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Text 3 When you are small, all ambitions fall into one grand category: when I’ m grown up. When...
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There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 5
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 11
Text4 MychurchrecentlystagedaSensitivitySundaytomakeourcongregationawareoftheproblemsfacedbypeoplewithphysicalhandicaps.Weareaskedto"adoptahandicap"forseveralhoursonSundaymorning.Somememberschosetobeconfinedtowheelchairsothersstuffedcottonintheirearshobbledaroundoncrutchesorworeblindfolds. WheelchairshadneverseemedlikescaryobjectstomebeforeIhadtositinone.AtightknotgrabbedholdinmystomachwhenIfirsttookacloselookatwhatwastobemyonlymeansofgettingaroundforseveralhours.Iwasstuckbytheirrationalthought"onceIaminthiswheelchairthehandicapmightbecomerealandImightneverwalkagain."ThisthoughtasridiculousasitwasfrightenedmesomuchthatIneededalargedoseofcouragejusttositdown. AfterIovercamemyfearofthewheelchairIhadtolearnhowtocopewithit.IwiggledaroundtofindacomfortablepositionandthoughtImightevenenjoybeingpamperedandwheeledaround.Iglancedovermyshouldertoseewhowouldbepushingme.ItwasonlythenthatIrealizedIwouldhavetonavigatethecontraptionallbymyself!MypalmsreddenedandstartedtostingasItuggedattheheavymetalwheels.IcouldnotseemtokeepthechaironanevencourseorpointthewheelsindirectionIwantedtogo.Ikeptbumpingintodoorspewsandotherpeople.Ifeltasthougheveryonewasstaringatmeandcommentingonmyclumsiness. Whentheservicestartedmoreproblemscroppeduptofrustratemeevenfurther.Everytimethecongregationstoodupmyviewwasblocked.Icouldnotseetheministerthechoirorthealtar.Alsoasthechurch’saisleswerenarrowIseemedtobeinthewaynomatterwhereIparkedmyself.Forinstancetheushershadtosteparoundmeinordertopassthecollectionplate.ThisShademefeellikeanuisance.Thankstoanewbuildingprogramourchurchwillsoonhavethewideaislesandwell-spacedpewsthatwillmakelifeeasierforthehandicapped.FinallyifpeoplestoppedtotalktomeIhadtostrainmynecktolookupatthem.Thismademefeellikealittlechildbeingtalkeddowntoandaddedtomysenseofhelplessness. Myfewhoursasadisabledpersonleftadeepimpressiononme.NowInolongerfeelresentmentatlargetaxexpendituresforrampequippedbusesandIwouldn’tdreamofparkingmycarinaspacemarked"HandicappedOnly."Althoughmycloseencounterwithahandicapwasshort-livedIcannowunderstandthechallengesbothphysicalandemotionalthatwheelchair-boundpeoplemustovercome. Accordingtothepassageitcanbeinferredthat
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 13
Text3 Paintingyourhouseislikeaddingsomethingtoahugecommunalpictureinwhichtherestofthepaintingisdoneeitherbynatureorbyotherpeople.Thepictureisnotstatic;itchangesaswemoveaboutwiththetimeofdaywiththeseasonswithnewpaintingnewbuildingsandwithalterationstooldones.Anyindividualhouseisjustafragmentofthispictureneverthelessithasthepowertomakeormarktheoverallscene.Inthepastpeopleusedtheircreativetalentsinpaintingtheirhomeswithgreatimaginationandinvariedbutalwayssubtlyblendingcolors.ThelastvestigesofthisgreattraditioncanstillbeseeninthetownsoftheextremewestofIreland.Ithasneverbeenrecognizedasanartformpartlybecauseofthephysicaldifficultyofhangingastreetinagalleryandpartlybecauseit’salwayschangingaspaintfadesandisrenewed.Alsoitisacommunalartwhichcannotbeidentifiedwithanyonepersonexceptinthosemanycaseswheregreatartistsofthepastfoundinspirationinordinarystreetscenesandrecordedtheminpaint. Followingtheprinciplesofdecorationthatweresosuccessfulinthepastyoushouldfirsttakealonglookatthehouseanditssurroundingsandconsiderpossiblelimitations~ThefirstconcernstheamountofcolorandintensityinthedaylightinBritain.ColorsthatlookperfectlyinkeepingwiththesunnyclearskiesoftheMediterraneanwouldlooktooharshinthegrayerlightofthenorth.Sincebrightlightisuncomfortable-fortheeyescolorsmustbestronginordertobeseenclearly.Viewedinadimmerlighttheyappeartoobright.Itiseasytoseethisifyoulookatabrickhousewhilethesunisalternatelyshiningandthengoingbehindacloud.Thebrickworkcolorslookmuchmoreintensewhenthesunishidden. Thesecondlimitationisthecolorsofthesurroundings:thecolorswhichgobestwithCotswoldstoneandarollinggreencountrysidewillbedifferentfromthosethatlookbestbytheseaorinared-brick/blue-slateindustrialtown.Ineveryareatherearealwayscolorsthatatoncelookinkeeping. Inmanyareastherearedistinctivetraditionsintheuseofcolorthatmaybeausefulguide.TheeasterncountiesofEnglandandScotlandparticularlythosewithalocaltraditionofrenderingorplasteringusecolorsappliedsolidlyoverthewall.Usuallyonlythewindowframesanddoorsarepickedoutinanothercoloroftenwhiteorpalegray.TypicalwallcolorsarethepinkassociatedwithSuffolkandpalebuffsandyellowsofFife.Muchstrongercolorssuchasdeepearthredorangeblueandgreenarealsocommon.InthecoastalvillagesofEssexaswellasinlandinHertfordshirethehouse-frontsofoverlappingboardsaretraditionallypaintedblack--originallytarredlikeships--withwindowsanddoorsoutlinedinwhite.InstoneareasofYorkshireandfarthernorthcolorisrarer:thehousesareusuallyleftintheirnaturalcolorthoughmanyarepaintedwhiteastheyprobablyallwereonce. Accordingtothepassagewhenputtingpaintontheoutsideofyourhouseyoushouldbecareful
