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The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been ...
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FrederickBaileywasbornaround1818inMarylanD.Hewasbo
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DuringthepastgenerationtheAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairpaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslipabaddiagnosisoradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths. Injustonegenerationmillionsofmothershavegonetoworktransformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholarspolicymakersandcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechangesbutfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresulttheyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehasintimesoffinancialsetback--aback-upearnerusuallyMomwhocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This"added-workereffect"couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttodayadisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner. Duringthesameperiodfamilieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkersairlineemployeesandnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestratesstockmarketfluctuationandtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.FormuchofthepastyearPresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasavings-accountmodelwithretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamiliesthepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen--andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkerswithmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamilyastheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent--andallheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance--havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration. Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspectivemuchofthisunderstandablylooksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibilityandagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegunandthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind. AsaresultofPresidentBush’sreformretiredpeoplemayhave
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 18
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 2
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwithrecordableoffences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal-theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeenconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatwouldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue.ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnowsaysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology.TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencesarguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty.Thecaseoftwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapeinparagraph3
BothBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraftthe787andA350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversityledbyIlanKroohassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluseanditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.TheanswersaysDr.Kroolieswithbirds.Since1914andaseminalpaperbyaGermanresearchercalledCarlWieselsbergerscientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation—aV-shapeechelonorotherwise—expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird’swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtipsaphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddragandspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissamananaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniahassuggestedthataformationof25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%.Whenappliedtoaircrafttheprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.Dr.KrooandhisteammodeledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngelesSanFranciscoandLasVegasweretorendezvousoverUtahassumeaninvertedV-formationoccasionallyswapplacessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositionsandproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuelwithaconcomitantreductionincarbon-dioxideoutput.Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter.Thereareofcoursekinkstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafetyoratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellinginconvoy’Dr.KroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldheseparatedbyseveralnauticalmilesandwouldnotbeintheunnervinglyeasygroupingsfavouredbydisplayteamsliketheRedArrows.Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheotherplanes.Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatteralthoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalCivilAviationOrganizationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalguidelines.Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulencetheplanes’wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwilldiminish.Dr.Kmosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsohehardforairlinestocoordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraftincontrastmightbeeasiertorescheduleasmightroutinemilitaryflights.AsithappensAmerican’sarmedforcesareontheeasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry’sDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncedplanstopayBoeingtoinvestigateformationflightthoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.TherearereportsthatsomemilitaryaircraftflewinformationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringtheSecondWorldWarhutDr.Lissamansaystheyareapocryphal.MyfatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostoverBerlinheadds.Soheshouldknow.Whichofthestatementistrue
