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? ?阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A项；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B项；如果该句信息文章中没有提及，请选择C项...
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TheGrandCanyon StandingontherimoftheGrandCanyon大峡谷gazingacrossthisgiantwoundintheEarth’’ssurfaceavisitormightassumethatthecanyonhadbeencausedbysomeancientconvulsion震动.Infacttheeventsthatproducedthecanyonfarfrombeingsuddenandcatastrophicsimplyadduptotheslowandorderlyprocessoferosion. ManymillionsofyearsagotheColoradoPlateauintheGrandCanyonareacontained1000morefeetofrockthanitdoestodayandwasrelativelylevel.Theadditionalmaterialconsistedofsome14layeredformationsofrock.IntheGrandCanyonregiontheselayerswerelargelywornawayoverthecourseofmillionsofyears. Approximately65millionyearsagotheplateausflatsurfaceintheGrandCanyonareabulgedupwardfrominternalpressuregeologistsrefertothisbulgingactionsupwarding弯曲上升;itwasfollowedbyageneralelevationofthewholeColoradoPlateauaprocessthatisstillgoingon.Astheplateaugraduallyroseshallowriversthatwindedacrossitbegantorunmoreswiftlyandcutmoredefinitecourses.OneoftheseriverslocatedeastoftheupwardwastheancestoroftheColorado.AnotherriversystemcalledtheHualapaiflowingwestoftheupwardextendeditselfeastwardbycuttingbackintotheupwarditeventuallyconnectedwiththeancientColoradoandcaptureditswaters.Thenewriverthenbegantocarveoutthe277-mile-longtrenchthateventuallybecametheGrandCanyon.Geologistsestimatethatthisinitialcuttingactionbegannoearlierthan10millionyearsago. SincethentheCanyonforminghasbeencumulative.Tothecorrosiveforceoftheriveritselfhavebeenaddedotherfactors.Heatandcoldrainandsnowalongwiththevaryingresistanceoftherocksincreasetheopportunitiesforerosions.TheCanyonwallscrumbletheriveracquiresacuttingtool.Tonsofdebrisrainfallrunningoffthehighplateaucreatesfeederstreamsthatcarresidecanyons.Pushingslowlybackwardintotheplateauthesidecanyonsexposenewrocksandthepatternoferosioncontinues. ThewordwoundLine1Para.1indicatesthat______.
Yourreasonsforrefusingtohelparequitevague.
TheGrandCanyon StandingontherimoftheGrandCanyon大峡谷gazingacrossthisgiantwoundintheEarth’’ssurfaceavisitormightassumethatthecanyonhadbeencausedbysomeancientconvulsion震动.Infacttheeventsthatproducedthecanyonfarfrombeingsuddenandcatastrophicsimplyadduptotheslowandorderlyprocessoferosion. ManymillionsofyearsagotheColoradoPlateauintheGrandCanyonareacontained1000morefeetofrockthanitdoestodayandwasrelativelylevel.Theadditionalmaterialconsistedofsome14layeredformationsofrock.IntheGrandCanyonregiontheselayerswerelargelywornawayoverthecourseofmillionsofyears. Approximately65millionyearsagotheplateausflatsurfaceintheGrandCanyonareabulgedupwardfrominternalpressuregeologistsrefertothisbulgingactionsupwarding弯曲上升;itwasfollowedbyageneralelevationofthewholeColoradoPlateauaprocessthatisstillgoingon.Astheplateaugraduallyroseshallowriversthatwindedacrossitbegantorunmoreswiftlyandcutmoredefinitecourses.OneoftheseriverslocatedeastoftheupwardwastheancestoroftheColorado.AnotherriversystemcalledtheHualapaiflowingwestoftheupwardextendeditselfeastwardbycuttingbackintotheupwarditeventuallyconnectedwiththeancientColoradoandcaptureditswaters.Thenewriverthenbegantocarveoutthe277-mile-longtrenchthateventuallybecametheGrandCanyon.Geologistsestimatethatthisinitialcuttingactionbegannoearlierthan10millionyearsago. SincethentheCanyonforminghasbeencumulative.Tothecorrosiveforceoftheriveritselfhavebeenaddedotherfactors.Heatandcoldrainandsnowalongwiththevaryingresistanceoftherocksincreasetheopportunitiesforerosions.TheCanyonwallscrumbletheriveracquiresacuttingtool.Tonsofdebrisrainfallrunningoffthehighplateaucreatesfeederstreamsthatcarresidecanyons.Pushingslowlybackwardintotheplateauthesidecanyonsexposenewrocksandthepatternoferosioncontinues. ItcanbeconcludedfromthispassageabouttheGrandCanyonthat______.
