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Throughouttheworldthereisashortageofhumanorgansfortransplants.InBritainforexample6000peoplearewaitingfororgans——5000forkidneysandthe51forheartslungsandlivers.52onlyabout1750kidney500heartandlungand650livertransplantsare53eachyear.Andthewaiting54increasesatfivepercentayear.IntheUnitedStatesonlyhalfofthe30000inneedoforgans55them.Hencethegreatinterestinanimal-to-humantransplantsknownasxenograftsorxenotransplantsfromtheGreekworkxenosmeaningstrangeofforeign56mostscientistsbelieveistheonlylong-termsolutiontotheorgan57.Therehavebeenattemptsatxenotransplants58thebeginningofthiscenturybutneitherhasbeensuccessful;thelongest59wasa20-day-oldbabycalledFaewhoin1984was60theheartofababoon.Themain61withanyorgantransplantisthattheimmunesystemofthepatientreceivingtheorganseesthetransplantorgan62aninvader.Theimmunesystemthereforelaunchesamassiveattackontheinvaderactivatingenzymesknowsascomplementwhichattackthe63bodyeventuallykillingthepatientaswell.Thisrejectionhasbeen64whentransplantinghumanorgansbetweenhumansbytheclosematchingoftissueandthelong-termuseofdrugsknownasimmuno-suppressantsfirstintroducedjustovertenyearsago.Withxenotranplantshoweverrejectionisevenmore65;anormalpig’sheartforexampletransfuseswithhumanbloodcanbedestroyedin15minutes. 61.
Throughouttheworldthereisashortageofhumanorgansfortransplants.InBritainforexample6000peoplearewaitingfororgans——5000forkidneysandthe51 forheartslungsandlivers.52onlyabout1750kidney500heartandlungand650livertransplantsare53 eachyear.Andthewaiting54 increasesatfivepercentayear.IntheUnitedStatesonlyhalfofthe30000inneedoforgans55 them. Hencethegreatinterestinanimal-to-humantransplantsknownasxenograftsorxenotransplantsfromtheGreekworkxenosmeaningstrangeofforeign56 mostscientistsbelieveistheonlylong-termsolutiontotheorgan57.Therehavebeenattemptsatxenotransplants58 thebeginningofthiscenturybutneitherhasbeensuccessful;thelongest59 wasa20-day-oldbabycalledFaewhoin1984was60 theheartofababoon. Themain61 withanyorgantransplantisthattheimmunesystemofthepatientreceivingtheorganseesthetransplantorgan62 aninvader.Theimmunesystemthereforelaunchesamassiveattackontheinvaderactivatingenzymesknowsascomplementwhichattackthe63 bodyeventuallykillingthepatientaswell.Thisrejectionhasbeen64whentransplantinghumanorgansbetweenhumansbytheclosematchingoftissueandthelong-termuseofdrugsknownasimmuno-suppressantsfirstintroducedjustovertenyearsago.Withxenotranplantshoweverrejectionisevenmore65;anormalpig’sheartforexampletransfuseswithhumanbloodcanbedestroyedin15minutes. 63.
Naturalselectiondescribesthebiologicalprocessinwhichthedifferencesofindividualswithinapopulationinfluencestheirabilitiestosurviveandreproduceinanenvironment.Thedifferencesinindividualsisaresultoftheirgeneticinheritancefromtheirparents.Inapopulationanycharacteristicwhichblocksreproductionsuccesstendstodecreasegenerationbygeneration.Intimetheill-adapteddieout.Ontheotherhandtheindividualswhodosurviveandreproducewilltendtoproduceoffspringwhicharebetteradaptedtotheenvironment.Naturalselectiontendstopromoteadaptationsthatwillincreasetheorganism’sabilitytosurviveinanenvironment. Naturalselectioncanservetostabilizeapopulationifthenewtraitscalledmutationsareeliminatedwhentheyappearbecausetheyarenotaswell-adaptedtotheenvironment.Theoppositeeffectisobtainedwhenanewtraitisintroducedwhichallowsindividualstoadaptbetterovertimethespecieswillchangeasthismutationbecomesmorewidespreadinthepopulation.Inhumanbeingsincreasedbrainsizehelpedindividualstoadaptbetterandsobrainsizeincreasedgraduallyinthespecies.Changesintheoverallgeneticmakeupofapopulationarenormalwhenthereareenvironmentalchangesespeciallyseverenvironmentaldisruptions.Specializedadaptationstospecificenvironmentscanleadovertimetothedevelopmentofsubpopulationofindividualsoneswhoarebetteradaptedtoparticularsoilconditionsfoodsourcesandsoon.Given enoughtimethesesubpopulationsmaydevelopintoseparatespeciessuchaszebrasandhorseslivingindistinctenvironmentsandnotinterbreeding. Thewordpopulationinsentence3isclosestinmeaningtowhichofthefollowing
1.Ahospitalisaninstitutionthatprovidesmedicalservicesforacommunity.Thedoctorsnursesandotherpersonnelofahospitalworktorestorehealthtosickandinjuredpeople.Theyalsotrytopreventdiseaseandmaintainhealthinthecommunity.Somehospitalsserveascentersformedicaleducationandresearch. 2.Mosthospitalsareshort-termhospitalsinwhichthemajorityofpatientsstaylessthan30days.Patientsspendanaverageof4to8daysinashort-termhospital.Inlongtermhospitalsmostpatientsstaymorethan30days.Peoplehavingtheirtonsilsremovedwouldgotoashort-termhospital.Thosewithseverementalillnessesmaystayinalong-terminstitutionbecauseofthetimeneededtotreattheircondition. 3.Ageneralhospitalprovidesservicesformostpeopleandillnesses.Aspecialhospitalcaresforcertainpeopleorcertainillnesses.Forexamplepediatrichospitalstreatonlychildren.Rehabilitationhospitalsprovideservicestohelppeopleadjusttomentalandphysicaldisabilities. 4.Ahospitalmayperformotherservicesbesidestreatingthesick.Researchhospitalsconductmedicalresearch.Teachinghospitalseducatefuturephysiciansnursesandlaboratoryspecialists.Ateachinghospitalmayformpartofauniversitymedicalcenteroritmaybeageneralhospitalassociatedwithamedicalschool. 5.Intheprofessionalservicesdepartmentphysiciansplayanimportantroleandleadalargemedicalteamworkingforthehospital.Themedicalteamalsoincludesphysiciansintraining.Theseinternshavecomefrommedicalschoolsandworkinahospitalforpracticalexperience.Thenursingstaffformsthelargestgrouponthepatientcareteam.Professionalnursesgenerallycalledregisterednurseshavegraduatedfromanursingschool.Theycarryoutmuchofthepatients’careundertheguidanceofphysicians.Theyalsodirectothermembersofthenursingstaffincludingpracticalnurses.nurse’saidesandnurseattendants.Thesemenandwomendomanytaskstotreetheregisterednursesforworkrequiringtheirspecialskills. 6.Therearemanyotherimportantdepartmentsinahospitalbesidestheprofessionalservicesdepartment.Thehospitalpharmacyprovidesmedicinesthatphysiciansorderforpatients.Thecentralservicedepartmentmaintainsmedicalsupplies.Thefoodservicedepartmentpreparesmealsforpatientsandstaffmembers.Thehospitallaboratoriesconductteststhathelpdoctorsdiagnoseandtreatillnesses.TheradiologydepartmentmakesXraystohelpphysiciansdiagnosediseasesandinjuries.Themedicalrecordsdepartmentkeepsarecordoneverypatient.Ifformerpatientsreturntothehospitaltheirmedicalrecordhelpsthephysiciandiagnoseandtreattheirillness.Theadmittingofficeschedulespatientsforadmissionattherequestoftheirphysicianandassignsthemtoaroom.Andthebusinessofficelistseachpatient’schargespreparesabillandrecordspaymentsreceived. Paragraph5.