Text2 Emergingfromthe1950censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetitionaspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill. Thisdevelopment-anditsstrongimplicationsforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead-hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica’smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation’sheadcounting. AltogethertheUSpopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeople-numericallythethirdlargestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evensothatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percentlowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears. AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumbersinceWorldWarⅡandthepatternstillprevails. Threesunbeltstates--FloridaTexasandCalifornia--togetherhadnearly10millionmorepeoplein1980thanadecadeearlier.AmonglargecitiesSanDiegomovedfrom14thto8thandSanAntoniofrom15thto10th-withClevelandandWashingtonD.C.droppingoutofthetop10. Notallthatshiftcanbeattributedtothemovementoutofthesnowbeltcensusofficialssay"Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedaroletoo--andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday’s’babyboom’generationreacheditschildbearingyears." Moreoverdemographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestasjoinedbyarelatedbutnewerphenomenon:MoreandmoreAmericansapparentlyarelookingnotjustforplaceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeopletoo.Someinstances. RegionallytheRockyMountainStatesreportedthemostrapidgrowthrate--37.1percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentoftheUSpopulation. AmongstatesNevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:63.5and53.1percentrespectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexasthetop10inrateofgrowthiscomposedofWesternstateswith7.5millionpeople--about9persquaremile. Theflightfromovercrowdednessaffects’themigrationfromSnowBelttomorebearableclimates. Nowheredo1950censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.ThereCaliforniaadded3.7milliontoitspopulationinthe1970smorethananyotherstate. InthatdecadehoweverlargenumbersalsomigratedfromCaliforniamostlytootherpartsoftheWest.Oftentheychose--andstillarechoosing--somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregonIdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmogcrimeandotherplaguesofurbanizationintheGoldenState. AsaresultCalifornia’sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970sto18.5percent--littlemorethantwo-thirdsthe1960SgrowthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates. Wecanseefromtheavailablestatisticsthat
Text3 DuringthewholeofadulldarkandsoundlessdayintheautumnoftheyearwhenthecloudshungoppressivelylowintheheavenshadbeenpassingaloneonhorsebackthroughasingularlydrearytractofcountryandatlengthfoundmyselfastheshadesoftheeveningdrewonwithinviewofthemelancholyHouseofUsher.ThusEdgarAllanPoeopenedhisstoryofthefalloftheHouseofUsherin1839.Inthisbeautifullycraftedsentencehecapturedsomuchthatisessentialtothehorrorstory:darknessominoussolitudeforebodingcalmapprehensionanduncertaintyandadeepfeelingofmelancholythatcouldsoonturntofear. Manykindsoffictionareself–explanatory:mysteriesWesternslovestoriesspythrillersandsciencefictiondefinethemselvesbythetermsusedtonamethem.Thehorrorstoryislesseasilydefinedperhapsbecauseothertypesoffictionsooftenusethetrappingsofterrortoenhancetheirplots.CharlesDickensusedthevehicleofanold-fashionedghoststorytotellAChristmasCarolbutthatbookisnotahonorstory.NordoesaGrimmbrothersfairytalesuchasHansenandGratewithitschild-devouringwitchbelongtothegenre. Thenatureofthehorrorstoryis.bestindicatedbythetitleofthe1980stelevisionseriesTalesfromtheDarkSide.Humanbeingshavealwaysacknowledgedthatthereisevilintheworldandadarksidetohumannaturethatcannotbeexplainedexceptperhapsinreligiousterms.Thisevilmaybeimaginedashavinganalmostunlimitedpowertoinspireanxietyfeardreadandterrorinadditiontodoingactualphysicalandmentalharm. Inthetaleofhorrorquiteordinarypeopleareconfrontedbysomethingunknownandfearfulwhichcanbeneitherunderstoodnorexplainedinreasonableterms.Itistheemphasisontheunreasonablethatliesattheheartofhorrorstories.Thiskindofliteraturearoseinthe18thcenturyatthestartofamovementcalledRomanticism.Themovementwasareactionagainstarationalorderlyworldinwhichhumanitywasbasicallygoodandeverythingcouldbeexplainedscientifically.TheliterarytypethatinspiredthehorrorstoryisGothicfictiontalesofeviloftensetinsinistermedievalsurroundings.Thisoriginalkindofhorrorfictionhaspersistedtothepresent. Itisobviousthattheassumptionbehindhorrorstoriesisthat
IcametoliveherewhereIamnowbetweenWoundedKneeCreekandGrassCreek.Otherscametooandwemadetherelittlegrayhousesoflogsthatyouseeandtheyaresquare.41_______________________________________________________ YouhavenoticedthateverythinganIndiandoesisinacircleandthatisbecausethePoweroftheWorldalwaysworksincirclesandeverythingtriestoberound.42_______________________________________________________.Thefloweringtreewasthelivingcenterofthehoopandthecircleofthefourquartersnourishedit.Theeastgavepeaceandlightthesouthgavewarmththewestgaverainandthenorthwithitscoldandmightywindgavestrengthandendurance.Thisknowledgecametousfromtheouterworldwithourreligion. 