Interview Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistarereflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthehowtoaspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthehowtomaterialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.FirstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodemWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthananyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotheunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewrequiresthoughtfulanalysesandevenstudyasthisbookindicates. Weshouldpayattentiontotheinterviewinaclinicalinterview.
StressLevelTiedtoEducationLevel PeoplewithlesseducationsufferfewerstressfuldaysaccordingtoareportinthecurrentissueoftheJournalofHealthandSocialBehavior. Howeverthestudyalsofoundthatwhenless-educatedpeopledidsufferstressitwasmoresevereandhadalargerimpactontheirhealth. Fromthisresearchershaveconcludedthattheday-to-dayfactorsthatcausestressarenotrandom.Whereyouareinsocietydeterminesthekindsofproblemsthatyouhaveeachdayandhowwellyouwillcopewiththem. Theresearchteaminterviewedanationalsampleof1031adultsdailyforeightdaysabouttheirstresslevelandhealth.Peoplewithoutahighschooldiplomareportedstresson30percentofthestudydayspeoplewithahighschooldegreereportedstress38percentofthetimeandpeoplewithcollegedegreesreportedstress44percentofthetime. Lessadvantagedpeoplearelesshealthyonadailybasisandaremorelikelytohavedownwardturnsintheirhealth.leadresearcherDr.JosephGrzywaczofWakeForestUniversityBaptistMedicalCentersaidinapreparedstatement.Thedownwardturnsinhealthwereconnectedwithdailystressorsandtheeffectofdailystressorsontheirhealthismuchmoredevastatingforthelessadvantaged. Grzywaczsuggestedfollow-upresearchtodeterminewhyless-educatedpeoplereportfewerdaysofstresswhenitisknowntheirstressismoreacuteandchronic. Ifsomethinghappenseverydaymaybeit’’snotseenasastressorGrzywaczsays.Maybeitisjustlife. stressfuladj.紧张的压力重的 diploman.毕业文凭毕业证书 stressorn.紧张刺激物 devastatingadj.毁灭性的 follow-upn.对病人的随访 Whichgroupreportedthebiggestnumberofstressfuldays?
StressLevelTiedtoEducationLevel PeoplewithlesseducationsufferfewerstressfuldaysaccordingtoareportinthecurrentissueoftheJournalofHealthandSocialBehavior. Howeverthestudyalsofoundthatwhenless-educatedpeopledidsufferstressitwasmoresevereandhadalargerimpactontheirhealth. Fromthisresearchershaveconcludedthattheday-to-dayfactorsthatcausestressarenotrandom.Whereyouareinsocietydeterminesthekindsofproblemsthatyouhaveeachdayandhowwellyouwillcopewiththem. Theresearchteaminterviewedanationalsampleof1031adultsdailyforeightdaysabouttheirstresslevelandhealth.Peoplewithoutahighschooldiplomareportedstresson30percentofthestudydayspeoplewithahighschooldegreereportedstress38percentofthetimeandpeoplewithcollegedegreesreportedstress44percentofthetime. Lessadvantagedpeoplearelesshealthyonadailybasisandaremorelikelytohavedownwardturnsintheirhealth.leadresearcherDr.JosephGrzywaczofWakeForestUniversityBaptistMedicalCentersaidinapreparedstatement.Thedownwardturnsinhealthwereconnectedwithdailystressorsandtheeffectofdailystressorsontheirhealthismuchmoredevastatingforthelessadvantaged. Grzywaczsuggestedfollow-upresearchtodeterminewhyless-educatedpeoplereportfewerdaysofstresswhenitisknowntheirstressismoreacuteandchronic. Ifsomethinghappenseverydaymaybeit’’snotseenasastressorGrzywaczsays.Maybeitisjustlife. stressfuladj.紧张的压力重的 diploman.毕业文凭毕业证书 stressorn.紧张刺激物 devastatingadj.毁灭性的 follow-upn.对病人的随访 Stressleveliscloselyrelatedto______.