YasuhisaShizokia51-yearoldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems. Sinceco-writingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow.Unfortunatelydamagelimitationinthefaceofscandaltoooftensubstitutesforrealreform.Moreoftenthescandalsservemerelyasdistractions.Whatisreallyneededisanoverhauloftherulesthemselves.Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability.Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans:"ChangetheLDPchangeJapan. TheexpressiontheLDPmandarinsParagraph4mostprobablymeans
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 16
Contrarytotheimpressionthatgrandmothersaredelightedtohelptheirgrowndaughtersandcarefortheirgrandchildrenastudyofmultigenerationalfamiliesindicatesthatmanyolderwomenresentthefrequentimpositionsoftheyoungergenerationsontheirhomeandenergy. "Youngwomenwithchildrenareunderalotofpressurethesedaysandtheyexpecttheirmotherstohelpthempickupthepieces"notedDr.BertramJ.CohlerabehavioralscientistattheUniversityofChicago."ThisisoftenthestrongestsourceofresentmentonthepartofGrandmotherwhohasfinishedwithchildcaringandnowhasherownlifetolive.Grandmothersliketoseetheirchildrenandgrandchildrenbutontheirowntime." InallthefourNewEnglandfamiliesstudiedtheolderwomenresentedthenumerousphonecallsandvisitsfromtheirgrowndaughterwhooftenturnedtotheirmothersforadvicephysicalresourcesaffectionandcompanionshipaswellasbabysittingservices."Americansocietykeepspilingontheburdensforolderpeopleparticularlythoseintheir50sand60s"Dr.Cohlersaidinaninterviewhere."They’restillworkingandthey’retakingcareoftheirgrownchildrenandmaybealsotheiragedparents.Sometimeslifegetstobetoomuch.That’sonereasonmanyolderfolksmovefarawaytoFloridaorArizona.Theyneedmorespaceandtimetoattendtotheirownaffairandfriends.Youngpeopledon’tunderstandthisandthat’spartofwhatcreatetensionbetweengenerations." Hehasfoundthatcontrarytowhattheyoungergenerationsmayhavethoughtolderpeoplehaveanenormousamounttodo."Morethanhalfofworking-classgrandmothersstillworkandifthey’reretiredtheyhaveactivitiesinthecommunitythatkeepthemoccupied"hesaid."Eachgenerationhasgottoappreciatetheuniqueneedsoftheother"Dr.Cohlerwenton."Theyoungergenerationhastorealizethatgrandparentshavebusyactivelivesandthattheyneedprivacyandmorespaceforthemselves.Andtheoldergenerationhastorealizethatcontinuingtobepartofthefamilyisimportanttotheyoungergenerationandthattheyneedhelpandsupport." Henotedthatproblemswithinterdependencebetweengenerationswerelikelytobemoreintenseinworking-classfamiliesthaninmiddleandupper-classfamilies.Heexplainedthattheworkingclasstendedtobegeographicallylessmobileandtohavefeweroutsideresourcesandthatdaughtersweremorelikelytoberearedwithastrongfamilyorientationandlessemphasisonestablishinganindependentlife. Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits. TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweaxeprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingseemsthewayahead.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorant;thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted. Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention. 46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 4
Contrarytotheimpressionthatgrandmothersaredelightedtohelptheirgrowndaughtersandcarefortheirgrandchildrenastudyofmultigenerationalfamiliesindicatesthatmanyolderwomenresentthefrequentimpositionsoftheyoungergenerationsontheirhomeandenergy.YoungwomenwithchildrenareunderalotofpressurethesedaysandtheyexpecttheirmotherstohelpthempickupthepiecesnotedDr.BertramJ.CohlerabehavioralscientistattheUniversityofChicago.ThisisoftenthestrongestsourceofresentmentonthepartofGrandmotherwhohasfinishedwithchildcaringandnowhasherownlifetolive.Grandmothersliketoseetheirchildrenandgrandchildrenbutontheirowntime.InallthefourNewEnglandfamiliesstudiedtheolderwomenresentedthenumerousphonecallsandvisitsfromtheirgrowndaughterwhooftenturnedtotheirmothersforadvicephysicalresourcesaffectionandcompanionshipaswellasbabysittingservices.Americansocietykeepspilingontheburdensforolderpeopleparticularlythoseintheir50sand60sDr.Cohlersaidinaninterviewhere.They’restillworkingandthey’retakingcareoftheirgrownchildrenandmaybealsotheiragedparents.Sometimeslifegetstobetoomuch.That’sonereasonmanyolderfolksmovefarawaytoFloridaorArizona.Theyneedmorespaceandtimetoattendtotheirownaffairandfriends.Youngpeopledon’tunderstandthisandthat’spartofwhatcreatetensionbetweengenerations.Hehasfoundthatcontrarytowhattheyoungergenerationsmayhavethoughtolderpeoplehaveanenormousamounttodo.Morethanhalfofworking-classgrandmothersstillworkandifthey’reretiredtheyhaveactivitiesinthecommunitythatkeepthemoccupiedhesaid.EachgenerationhasgottoappreciatetheuniqueneedsoftheotherDr.Cohlerwenton.Theyoungergenerationhastorealizethatgrandparentshavebusyactivelivesandthattheyneedprivacyandmorespaceforthemselves.Andtheoldergenerationhastorealizethatcontinuingtobepartofthefamilyisimportanttotheyoungergenerationandthattheyneedhelpandsupport.Henotedthatproblemswithinterdependencebetweengenerationswerelikelytobemoreintenseinworking-classfamiliesthaninmiddleandupper-classfamilies.Heexplainedthattheworkingclasstendedtobegeographicallylessmobileandtohavefeweroutsideresourcesandthatdaughtersweremorelikelytoberearedwithastrongfamilyorientationandlessemphasisonestablishinganindependentlife.WhatcanbeinferredfromthesentenceSometimeslifegetstobetoomuchSentence4Paragraph3