TimothyStowofInverGroveHeightsMinn.workedhardexercisedoftenandthoughthegotplentyofsleep.Yetheneverfeltrested.The20-year-oldsalesmandozedoffduringmeetingsandhadfourcaraccidentsafterfallingasleepatthewheel.4647Electrodesaffixedfromheadtotoekepttrackofallactivityinhisbrainhearteyesfacesarmsandlegs.48Whenhesleptthesofttissueatthebackofhisthroatnearthebaseofhistonguecollapsedagainstitselfblockingairintake.Eachtimehisbreathwascutoff—about100timesanhour—hisbrainwouldalerthimtoawakenandbreathe.Heneverwoketofullconsciousnessbutneitherdidhefallintoadeeprestfulsleep.SleepapneaafflictsmillionsofAmericanstypicallymiddle-agedoverweightmen.Theproblembeginsgraduallywithloudandprolongedsnoring.49Inseverecasesthevictimspendsmostofhissleeptimenotbreathing.DoctorsatthecentergaveStowaContinuousPositiveAirwayPressureCPAPdevice.50 A.Nowwhenheretireshestrapsoverhisnoseasoftrubbermaskconnectedtoasmallunitthatsuppliesjustenoughairpressuretoholdhisairwayopensohecanbreathecontinuously. B.FinallyhisdoctorsenthimtotheMinnesotaRegionalSleepDisordersCenterinMinneapolis. C.Laterattheendofeachrunofsnorescomesabriefbreath-holdingspell. D.DoctorssoonrealizedthatStowwasavictimofsleepapnea. E.Manypeoplehavechronicsleepproblems.F.PlacedinaquietroomStowwenttosleepathisusualtime. 47.
Throughouttheworldthereisashortageofhumanorgansfortransplants.InBritainforexample6000peoplearewaitingfororgans——5000forkidneysandthe51 forheartslungsandlivers.52onlyabout1750kidney500heartandlungand650livertransplantsare53 eachyear.Andthewaiting54 increasesatfivepercentayear.IntheUnitedStatesonlyhalfofthe30000inneedoforgans55 them. Hencethegreatinterestinanimal-to-humantransplantsknownasxenograftsorxenotransplantsfromtheGreekworkxenosmeaningstrangeofforeign56 mostscientistsbelieveistheonlylong-termsolutiontotheorgan57.Therehavebeenattemptsatxenotransplants58 thebeginningofthiscenturybutneitherhasbeensuccessful;thelongest59 wasa20-day-oldbabycalledFaewhoin1984was60 theheartofababoon. Themain61 withanyorgantransplantisthattheimmunesystemofthepatientreceivingtheorganseesthetransplantorgan62 aninvader.Theimmunesystemthereforelaunchesamassiveattackontheinvaderactivatingenzymesknowsascomplementwhichattackthe63 bodyeventuallykillingthepatientaswell.Thisrejectionhasbeen64whentransplantinghumanorgansbetweenhumansbytheclosematchingoftissueandthelong-termuseofdrugsknownasimmuno-suppressantsfirstintroducedjustovertenyearsago.Withxenotranplantshoweverrejectionisevenmore65;anormalpig’sheartforexampletransfuseswithhumanbloodcanbedestroyedin15minutes. 57.
TimothyStowofInverGroveHeightsMinn.workedhardexercisedoftenandthoughthegotplentyofsleep.Yetheneverfeltrested.The20-year-oldsalesmandozedoffduringmeetingsandhadfourcaraccidentsafterfallingasleepatthewheel.4647Electrodesaffixedfromheadtotoekepttrackofallactivityinhisbrainhearteyesfacesarmsandlegs.48Whenhesleptthesofttissueatthebackofhisthroatnearthebaseofhistonguecollapsedagainstitselfblockingairintake.Eachtimehisbreathwascutoff—about100timesanhour—hisbrainwouldalerthimtoawakenandbreathe.Heneverwoketofullconsciousnessbutneitherdidhefallintoadeeprestfulsleep.SleepapneaafflictsmillionsofAmericanstypicallymiddle-agedoverweightmen.Theproblembeginsgraduallywithloudandprolongedsnoring.49Inseverecasesthevictimspendsmostofhissleeptimenotbreathing.DoctorsatthecentergaveStowaContinuousPositiveAirwayPressureCPAPdevice.50 A.Nowwhenheretireshestrapsoverhisnoseasoftrubbermaskconnectedtoasmallunitthatsuppliesjustenoughairpressuretoholdhisairwayopensohecanbreathecontinuously. B.FinallyhisdoctorsenthimtotheMinnesotaRegionalSleepDisordersCenterinMinneapolis. C.Laterattheendofeachrunofsnorescomesabriefbreath-holdingspell. D.DoctorssoonrealizedthatStowwasavictimofsleepapnea. E.Manypeoplehavechronicsleepproblems.F.PlacedinaquietroomStowwenttosleepathisusualtime. 49.
Throughouttheworldthereisashortageofhumanorgansfortransplants.InBritainforexample6000peoplearewaitingfororgans——5000forkidneysandthe51 forheartslungsandlivers.52onlyabout1750kidney500heartandlungand650livertransplantsare53 eachyear.Andthewaiting54 increasesatfivepercentayear.IntheUnitedStatesonlyhalfofthe30000inneedoforgans55 them. Hencethegreatinterestinanimal-to-humantransplantsknownasxenograftsorxenotransplantsfromtheGreekworkxenosmeaningstrangeofforeign56 mostscientistsbelieveistheonlylong-termsolutiontotheorgan57.Therehavebeenattemptsatxenotransplants58 thebeginningofthiscenturybutneitherhasbeensuccessful;thelongest59 wasa20-day-oldbabycalledFaewhoin1984was60 theheartofababoon. Themain61 withanyorgantransplantisthattheimmunesystemofthepatientreceivingtheorganseesthetransplantorgan62 aninvader.Theimmunesystemthereforelaunchesamassiveattackontheinvaderactivatingenzymesknowsascomplementwhichattackthe63 bodyeventuallykillingthepatientaswell.Thisrejectionhasbeen64whentransplantinghumanorgansbetweenhumansbytheclosematchingoftissueandthelong-termuseofdrugsknownasimmuno-suppressantsfirstintroducedjustovertenyearsago.Withxenotranplantshoweverrejectionisevenmore65;anormalpig’sheartforexampletransfuseswithhumanbloodcanbedestroyedin15minutes. 59.