StressLevelTiedtoEducationLevel PeoplewithlesseducationsufferfewerstressfuldaysaccordingtoareportinthecurrentissueoftheJournalofHealthandSocialBehavior. Howeverthestudyalsofoundthatwhenless-educatedpeopledidsufferstressitwasmoresevereandhadalargerimpactontheirhealth. Fromthisresearchershaveconcludedthattheday-to-dayfactorsthatcausestressarenotrandom.Whereyouareinsocietydeterminesthekindsofproblemsthatyouhaveeachdayandhowwellyouwillcopewiththem. Theresearchteaminterviewedanationalsampleof1031adultsdailyforeightdaysabouttheirstresslevelandhealth.Peoplewithoutahighschooldiplomareportedstresson30percentofthestudydayspeoplewithahighschooldegreereportedstress38percentofthetimeandpeoplewithcollegedegreesreportedstress44percentofthetime. Lessadvantagedpeoplearelesshealthyonadailybasisandaremorelikelytohavedownwardturnsintheirhealth.leadresearcherDr.JosephGrzywaczofWakeForestUniversityBaptistMedicalCentersaidinapreparedstatement.Thedownwardturnsinhealthwereconnectedwithdailystressorsandtheeffectofdailystressorsontheirhealthismuchmoredevastatingforthelessadvantaged. Grzywaczsuggestedfollow-upresearchtodeterminewhyless-educatedpeoplereportfewerdaysofstresswhenitisknowntheirstressismoreacuteandchronic. Ifsomethinghappenseverydaymaybeit’’snotseenasastressorGrzywaczsays.Maybeitisjustlife. stressfuladj.紧张的压力重的 diploman.毕业文凭毕业证书 stressorn.紧张刺激物 devastatingadj.毁灭性的 follow-upn.对病人的随访 Less—educatedpeoplereportfewerdaysofstresspossiblybecause______.
Peterwasanenergeticandathleticyouth.
Shelongedtobeenviedandsoughtafter.
MylittledaughterkeptpullingmyhairandIwasreallyannoyed.
WecanrelyonJamestocarryoutthismissionforhisjudgementisalwayssound.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
Suburb Ifsuburbismeantanurbanmarginthatgrowsmorerapidlythanitsalreadydevelopedinteriortheprocessofsuburbanizationbeganduringtheemergenceoftheindustrialcityinthesecondquarterofthenineteenthcentury.Beforethatperiodthecitywasasmallhighlycompactclusterinwhichpeoplemovedaboutonfootandgoodswereconveyedbyhorseandcart.Buttheearlyfactoriesbuiltinthe1830’’sand1840’’swerelocatedalongwaterwaysandnearrailheadsattheedgesofcitiesandhousingwasneededforthethousandsofpeopledrawnbytheprospectofemployment.Intimethefactoriesweresurroundedbyproliferatingmilltownsofapartmentsandrowhousesaroundtheoldermaincities.Asadefenceagainstthisencroachmentandtoenlargetheirtaxbasesthecitiesappropriatedtheirindustrialneighbors.In1854forexamplethecityofPhiladelphiaannexedmostofPhiladelphiaCounty.SimilarmunicipalmaneuverstookplaceinChicagoandinNewYork.IndeedmostgreatcitiesoftheUnitedStatesachievedsuchstatusonlybyincorporatingthecommunitiesalongtheirborders. Withtheaccelerationofindustrialgrowthcomeacuteurbancrowdingandaccompanyingsocialstress-conditionsbegantoapproachdisastrousproportionswhenin1888thefirstcommerciallysuccessfulelectrictractionlinewasdeveloped.Withinafewyearsthehorse-drawntrolleyswereretiredandelectricstreetcarnetworkscrisscrossedandconnectedeverymajorurbanareafosteringawaveofsuburbanizationthattransformedthecompactindustrialcityintoadispersedmetropolis.Thisfirstphaseofmass-scalesuburbanizationwasreinforcedbythesimultaneousemergenceoftheurbanmiddleclasswhosedesiresforhomeownershipinneighborhoodsfarfromtheaginginnercityweresatisfiedbythedevelopingofsingle-familyhousingtracts. Whereinthetextdoestheauthordescribethecitiesastheywerepriortosuburbanization?