43_______________________________________________________.TheskyisroundandIhaveheardthattheearthisroundlikeaballandsoareallthestars.Thewindinitsgreatestpowerwhirls.Birdsmaketheirnestsincirclesfortheirsisthesamereligionasours.44_______________________________________________________.Themoondoesthesameandbothareround.Eventheseasonsformagreatcircleintheirchangingandalwayscomebackagaintowheretheywere.Thelifeofamanisacirclefromchildhoodtochildhoodandsoitisineverythingwherepowermoves.Ourtepeeswereroundlikethenestsofbirdsandthesewerealwayssetinacirclethenation’shoopanestofmanynestswheretheGreatSpiritmeantforustohatchourchildren. ButtheWasichushaveputusinthesesquareboxes.Ourpowerisgoneandwearedyingforthepowerisnotinusanymore.Youcanlookatourboysandseehowitiswithus.Whenwewerelivingbythepowerofthecircleinthewayweshouldboysweremenattwelveorthirteenyearsofage.45_______________________________________________________. A.Thesuncomesforthandgoesdownagaininacircle. B.EverythingthePoweroftheWorlddoesisdoneinacircle. C.IntheolddayswhenwewereastrongandhappypeopleallourpowercametousfromthesacredhoopofthenationandsolongasthehoopWasunbrokenthepeopleflourished. D.Itisagoodwaytolivefortherecanbemuchpowerinasquare. E.Thewaterisalsorunninginacirclefallsfromtheskyandreturnsinvaporform. F.Butnowittakesthemverymuchlongertomature. G.Itisabadwaytolivefortherecanbenopowerinasquare. 43
IcametoliveherewhereIamnowbetweenWoundedKneeCreekandGrassCreek.Otherscametooandwemadetherelittlegrayhousesoflogsthatyouseeandtheyaresquare.41_______________________________________________________ YouhavenoticedthateverythinganIndiandoesisinacircleandthatisbecausethePoweroftheWorldalwaysworksincirclesandeverythingtriestoberound.42_______________________________________________________.Thefloweringtreewasthelivingcenterofthehoopandthecircleofthefourquartersnourishedit.Theeastgavepeaceandlightthesouthgavewarmththewestgaverainandthenorthwithitscoldandmightywindgavestrengthandendurance.Thisknowledgecametousfromtheouterworldwithourreligion. 43_______________________________________________________.TheskyisroundandIhaveheardthattheearthisroundlikeaballandsoareallthestars.Thewindinitsgreatestpowerwhirls.Birdsmaketheirnestsincirclesfortheirsisthesamereligionasours.44_______________________________________________________.Themoondoesthesameandbothareround.Eventheseasonsformagreatcircleintheirchangingandalwayscomebackagaintowheretheywere.Thelifeofamanisacirclefromchildhoodtochildhoodandsoitisineverythingwherepowermoves.Ourtepeeswereroundlikethenestsofbirdsandthesewerealwayssetinacirclethenation’shoopanestofmanynestswheretheGreatSpiritmeantforustohatchourchildren. ButtheWasichushaveputusinthesesquareboxes.Ourpowerisgoneandwearedyingforthepowerisnotinusanymore.Youcanlookatourboysandseehowitiswithus.Whenwewerelivingbythepowerofthecircleinthewayweshouldboysweremenattwelveorthirteenyearsofage.45_______________________________________________________. A.Thesuncomesforthandgoesdownagaininacircle. B.EverythingthePoweroftheWorlddoesisdoneinacircle. C.IntheolddayswhenwewereastrongandhappypeopleallourpowercametousfromthesacredhoopofthenationandsolongasthehoopWasunbrokenthepeopleflourished. D.Itisagoodwaytolivefortherecanbemuchpowerinasquare. E.Thewaterisalsorunninginacirclefallsfromtheskyandreturnsinvaporform. F.Butnowittakesthemverymuchlongertomature. G.Itisabadwaytolivefortherecanbenopowerinasquare. 41
Text4 MychurchrecentlystagedaSensitivitySundaytomakeourcongregationawareoftheproblemsfacedbypeoplewithphysicalhandicaps.Weareaskedto"adoptahandicap"forseveralhoursonSundaymorning.Somememberschosetobeconfinedtowheelchairsothersstuffedcottonintheirearshobbledaroundoncrutchesorworeblindfolds. WheelchairshadneverseemedlikescaryobjectstomebeforeIhadtositinone.AtightknotgrabbedholdinmystomachwhenIfirsttookacloselookatwhatwastobemyonlymeansofgettingaroundforseveralhours.Iwasstuckbytheirrationalthought"onceIaminthiswheelchairthehandicapmightbecomerealandImightneverwalkagain."ThisthoughtasridiculousasitwasfrightenedmesomuchthatIneededalargedoseofcouragejusttositdown. AfterIovercamemyfearofthewheelchairIhadtolearnhowtocopewithit.IwiggledaroundtofindacomfortablepositionandthoughtImightevenenjoybeingpamperedandwheeledaround.Iglancedovermyshouldertoseewhowouldbepushingme.ItwasonlythenthatIrealizedIwouldhavetonavigatethecontraptionallbymyself!MypalmsreddenedandstartedtostingasItuggedattheheavymetalwheels.IcouldnotseemtokeepthechaironanevencourseorpointthewheelsindirectionIwantedtogo.Ikeptbumpingintodoorspewsandotherpeople.Ifeltasthougheveryonewasstaringatmeandcommentingonmyclumsiness. Whentheservicestartedmoreproblemscroppeduptofrustratemeevenfurther.Everytimethecongregationstoodupmyviewwasblocked.Icouldnotseetheministerthechoirorthealtar.Alsoasthechurch’saisleswerenarrowIseemedtobeinthewaynomatterwhereIparkedmyself.Forinstancetheushershadtosteparoundmeinordertopassthecollectionplate.ThisShademefeellikeanuisance.Thankstoanewbuildingprogramourchurchwillsoonhavethewideaislesandwell-spacedpewsthatwillmakelifeeasierforthehandicapped.FinallyifpeoplestoppedtotalktomeIhadtostrainmynecktolookupatthem.Thismademefeellikealittlechildbeingtalkeddowntoandaddedtomysenseofhelplessness. Myfewhoursasadisabledpersonleftadeepimpressiononme.NowInolongerfeelresentmentatlargetaxexpendituresforrampequippedbusesandIwouldn’tdreamofparkingmycarinaspacemarked"HandicappedOnly."Althoughmycloseencounterwithahandicapwasshort-livedIcannowunderstandthechallengesbothphysicalandemotionalthatwheelchair-boundpeoplemustovercome. Toadoptahandicapthewriterchoseto
46TheprospectofcloninghumanshascomeastepcloserasdoctorshavesuccessfullyreplicatedinhumaneggstechniquesusedtocreateDollytheclonedsheep. 47ThebreakthroughbyateamfromtheNewYorkUniversityMedicalCentermeansthatnearlyallthescientificworknecessarytocreategeneticallyidenticalcopiesofhumansiscomplete.Onlymoralandlegalquestionsnowpreventscientistsfromcreatingclones. DrRobertFormanoftheCenterforReproductiveMedicineinLondonsaidhumancloningwas"acoupleofscientifictweaks"awayandcouldsoontakeplaceinalesstightlyregulatedcountryoutsideEuropeortheUnitedStates. 48CampaignersopposedtoembryoresearchsaidtheyareappalledatthepaceofworkthatthreatenedtocreateclonedbabiesbeforetheendofthecenturypossiblyinatechnologicallyambitiouscountrysuchasChina.Doctorscouldthenoffertheirservicestowesternersseekingtoclonethemselvesorrelatives. TheNewYorkteamledbyDrJamesGrifoistryingtoimprovethechancesofolderwomenhavingtheirownbabies.Themajorityofwomenagedover40sufferchromosomedamageintheireggswhilethenucleusoftheeggisripening.Thisisduetoweaknessesinthecytoplasmicjellywhichnourishesthenucleusbeforeitisfertilizedbysperm. 49GrifousingthenucleustransfersystemdevelopedbyscientistsworkingonDollyhastransferredchromosomesfromanolderwomanintoayoungerwoman’sdiscardedeggwhichhadhaditschromosomesremoved.LastweekGrifowasreportedassayingthatunderAmericanandBritishlawhecouldnotmakethenextlogicalmovewithouttaking"unethical"steps--suchasexperimentingonaneggintendedforfertilization. ThenextmovesaidGrifowouldbetofertilizetheeggwithspermandturnitintoanembryo.50AlternativelyhecouldfusethenucleuswithothergeneticmaterialfromthemothersuchasapatchofskintocompletetheDNAbuildingblueprintandtransferitintoaneggchemicallyprimedtogrowasifithadbeenfertilized--astookplacewithDolly’smother.TheresultwouldbeAmerica’sfirsthumanclone. AgnetaSuttonoftheanti-cloningpressuregroupCOREsuspectsthefirsthumanclonehasalreadybeenborninaprivatelaboratory:"Responsibledoctorsmayhavemoralqualmsbutthescienceissoadvancedthatnolawappearsstrongenoughtostopit.TheBoysfromBrazilandallthoseothernightmaresceneriesconcerningclonedHiltersandothermonstersareabouttocometrue." GrifousingthenucleustransfersystemdevelopedbyscientistsworkingonDollyhastransferredchromosomesfromanolderwomanintoayoungerwoman’sdiscardedeggwhichhadhaditschromosomesremoved
Text1 ThesubjectofmystudyisawomanwhoisinitiatingsocialchangeinasmallregioninTexas.ThewomenareMexicanAmericanswhoareorweremigrantagriculturalworkers.ThereismorethanonekindofinnovationatworkintheregionofcoursebutIhavechosentofocusonthreerelatedpatternsoffamilybehavior. ThepatternIlifestylerepresentshowmigrantfarmworkersofallnationalitieslivedinthepastandhowmanycontinuetolive.ItreatthispatternasabaselinewithwhichtocomparethechangesrepresentedbypatternIIandIII.FamiliesinpatternIworkandtravelinextendedkinunitswiththeeldestmaleoccupyingthepositionofauthority.Familiesarelarge7EightorninechildrenarenotunusualAndallmembersareeconomiccontributorsinthisstrategyoffamilymigration.FamiliesinpatternIImanifestsomedifferencesinbehaviorwhilestillmaintainingaspectsofpatternI.Theycontinuetomigratebutonareducedscaleoftenmodifyingtheirschedulesofmigrationtoallowchildrentofinishtheschoolyear.Parentsinthispatternoftenfindtemporarylocaljobsascheckerstomakeupforlostfarmingincome.PatternⅡfamiliesusuallyhavefewerchildrenthandopatternⅠfamilies. ThegreatestamountofchangefrompatternIhoweverisinpatternIIIfamilieswhonolongermigrateatall.Bothparentsworkfulltimeintheareaandhaveanaverageofthreechildren.Childrenattendschoolfortheentireyear.InpatternⅢthewomeninparticularcreatenewrolesforthemselvesforwhichnolocalmodelsexist.Theynotonlyworkfulltimebutmayinadditionreturntoschool.Theyalsoassumeagreaterresponsibilityinfamilydecisionsthandowomenintheotherpatterns.Althoughthesewomenareintheminorityamongresidentsoftheregiontheyserveasrolemodelsforotherscausingmoderatechangestospreadintheircommunities. Nowopportunitieshavecontinuedtobedeterminedbypre-existingvalues.Whenfederaljobsbecameavailableintheregionmostinvolvedworkingunderthedirectionoffemaleprofessionalssuchasteachersornurses.Suchpositionswereunacceptedtomanymenintheareabecausetheywerenotaccustomedtobeingsubordinatetowomen.Womenthereforetookthejobsatfirstbecausetheincomewasdesperatelyneeded.Butsomeofthewomendecidedtostayattheirjobsatfirstafterthefamily’sdistress.wasover.Thesewomenenjoyedtheirworkitsresponsibilityandthecompanionshipoffellowwomenworkers.Thesteadyrelativelyhighincomeallowedtheirfamiliestostopmigrating.Andasthebenefitstothesewomenbecameincreasinglyapparenttheyandtheirfamiliesbecameevenmorewillingtoconsiderchangesintheirlivesthattheywouldnothaveconsideredbefore. haveanaverageofthreechildren.