Theprospectsfortreatingcysticfibrosisbygenetherapyarelookingbrighterfollowingsuccessfultestswithasafertypeof"shuttle"短程梭运输工具forferrying运送replacementgenesintoapatient’slungs.DuringthetestsaBritish-ledresearchteaminsertedhealthycopiesofthecysticfibrosis囊性纤维变性geneintocellsliningsufferers’noseswiththeaidofmicroscopicdroplets水滴飞沫offatcalledliposomes Othergroupsthathaveattemptedtocorrectthegeneticdefectthatcausescysticfibrosishaveusedvirusesas"vectors"媒介tocarrythehealthygeneintotargetcells.UnfortunatelyvirusescanalsocauseinflammationinthelungsanundesirablesideeffectinCFpatientswhoselungsarealreadydiseased.ThenewmethodforintroducingcorrectivegenesintothelungsofCFpatientspromisestobemuchsafer. CysticfibrosisiscausedbydefectsinagenecalledCFTRwhichplaysapartinthetransportofchlorideions离子outofthecellsliningthelungsairwaysandgut.Defectsinthisgenemeanthatpatientshavedifficultyexpellingmucus黏液andinhaled吸入microorganismsfromtheirlungs.Asaresulttheyareverysusceptibletolunginfectionsandusuallydieataround30yearsold. Asanalternativetotheviralvectortheresearcherslinkedloops环ofDNAcontaininghealthycopiedoftheCFTRgenetomicroscopicliposomes.Whentheliposomescomeincontactwithacelltheyfuse融合withitsoutermembraneandreleasetheDNAintothecell’sinterior.Totestthesystemtheteamsprayedtheliposomesintothenosesofvolunteerswithcysticfibrosis."Thecellsliningthenoseareverysimilartothoseliningthelung"explainsDavidPorteousofthehumangeneticsgroupinEdinburgh.Buttheceilsinthenoseareeasiertomonitorandtherisksarelowerifanynasal鼻的cellsaredamaged. Intheevent结果到头来noneofthevolunteerssufferedanyunpleasantsideeffects.Andasinglesprayingpartiallycorrectedthecysticfibrosisdefect.Theresearchersassessedtheeffectivenessofthetreatmentbymeasuringthevoltage电压伏特acrossthelayerofcellsliningthenose.Thisvoltageishigherincysticfibrosissufferersthaninhealthypeople.Asinglesprayingreducedthisdifferencebyaround20percent.There-searchersreportedthattheeffectlastedforuptoaweek. TheBritishresearchershaveyettotesttheirsprayinthelungsbutareconfidentthattheliposomeswillnotcauseinflammation.Thequestionhoweverishoweffectivetheshuttlesystemis.InthenosetheresearchershadtoaddmorecopiesofthehealthyCFTRgenetomatchtheperformanceoftheadenovirus.Thisisbecauseadenovirusescarrygenesdirectlytothecell’snucleusensuringthattheinstructionstheycarryareread.Genescarriedbyliposomesareonlyguaranteedarideintothecell’scytoplasmandfewerwillfindtheirwaytothenucleus.Manywillbebrokendownbythecell’swastedisposalsystembeforetheygetthere. BobWilliamsonwhoheadsthegroupatSt.Mary’sHospitalsaysthiswillrequiremuchmoreefficientvectors."Peoplein10to15yearswilllaughatthecrudityoftheliposomesandvirusesthatwe’reusingtoday"hesays.TheaimistomakecustomizedvectorswhichcombinethebestaspectsofbothsystemsandincludeothergeneticsequencestoensurethattheinformationcarriedbythehealthyCFTRgeneisusedbythetargetcellsliningthelungs. Theresearchershavetestedtheirsprayinthelungs.
Naturalselectiondescribesthebiologicalprocessinwhichthedifferencesofindividualswithinapopulationinfluencestheirabilitiestosurviveandreproduceinanenvironment.Thedifferencesinindividualsisaresultoftheirgeneticinheritancefromtheirparents.Inapopulationanycharacteristicwhichblocksreproductionsuccesstendstodecreasegenerationbygeneration.Intimetheill-adapteddieout.Ontheotherhandtheindividualswhodosurviveandreproducewilltendtoproduceoffspringwhicharebetteradaptedtotheenvironment.Naturalselectiontendstopromoteadaptationsthatwillincreasetheorganism’sabilitytosurviveinanenvironment. Naturalselectioncanservetostabilizeapopulationifthenewtraitscalledmutationsareeliminatedwhentheyappearbecausetheyarenotaswell-adaptedtotheenvironment.Theoppositeeffectisobtainedwhenanewtraitisintroducedwhichallowsindividualstoadaptbetterovertimethespecieswillchangeasthismutationbecomesmorewidespreadinthepopulation.Inhumanbeingsincreasedbrainsizehelpedindividualstoadaptbetterandsobrainsizeincreasedgraduallyinthespecies.Changesintheoverallgeneticmakeupofapopulationarenormalwhenthereareenvironmentalchangesespeciallyseverenvironmentaldisruptions.Specializedadaptationstospecificenvironmentscanleadovertimetothedevelopmentofsubpopulationofindividualsoneswhoarebetteradaptedtoparticularsoilconditionsfoodsourcesandsoon.Given enoughtimethesesubpopulationsmaydevelopintoseparatespeciessuchaszebrasandhorseslivingindistinctenvironmentsandnotinterbreeding. Individualsinapopulationdifferfromoneanotherbecause
Throughouttheworldthereisashortageofhumanorgansfortransplants.InBritainforexample6000peoplearewaitingfororgans——5000forkidneysandthe51 forheartslungsandlivers.52onlyabout1750kidney500heartandlungand650livertransplantsare53 eachyear.Andthewaiting54 increasesatfivepercentayear.IntheUnitedStatesonlyhalfofthe30000inneedoforgans55 them. Hencethegreatinterestinanimal-to-humantransplantsknownasxenograftsorxenotransplantsfromtheGreekworkxenosmeaningstrangeofforeign56 mostscientistsbelieveistheonlylong-termsolutiontotheorgan57.Therehavebeenattemptsatxenotransplants58 thebeginningofthiscenturybutneitherhasbeensuccessful;thelongest59 wasa20-day-oldbabycalledFaewhoin1984was60 theheartofababoon. Themain61 withanyorgantransplantisthattheimmunesystemofthepatientreceivingtheorganseesthetransplantorgan62 aninvader.Theimmunesystemthereforelaunchesamassiveattackontheinvaderactivatingenzymesknowsascomplementwhichattackthe63 bodyeventuallykillingthepatientaswell.Thisrejectionhasbeen64whentransplantinghumanorgansbetweenhumansbytheclosematchingoftissueandthelong-termuseofdrugsknownasimmuno-suppressantsfirstintroducedjustovertenyearsago.Withxenotranplantshoweverrejectionisevenmore65;anormalpig’sheartforexampletransfuseswithhumanbloodcanbedestroyedin15minutes. 65.
