarabout$80000you'dbettersetthepriceat
Text1 Onlytwoanimalshaveenteredthehumanhouseholdotherwisethanasprisonersandbecomedomesticatedbyothermeansthanthoseofenforcedservilities:thedogandthecat.Twothingstheyhaveincommonnamelythatbothbelongtotheorderofcarnivoresandbothservemanintheircapacityofhunters. Inallothercharacteristicsaboveallinthemanneroftheirassociationwithmantheyareasdifferentasthenightfromtheday.Thereisnodomesticanimalwhichhassorapidlyaltereditswholewayoflivingindeeditswholesphereofintereststhathasbecomedomesticinsotrueasenseasthedog;andthereisnoanimalthatinthecourseofitscenturyoldassociationwithmanhasalteredsolittleasthecat.ThereissometruthintheassertionthatthecatwiththeexceptionofafewluxurybreedssuchasAngorasPersiansandSiameseisnodomesticanimalbutacompletelywildbeing.Maintainingitsfullindependenceithastakenupitsabodeinthehousesandouthousesofmanforthesimplereasonthattherearemoremicethey’rethanelsewhere:Thewholecharmofthedogliesinthedepthofthefriendshipandthestrengthofthespiritualtieswithwhichhehasboundhimselftomanbuttheappealofthecatliesintheveryfactthatshehasformednoclosebondwithhimthatshehas’theuncompromisingindependenceofatigeroraleopardwhilesheishuntinginhisstablesandbarns;thatshestillremainmysteriousandremotewhensheisrubbingherselfgentlyagainstthelegsofhermistressorpurringcontentedlyinfrontofthefire. Thepurringcatisformeasymboloftheheartsideandthehiddensecuritywhichitstandsfor.IshouldnomoreliketobewithoutacatinmyhomethantobewithoutthedogthattrotsbehindmeinfieldorstreetSincemyearliestyouthIhavealwayshaddogsandcatsaboutme.Businesslikefriendshaveadvisedmetowriteadogbookandacatbookseparatelybecausedogloversoftendislikecatsandcatloversfrequentlyabhordogs.ButIconsideritthefinesttestofgenuineloveandunderstandingofanimalsifapersonhassympathiesforboththesecreaturesandcanappreciateineachitsownspecialvirtue. Catsaccordingtotheauthor
Text2 Bythe1980saccordingtointernationalbutadmittedlyinconsistentdefinitionsofliteracyaboutsevenoutoftenadultsintheworldwereconsideredliterate.Theincreaseinliteracyfromancienttimestothepresenthasnotbeenastoryofunbrokenprogress.Theabilityofpeoplewithinagivensocietytoreadandwritehasbeeninfluencedbyanumberoffactorsincludingeconomicwell-beingtheavailabilityofmaterialtoreadtheamountofeducationavailableandthebasicmatteroftheusefulnessofreading. Ofthesefactorsusefulnesshasprobablybeenthemostdecisive.Inancientsocietiesaspeoplesettledintostablepatternsofagricultureandtradeitbecameusefulforsomeofthemtoreadandwriteinordertokeeprecordstotransactbusinessandtomeasureamountsoflandanimalsgoodsmaterialsandproduce.Sincealleconomicaspectsofasocietywerecloselytiedtotheoperationsofgovernmentliteracybecameusefulandevennecessaryforthekeepingofrecordsbyofficials.TheresponsibilitiesofcitizenshipledtoafairlyhighlevelofliteracyinancientGreeceandRomebutinadditiontothattherealsogrewanappreciationofgoodliteraturepoetrydramahistoryandphilosophy. DuringtheearlyMiddleAgeswiththegeneralbreakdownofsocietyinEuropeandthedecreaseofcommerceliteracybecamelargelyconfinedtothechurch.ButinthelateMiddleAgesintheperiodoftheRenaissancethegreatexpansionofcommerceandbankingledtoarevivalinliteracyforthesamereasonthathadcausedittoincreaseintheancientworldusefulness. Withtheinventionoftheprintingpressandinexpensivepaperlateinthe15thcenturytherewasforthefirsttimeagreatavailabilityofreadingmaterialforamuchgreaternumberofpeople.ReligiousreformerswereamongthefirsttoutilizethesituationquicklygettingtranslationsoftheBibleandeducationaltractsandbookletsintothehandsofmanypeople. Thebroadenedreligiousenlightenmentthatresultedwasfollowedinlatercenturiesbyapoliticalone.Politicaltheoristswhofavoreddoctrinespromotingthenaturalrightsofmancalledforanattackuponilliteracy.PoliticalrevolutionsparticularlyintheunitedStatesandFrancehelpedinaugurateanerainwhichallclasseswerecalledupontobecomeinformedonpublicpolicyfortheirownwelfare.Againstthispoliticalbackgroundthereemergedthemovementforuniversalpopulareducation.Literacycametobeunderstoodasameanswherebytheindividualcouldbenefitandadvanceandgraduallywholesocietiesbegantoacknowledgethatuniversalliteracyamongtheircitizenswasanavenuetogreatereconomicwell-being. Accordingtothepassagewhatisthemajordrivingforcebehindtheprogresstowardmoreliteracy