IcametoliveherewhereIamnowbetweenWoundedKneeCreekandGrassCreek.Otherscametooandwemadetherelittlegrayhousesoflogsthatyouseeandtheyaresquare.41_______________________________________________________ YouhavenoticedthateverythinganIndiandoesisinacircleandthatisbecausethePoweroftheWorldalwaysworksincirclesandeverythingtriestoberound.42_______________________________________________________.Thefloweringtreewasthelivingcenterofthehoopandthecircleofthefourquartersnourishedit.Theeastgavepeaceandlightthesouthgavewarmththewestgaverainandthenorthwithitscoldandmightywindgavestrengthandendurance.Thisknowledgecametousfromtheouterworldwithourreligion. 43_______________________________________________________.TheskyisroundandIhaveheardthattheearthisroundlikeaballandsoareallthestars.Thewindinitsgreatestpowerwhirls.Birdsmaketheirnestsincirclesfortheirsisthesamereligionasours.44_______________________________________________________.Themoondoesthesameandbothareround.Eventheseasonsformagreatcircleintheirchangingandalwayscomebackagaintowheretheywere.Thelifeofamanisacirclefromchildhoodtochildhoodandsoitisineverythingwherepowermoves.Ourtepeeswereroundlikethenestsofbirdsandthesewerealwayssetinacirclethenation’shoopanestofmanynestswheretheGreatSpiritmeantforustohatchourchildren. ButtheWasichushaveputusinthesesquareboxes.Ourpowerisgoneandwearedyingforthepowerisnotinusanymore.Youcanlookatourboysandseehowitiswithus.Whenwewerelivingbythepowerofthecircleinthewayweshouldboysweremenattwelveorthirteenyearsofage.45_______________________________________________________. A.Thesuncomesforthandgoesdownagaininacircle. B.EverythingthePoweroftheWorlddoesisdoneinacircle. C.IntheolddayswhenwewereastrongandhappypeopleallourpowercametousfromthesacredhoopofthenationandsolongasthehoopWasunbrokenthepeopleflourished. D.Itisagoodwaytolivefortherecanbemuchpowerinasquare. E.Thewaterisalsorunninginacirclefallsfromtheskyandreturnsinvaporform. F.Butnowittakesthemverymuchlongertomature. G.Itisabadwaytolivefortherecanbenopowerinasquare. 45
Text2 Einstein’sconnectionwiththepoliticsofthenuclearbombiswellknown:hesignedthefamouslettertoPresidentFranklinRooseveltthatpersuadedtheUnitedStatestotaketheideaseriouslyandheengagedinpostwareffortstopreventnuclearwar.Butthesewerenotjusttheisolatedactionsofascientistdraggedintotheworldofpolitics.Einstein’slifewasinfacttousehisownwords"dividedbetweenpoliticsandequations." Einstein’searliestpoliticalactivitycameduringtheFirstWorldWarwhenhewasaprofessorinBerlin.Sickenedbywhathesawasthewasteofhumanliveshebecameinvolvedinanti-wardemonstrations.Hisadvocacyofcivildisobedienceandpublicencouragementofpeopletorefuseconscriptiondidlittletoendearhimtohiscolleagues.Thenfollowingthewarhedirectedhiseffortstowardreconciliationandimprovinginternationalrelations.ThistoodidnotmakehimpopularandsoonhispoliticsweremakingitdifficultforhimtovisittheUnitedStateseven’togivelectures. Einstein’ssecondgreatcausewasZionism.AlthoughhewasJewishbydescentEinsteinrejectedthebiblicalideaofGod.Howeveragrowingawarenessofanti-SemitismbothbeforeandduringtheFirstWorldWarledhimgraduallytoidentifywiththeJewishcommunityandlatertobecomeanoutspokensupporterofZionism.Oncemoreunpopularitydidnotstophimfromspeakinghismind.Histheoriescameunderattack;ananti-Einsteinorganizationwasevensetup.OnemanwasconvictedofincitingotherstomurderEinsteinandfinedameresixdollars.ButEinsteinwasphlegmatic:whenabookwaspublishedentitled100AuthorsAgainstEinsteinheretorted"IfIwerewrongthenonewouldhavebeenenough!" In1933Hitlercametopower.EinsteinwasinAmericaanddeclaredhewouldnotreturntoGermany.ThenwhileNazimilitiaraidedhishouseandconfiscatedhisbankaccountaBerlinnewspaperdisplayedtheheadline"GoodNewsfromEinstein--He’sNotComingBack."InthefaceoftheNazithreatEinsteinrenouncedpacifismandeventuallyfearingthatGermanscientistswouldbuildanuclearbombproposedthattheUnitedStatesshoulddevelop’itsown.Butevenbeforethefirstatomicbombhadbeendetonatedhewaspubliclywarningofthedangersofnuclearwarandproposinginternationalcontrolofnuclearweaponry. ThroughouthislifeEinstein’Seffortstowardpeaceprobablyachievedlittlethatwouldlast--andcertainlywonhimfewfriends.HisvocalsupportoftheZionistcausehoweverwasdulyrecognizedin1952whenhewasofferedthepresidencyofIsrael.Hedeclinedsayinghethoughthewastoonaiveinpolitics.Butperhapshisrealreasonwasdifferent:toquotehimagain"Equationsaremoreimportanttomebecausepoliticsisforthepresentbutanequationissomethingforeternity." WhatdoesthewritermeanbysayingButthesewerenotjusttheisolatedactionsofascientist
Text3 Paintingyourhouseislikeaddingsomethingtoahugecommunalpictureinwhichtherestofthepaintingisdoneeitherbynatureorbyotherpeople.Thepictureisnotstatic;itchangesaswemoveaboutwiththetimeofdaywiththeseasonswithnewpaintingnewbuildingsandwithalterationstooldones.Anyindividualhouseisjustafragmentofthispictureneverthelessithasthepowertomakeormarktheoverallscene.Inthepastpeopleusedtheircreativetalentsinpaintingtheirhomeswithgreatimaginationandinvariedbutalwayssubtlyblendingcolors.ThelastvestigesofthisgreattraditioncanstillbeseeninthetownsoftheextremewestofIreland.Ithasneverbeenrecognizedasanartformpartlybecauseofthephysicaldifficultyofhangingastreetinagalleryandpartlybecauseit’salwayschangingaspaintfadesandisrenewed.Alsoitisacommunalartwhichcannotbeidentifiedwithanyonepersonexceptinthosemanycaseswheregreatartistsofthepastfoundinspirationinordinarystreetscenesandrecordedtheminpaint. Followingtheprinciplesofdecorationthatweresosuccessfulinthepastyoushouldfirsttakealonglookatthehouseanditssurroundingsandconsiderpossiblelimitations~ThefirstconcernstheamountofcolorandintensityinthedaylightinBritain.ColorsthatlookperfectlyinkeepingwiththesunnyclearskiesoftheMediterraneanwouldlooktooharshinthegrayerlightofthenorth.Sincebrightlightisuncomfortable-fortheeyescolorsmustbestronginordertobeseenclearly.Viewedinadimmerlighttheyappeartoobright.Itiseasytoseethisifyoulookatabrickhousewhilethesunisalternatelyshiningandthengoingbehindacloud.Thebrickworkcolorslookmuchmoreintensewhenthesunishidden. Thesecondlimitationisthecolorsofthesurroundings:thecolorswhichgobestwithCotswoldstoneandarollinggreencountrysidewillbedifferentfromthosethatlookbestbytheseaorinared-brick/blue-slateindustrialtown.Ineveryareatherearealwayscolorsthatatoncelookinkeeping. Inmanyareastherearedistinctivetraditionsintheuseofcolorthatmaybeausefulguide.TheeasterncountiesofEnglandandScotlandparticularlythosewithalocaltraditionofrenderingorplasteringusecolorsappliedsolidlyoverthewall.Usuallyonlythewindowframesanddoorsarepickedoutinanothercoloroftenwhiteorpalegray.TypicalwallcolorsarethepinkassociatedwithSuffolkandpalebuffsandyellowsofFife.Muchstrongercolorssuchasdeepearthredorangeblueandgreenarealsocommon.InthecoastalvillagesofEssexaswellasinlandinHertfordshirethehouse-frontsofoverlappingboardsaretraditionallypaintedblack--originallytarredlikeships--withwindowsanddoorsoutlinedinwhite.InstoneareasofYorkshireandfarthernorthcolorisrarer:thehousesareusuallyleftintheirnaturalcolorthoughmanyarepaintedwhiteastheyprobablyallwereonce. Whichofthefollowingmaybeobservedwhenlookingatthebrickworkofahouse
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 7
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 17
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 9
Text3 DuringthewholeofadulldarkandsoundlessdayintheautumnoftheyearwhenthecloudshungoppressivelylowintheheavenshadbeenpassingaloneonhorsebackthroughasingularlydrearytractofcountryandatlengthfoundmyselfastheshadesoftheeveningdrewonwithinviewofthemelancholyHouseofUsher.ThusEdgarAllanPoeopenedhisstoryofthefalloftheHouseofUsherin1839.Inthisbeautifullycraftedsentencehecapturedsomuchthatisessentialtothehorrorstory:darknessominoussolitudeforebodingcalmapprehensionanduncertaintyandadeepfeelingofmelancholythatcouldsoonturntofear. Manykindsoffictionareself–explanatory:mysteriesWesternslovestoriesspythrillersandsciencefictiondefinethemselvesbythetermsusedtonamethem.Thehorrorstoryislesseasilydefinedperhapsbecauseothertypesoffictionsooftenusethetrappingsofterrortoenhancetheirplots.CharlesDickensusedthevehicleofanold-fashionedghoststorytotellAChristmasCarolbutthatbookisnotahonorstory.NordoesaGrimmbrothersfairytalesuchasHansenandGratewithitschild-devouringwitchbelongtothegenre. Thenatureofthehorrorstoryis.bestindicatedbythetitleofthe1980stelevisionseriesTalesfromtheDarkSide.Humanbeingshavealwaysacknowledgedthatthereisevilintheworldandadarksidetohumannaturethatcannotbeexplainedexceptperhapsinreligiousterms.Thisevilmaybeimaginedashavinganalmostunlimitedpowertoinspireanxietyfeardreadandterrorinadditiontodoingactualphysicalandmentalharm. Inthetaleofhorrorquiteordinarypeopleareconfrontedbysomethingunknownandfearfulwhichcanbeneitherunderstoodnorexplainedinreasonableterms.Itistheemphasisontheunreasonablethatliesattheheartofhorrorstories.Thiskindofliteraturearoseinthe18thcenturyatthestartofamovementcalledRomanticism.Themovementwasareactionagainstarationalorderlyworldinwhichhumanitywasbasicallygoodandeverythingcouldbeexplainedscientifically.TheliterarytypethatinspiredthehorrorstoryisGothicfictiontalesofeviloftensetinsinistermedievalsurroundings.Thisoriginalkindofhorrorfictionhaspersistedtothepresent. Thehorrorstoriesarebasedon
Text1 ThesubjectofmystudyisawomanwhoisinitiatingsocialchangeinasmallregioninTexas.ThewomenareMexicanAmericanswhoareorweremigrantagriculturalworkers.ThereismorethanonekindofinnovationatworkintheregionofcoursebutIhavechosentofocusonthreerelatedpatternsoffamilybehavior. ThepatternIlifestylerepresentshowmigrantfarmworkersofallnationalitieslivedinthepastandhowmanycontinuetolive.ItreatthispatternasabaselinewithwhichtocomparethechangesrepresentedbypatternIIandIII.FamiliesinpatternIworkandtravelinextendedkinunitswiththeeldestmaleoccupyingthepositionofauthority.Familiesarelarge7EightorninechildrenarenotunusualAndallmembersareeconomiccontributorsinthisstrategyoffamilymigration.FamiliesinpatternIImanifestsomedifferencesinbehaviorwhilestillmaintainingaspectsofpatternI.Theycontinuetomigratebutonareducedscaleoftenmodifyingtheirschedulesofmigrationtoallowchildrentofinishtheschoolyear.Parentsinthispatternoftenfindtemporarylocaljobsascheckerstomakeupforlostfarmingincome.PatternⅡfamiliesusuallyhavefewerchildrenthandopatternⅠfamilies. ThegreatestamountofchangefrompatternIhoweverisinpatternIIIfamilieswhonolongermigrateatall.Bothparentsworkfulltimeintheareaandhaveanaverageofthreechildren.Childrenattendschoolfortheentireyear.InpatternⅢthewomeninparticularcreatenewrolesforthemselvesforwhichnolocalmodelsexist.Theynotonlyworkfulltimebutmayinadditionreturntoschool.Theyalsoassumeagreaterresponsibilityinfamilydecisionsthandowomenintheotherpatterns.Althoughthesewomenareintheminorityamongresidentsoftheregiontheyserveasrolemodelsforotherscausingmoderatechangestospreadintheircommunities. Nowopportunitieshavecontinuedtobedeterminedbypre-existingvalues.Whenfederaljobsbecameavailableintheregionmostinvolvedworkingunderthedirectionoffemaleprofessionalssuchasteachersornurses.Suchpositionswereunacceptedtomanymenintheareabecausetheywerenotaccustomedtobeingsubordinatetowomen.Womenthereforetookthejobsatfirstbecausetheincomewasdesperatelyneeded.Butsomeofthewomendecidedtostayattheirjobsatfirstafterthefamily’sdistress.wasover.Thesewomenenjoyedtheirworkitsresponsibilityandthecompanionshipoffellowwomenworkers.Thesteadyrelativelyhighincomeallowedtheirfamiliestostopmigrating.Andasthebenefitstothesewomenbecameincreasinglyapparenttheyandtheirfamiliesbecameevenmorewillingtoconsiderchangesintheirlivesthattheywouldnothaveconsideredbefore. Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestreflectsthemainfocusofthepassage
Text3 Paintingyourhouseislikeaddingsomethingtoahugecommunalpictureinwhichtherestofthepaintingisdoneeitherbynatureorbyotherpeople.Thepictureisnotstatic;itchangesaswemoveaboutwiththetimeofdaywiththeseasonswithnewpaintingnewbuildingsandwithalterationstooldones.Anyindividualhouseisjustafragmentofthispictureneverthelessithasthepowertomakeormarktheoverallscene.Inthepastpeopleusedtheircreativetalentsinpaintingtheirhomeswithgreatimaginationandinvariedbutalwayssubtlyblendingcolors.ThelastvestigesofthisgreattraditioncanstillbeseeninthetownsoftheextremewestofIreland.Ithasneverbeenrecognizedasanartformpartlybecauseofthephysicaldifficultyofhangingastreetinagalleryandpartlybecauseit’salwayschangingaspaintfadesandisrenewed.Alsoitisacommunalartwhichcannotbeidentifiedwithanyonepersonexceptinthosemanycaseswheregreatartistsofthepastfoundinspirationinordinarystreetscenesandrecordedtheminpaint. Followingtheprinciplesofdecorationthatweresosuccessfulinthepastyoushouldfirsttakealonglookatthehouseanditssurroundingsandconsiderpossiblelimitations~ThefirstconcernstheamountofcolorandintensityinthedaylightinBritain.ColorsthatlookperfectlyinkeepingwiththesunnyclearskiesoftheMediterraneanwouldlooktooharshinthegrayerlightofthenorth.Sincebrightlightisuncomfortable-fortheeyescolorsmustbestronginordertobeseenclearly.Viewedinadimmerlighttheyappeartoobright.Itiseasytoseethisifyoulookatabrickhousewhilethesunisalternatelyshiningandthengoingbehindacloud.Thebrickworkcolorslookmuchmoreintensewhenthesunishidden. Thesecondlimitationisthecolorsofthesurroundings:thecolorswhichgobestwithCotswoldstoneandarollinggreencountrysidewillbedifferentfromthosethatlookbestbytheseaorinared-brick/blue-slateindustrialtown.Ineveryareatherearealwayscolorsthatatoncelookinkeeping. Inmanyareastherearedistinctivetraditionsintheuseofcolorthatmaybeausefulguide.TheeasterncountiesofEnglandandScotlandparticularlythosewithalocaltraditionofrenderingorplasteringusecolorsappliedsolidlyoverthewall.Usuallyonlythewindowframesanddoorsarepickedoutinanothercoloroftenwhiteorpalegray.TypicalwallcolorsarethepinkassociatedwithSuffolkandpalebuffsandyellowsofFife.Muchstrongercolorssuchasdeepearthredorangeblueandgreenarealsocommon.InthecoastalvillagesofEssexaswellasinlandinHertfordshirethehouse-frontsofoverlappingboardsaretraditionallypaintedblack--originallytarredlikeships--withwindowsanddoorsoutlinedinwhite.InstoneareasofYorkshireandfarthernorthcolorisrarer:thehousesareusuallyleftintheirnaturalcolorthoughmanyarepaintedwhiteastheyprobablyallwereonce. Thewriterseemstothinkthattoagreatextentyourchoiceofcolorwillbedeterminedby
46TheprospectofcloninghumanshascomeastepcloserasdoctorshavesuccessfullyreplicatedinhumaneggstechniquesusedtocreateDollytheclonedsheep. 47ThebreakthroughbyateamfromtheNewYorkUniversityMedicalCentermeansthatnearlyallthescientificworknecessarytocreategeneticallyidenticalcopiesofhumansiscomplete.Onlymoralandlegalquestionsnowpreventscientistsfromcreatingclones. DrRobertFormanoftheCenterforReproductiveMedicineinLondonsaidhumancloningwas"acoupleofscientifictweaks"awayandcouldsoontakeplaceinalesstightlyregulatedcountryoutsideEuropeortheUnitedStates. 48CampaignersopposedtoembryoresearchsaidtheyareappalledatthepaceofworkthatthreatenedtocreateclonedbabiesbeforetheendofthecenturypossiblyinatechnologicallyambitiouscountrysuchasChina.Doctorscouldthenoffertheirservicestowesternersseekingtoclonethemselvesorrelatives. TheNewYorkteamledbyDrJamesGrifoistryingtoimprovethechancesofolderwomenhavingtheirownbabies.Themajorityofwomenagedover40sufferchromosomedamageintheireggswhilethenucleusoftheeggisripening.Thisisduetoweaknessesinthecytoplasmicjellywhichnourishesthenucleusbeforeitisfertilizedbysperm. 49GrifousingthenucleustransfersystemdevelopedbyscientistsworkingonDollyhastransferredchromosomesfromanolderwomanintoayoungerwoman’sdiscardedeggwhichhadhaditschromosomesremoved.LastweekGrifowasreportedassayingthatunderAmericanandBritishlawhecouldnotmakethenextlogicalmovewithouttaking"unethical"steps--suchasexperimentingonaneggintendedforfertilization. ThenextmovesaidGrifowouldbetofertilizetheeggwithspermandturnitintoanembryo.50AlternativelyhecouldfusethenucleuswithothergeneticmaterialfromthemothersuchasapatchofskintocompletetheDNAbuildingblueprintandtransferitintoaneggchemicallyprimedtogrowasifithadbeenfertilized--astookplacewithDolly’smother.TheresultwouldbeAmerica’sfirsthumanclone. AgnetaSuttonoftheanti-cloningpressuregroupCOREsuspectsthefirsthumanclonehasalreadybeenborninaprivatelaboratory:"Responsibledoctorsmayhavemoralqualmsbutthescienceissoadvancedthatnolawappearsstrongenoughtostopit.TheBoysfromBrazilandallthoseothernightmaresceneriesconcerningclonedHiltersandothermonstersareabouttocometrue." ThebreakthroughbyateamfromtheNewYorkUniversityMedicalCentermeansthatnearlyallthescientificworknecessarytocreategeneticallyidenticalcopiesofhumansiscomplete.
Text3 DuringthewholeofadulldarkandsoundlessdayintheautumnoftheyearwhenthecloudshungoppressivelylowintheheavenshadbeenpassingaloneonhorsebackthroughasingularlydrearytractofcountryandatlengthfoundmyselfastheshadesoftheeveningdrewonwithinviewofthemelancholyHouseofUsher.ThusEdgarAllanPoeopenedhisstoryofthefalloftheHouseofUsherin1839.Inthisbeautifullycraftedsentencehecapturedsomuchthatisessentialtothehorrorstory:darknessominoussolitudeforebodingcalmapprehensionanduncertaintyandadeepfeelingofmelancholythatcouldsoonturntofear. Manykindsoffictionareself–explanatory:mysteriesWesternslovestoriesspythrillersandsciencefictiondefinethemselvesbythetermsusedtonamethem.Thehorrorstoryislesseasilydefinedperhapsbecauseothertypesoffictionsooftenusethetrappingsofterrortoenhancetheirplots.CharlesDickensusedthevehicleofanold-fashionedghoststorytotellAChristmasCarolbutthatbookisnotahonorstory.NordoesaGrimmbrothersfairytalesuchasHansenandGratewithitschild-devouringwitchbelongtothegenre. Thenatureofthehorrorstoryis.bestindicatedbythetitleofthe1980stelevisionseriesTalesfromtheDarkSide.Humanbeingshavealwaysacknowledgedthatthereisevilintheworldandadarksidetohumannaturethatcannotbeexplainedexceptperhapsinreligiousterms.Thisevilmaybeimaginedashavinganalmostunlimitedpowertoinspireanxietyfeardreadandterrorinadditiontodoingactualphysicalandmentalharm. Inthetaleofhorrorquiteordinarypeopleareconfrontedbysomethingunknownandfearfulwhichcanbeneitherunderstoodnorexplainedinreasonableterms.Itistheemphasisontheunreasonablethatliesattheheartofhorrorstories.Thiskindofliteraturearoseinthe18thcenturyatthestartofamovementcalledRomanticism.Themovementwasareactionagainstarationalorderlyworldinwhichhumanitywasbasicallygoodandeverythingcouldbeexplainedscientifically.TheliterarytypethatinspiredthehorrorstoryisGothicfictiontalesofeviloftensetinsinistermedievalsurroundings.Thisoriginalkindofhorrorfictionhaspersistedtothepresent. InhisnovelEdgarAllenPoe
PartA Directions:YouandsomeofyourclassmatesdecidetogoforanoutingtotheSummerPalaceduringtheNationalDayholidays.Astheorganizeryouaretowriteanemailmessagetoremindtheothersof: Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"WangLing"instead.10points
Text2 Emergingfromthe1950censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetitionaspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill. Thisdevelopment-anditsstrongimplicationsforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead-hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica’smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation’sheadcounting. AltogethertheUSpopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeople-numericallythethirdlargestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evensothatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percentlowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears. AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumbersinceWorldWarⅡandthepatternstillprevails. Threesunbeltstates--FloridaTexasandCalifornia--togetherhadnearly10millionmorepeoplein1980thanadecadeearlier.AmonglargecitiesSanDiegomovedfrom14thto8thandSanAntoniofrom15thto10th-withClevelandandWashingtonD.C.droppingoutofthetop10. Notallthatshiftcanbeattributedtothemovementoutofthesnowbeltcensusofficialssay"Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedaroletoo--andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday’s’babyboom’generationreacheditschildbearingyears." Moreoverdemographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestasjoinedbyarelatedbutnewerphenomenon:MoreandmoreAmericansapparentlyarelookingnotjustforplaceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeopletoo.Someinstances. RegionallytheRockyMountainStatesreportedthemostrapidgrowthrate--37.1percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentoftheUSpopulation. AmongstatesNevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:63.5and53.1percentrespectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexasthetop10inrateofgrowthiscomposedofWesternstateswith7.5millionpeople--about9persquaremile. Theflightfromovercrowdednessaffects’themigrationfromSnowBelttomorebearableclimates. Nowheredo1950censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.ThereCaliforniaadded3.7milliontoitspopulationinthe1970smorethananyotherstate. InthatdecadehoweverlargenumbersalsomigratedfromCaliforniamostlytootherpartsoftheWest.Oftentheychose--andstillarechoosing--somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregonIdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmogcrimeandotherplaguesofurbanizationintheGoldenState. AsaresultCalifornia’sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970sto18.5percent--littlemorethantwo-thirdsthe1960SgrowthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates. Thecensusdistinguisheditselffrompreviousstudiesonpopulationmovementinthat
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 3
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 15
Text1 ThesubjectofmystudyisawomanwhoisinitiatingsocialchangeinasmallregioninTexas.ThewomenareMexicanAmericanswhoareorweremigrantagriculturalworkers.ThereismorethanonekindofinnovationatworkintheregionofcoursebutIhavechosentofocusonthreerelatedpatternsoffamilybehavior. ThepatternIlifestylerepresentshowmigrantfarmworkersofallnationalitieslivedinthepastandhowmanycontinuetolive.ItreatthispatternasabaselinewithwhichtocomparethechangesrepresentedbypatternIIandIII.FamiliesinpatternIworkandtravelinextendedkinunitswiththeeldestmaleoccupyingthepositionofauthority.Familiesarelarge7EightorninechildrenarenotunusualAndallmembersareeconomiccontributorsinthisstrategyoffamilymigration.FamiliesinpatternIImanifestsomedifferencesinbehaviorwhilestillmaintainingaspectsofpatternI.Theycontinuetomigratebutonareducedscaleoftenmodifyingtheirschedulesofmigrationtoallowchildrentofinishtheschoolyear.Parentsinthispatternoftenfindtemporarylocaljobsascheckerstomakeupforlostfarmingincome.PatternⅡfamiliesusuallyhavefewerchildrenthandopatternⅠfamilies. ThegreatestamountofchangefrompatternIhoweverisinpatternIIIfamilieswhonolongermigrateatall.Bothparentsworkfulltimeintheareaandhaveanaverageofthreechildren.Childrenattendschoolfortheentireyear.InpatternⅢthewomeninparticularcreatenewrolesforthemselvesforwhichnolocalmodelsexist.Theynotonlyworkfulltimebutmayinadditionreturntoschool.Theyalsoassumeagreaterresponsibilityinfamilydecisionsthandowomenintheotherpatterns.Althoughthesewomenareintheminorityamongresidentsoftheregiontheyserveasrolemodelsforotherscausingmoderatechangestospreadintheircommunities. Nowopportunitieshavecontinuedtobedeterminedbypre-existingvalues.Whenfederaljobsbecameavailableintheregionmostinvolvedworkingunderthedirectionoffemaleprofessionalssuchasteachersornurses.Suchpositionswereunacceptedtomanymenintheareabecausetheywerenotaccustomedtobeingsubordinatetowomen.Womenthereforetookthejobsatfirstbecausetheincomewasdesperatelyneeded.Butsomeofthewomendecidedtostayattheirjobsatfirstafterthefamily’sdistress.wasover.Thesewomenenjoyedtheirworkitsresponsibilityandthecompanionshipoffellowwomenworkers.Thesteadyrelativelyhighincomeallowedtheirfamiliestostopmigrating.Andasthebenefitstothesewomenbecameincreasinglyapparenttheyandtheirfamiliesbecameevenmorewillingtoconsiderchangesintheirlivesthattheywouldnothaveconsideredbefore. Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthethreepatternsofbehaviormentionedinthepassageisbestdescribedasoneof
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 1
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 19
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