Ahospitalisaninstitutionthatprovidesmedicalservicesforacommunity.Thedoctorsnursesandotherpersonnelofahospitalworktorestorehealthtosickandinjuredpeople.Theyalsotrytopreventdiseaseandmaintainhealthinthecommunity.Somehospitalsserveascentersformedicaleducationandresearch. 2.Mosthospitalsareshort-termhospitalsinwhichthemajorityofpatientsstaylessthan30days.Patientsspendanaverageof4to8daysinashort-termhospital.Inlongtermhospitalsmostpatientsstaymorethan30days.Peoplehavingtheirtonsilsremovedwouldgotoashort-termhospital.Thosewithseverementalillnessesmaystayinalong-terminstitutionbecauseofthetimeneededtotreattheircondition. 3.Ageneralhospitalprovidesservicesformostpeopleandillnesses.Aspecialhospitalcaresforcertainpeopleorcertainillnesses.Forexamplepediatrichospitalstreatonlychildren.Rehabilitationhospitalsprovideservicestohelppeopleadjusttomentalandphysicaldisabilities. 4.Ahospitalmayperformotherservicesbesidestreatingthesick.Researchhospitalsconductmedicalresearch.Teachinghospitalseducatefuturephysiciansnursesandlaboratoryspecialists.Ateachinghospitalmayformpartofauniversitymedicalcenteroritmaybeageneralhospitalassociatedwithamedicalschool. 5.Intheprofessionalservicesdepartmentphysiciansplayanimportantroleandleadalargemedicalteamworkingforthehospital.Themedicalteamalsoincludesphysiciansintraining.Theseinternshavecomefrommedicalschoolsandworkinahospitalforpracticalexperience.Thenursingstaffformsthelargestgrouponthepatientcareteam.Professionalnursesgenerallycalledregisterednurseshavegraduatedfromanursingschool.Theycarryoutmuchofthepatients’careundertheguidanceofphysicians.Theyalsodirectothermembersofthenursingstaffincludingpracticalnurses.nurse’saidesandnurseattendants.Thesemenandwomendomanytaskstotreetheregisterednursesforworkrequiringtheirspecialskills. 6.Therearemanyotherimportantdepartmentsinahospitalbesidestheprofessionalservicesdepartment.Thehospitalpharmacyprovidesmedicinesthatphysiciansorderforpatients.Thecentralservicedepartmentmaintainsmedicalsupplies.Thefoodservicedepartmentpreparesmealsforpatientsandstaffmembers.Thehospitallaboratoriesconductteststhathelpdoctorsdiagnoseandtreatillnesses.TheradiologydepartmentmakesXraystohelpphysiciansdiagnosediseasesandinjuries.Themedicalrecordsdepartmentkeepsarecordoneverypatient.Ifformerpatientsreturntothehospitaltheirmedicalrecordhelpsthephysiciandiagnoseandtreattheirillness.Theadmittingofficeschedulespatientsforadmissionattherequestoftheirphysicianandassignsthemtoaroom.Andthebusinessofficelistseachpatient’schargespreparesabillandrecordspaymentsreceived. Aninternisadoctorservingasanassistantresidentinahospitalgenerallyjustafter
Socialanxietydisorderpreventssome15millionAmericansfromleadingnormalsocialandromanticlivesanewsurveyfinds. Thedisorderleavesmanyisolatedashamedandoftenmisdiagnosed.Thirty-sixpercentofthosewithsocialanxietydisorderhavesymptomsfor10yearsormorebeforeseekinghelptheAnxietyDisordersAssociationofAmericareports. "Socialanxietydisorderiswhensomebodyhasanintensepersistentandirrationalfearofsocialorperformancesituations"JerilynRosstheassociation’spresidentandCEOsaidduringateleconferenceWednesday. "Theconditioncausespeopletoavoidcommoneverydaysituationsandevenotherpeopleforfearofbeingjudgedorcriticizedorhumiliatedorembarrassingthemselves"Rosssaid. SocialanxietydisordercaninterferewithdailyroutinesandjobperformanceRossnoted."Italsomakesitverydifficultforpeopletodevelopfriendsandromanticpartnerships"shesaid. PeoplewiththisdisorderrecognizetheirfearisexcessiveandirrationalRossnoted."Buttheyfeelpowerlesstodoanythingaboutit"shesaid. SocialanxietydisordercanstartintheearlyteensDr.MarkH.PollackdirectoroftheCenterforAnxietyandTraumaticStressDisordersandaprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchoolsaidduringtheteleconference. "Thisisadisorderthatstartsaffectingpeopleearlyon"Pollacksaid."Thetypicalageofonsetisearlyadolescenceage12or13andmanyindividualsreportahistoryofanxietydatingbacktoearlierchildhood." ThedisorderalsohasphysicalsymptomsincludingheartpalpitationsfeelingsthattheirthroatwillcloseupsweatingblushingfaintnesstremblingandstammeringRosssaid. Amongpeoplewiththedisorder75percentsaidtheconditionaffectedtheirabilitytodonormalactivities.Inaddition69percentsaidtheydidn’twantpeopletothinktheywerecrazyand58percentsaidtheywereembarrassedbytheirconditionRosssaid. Howeverwhentheconditionisdiagnosedandtreatedmanyreportedimprovementintheirlives.Infact59percentwhowerereceivingtreatmentsaidtreatmenthadapositiveeffectontheirabilitytohavearomanticrelationship.Inaddition39percentwhohadreceivedtreatmentsaidknowingthattreatmentcanbesuccessfulaidedtheirdecisiontogethelpRossnoted. WhichisNOTtrueofpeoplewithsocialanxietydisorder
Throughouttheworldthereisashortageofhumanorgansfortransplants.InBritainforexample6000peoplearewaitingfororgans——5000forkidneysandthe51 forheartslungsandlivers.52onlyabout1750kidney500heartandlungand650livertransplantsare53 eachyear.Andthewaiting54 increasesatfivepercentayear.IntheUnitedStatesonlyhalfofthe30000inneedoforgans55 them. Hencethegreatinterestinanimal-to-humantransplantsknownasxenograftsorxenotransplantsfromtheGreekworkxenosmeaningstrangeofforeign56 mostscientistsbelieveistheonlylong-termsolutiontotheorgan57.Therehavebeenattemptsatxenotransplants58 thebeginningofthiscenturybutneitherhasbeensuccessful;thelongest59 wasa20-day-oldbabycalledFaewhoin1984was60 theheartofababoon. Themain61 withanyorgantransplantisthattheimmunesystemofthepatientreceivingtheorganseesthetransplantorgan62 aninvader.Theimmunesystemthereforelaunchesamassiveattackontheinvaderactivatingenzymesknowsascomplementwhichattackthe63 bodyeventuallykillingthepatientaswell.Thisrejectionhasbeen64whentransplantinghumanorgansbetweenhumansbytheclosematchingoftissueandthelong-termuseofdrugsknownasimmuno-suppressantsfirstintroducedjustovertenyearsago.Withxenotranplantshoweverrejectionisevenmore65;anormalpig’sheartforexampletransfuseswithhumanbloodcanbedestroyedin15minutes. 53.
Wehaveneverseensuch{{U}}gorgeous{{/U}}hills.