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwithrecordableoffences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal-theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeenconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatwouldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue.ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnowsaysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology.TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencesarguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty.Thetextmainlytellsusthat
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 12
BothBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraftthe787andA350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversityledbyIlanKroohassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluseanditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft. TheanswersaysDr.Kroolieswithbirds.Since1914andaseminalpaperbyaGermanresearchercalledCarlWieselsbergerscientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation—aV-shapeechelonorotherwise—expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird’swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtipsaphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddragandspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissamananaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniahassuggestedthataformationof25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%. Whenappliedtoaircrafttheprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.Dr.KrooandhisteammodeledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngelesSanFranciscoandLasVegasweretorendezvousoverUtahassumeaninvertedV-formationoccasionallyswapplacessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositionsandproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuelwithaconcomitantreductionincarbon-dioxideoutput.Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter. Thereareofcoursekinkstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafetyoratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellinginconvoy’Dr.KroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldheseparatedbyseveralnauticalmilesandwouldnotbeintheunnervinglyeasygroupingsfavouredbydisplayteamsliketheRedArrows.Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheotherplanes.Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatteralthoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalCivilAviationOrganizationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalguidelines. Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulencetheplanes’wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwilldiminish.Dr.Kmosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsohehardforairlinestocoordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraftincontrastmightbeeasiertorescheduleasmightroutinemilitaryflights. AsithappensAmerican’sarmedforcesareontheeasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry’sDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncedplanstopayBoeingtoinvestigateformationflightthoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.TherearereportsthatsomemilitaryaircraftflewinformationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringtheSecondWorldWarhutDr.Lissamansaystheyareapocryphal."MyfatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostoverBerlin"headds.Soheshouldknow. WhichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordkinksLine1Paragraph4
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 10
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 8
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits. TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweaxeprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingseemsthewayahead.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorant;thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted. Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention. 48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.