Smokingwhichmaybeapleasureforsomepeopleisaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.1medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonly4thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodonot.Infactnonsmokerswhomust5inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay6morethanthe.smokersthemselves. Asyouayedoubtless7aconsiderablenumberofourstudentshave8ineffortto9theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassroom.Ibelievetheyare10rightintheiraim.11Iwouldhopethatitis12toachievethisby13onthesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern14othersratherthanregulation.Smokingis15bylawintheaterandinhallsusedfor16filmsaswellasinlaboratorieswherethere17beafirehazard.Elsewhereitisuptoyourgoodsense. Iam18askingyoutomaintain19intheauditoriumsclassroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenonsmokershealthandwell-beingin20whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Smokingwhichmaybeapleasureforsomepeopleisaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.1medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonly4thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodonot.Infactnonsmokerswhomust5inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay6morethanthe.smokersthemselves. Asyouayedoubtless7aconsiderablenumberofourstudentshave8ineffortto9theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassroom.Ibelievetheyare10rightintheiraim.11Iwouldhopethatitis12toachievethisby13onthesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern14othersratherthanregulation.Smokingis15bylawintheaterandinhallsusedfor16filmsaswellasinlaboratorieswherethere17beafirehazard.Elsewhereitisuptoyourgoodsense. Iam18askingyoutomaintain19intheauditoriumsclassroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenonsmokershealthandwell-beingin20whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.41_____________________________________________________________. Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Fightingmeanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswon. Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.42_____________________________________________________________.Butnationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelikesavages. Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.43_____________________________________________________________.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthe’wholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.44_____________________________________________________________. Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemayestimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutonehundredthousandyears.45_____________________________________________________________.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbingandbutting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse. A.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets--whilethatistosaywehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife. B.Inmyopinionthegreatestcountriesshouldbehaveproperlytoothercountriesandobeytherulestheyconstitutedtogether. C.Nowwe’vegotlittletimetolearnhowtogetalongwellwithothersorothercountries. D.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter. E.Afteralltheraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted. F.ThusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch. G.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors. 45
Ahblissfulsleepwhenweleaveourdailytoilsbehindandslipintomindlessrepose.Ordowe46TworeportsinScienceoneinvolvingratsandtheotherhumanssuggestthatduringsleepourbrainsremainquitebusyfuriouslyconsolidatingimportantmemoriesthathaveaccumulatedduringtheday. IntheratexperimentsMatthewA.WilsonoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandBruceL.McNaughtonoftheUniversityofArizonainsertedelectrodesintothehippocampusaregionofthebrainthoughttobeinvolvedinspatialmemory.Astheratslearnedtonavigateamazetheirneuronsfiredincertainpatternscorrespondingtospecificpartsofthemaze. 47Forseveralnightsaftertherats’mazeexercisestheirhippocampalneuronsdisplayedsimilarfiringpatterns;theratswereapparentlyplayingbacktheirmemoriesofrunningthemaze.Themajordifferencewasthatthefiringwasmorerapidasifthememorieswerebeingrunfast-forward.48Thefiringoccurredduringslow-wavesleepaphaseofdeepbutnotdreamlesssleepmarkedbylow-frequencypulsesofelectricalactivityincertainregionsofthebrain. ThestudiesofhumanswereundertakenattheWeizmannInstituteofScienceinIsrael.AteamledbyAviKarniandDovSagitrainedvolunteerstorecognizerapidlytheorientationofsymbolshiddeninimagesflashedattheperipheryoftheirvision.Theworkershadpreviouslynotedimprovementsinperformanceovera10-hourperiodfollowingatrainingsession. TodeterminewhethersleepplayedaroleinthisphenomenonKarniandSagidisruptedthesleepofvolunteersaftertheyhadhadtheirtrainingsession.Interferingwiththesubjects’slow-wavesleephadnosignificanteffect.49ButanequivalentdisruptionofREMsleepywhichismarkedbyrapideyemovementshenceitsnameandvividdreamingkeptthesubjectsfromimprovingovernight. "TheseresultsindicatethataprocessofhumanmemoryconsolidationactiveduringsleepisstronglydependentonREMsleep"thegroupstates.TheexperimentslendsupporttoatheoryadvancedbyJonathan"practicesessions"inwhichanimalshonesurvivalskills. WhydidKarniandSagidetectmemoryconsolidationduringREMsleepandWilsonandMcNanghtononlyduringslow-wavesleep50Theanswerseemstobethateachgroupstudiedadifferenttypeofmemoryoneinvolvingahighlyrepetitioustaskandtheothertherecollectionofaplace. Ofcoursehuckstershavelongassertedthatpeoplecanlearnnewlanguagesandotherskillsbylisteningtotapeswhileasleep.Wilsonsayshehasbeeninundatedwithqueriesfrompeoplewantingtoknowiftheseclaimsaretrue.Herespondsthathisresearchappliesonlytomemoriesoriginallylaiddownduringwakinghours. 49