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
CommunicationProblems After20yearsofresearchmycolleaguesandIhavediscoveredthatallcommunicationinvolvesourbodiessometimesprofoundly.Whilewespeakwithwordswealsospeakwitheveryfiberofourbeing.Thislanguageoftheheartisintegraltothehealthandemotionallifeofallofus. Wefoundthatevenapleasantchatabouttheweathercanaffectthecardiovascular心血管性的systemparticularlybloodpressure.Thetraditionalwayoftakingbloodpressure—withastethoscope听诊器—meantthatthepatienthadtokeepsilentandthissilencepreventedcliniciansfromdiscoveringthelinkbetweencommunicationandbloodpressure. Thebreakthroughinourstudiesoccurredin1977whenwemetEdatypicalhypertensivepatientwhocametotheUniversityofMaryland’’sPsychophysiologyCenterfortreatment.WehookedupEdtoanewcom?puterthatcouldcontinuouslymonitorbloodpressure.Wefoundthathispressureimmediatelyincreasedeverytimehespokeevenifhewasdiscussingthemostneutraltopic.WhatwasmoresurprisingwasthatEdwasunawareofthesechanges. Thisfindingsointrigueduswebegantestingothers.Theresultswerethesame.Bloodpressureandheartrateroserapidlywheneverpeopletalked.Weaskedstudentstoreadaloudfromabland乏味的text.Theirbloodpressureandheartrateroserapidlyeverytime.Wetested38deaf-mutevolunteers.Whenthesepeoplesignedtheirbloodpressurealsoincreased.Thisconfirmedoursuspicionthatitwastheactofcommunicationnotjusttalkingthatledtothesechanges. Mostnormaltalkisaseesaw一上一下的动作.Therisingofbloodpressurewhenonetalksisbalancedbyarapidloweringofpressurewhenonelistens.Buttherhythmisoutofsynclinalhypertensives.Theyfluentlyfailtolisten;theyareonguarddefensive.Sotheirpressurestaysup. ThebenefitsoflisteningareseenintheorientingreflexdiscoveredbyPavlov.Whenadoghearsasoundorseesmovementitwillstopallactivityandcockitshead.AnotherRussianscientistE.N.Soklornoticedthatthedog’’sheartrateslows. Asimilarresponseoccursinpeopletoo—anditlowersbloodactivities:readingoutloudstaringatablankwallandwatchingfishinatank.Bloodpressurewashingtestwhenthepeoplespoke.Butitwaslowestwhentheywatchedthefishratherthanwhentheysimplysatandrelaxed.Whetherwatchingfishorlisteningtoanotherpersonattendingcalmlytotheworldoutsideyourselfhelpslowerbloodpressure.WhenIgothypertensivestolistenundefensivelytheirbloodpressureoftenfelldramatically. Whydosomepeoplefindtalkingsostressfulandlisteningsodifficult?Itestedsomehealthynewborns.Whentheycriedtheirbloodpressureoftendoubled.Webeganthinkingaboutpressuresurgesinhypertensivesassimilartothechangeswhenababycries.Thoughcalmonthesurfacewhiletalkingtheirbodiesarescreamingtobeheard.Forthesepeoplecommunicationbecomesadesperatebuthiddenstruggle.Insidetheiradultbodiesisababycryingterrifiedbecausenoonecanhearit. Sohowcanweenjoyconversationyetkeepbloodpressuredown?Bylisteningmorebybreathingregularlywhiletalkingbyalternatingbetweentalkingandpayingattentiontowhattheotherpersonissaying.Butwhatcanhypertensivesdo?Treatmentsthatteachthemtofocusontheirrelationshipandhowtocommunicateinarelaxedwaycanbeastarttowardhealth. Wecanunderstandandcopewithillnessonlywhenweviewourselvesaspartofacomplexworldbeyondtheconfinesofourownindividualskin.Theresponseofourheartsbloodvesselsandmuscleswhenwecommunicatewithspousechildrenfriendsandcolleaguesisasvitaltoourcardiovascularhealthasisexerciseordiet. Fromthearticlewecanseethatthewordlisteninginthetitlewhylisteningisgoodforyouemphasizes______.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