AttacksonJoseManuelBarrosothepresidentoftheEuropeanCommissionhaveintensifiedbeforetheEuropeanelectionheldbetweenJune4thand7thandaheadofaEuropeanUnionsummitwhennationalleaderswilldiscusshisreappointmenttoasecondfive-yearterm.OntheleftthePartyofEuropeanSocialistsPEScallsMr.Barrosoaconservativewhoputsmarketsbeforepeople.ShouldthePESemergeasthelargestgroupintheEuropeanParliamentitwilltrytoblockhim.Butprominentfederalistsarealsounimpressed.GuyVerhofstadtaformerBelgianprimeministerspeaksformanyinBrusselswhenhedenouncesMr.BarrosoforalackofambitionforEurope.Mr.VerhofstadtinvokesthememoryofJacquesDelorsthepugnaciousFrenchmanwhoranthecommissionfrom1985to1995．Mr.Delorsproposedmanyambitiousplanshesaysandgot30%ofthem:that30%thenbecametheEuropeaninternalmarket.Mr.VerhofstadtthinksthatlastautumnMr.BarrososhouldhaveproposedsuchthingsasasingleEUfinancialregulatorasingleEuropeanbadbankoramulti-trillionissueofEurobonds.Thatwouldhavetriggeredabigfightwithnationalgovernmentsheconcedes.Butmaybetheoutcomewouldhavebeen10%20%or30%ofhisplan.TheFrenchpresidentNicolasSarkozyhasendorsedasecondtennforMr.Barrosoaformercentre-rightprimeministerofPortugal.Yetheseemskeentomakehimsweat.FrenchofficialshavebriefedthatthedecisiononMr.Barroso’sfuturetakenattheJune18th-19thsummitshouldbeonlypoliticalleavingalegallybindingnominationforlater.YettheattacksonMr.Barrosoareunlikelytoblockhim.NoopinionpollshowsthePESovertakingthecentre-rightEuropeanPeople’sPartyintheEuropeanParliament.Thecentre-rightleaderswhoholdpowerinmostofEuropehaveendorsedMr.Barrosoashavethenominallycentre-leftleadersofBritainSpainandPortugal.ThishelpstoexplainwhythePESforallitsblusterhasnotfieldedacandidateagainstMr.Barroso.ItisequallywrongtopretendthatEuropewasreadyforafederalistbigbanglastautumn.OfficialssayMr.BarrosospentthefirstweeksoftheeconomiccrisisbridgingdifferencesbetweenBritainandFranceonsuchissuesasaccountingstandardsandtheregulationofratingagencies.LaterhekeptthepeacebetweenMr.SarkozyandtheGermanchancellorAngelaMerkelaftertheFrenchpresidentpushedforsummitsofEUleadersfromeuro-areacountriesMsMerkelthoughtthatsoundedlikeatwo-speedEurope.InanycaseFrancehasnovetooverMr.Barroso’sreappointment:thedecisionisnowtakenbymajorityvote.SomediplomatssuggestthatFrance’sstallingtacticsaremeanttoextractsuchconcessionsasaplumportfolioforitscommissioner.ThosecallingforEuropeanactionoftentalkasiftheyaredescribinganelegantmechanismneededtomaketheunionworkproperly.TheyarguethatonlyasinglefinancialregulatorcanpoliceEurope’ssinglemarketorcomplainthat27nationalbail-outplanslackcoherence.InfacttheseapparentlystructuralcallsformoreEuropearepitchesforspecificideologicalprogrammes.ThusinajointstatementonMay30thMr.SarkozyandMsMerkelannouncedthatLiberalismwithoutruleshasfailed.TheycalledforaEuropeaneconomicmodelinwhichcapitalservesentrepreneursandworkersratherthanspeculatorsandhedgefundsandbankers’payaretightlyregulated.Theyaddedthatcompetitionpoliciesshouldbeusedtofavourtheemergenceofworld-classEuropeancompaniesandgavewarningagainstabureaucraticEuropethatblindlyappliespernicketyrules.IfallthissoundslikeEuropeasagiantRhinelandeconomythatisnoaccident.Mr.VerhofstadtacontinentalliberalmeanssomethingdifferentbyEuropeHeagreesthatthecrisisrepresentsthecrashoftheAnglo-Americanmodel.Butheisnotkeenonheavyregulation.WhenhecallsforeconomicpoliciestoreflectEurope’swayofthinkinghemeansthingslikeraisingsavings.Aboveallheconsidersthenation-statetobeincapableofmanagingtoday’sglobalisedeconomysoEuropemusttakeover.Thisisfightingtalk.BritainnotablydoesnotacceptthateverythingabouttheAnglo-SaxonmodelhasfailednorisitabouttocedemorepowertoBrussels.AndithasalliesnotablyineasternEurope.WhichofthefollowingisMr.Verhofstadt’smainpointasacontinentalliberal
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 20
DuringthepastgenerationtheAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairpaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslipabaddiagnosisoradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.Injustonegenerationmillionsofmothershavegonetoworktransformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholarspolicymakersandcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechangesbutfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresulttheyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehasintimesoffinancialsetback--aback-upearnerusuallyMomwhocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.Thisadded-workereffectcouldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttodayadisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner.Duringthesameperiodfamilieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkersairlineemployeesandnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestratesstockmarketfluctuationandtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.FormuchofthepastyearPresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasavings-accountmodelwithretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamiliesthepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen--andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkerswithmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamilyastheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent--andallheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance--havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspectivemuchofthisunderstandablylooksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibilityandagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegunandthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat______.
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits. TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweaxeprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingseemsthewayahead.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorant;thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted. Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention. 50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.