Smokingwhichmaybeapleasureforsomepeopleisaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.1medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonly4thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodonot.Infactnonsmokerswhomust5inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay6morethanthe.smokersthemselves. Asyouayedoubtless7aconsiderablenumberofourstudentshave8ineffortto9theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassroom.Ibelievetheyare10rightintheiraim.11Iwouldhopethatitis12toachievethisby13onthesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern14othersratherthanregulation.Smokingis15bylawintheaterandinhallsusedfor16filmsaswellasinlaboratorieswherethere17beafirehazard.Elsewhereitisuptoyourgoodsense. Iam18askingyoutomaintain19intheauditoriumsclassroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenonsmokershealthandwell-beingin20whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Ahblissfulsleepwhenweleaveourdailytoilsbehindandslipintomindlessrepose.Ordowe46TworeportsinScienceoneinvolvingratsandtheotherhumanssuggestthatduringsleepourbrainsremainquitebusyfuriouslyconsolidatingimportantmemoriesthathaveaccumulatedduringtheday. IntheratexperimentsMatthewA.WilsonoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandBruceL.McNaughtonoftheUniversityofArizonainsertedelectrodesintothehippocampusaregionofthebrainthoughttobeinvolvedinspatialmemory.Astheratslearnedtonavigateamazetheirneuronsfiredincertainpatternscorrespondingtospecificpartsofthemaze. 47Forseveralnightsaftertherats’mazeexercisestheirhippocampalneuronsdisplayedsimilarfiringpatterns;theratswereapparentlyplayingbacktheirmemoriesofrunningthemaze.Themajordifferencewasthatthefiringwasmorerapidasifthememorieswerebeingrunfast-forward.48Thefiringoccurredduringslow-wavesleepaphaseofdeepbutnotdreamlesssleepmarkedbylow-frequencypulsesofelectricalactivityincertainregionsofthebrain. ThestudiesofhumanswereundertakenattheWeizmannInstituteofScienceinIsrael.AteamledbyAviKarniandDovSagitrainedvolunteerstorecognizerapidlytheorientationofsymbolshiddeninimagesflashedattheperipheryoftheirvision.Theworkershadpreviouslynotedimprovementsinperformanceovera10-hourperiodfollowingatrainingsession. TodeterminewhethersleepplayedaroleinthisphenomenonKarniandSagidisruptedthesleepofvolunteersaftertheyhadhadtheirtrainingsession.Interferingwiththesubjects’slow-wavesleephadnosignificanteffect.49ButanequivalentdisruptionofREMsleepywhichismarkedbyrapideyemovementshenceitsnameandvividdreamingkeptthesubjectsfromimprovingovernight. "TheseresultsindicatethataprocessofhumanmemoryconsolidationactiveduringsleepisstronglydependentonREMsleep"thegroupstates.TheexperimentslendsupporttoatheoryadvancedbyJonathan"practicesessions"inwhichanimalshonesurvivalskills. WhydidKarniandSagidetectmemoryconsolidationduringREMsleepandWilsonandMcNanghtononlyduringslow-wavesleep50Theanswerseemstobethateachgroupstudiedadifferenttypeofmemoryoneinvolvingahighlyrepetitioustaskandtheothertherecollectionofaplace. Ofcoursehuckstershavelongassertedthatpeoplecanlearnnewlanguagesandotherskillsbylisteningtotapeswhileasleep.Wilsonsayshehasbeeninundatedwithqueriesfrompeoplewantingtoknowiftheseclaimsaretrue.Herespondsthathisresearchappliesonlytomemoriesoriginallylaiddownduringwakinghours. 47
Smokingwhichmaybeapleasureforsomepeopleisaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.1medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonly4thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodonot.Infactnonsmokerswhomust5inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay6morethanthe.smokersthemselves. Asyouayedoubtless7aconsiderablenumberofourstudentshave8ineffortto9theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassroom.Ibelievetheyare10rightintheiraim.11Iwouldhopethatitis12toachievethisby13onthesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern14othersratherthanregulation.Smokingis15bylawintheaterandinhallsusedfor16filmsaswellasinlaboratorieswherethere17beafirehazard.Elsewhereitisuptoyourgoodsense. Iam18askingyoutomaintain19intheauditoriumsclassroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenonsmokershealthandwell-beingin20whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Text3 