Suburb Ifsuburbismeantanurbanmarginthatgrowsmorerapidlythanitsalreadydevelopedinteriortheprocessofsuburbanizationbeganduringtheemergenceoftheindustrialcityinthesecondquarterofthenineteenthcentury.Beforethatperiodthecitywasasmallhighlycompactclusterinwhichpeoplemovedaboutonfootandgoodswereconveyedbyhorseandcart.Buttheearlyfactoriesbuiltinthe1830’’sand1840’’swerelocatedalongwaterwaysandnearrailheadsattheedgesofcitiesandhousingwasneededforthethousandsofpeopledrawnbytheprospectofemployment.Intimethefactoriesweresurroundedbyproliferatingmilltownsofapartmentsandrowhousesaroundtheoldermaincities.Asadefenceagainstthisencroachmentandtoenlargetheirtaxbasesthecitiesappropriatedtheirindustrialneighbors.In1854forexamplethecityofPhiladelphiaannexedmostofPhiladelphiaCounty.SimilarmunicipalmaneuverstookplaceinChicagoandinNewYork.IndeedmostgreatcitiesoftheUnitedStatesachievedsuchstatusonlybyincorporatingthecommunitiesalongtheirborders. Withtheaccelerationofindustrialgrowthcomeacuteurbancrowdingandaccompanyingsocialstress-conditionsbegantoapproachdisastrousproportionswhenin1888thefirstcommerciallysuccessfulelectrictractionlinewasdeveloped.Withinafewyearsthehorse-drawntrolleyswereretiredandelectricstreetcarnetworkscrisscrossedandconnectedeverymajorurbanareafosteringawaveofsuburbanizationthattransformedthecompactindustrialcityintoadispersedmetropolis.Thisfirstphaseofmass-scalesuburbanizationwasreinforcedbythesimultaneousemergenceoftheurbanmiddleclasswhosedesiresforhomeownershipinneighborhoodsfarfromtheaginginnercityweresatisfiedbythedevelopingofsingle-familyhousingtracts. Inthepassagethewordencroachmentreferstowhichofthefollowing?
CapitalpunishmentwasabolishedsomeyearsagoinsomestatesoftheU.S.
BathingIntheSea BathingintheseainEnglandahundredyearsagowasnotquitethelight-heartedamusementthatitistoday.Therearenorunningdownfromthehoteltothebeachinabathrobe长袍nosunbathingorlyingaboutonthesandsinbathing-dressesafterthedip.Everythinghadtobedoneinanorderlyandextremelypolitemanner.Mixedbathingwasnotallowedanywhere.Menandwomeneachhadtheirseparatepartofthebeachandtheywerenotsupposedtomeetinthewater. Bathingclotheswerealsocloselycontrolled.Menusuallyworesimplebathingdrawersandnomorebutwomenwereobligedtowearthickcumbersomewoolengarmentsthatcoveredthemcompletelyfromheadtofoot.Thesesatisfiedthedemandsofmodestybuttheymusthavebeenextremelyuncomfortableforswimming. Eventhusdecentlycoveredwomenwerenotsupposedtoshowthemselvesonthebeachwhileinbathingattire浴衣.Theyhadtowaittheirturnforabathingmachineasortofwoodencabinonwheelswhichwasdrawnrightdowntothewatersedgebyhorses.Onitsseawardsideasortofhoodorcanopy罩盖stretchedoutwardsanddownwardsoverthewatercompletelyhidingthebatheruntilshewasactuallyintheseaTherewasabathingwomaninattendancepartofwhosedutywastodipinotherwordstoseizethebatherassoonassheemergedanddipherforciblyunderwatertwoorthreetimes.Thiswassupposedtobeforthebenefitofherhealthandnodoubtitwasallrightinthehandsofthegentle.Butmostbathingwomenwerethereverseofgentleandtobedippedbythemmusthavebeenastrenuousformofexercise. Mostbathing-womenwere______.
Ithinkthisisadeliberateinsult.