Ahospitalisaninstitutionthatprovidesmedicalservicesforacommunity.Thedoctorsnursesandotherpersonnelofahospitalworktorestorehealthtosickandinjuredpeople.Theyalsotrytopreventdiseaseandmaintainhealthinthecommunity.Somehospitalsserveascentersformedicaleducationandresearch. 2.Mosthospitalsareshort-termhospitalsinwhichthemajorityofpatientsstaylessthan30days.Patientsspendanaverageof4to8daysinashort-termhospital.Inlongtermhospitalsmostpatientsstaymorethan30days.Peoplehavingtheirtonsilsremovedwouldgotoashort-termhospital.Thosewithseverementalillnessesmaystayinalong-terminstitutionbecauseofthetimeneededtotreattheircondition. 3.Ageneralhospitalprovidesservicesformostpeopleandillnesses.Aspecialhospitalcaresforcertainpeopleorcertainillnesses.Forexamplepediatrichospitalstreatonlychildren.Rehabilitationhospitalsprovideservicestohelppeopleadjusttomentalandphysicaldisabilities. 4.Ahospitalmayperformotherservicesbesidestreatingthesick.Researchhospitalsconductmedicalresearch.Teachinghospitalseducatefuturephysiciansnursesandlaboratoryspecialists.Ateachinghospitalmayformpartofauniversitymedicalcenteroritmaybeageneralhospitalassociatedwithamedicalschool. 5.Intheprofessionalservicesdepartmentphysiciansplayanimportantroleandleadalargemedicalteamworkingforthehospital.Themedicalteamalsoincludesphysiciansintraining.Theseinternshavecomefrommedicalschoolsandworkinahospitalforpracticalexperience.Thenursingstaffformsthelargestgrouponthepatientcareteam.Professionalnursesgenerallycalledregisterednurseshavegraduatedfromanursingschool.Theycarryoutmuchofthepatients’careundertheguidanceofphysicians.Theyalsodirectothermembersofthenursingstaffincludingpracticalnurses.nurse’saidesandnurseattendants.Thesemenandwomendomanytaskstotreetheregisterednursesforworkrequiringtheirspecialskills. 6.Therearemanyotherimportantdepartmentsinahospitalbesidestheprofessionalservicesdepartment.Thehospitalpharmacyprovidesmedicinesthatphysiciansorderforpatients.Thecentralservicedepartmentmaintainsmedicalsupplies.Thefoodservicedepartmentpreparesmealsforpatientsandstaffmembers.Thehospitallaboratoriesconductteststhathelpdoctorsdiagnoseandtreatillnesses.TheradiologydepartmentmakesXraystohelpphysiciansdiagnosediseasesandinjuries.Themedicalrecordsdepartmentkeepsarecordoneverypatient.Ifformerpatientsreturntothehospitaltheirmedicalrecordhelpsthephysiciandiagnoseandtreattheirillness.Theadmittingofficeschedulespatientsforadmissionattherequestoftheirphysicianandassignsthemtoaroom.Andthebusinessofficelistseachpatient’schargespreparesabillandrecordspaymentsreceived.
Throughouttheworldthereisashortageofhumanorgansfortransplants.InBritainforexample6000peoplearewaitingfororgans——5000forkidneysandthe51 forheartslungsandlivers.52onlyabout1750kidney500heartandlungand650livertransplantsare53 eachyear.Andthewaiting54 increasesatfivepercentayear.IntheUnitedStatesonlyhalfofthe30000inneedoforgans55 them. Hencethegreatinterestinanimal-to-humantransplantsknownasxenograftsorxenotransplantsfromtheGreekworkxenosmeaningstrangeofforeign56 mostscientistsbelieveistheonlylong-termsolutiontotheorgan57.Therehavebeenattemptsatxenotransplants58 thebeginningofthiscenturybutneitherhasbeensuccessful;thelongest59 wasa20-day-oldbabycalledFaewhoin1984was60 theheartofababoon. Themain61 withanyorgantransplantisthattheimmunesystemofthepatientreceivingtheorganseesthetransplantorgan62 aninvader.Theimmunesystemthereforelaunchesamassiveattackontheinvaderactivatingenzymesknowsascomplementwhichattackthe63 bodyeventuallykillingthepatientaswell.Thisrejectionhasbeen64whentransplantinghumanorgansbetweenhumansbytheclosematchingoftissueandthelong-termuseofdrugsknownasimmuno-suppressantsfirstintroducedjustovertenyearsago.Withxenotranplantshoweverrejectionisevenmore65;anormalpig’sheartforexampletransfuseswithhumanbloodcanbedestroyedin15minutes. 55.
Theyhavethe{{U}}capability{{/U}}todestroytheenemyinafewdays.
Theprospectsfortreatingcysticfibrosisbygenetherapyarelookingbrighterfollowingsuccessfultestswithasafertypeof"shuttle"短程梭运输工具forferrying运送replacementgenesintoapatient’slungs.DuringthetestsaBritish-ledresearchteaminsertedhealthycopiesofthecysticfibrosis囊性纤维变性geneintocellsliningsufferers’noseswiththeaidofmicroscopicdroplets水滴飞沫offatcalledliposomes Othergroupsthathaveattemptedtocorrectthegeneticdefectthatcausescysticfibrosishaveusedvirusesas"vectors"媒介tocarrythehealthygeneintotargetcells.UnfortunatelyvirusescanalsocauseinflammationinthelungsanundesirablesideeffectinCFpatientswhoselungsarealreadydiseased.ThenewmethodforintroducingcorrectivegenesintothelungsofCFpatientspromisestobemuchsafer. CysticfibrosisiscausedbydefectsinagenecalledCFTRwhichplaysapartinthetransportofchlorideions离子outofthecellsliningthelungsairwaysandgut.Defectsinthisgenemeanthatpatientshavedifficultyexpellingmucus黏液andinhaled吸入microorganismsfromtheirlungs.Asaresulttheyareverysusceptibletolunginfectionsandusuallydieataround30yearsold. Asanalternativetotheviralvectortheresearcherslinkedloops环ofDNAcontaininghealthycopiedoftheCFTRgenetomicroscopicliposomes.Whentheliposomescomeincontactwithacelltheyfuse融合withitsoutermembraneandreleasetheDNAintothecell’sinterior.Totestthesystemtheteamsprayedtheliposomesintothenosesofvolunteerswithcysticfibrosis."Thecellsliningthenoseareverysimilartothoseliningthelung"explainsDavidPorteousofthehumangeneticsgroupinEdinburgh.Buttheceilsinthenoseareeasiertomonitorandtherisksarelowerifanynasal鼻的cellsaredamaged. Intheevent结果到头来noneofthevolunteerssufferedanyunpleasantsideeffects.Andasinglesprayingpartiallycorrectedthecysticfibrosisdefect.Theresearchersassessedtheeffectivenessofthetreatmentbymeasuringthevoltage电压伏特acrossthelayerofcellsliningthenose.Thisvoltageishigherincysticfibrosissufferersthaninhealthypeople.Asinglesprayingreducedthisdifferencebyaround20percent.There-searchersreportedthattheeffectlastedforuptoaweek. TheBritishresearchershaveyettotesttheirsprayinthelungsbutareconfidentthattheliposomeswillnotcauseinflammation.Thequestionhoweverishoweffectivetheshuttlesystemis.InthenosetheresearchershadtoaddmorecopiesofthehealthyCFTRgenetomatchtheperformanceoftheadenovirus.Thisisbecauseadenovirusescarrygenesdirectlytothecell’snucleusensuringthattheinstructionstheycarryareread.Genescarriedbyliposomesareonlyguaranteedarideintothecell’scytoplasmandfewerwillfindtheirwaytothenucleus.Manywillbebrokendownbythecell’swastedisposalsystembeforetheygetthere. BobWilliamsonwhoheadsthegroupatSt.Mary’sHospitalsaysthiswillrequiremuchmoreefficientvectors."Peoplein10to15yearswilllaughatthecrudityoftheliposomesandvirusesthatwe’reusingtoday"hesays.TheaimistomakecustomizedvectorswhichcombinethebestaspectsofbothsystemsandincludeothergeneticsequencestoensurethattheinformationcarriedbythehealthyCFTRgeneisusedbythetargetcellsliningthelungs. Chemistsmightbeabletodesignnewimmunosuppressivedrugsthatdothesamejobwithfewersideeffects.