Whenyouaresmallallambitionsfallintoonegrandcategory:whenI’mgrownup.WhenI’mgrownupyousayI’llgoupinspace.I’mgoingtobeanauthor.I’llkillthemallandthenthey’llbesorry.I’llbemarriedinacathedralwithsixteenbridesmaidsinpinklace.I’llhaveapuppyofmyownandnoonewillbeabletotakehimaway. Noneofiteverhappensofcourse--ordarnlittlebutthefantasiesgiveyoutheideathatthereissomethingtogrowupfor.Indeedoneofthesaddestthingsaboutgildedadolescenceisthefeelingthatfromeighteenonit’salldownhill;IreadwithhorrorofanAmericanhippieweddingwheresomeonesaidtothegroomagedtwenty"youseemsokindagrownupsomehow"andtheladhadtogoroundseekingassurancethathewasn’t.Noreallyhewasn’t.Adeterminationtobebetteradultsthanthepresentincumbentsisfinebuttorefusetogrowupatallisjustplainunrealism. WhenmychildrenaregrownupI’lllearntoflyanairplane.IwillcareerroundtheskyknowingthatifIdo"gopop"therewillbenolittleonestosuffershockandmaladjustment;thateveniftheworstdoescometotheworstIwillatleastdodgethegeriatricwardandallthatlookforyourglassesinordertoseewhereyou’veleftyourteeth.WhenmychildrenaregrownupI’llhavefragilelovelythingsonlowtables;I’llhaveawhitecarpet;I’llgotothepicturesintheafternoons.WhenthechildrenaregrownupI’llactuallybeabletodoaday’sworkinaflayinsteadofspreadingoverthreeandgoawayforaweekendwithoutplanningasifforatriptotheMoon.WhenI’mgrownup--Imeanwhenthey’regrownup--I’llbefree. OfcourseIknowit’sgottogetworsebeforeitgetsbetter.Twelve-year-oldI’mtolddon’tgotobedatsevensoyoudon’tevengetyourevening.Oncethey’repasttenyouhavetostartworryingabouttheirfriendsinsteadofsimplyshootingtheintrudersoffthedoorstepandtosettledowntoasteadytenyearsofcriticismofeverythingyou’veeverthoughtordoneorwon.Boysitseemsmaybelessofatrialthangirlssincetheycan’tgetpregnantandtheydon’tborrowyourclothes--iftheydoborrowyourclothesofcourseyou’yegotevenmoretoworryabout. Theyoungdon’trespecttheirparentsanymore.Goodnesshowsad.Stilllikeeatingsnailsitmightbeallrightonceyou’vegotovertheidea;itmightletusoffhavingtobotherquitesomuchwiththemwhenthetimecomes.Butoneissimplynotgoingtobeabletodroneawayone’sdaystoothlessbythefirebroodingonthepast. Whatintereststhewriteraboutyoungchildrenisthatthey
Smokingwhichmaybeapleasureforsomepeopleisaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.1medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonly4thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodonot.Infactnonsmokerswhomust5inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay6morethanthe.smokersthemselves. Asyouayedoubtless7aconsiderablenumberofourstudentshave8ineffortto9theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassroom.Ibelievetheyare10rightintheiraim.11Iwouldhopethatitis12toachievethisby13onthesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern14othersratherthanregulation.Smokingis15bylawintheaterandinhallsusedfor16filmsaswellasinlaboratorieswherethere17beafirehazard.Elsewhereitisuptoyourgoodsense. Iam18askingyoutomaintain19intheauditoriumsclassroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenonsmokershealthandwell-beingin20whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.41_____________________________________________________________. Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Fightingmeanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswon. Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.42_____________________________________________________________.Butnationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelikesavages. Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.43_____________________________________________________________.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthe’wholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.44_____________________________________________________________. Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemayestimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutonehundredthousandyears.45_____________________________________________________________.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbingandbutting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse. A.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets--whilethatistosaywehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife. B.Inmyopinionthegreatestcountriesshouldbehaveproperlytoothercountriesandobeytherulestheyconstitutedtogether. C.Nowwe’vegotlittletimetolearnhowtogetalongwellwithothersorothercountries. D.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter. E.Afteralltheraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted. F.ThusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch. G.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors. 41
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