Interview Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistarereflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthehowtoaspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthehowtomaterialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.FirstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodemWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthananyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotheunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewrequiresthoughtfulanalysesandevenstudyasthisbookindicates. Muchresearchhasbeendoneoninterviewsingeneralsothetrainingofjournalisticinterviewershaslikewisebeenstrengthened.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
Suburb Ifsuburbismeantanurbanmarginthatgrowsmorerapidlythanitsalreadydevelopedinteriortheprocessofsuburbanizationbeganduringtheemergenceoftheindustrialcityinthesecondquarterofthenineteenthcentury.Beforethatperiodthecitywasasmallhighlycompactclusterinwhichpeoplemovedaboutonfootandgoodswereconveyedbyhorseandcart.Buttheearlyfactoriesbuiltinthe1830’’sand1840’’swerelocatedalongwaterwaysandnearrailheadsattheedgesofcitiesandhousingwasneededforthethousandsofpeopledrawnbytheprospectofemployment.Intimethefactoriesweresurroundedbyproliferatingmilltownsofapartmentsandrowhousesaroundtheoldermaincities.Asadefenceagainstthisencroachmentandtoenlargetheirtaxbasesthecitiesappropriatedtheirindustrialneighbors.In1854forexamplethecityofPhiladelphiaannexedmostofPhiladelphiaCounty.SimilarmunicipalmaneuverstookplaceinChicagoandinNewYork.IndeedmostgreatcitiesoftheUnitedStatesachievedsuchstatusonlybyincorporatingthecommunitiesalongtheirborders. Withtheaccelerationofindustrialgrowthcomeacuteurbancrowdingandaccompanyingsocialstress-conditionsbegantoapproachdisastrousproportionswhenin1888thefirstcommerciallysuccessfulelectrictractionlinewasdeveloped.Withinafewyearsthehorse-drawntrolleyswereretiredandelectricstreetcarnetworkscrisscrossedandconnectedeverymajorurbanareafosteringawaveofsuburbanizationthattransformedthecompactindustrialcityintoadispersedmetropolis.Thisfirstphaseofmass-scalesuburbanizationwasreinforcedbythesimultaneousemergenceoftheurbanmiddleclasswhosedesiresforhomeownershipinneighborhoodsfarfromtheaginginnercityweresatisfiedbythedevelopingofsingle-familyhousingtracts. Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
Interview Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistarereflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthehowtoaspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthehowtomaterialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.FirstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodemWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthananyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotheunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewrequiresthoughtfulanalysesandevenstudyasthisbookindicates. Thepatientistheintervieweeinaclinicalinterview.
BathingIntheSea BathingintheseainEnglandahundredyearsagowasnotquitethelight-heartedamusementthatitistoday.Therearenorunningdownfromthehoteltothebeachinabathrobe长袍nosunbathingorlyingaboutonthesandsinbathing-dressesafterthedip.Everythinghadtobedoneinanorderlyandextremelypolitemanner.Mixedbathingwasnotallowedanywhere.Menandwomeneachhadtheirseparatepartofthebeachandtheywerenotsupposedtomeetinthewater. Bathingclotheswerealsocloselycontrolled.Menusuallyworesimplebathingdrawersandnomorebutwomenwereobligedtowearthickcumbersomewoolengarmentsthatcoveredthemcompletelyfromheadtofoot.Thesesatisfiedthedemandsofmodestybuttheymusthavebeenextremelyuncomfortableforswimming. Eventhusdecentlycoveredwomenwerenotsupposedtoshowthemselvesonthebeachwhileinbathingattire浴衣.Theyhadtowaittheirturnforabathingmachineasortofwoodencabinonwheelswhichwasdrawnrightdowntothewatersedgebyhorses.Onitsseawardsideasortofhoodorcanopy罩盖stretchedoutwardsanddownwardsoverthewatercompletelyhidingthebatheruntilshewasactuallyintheseaTherewasabathingwomaninattendancepartofwhosedutywastodipinotherwordstoseizethebatherassoonassheemergedanddipherforciblyunderwatertwoorthreetimes.Thiswassupposedtobeforthebenefitofherhealthandnodoubtitwasallrightinthehandsofthegentle.Butmostbathingwomenwerethereverseofgentleandtobedippedbythemmusthavebeenastrenuousformofexercise. Thebathingmachinewasused______.