Throughouttheworldthereisashortageofhumanorgansfortransplants.InBritainforexample6000peoplearewaitingfororgans——5000forkidneysandthe51 forheartslungsandlivers.52onlyabout1750kidney500heartandlungand650livertransplantsare53 eachyear.Andthewaiting54 increasesatfivepercentayear.IntheUnitedStatesonlyhalfofthe30000inneedoforgans55 them. Hencethegreatinterestinanimal-to-humantransplantsknownasxenograftsorxenotransplantsfromtheGreekworkxenosmeaningstrangeofforeign56 mostscientistsbelieveistheonlylong-termsolutiontotheorgan57.Therehavebeenattemptsatxenotransplants58 thebeginningofthiscenturybutneitherhasbeensuccessful;thelongest59 wasa20-day-oldbabycalledFaewhoin1984was60 theheartofababoon. Themain61 withanyorgantransplantisthattheimmunesystemofthepatientreceivingtheorganseesthetransplantorgan62 aninvader.Theimmunesystemthereforelaunchesamassiveattackontheinvaderactivatingenzymesknowsascomplementwhichattackthe63 bodyeventuallykillingthepatientaswell.Thisrejectionhasbeen64whentransplantinghumanorgansbetweenhumansbytheclosematchingoftissueandthelong-termuseofdrugsknownasimmuno-suppressantsfirstintroducedjustovertenyearsago.Withxenotranplantshoweverrejectionisevenmore65;anormalpig’sheartforexampletransfuseswithhumanbloodcanbedestroyedin15minutes. 51.
Naturalselectiondescribesthebiologicalprocessinwhichthedifferencesofindividualswithinapopulationinfluencestheirabilitiestosurviveandreproduceinanenvironment.Thedifferencesinindividualsisaresultoftheirgeneticinheritancefromtheirparents.Inapopulationanycharacteristicwhichblocksreproductionsuccesstendstodecreasegenerationbygeneration.Intimetheill-adapteddieout.Ontheotherhandtheindividualswhodosurviveandreproducewilltendtoproduceoffspringwhicharebetteradaptedtotheenvironment.Naturalselectiontendstopromoteadaptationsthatwillincreasetheorganism’sabilitytosurviveinanenvironment. Naturalselectioncanservetostabilizeapopulationifthenewtraitscalledmutationsareeliminatedwhentheyappearbecausetheyarenotaswell-adaptedtotheenvironment.Theoppositeeffectisobtainedwhenanewtraitisintroducedwhichallowsindividualstoadaptbetterovertimethespecieswillchangeasthismutationbecomesmorewidespreadinthepopulation.Inhumanbeingsincreasedbrainsizehelpedindividualstoadaptbetterandsobrainsizeincreasedgraduallyinthespecies.Changesintheoverallgeneticmakeupofapopulationarenormalwhenthereareenvironmentalchangesespeciallyseverenvironmentaldisruptions.Specializedadaptationstospecificenvironmentscanleadovertimetothedevelopmentofsubpopulationofindividualsoneswhoarebetteradaptedtoparticularsoilconditionsfoodsourcesandsoon.Given enoughtimethesesubpopulationsmaydevelopintoseparatespeciessuchaszebrasandhorseslivingindistinctenvironmentsandnotinterbreeding. Onthebasisofthepassageitwouldbemostreasonabletoinferthat
1.Ahospitalisaninstitutionthatprovidesmedicalservicesforacommunity.Thedoctorsnursesandotherpersonnelofahospitalworktorestorehealthtosickandinjuredpeople.Theyalsotrytopreventdiseaseandmaintainhealthinthecommunity.Somehospitalsserveascentersformedicaleducationandresearch. 2.Mosthospitalsareshort-termhospitalsinwhichthemajorityofpatientsstaylessthan30days.Patientsspendanaverageof4to8daysinashort-termhospital.Inlongtermhospitalsmostpatientsstaymorethan30days.Peoplehavingtheirtonsilsremovedwouldgotoashort-termhospital.Thosewithseverementalillnessesmaystayinalong-terminstitutionbecauseofthetimeneededtotreattheircondition. 3.Ageneralhospitalprovidesservicesformostpeopleandillnesses.Aspecialhospitalcaresforcertainpeopleorcertainillnesses.Forexamplepediatrichospitalstreatonlychildren.Rehabilitationhospitalsprovideservicestohelppeopleadjusttomentalandphysicaldisabilities. 4.Ahospitalmayperformotherservicesbesidestreatingthesick.Researchhospitalsconductmedicalresearch.Teachinghospitalseducatefuturephysiciansnursesandlaboratoryspecialists.Ateachinghospitalmayformpartofauniversitymedicalcenteroritmaybeageneralhospitalassociatedwithamedicalschool. 5.Intheprofessionalservicesdepartmentphysiciansplayanimportantroleandleadalargemedicalteamworkingforthehospital.Themedicalteamalsoincludesphysiciansintraining.Theseinternshavecomefrommedicalschoolsandworkinahospitalforpracticalexperience.Thenursingstaffformsthelargestgrouponthepatientcareteam.Professionalnursesgenerallycalledregisterednurseshavegraduatedfromanursingschool.Theycarryoutmuchofthepatients’careundertheguidanceofphysicians.Theyalsodirectothermembersofthenursingstaffincludingpracticalnurses.nurse’saidesandnurseattendants.Thesemenandwomendomanytaskstotreetheregisterednursesforworkrequiringtheirspecialskills. 6.Therearemanyotherimportantdepartmentsinahospitalbesidestheprofessionalservicesdepartment.Thehospitalpharmacyprovidesmedicinesthatphysiciansorderforpatients.Thecentralservicedepartmentmaintainsmedicalsupplies.Thefoodservicedepartmentpreparesmealsforpatientsandstaffmembers.Thehospitallaboratoriesconductteststhathelpdoctorsdiagnoseandtreatillnesses.TheradiologydepartmentmakesXraystohelpphysiciansdiagnosediseasesandinjuries.Themedicalrecordsdepartmentkeepsarecordoneverypatient.Ifformerpatientsreturntothehospitaltheirmedicalrecordhelpsthephysiciandiagnoseandtreattheirillness.Theadmittingofficeschedulespatientsforadmissionattherequestoftheirphysicianandassignsthemtoaroom.Andthebusinessofficelistseachpatient’schargespreparesabillandrecordspaymentsreceived. Paragraph3