OnemorningafewyearsagoHarvardPresidentNellRudenstineoverslept.41______________________________________.Onlyafterathree-monthsabbatical--duringwhichhereadessayistLewisThomaslistenedtoRavelandwalkedwithhiswifeonaCaribbeanbeach--washeabletoreturntohispost.ThatweekhispicturewasonthecoverofNewsweekmagazinebesidethebannerheadline"Exhausted!" Intherelentlessbusynessofmodemlifewehavelosttherhythmbetweenactionandrest.Ispeakwithpeopleinbusinessandeducationdoctorsandday-careworkersshopkeepersandsocialworkersparentsandteachersnursesandlawyersstudentsandtherapistscommunityactivistandcooks.Remarkablythereisauniversalrefrain"Iamsobusy".Themoreourlifespeedsupthemorewefeelwearyoverwhelmedandlost. 42______________________________________.Insteadthewholeexperienceofbeingalivebeginstomeltintooneenormousobligation.Itbecomesthestandardgreetingeverywhere"Iamsobusy." Wesaythistooneanotherwithnosmalldegreeofpride.Thebusierwearethemoreimportantweseemtoourselvesandweimaginetoothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamilytobeunabletofindtimeforthesunsetoreventoknowthatthesunhassetatalltowhizthroughourobligationswithouttimeforasinglemindfulbreath--thishasbecomethemodelofasuccessfullife. Becausewedonotrestweloseourway.Welosethenourishmentthatgivesussuccor.Wemissthequietthatgivesuswisdom.Poisonedbythehypnoticbeliefthatgoodthingscomeonlythroughtirelesseffortwenevertrulyrest. Thisisnottheworldwedreamedofwhenwewereyoung.Howdidwegetsoterriblyrushedinaworldsaturatedwithworkandresponsibilityyetsomehowbereftofjoyanddelight WehaveforgottentheSabbath. 43______________________________________.Itistimetobenourishedandrefreshedasweletourworkourchoresandourimportantprojectsliefallowtrustingthattherearelargerforcesatworktakingcareoftheworldwhenweareatrest. Ifcertainplantspeciesdonotliedormantduringwintertheplantbeginstodieoff.44______________________________________. So"RemembertheSabbath"ismorethansimplyalifestylesuggestion.Itisacommandmentanethicalpreceptasseriousasprohibitionsagainstkillingstealingandlying. Sabbathismorethantheabsenceofwork.Manyofusinourdesperatedrivetobesuccessfulandcareforourmanyresponsibilitiesfeelterribleguiltwhenwetaketimetorest.ButtheSabbathhasprovenitswisdomovertheages.ManyofusstillrecallwhennotlongagoshopsandofficeswhereclosedonSundays.ThosequietSundayafternoonsareembeddedinourculturalmemory. Muchofmodemlifeisspecificallydesignedtoseduceourattentionawayfromrest.WhenweareintheworldwithoureyeswideopentheSeductionsareinsatiable.45______________________________________.Forthoseofuswithchildrenthereareendlesssoccerpracticesbaseballgameshomeworklaundryhousecleaningerrands.EveryresponsibilityeverystimuluscompetesforOurattention:Buyme.Dome.Watchme.Tryme.Drinkme.Itisasifwehaveinadvertentlystumbledintosomehorrificwonderland. A.Restisnotjustapsychologicalconvenience;itisabiologicalnecessity. B.After’yearsofnon-stoptoilinanatmospherethatrewardedfranticoverworkRudenstinecollapsed. C.Hundredsofchannelsofcableandsatellitetelevision;phoneswithmultiplelinesandcall-waitingbeggingustotalktomorethanonepersonatatime;maile-mailandovernightmailfaxmachines;billboards;magazines;newspapers;radio. D.SometimesyoucanhavearestonSundays.Butyourheartandsoulisnolongerquiet. E.Sabbathisthetimethatconsecratedtoenjoyandcelebratewhatisbeautifulandgood-timetolightcandlessingsongsworshiptellstoriesblessourchildrenandlovedonesgivethankssharemealsnapwalkandevenmakelove. F.Onceuponatime.Sabbathisourheaven.Weoftenwalkinthegreenparkswithfriendsorhaveapicniclunchwiththefamily.Listeningto.thebirdsonthetreemakesmefeelpeaceful.Butwhateverhappenedtosundaynow G.Todayourlifeandworkrarelyfeellightpleasantorhealing. 44
Contrarytotheimpressionthatgrandmothersaredelightedtohelptheirgrowndaughtersandcarefortheirgrandchildrenastudyofmultigenerationalfamiliesindicatesthatmanyolderwomenresentthefrequentimpositionsoftheyoungergenerationsontheirhomeandenergy. "Youngwomenwithchildrenareunderalotofpressurethesedaysandtheyexpecttheirmotherstohelpthempickupthepieces"notedDr.BertramJ.CohlerabehavioralscientistattheUniversityofChicago."ThisisoftenthestrongestsourceofresentmentonthepartofGrandmotherwhohasfinishedwithchildcaringandnowhasherownlifetolive.Grandmothersliketoseetheirchildrenandgrandchildrenbutontheirowntime." InallthefourNewEnglandfamiliesstudiedtheolderwomenresentedthenumerousphonecallsandvisitsfromtheirgrowndaughterwhooftenturnedtotheirmothersforadvicephysicalresourcesaffectionandcompanionshipaswellasbabysittingservices."Americansocietykeepspilingontheburdensforolderpeopleparticularlythoseintheir50sand60s"Dr.Cohlersaidinaninterviewhere."They’restillworkingandthey’retakingcareoftheirgrownchildrenandmaybealsotheiragedparents.Sometimeslifegetstobetoomuch.That’sonereasonmanyolderfolksmovefarawaytoFloridaorArizona.Theyneedmorespaceandtimetoattendtotheirownaffairandfriends.Youngpeopledon’tunderstandthisandthat’spartofwhatcreatetensionbetweengenerations." Hehasfoundthatcontrarytowhattheyoungergenerationsmayhavethoughtolderpeoplehaveanenormousamounttodo."Morethanhalfofworking-classgrandmothersstillworkandifthey’reretiredtheyhaveactivitiesinthecommunitythatkeepthemoccupied"hesaid."Eachgenerationhasgottoappreciatetheuniqueneedsoftheother"Dr.Cohlerwenton."Theyoungergenerationhastorealizethatgrandparentshavebusyactivelivesandthattheyneedprivacyandmorespaceforthemselves.Andtheoldergenerationhastorealizethatcontinuingtobepartofthefamilyisimportanttotheyoungergenerationandthattheyneedhelpandsupport." Henotedthatproblemswithinterdependencebetweengenerationswerelikelytobemoreintenseinworking-classfamiliesthaninmiddleandupper-classfamilies.Heexplainedthattheworkingclasstendedtobegeographicallylessmobileandtohavefeweroutsideresourcesandthatdaughtersweremorelikelytoberearedwithastrongfamilyorientationandlessemphasisonestablishinganindependentlife. WhatdoesthephrasepickupthepiecesSentence2Paragraph2probablymean
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwithrecordableoffences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal-theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeenconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatwouldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue.ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnowsaysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology.TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencesarguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 14
OnemorningafewyearsagoHarvardPresidentNellRudenstineoverslept.41______________________________________.Onlyafterathree-monthsabbatical--duringwhichhereadessayistLewisThomaslistenedtoRavelandwalkedwithhiswifeonaCaribbeanbeach--washeabletoreturntohispost.ThatweekhispicturewasonthecoverofNewsweekmagazinebesidethebannerheadline"Exhausted!" Intherelentlessbusynessofmodemlifewehavelosttherhythmbetweenactionandrest.Ispeakwithpeopleinbusinessandeducationdoctorsandday-careworkersshopkeepersandsocialworkersparentsandteachersnursesandlawyersstudentsandtherapistscommunityactivistandcooks.Remarkablythereisauniversalrefrain"Iamsobusy".Themoreourlifespeedsupthemorewefeelwearyoverwhelmedandlost. 42______________________________________.Insteadthewholeexperienceofbeingalivebeginstomeltintooneenormousobligation.Itbecomesthestandardgreetingeverywhere"Iamsobusy." Wesaythistooneanotherwithnosmalldegreeofpride.Thebusierwearethemoreimportantweseemtoourselvesandweimaginetoothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamilytobeunabletofindtimeforthesunsetoreventoknowthatthesunhassetatalltowhizthroughourobligationswithouttimeforasinglemindfulbreath--thishasbecomethemodelofasuccessfullife. Becausewedonotrestweloseourway.Welosethenourishmentthatgivesussuccor.Wemissthequietthatgivesuswisdom.Poisonedbythehypnoticbeliefthatgoodthingscomeonlythroughtirelesseffortwenevertrulyrest. Thisisnottheworldwedreamedofwhenwewereyoung.Howdidwegetsoterriblyrushedinaworldsaturatedwithworkandresponsibilityyetsomehowbereftofjoyanddelight WehaveforgottentheSabbath. 43______________________________________.Itistimetobenourishedandrefreshedasweletourworkourchoresandourimportantprojectsliefallowtrustingthattherearelargerforcesatworktakingcareoftheworldwhenweareatrest. Ifcertainplantspeciesdonotliedormantduringwintertheplantbeginstodieoff.44______________________________________. So"RemembertheSabbath"ismorethansimplyalifestylesuggestion.Itisacommandmentanethicalpreceptasseriousasprohibitionsagainstkillingstealingandlying. Sabbathismorethantheabsenceofwork.Manyofusinourdesperatedrivetobesuccessfulandcareforourmanyresponsibilitiesfeelterribleguiltwhenwetaketimetorest.ButtheSabbathhasprovenitswisdomovertheages.ManyofusstillrecallwhennotlongagoshopsandofficeswhereclosedonSundays.ThosequietSundayafternoonsareembeddedinourculturalmemory. Muchofmodemlifeisspecificallydesignedtoseduceourattentionawayfromrest.WhenweareintheworldwithoureyeswideopentheSeductionsareinsatiable.45______________________________________.Forthoseofuswithchildrenthereareendlesssoccerpracticesbaseballgameshomeworklaundryhousecleaningerrands.EveryresponsibilityeverystimuluscompetesforOurattention:Buyme.Dome.Watchme.Tryme.Drinkme.Itisasifwehaveinadvertentlystumbledintosomehorrificwonderland. A.Restisnotjustapsychologicalconvenience;itisabiologicalnecessity. B.After’yearsofnon-stoptoilinanatmospherethatrewardedfranticoverworkRudenstinecollapsed. C.Hundredsofchannelsofcableandsatellitetelevision;phoneswithmultiplelinesandcall-waitingbeggingustotalktomorethanonepersonatatime;maile-mailandovernightmailfaxmachines;billboards;magazines;newspapers;radio. D.SometimesyoucanhavearestonSundays.Butyourheartandsoulisnolongerquiet. E.Sabbathisthetimethatconsecratedtoenjoyandcelebratewhatisbeautifulandgood-timetolightcandlessingsongsworshiptellstoriesblessourchildrenandlovedonesgivethankssharemealsnapwalkandevenmakelove. F.Onceuponatime.Sabbathisourheaven.Weoftenwalkinthegreenparkswithfriendsorhaveapicniclunchwiththefamily.Listeningto.thebirdsonthetreemakesmefeelpeaceful.Butwhateverhappenedtosundaynow G.Todayourlifeandworkrarelyfeellightpleasantorhealing. 42
BothBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraftthe787andA350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversityledbyIlanKroohassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluseanditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.TheanswersaysDr.Kroolieswithbirds.Since1914andaseminalpaperbyaGermanresearchercalledCarlWieselsbergerscientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation—aV-shapeechelonorotherwise—expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird’swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtipsaphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddragandspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissamananaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniahassuggestedthataformationof25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%.Whenappliedtoaircrafttheprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.Dr.KrooandhisteammodeledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngelesSanFranciscoandLasVegasweretorendezvousoverUtahassumeaninvertedV-formationoccasionallyswapplacessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositionsandproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuelwithaconcomitantreductionincarbon-dioxideoutput.Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter.Thereareofcoursekinkstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafetyoratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellinginconvoy’Dr.KroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldheseparatedbyseveralnauticalmilesandwouldnotbeintheunnervinglyeasygroupingsfavouredbydisplayteamsliketheRedArrows.Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheotherplanes.Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatteralthoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalCivilAviationOrganizationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalguidelines.Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulencetheplanes’wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwilldiminish.Dr.Kmosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsohehardforairlinestocoordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraftincontrastmightbeeasiertorescheduleasmightroutinemilitaryflights.AsithappensAmerican’sarmedforcesareontheeasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry’sDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncedplanstopayBoeingtoinvestigateformationflightthoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.TherearereportsthatsomemilitaryaircraftflewinformationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringtheSecondWorldWarhutDr.Lissamansaystheyareapocryphal.MyfatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostoverBerlinheadds.Soheshouldknow.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphswecanlearnthat______.
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 6
Directions: A.Title:ShouldThereBeCompulsoryRetirementAge B..TimeLimit:40minutes C.Wordlimit:about200words D.YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelow: 1presentstate; 2yourexplanations; 3yoursuggestions.
YasuhisaShizokia51-yearoldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems. Sinceco-writingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow.Unfortunatelydamagelimitationinthefaceofscandaltoooftensubstitutesforrealreform.Moreoftenthescandalsservemerelyasdistractions.Whatisreallyneededisanoverhauloftherulesthemselves.Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability.Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans:"ChangetheLDPchangeJapan. IntheeyesoftheauthoraneconomicreforminJapan
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