CommunicationProblems After20yearsofresearchmycolleaguesandIhavediscoveredthatallcommunicationinvolvesourbodiessometimesprofoundly.Whilewespeakwithwordswealsospeakwitheveryfiberofourbeing.Thislanguageoftheheartisintegraltothehealthandemotionallifeofallofus. Wefoundthatevenapleasantchatabouttheweathercanaffectthecardiovascular心血管性的systemparticularlybloodpressure.Thetraditionalwayoftakingbloodpressure—withastethoscope听诊器—meantthatthepatienthadtokeepsilentandthissilencepreventedcliniciansfromdiscoveringthelinkbetweencommunicationandbloodpressure. Thebreakthroughinourstudiesoccurredin1977whenwemetEdatypicalhypertensivepatientwhocametotheUniversityofMaryland’’sPsychophysiologyCenterfortreatment.WehookedupEdtoanewcom?puterthatcouldcontinuouslymonitorbloodpressure.Wefoundthathispressureimmediatelyincreasedeverytimehespokeevenifhewasdiscussingthemostneutraltopic.WhatwasmoresurprisingwasthatEdwasunawareofthesechanges. Thisfindingsointrigueduswebegantestingothers.Theresultswerethesame.Bloodpressureandheartrateroserapidlywheneverpeopletalked.Weaskedstudentstoreadaloudfromabland乏味的text.Theirbloodpressureandheartrateroserapidlyeverytime.Wetested38deaf-mutevolunteers.Whenthesepeoplesignedtheirbloodpressurealsoincreased.Thisconfirmedoursuspicionthatitwastheactofcommunicationnotjusttalkingthatledtothesechanges. Mostnormaltalkisaseesaw一上一下的动作.Therisingofbloodpressurewhenonetalksisbalancedbyarapidloweringofpressurewhenonelistens.Buttherhythmisoutofsynclinalhypertensives.Theyfluentlyfailtolisten;theyareonguarddefensive.Sotheirpressurestaysup. ThebenefitsoflisteningareseenintheorientingreflexdiscoveredbyPavlov.Whenadoghearsasoundorseesmovementitwillstopallactivityandcockitshead.AnotherRussianscientistE.N.Soklornoticedthatthedog’’sheartrateslows. Asimilarresponseoccursinpeopletoo—anditlowersbloodactivities:readingoutloudstaringatablankwallandwatchingfishinatank.Bloodpressurewashingtestwhenthepeoplespoke.Butitwaslowestwhentheywatchedthefishratherthanwhentheysimplysatandrelaxed.Whetherwatchingfishorlisteningtoanotherpersonattendingcalmlytotheworldoutsideyourselfhelpslowerbloodpressure.WhenIgothypertensivestolistenundefensivelytheirbloodpressureoftenfelldramatically. Whydosomepeoplefindtalkingsostressfulandlisteningsodifficult?Itestedsomehealthynewborns.Whentheycriedtheirbloodpressureoftendoubled.Webeganthinkingaboutpressuresurgesinhypertensivesassimilartothechangeswhenababycries.Thoughcalmonthesurfacewhiletalkingtheirbodiesarescreamingtobeheard.Forthesepeoplecommunicationbecomesadesperatebuthiddenstruggle.Insidetheiradultbodiesisababycryingterrifiedbecausenoonecanhearit. Sohowcanweenjoyconversationyetkeepbloodpressuredown?Bylisteningmorebybreathingregularlywhiletalkingbyalternatingbetweentalkingandpayingattentiontowhattheotherpersonissaying.Butwhatcanhypertensivesdo?Treatmentsthatteachthemtofocusontheirrelationshipandhowtocommunicateinarelaxedwaycanbeastarttowardhealth. Wecanunderstandandcopewithillnessonlywhenweviewourselvesaspartofacomplexworldbeyondtheconfinesofourownindividualskin.Theresponseofourheartsbloodvesselsandmuscleswhenwecommunicatewithspousechildrenfriendsandcolleaguesisasvitaltoourcardiovascularhealthasisexerciseordiet. Inordertoreduceblood-pressurechangesincommunicationsthehypertensivepatients______.
Themailwasdelayedforaweekbecauseoftheflood.
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