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Socialanxietydisorderpreventssome15millionAmericansfromleadingnormalsocialandromanticlivesanewsurveyfinds. Thedisorderleavesmanyisolatedashamedandoftenmisdiagnosed.Thirty-sixpercentofthosewithsocialanxietydisorderhavesymptomsfor10yearsormorebeforeseekinghelptheAnxietyDisordersAssociationofAmericareports. "Socialanxietydisorderiswhensomebodyhasanintensepersistentandirrationalfearofsocialorperformancesituations"JerilynRosstheassociation’spresidentandCEOsaidduringateleconferenceWednesday. "Theconditioncausespeopletoavoidcommoneverydaysituationsandevenotherpeopleforfearofbeingjudgedorcriticizedorhumiliatedorembarrassingthemselves"Rosssaid. SocialanxietydisordercaninterferewithdailyroutinesandjobperformanceRossnoted."Italsomakesitverydifficultforpeopletodevelopfriendsandromanticpartnerships"shesaid. PeoplewiththisdisorderrecognizetheirfearisexcessiveandirrationalRossnoted."Buttheyfeelpowerlesstodoanythingaboutit"shesaid. SocialanxietydisordercanstartintheearlyteensDr.MarkH.PollackdirectoroftheCenterforAnxietyandTraumaticStressDisordersandaprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchoolsaidduringtheteleconference. "Thisisadisorderthatstartsaffectingpeopleearlyon"Pollacksaid."Thetypicalageofonsetisearlyadolescenceage12or13andmanyindividualsreportahistoryofanxietydatingbacktoearlierchildhood." ThedisorderalsohasphysicalsymptomsincludingheartpalpitationsfeelingsthattheirthroatwillcloseupsweatingblushingfaintnesstremblingandstammeringRosssaid. Amongpeoplewiththedisorder75percentsaidtheconditionaffectedtheirabilitytodonormalactivities.Inaddition69percentsaidtheydidn’twantpeopletothinktheywerecrazyand58percentsaidtheywereembarrassedbytheirconditionRosssaid. Howeverwhentheconditionisdiagnosedandtreatedmanyreportedimprovementintheirlives.Infact59percentwhowerereceivingtreatmentsaidtreatmenthadapositiveeffectontheirabilitytohavearomanticrelationship.Inaddition39percentwhohadreceivedtreatmentsaidknowingthattreatmentcanbesuccessfulaidedtheirdecisiontogethelpRossnoted. Itcanbeseenfromthelastparagraphthattreatmentofthedisorder
Painiseasiertoendureifyouknowyoucanendit.SpeakersatasessiononpainattheBritishAssociation’spsychologysectionhavenewevidencetosupportthisideafortwocommonexperiencesofpain:inchildbirthandatthedentist’s.Ontheothersideofthecointheirinabilitytocontrolpainmayexplainwhysomepeoplewithcontinualpainhavepsychologicalproblemsaswell. Dr.J.Robinsonfoundoutaboutthephenomenonofself-controlledpainalmostbyaccident.Hewasstudyingtheeffectsofanalgesicsusedtocontrolpainduringchildbirthandaspartoftheexperimentmadeitpossibleforwomenhavingtheirchildtopressabuttonwhichgaveanautomaticinjection—insteadofhavingallinjectionsmadebythedoctor.Afterwardsthesewomendidnotsaythattheyhadlesspainthanotherwomeninchildbirthbuttheydiduseconsiderablelessofthedrug. J.Atkinsadentalsurgeonhasobservedasimilarphenomenon.AspartoftheireffortstomakedentistrypainlessAtkinsandresearchersatAstonUniversityinBirminghamofferedpatientsaswitchtheycouldfliptoturnoffthedentist’sdrillwhenevertheychose.Butaftertryingtheswitchon50patientsAtkinsgaveup;noneofthepatientshadeverflippedtheswitch. PerhapstheextraendurancewasbecausetheAstonteamalsouseothermethodstomakedentistrypainless.Apparentlyfewotherdentistsaresoconsiderate.TheendresultaccordingtotheBirminghamsurveyisthatBritishpeopleavoidgoingtothedentistwiththeconsequencethatalmost30%ofpeopleinEnglandandWaleshavelostalltheirteethandmorethansevenoutoftenhavelostatleastsixteeth.Lessthanhalfofthepublicpayregularvisitstothedentist.TofindoutwhyAtkinsandpsychologistCumberbatchinterviewedasampleofpatientsattendingadentalhospital.Themostcommonreasonpeoplegavefornothavingdentalcheck-upswerefearandpain. ByusingalittlecareandtakingtimetoexplainwhatwillhappenAtkinsfeelsdentistscouldovercomethesefears.Therearetechniquesforgivinginjectionswithoutpainanda"calmunhurriedapproach"todrillingcanmakethatpainlesstoo. Sadlyfewdentistsseemtotakemuchtroublewiththeirpatients."IamnotnervouswhenIgotothedentistandIdonothaveanypronouncedsympathyforthosewhoare"saidonedentist."Itendtotakethepointofviewthattheyarebeingunreasonableatmyexpense." Thesecondparagraphtalksabout
Theprospectsfortreatingcysticfibrosisbygenetherapyarelookingbrighterfollowingsuccessfultestswithasafertypeof"shuttle"短程梭运输工具forferrying运送replacementgenesintoapatient’slungs.DuringthetestsaBritish-ledresearchteaminsertedhealthycopiesofthecysticfibrosis囊性纤维变性geneintocellsliningsufferers’noseswiththeaidofmicroscopicdroplets水滴飞沫offatcalledliposomes Othergroupsthathaveattemptedtocorrectthegeneticdefectthatcausescysticfibrosishaveusedvirusesas"vectors"媒介tocarrythehealthygeneintotargetcells.UnfortunatelyvirusescanalsocauseinflammationinthelungsanundesirablesideeffectinCFpatientswhoselungsarealreadydiseased.ThenewmethodforintroducingcorrectivegenesintothelungsofCFpatientspromisestobemuchsafer. CysticfibrosisiscausedbydefectsinagenecalledCFTRwhichplaysapartinthetransportofchlorideions离子outofthecellsliningthelungsairwaysandgut.Defectsinthisgenemeanthatpatientshavedifficultyexpellingmucus黏液andinhaled吸入microorganismsfromtheirlungs.Asaresulttheyareverysusceptibletolunginfectionsandusuallydieataround30yearsold. Asanalternativetotheviralvectortheresearcherslinkedloops环ofDNAcontaininghealthycopiedoftheCFTRgenetomicroscopicliposomes.Whentheliposomescomeincontactwithacelltheyfuse融合withitsoutermembraneandreleasetheDNAintothecell’sinterior.Totestthesystemtheteamsprayedtheliposomesintothenosesofvolunteerswithcysticfibrosis."Thecellsliningthenoseareverysimilartothoseliningthelung"explainsDavidPorteousofthehumangeneticsgroupinEdinburgh.Buttheceilsinthenoseareeasiertomonitorandtherisksarelowerifanynasal鼻的cellsaredamaged. Intheevent结果到头来noneofthevolunteerssufferedanyunpleasantsideeffects.Andasinglesprayingpartiallycorrectedthecysticfibrosisdefect.Theresearchersassessedtheeffectivenessofthetreatmentbymeasuringthevoltage电压伏特acrossthelayerofcellsliningthenose.Thisvoltageishigherincysticfibrosissufferersthaninhealthypeople.Asinglesprayingreducedthisdifferencebyaround20percent.There-searchersreportedthattheeffectlastedforuptoaweek. TheBritishresearchershaveyettotesttheirsprayinthelungsbutareconfidentthattheliposomeswillnotcauseinflammation.Thequestionhoweverishoweffectivetheshuttlesystemis.InthenosetheresearchershadtoaddmorecopiesofthehealthyCFTRgenetomatchtheperformanceoftheadenovirus.Thisisbecauseadenovirusescarrygenesdirectlytothecell’snucleusensuringthattheinstructionstheycarryareread.Genescarriedbyliposomesareonlyguaranteedarideintothecell’scytoplasmandfewerwillfindtheirwaytothenucleus.Manywillbebrokendownbythecell’swastedisposalsystembeforetheygetthere. BobWilliamsonwhoheadsthegroupatSt.Mary’sHospitalsaysthiswillrequiremuchmoreefficientvectors."Peoplein10to15yearswilllaughatthecrudityoftheliposomesandvirusesthatwe’reusingtoday"hesays.TheaimistomakecustomizedvectorswhichcombinethebestaspectsofbothsystemsandincludeothergeneticsequencestoensurethattheinformationcarriedbythehealthyCFTRgeneisusedbythetargetcellsliningthelungs. Viruseswereusedasvectorsbutcausedinflammationinthelungs.
Socialanxietydisorderpreventssome15millionAmericansfromleadingnormalsocialandromanticlivesanewsurveyfinds. Thedisorderleavesmanyisolatedashamedandoftenmisdiagnosed.Thirty-sixpercentofthosewithsocialanxietydisorderhavesymptomsfor10yearsormorebeforeseekinghelptheAnxietyDisordersAssociationofAmericareports. "Socialanxietydisorderiswhensomebodyhasanintensepersistentandirrationalfearofsocialorperformancesituations"JerilynRosstheassociation’spresidentandCEOsaidduringateleconferenceWednesday. "Theconditioncausespeopletoavoidcommoneverydaysituationsandevenotherpeopleforfearofbeingjudgedorcriticizedorhumiliatedorembarrassingthemselves"Rosssaid. SocialanxietydisordercaninterferewithdailyroutinesandjobperformanceRossnoted."Italsomakesitverydifficultforpeopletodevelopfriendsandromanticpartnerships"shesaid. PeoplewiththisdisorderrecognizetheirfearisexcessiveandirrationalRossnoted."Buttheyfeelpowerlesstodoanythingaboutit"shesaid. SocialanxietydisordercanstartintheearlyteensDr.MarkH.PollackdirectoroftheCenterforAnxietyandTraumaticStressDisordersandaprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchoolsaidduringtheteleconference. "Thisisadisorderthatstartsaffectingpeopleearlyon"Pollacksaid."Thetypicalageofonsetisearlyadolescenceage12or13andmanyindividualsreportahistoryofanxietydatingbacktoearlierchildhood." ThedisorderalsohasphysicalsymptomsincludingheartpalpitationsfeelingsthattheirthroatwillcloseupsweatingblushingfaintnesstremblingandstammeringRosssaid. Amongpeoplewiththedisorder75percentsaidtheconditionaffectedtheirabilitytodonormalactivities.Inaddition69percentsaidtheydidn’twantpeopletothinktheywerecrazyand58percentsaidtheywereembarrassedbytheirconditionRosssaid. Howeverwhentheconditionisdiagnosedandtreatedmanyreportedimprovementintheirlives.Infact59percentwhowerereceivingtreatmentsaidtreatmenthadapositiveeffectontheirabilitytohavearomanticrelationship.Inaddition39percentwhohadreceivedtreatmentsaidknowingthattreatmentcanbesuccessfulaidedtheirdecisiontogethelpRossnoted. Peoplewithsocialanxietydisorderareknownfortheirfearof
Painiseasiertoendureifyouknowyoucanendit.SpeakersatasessiononpainattheBritishAssociation’spsychologysectionhavenewevidencetosupportthisideafortwocommonexperiencesofpain:inchildbirthandatthedentist’s.Ontheothersideofthecointheirinabilitytocontrolpainmayexplainwhysomepeoplewithcontinualpainhavepsychologicalproblemsaswell. Dr.J.Robinsonfoundoutaboutthephenomenonofself-controlledpainalmostbyaccident.Hewasstudyingtheeffectsofanalgesicsusedtocontrolpainduringchildbirthandaspartoftheexperimentmadeitpossibleforwomenhavingtheirchildtopressabuttonwhichgaveanautomaticinjection—insteadofhavingallinjectionsmadebythedoctor.Afterwardsthesewomendidnotsaythattheyhadlesspainthanotherwomeninchildbirthbuttheydiduseconsiderablelessofthedrug. J.Atkinsadentalsurgeonhasobservedasimilarphenomenon.AspartoftheireffortstomakedentistrypainlessAtkinsandresearchersatAstonUniversityinBirminghamofferedpatientsaswitchtheycouldfliptoturnoffthedentist’sdrillwhenevertheychose.Butaftertryingtheswitchon50patientsAtkinsgaveup;noneofthepatientshadeverflippedtheswitch. PerhapstheextraendurancewasbecausetheAstonteamalsouseothermethodstomakedentistrypainless.Apparentlyfewotherdentistsaresoconsiderate.TheendresultaccordingtotheBirminghamsurveyisthatBritishpeopleavoidgoingtothedentistwiththeconsequencethatalmost30%ofpeopleinEnglandandWaleshavelostalltheirteethandmorethansevenoutoftenhavelostatleastsixteeth.Lessthanhalfofthepublicpayregularvisitstothedentist.TofindoutwhyAtkinsandpsychologistCumberbatchinterviewedasampleofpatientsattendingadentalhospital.Themostcommonreasonpeoplegavefornothavingdentalcheck-upswerefearandpain. ByusingalittlecareandtakingtimetoexplainwhatwillhappenAtkinsfeelsdentistscouldovercomethesefears.Therearetechniquesforgivinginjectionswithoutpainanda"calmunhurriedapproach"todrillingcanmakethatpainlesstoo. Sadlyfewdentistsseemtotakemuchtroublewiththeirpatients."IamnotnervouswhenIgotothedentistandIdonothaveanypronouncedsympathyforthosewhoare"saidonedentist."Itendtotakethepointofviewthattheyarebeingunreasonableatmyexpense." Whatmightthephraseontheothersideofthecoininparagraphonemean
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