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Jack S. Kilby, an electrical engineer whose invention of the integrated circuit gave rise to the inf...
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JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
Directions: Readthefollowingtenetcarefullyand
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
Directions: Readthefollowingtenetcarefullyand
--______roomisthis?--It’s________.
Who, Jack’s and Peter’s
Whose, Jack’s and Peter’s.
Who, Jack and Peter
Whose, Jack and Peter’s.
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
Idon’tlike_____speakingillofeachother.
Jack and Henry
Jack’s and Henry’s
Jack and Henry’s
Jack’s and Henry
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
Directions: Readthefollowingtenetcarefullyand
—Whosefatherisapolicemaninyourclass?—____and____fa
Jack’s, Lily’s
Jack’s, Lily
Jack, Lily’s
Jack, Lily
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
Directions: Readthefollowingtenetcarefullyand
Mrs.Bondisanoldfriendof.
Jack mother
Jack mother’s
Jack’s mother
Jack’s mother’s
Directions: Readthefollowingtenetcarefullyand
Themanoverthereis_____father.
Tom and Jack’s
Tom’s and Jack
Tom and Jack
Tom’s and Jack’s
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
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Inalmostallcasesthesoftpartsoffossilsaregoneforeverbuttheywerefittedaroundorwithinthehardparts.Manyofthemalsowereattachedtothehardpartsandusuallysuchattachmentsarevisibleasdepressedorelevatedareasridgesorgroovessmoothorroughpatchesonthehardparts.Themusclesmostimportantfortheactivitiesoftheanimalandmostevidentintheappearanceofthelivinganimalarethoseattachedtothehardpartsandpossibletoreconstructfromtheirattachments.Muchcanbelearnedaboutavanishedbrainfromtheinsideoftheskullinwhichitwaslodged.Restorationoftheexternalappearanceofanextinctanimalhaslittleornoscientificvalue.Itdoesnotevenhelpininferringwhattheactivitiesofthelivinganimalwerehowfastitcouldrunwhatitsfoodwasorsuchotherconclusionsasareimportantforthehistoryoflife.Howeverwhatmostpeoplewanttoknowaboutextinctanimalsiswhattheylookedlikewhentheywerealive.Scientistsalsowouldliketoknow.Thingslikefossilshellspresentnogreatproblemasarulebecausethehardpartsareexternalwhentheanimalisaliveandtheouterappearanceisactuallypreservedinthefossils.Animalsinwhichtheskeletonisinternalpresentgreatproblemsofrestorationandhonestrestorersadmitthattheyoftenhavetouseconsiderableguessing.Thegeneralshapeandcontoursofthebodyarefixedbytheskeletonandbymusclesattachedtotheskeletonbutsurfacefeatureswhichmaygivetheanimalitsreallycharacteristiclookareseldomrestorablewithanyrealprobabilityofaccuracy.Thepresentoftenhelpstointerpretthepast.Anextinctanimalpresumablylookedmoreorlesslikeitslivingrelativesifithasany.Thishowevermaybequiteequivocal.Forexampleextinctmembersofthehorsefamilyareusuallyrestoredtolooksomewhatlikethemostfamiliarlivinghorses—domestichorsesandtheirclosestwildrelatives.Itishoweverpossibleandevenprobablethatmanyextincthorseswerestripedlikezebras.Iflionsandtigerswereextincttheywouldberestoredtolookexactlyalike.Nolivingelephantshavemuchhairandmammothswhichareextinctelephantswoulddoubtlessberestoredashairlessifwedidnothappentoknowthattheyhadthickwoollycoats.Weknowthisonlybecausemammothsaresorecentlyextinctthatprehistoricmendrewpicturesofthemandthatthehideandhairhaveactuallybeenfoundinafewspecimens.Forolderextinctanimalswehavenosuchclues.Themusclesofafossilizedanimalcansometimesbereconstructedbecause
ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostparttheresponsehasbeenfavorabletosaytheleast.Hooray!Atlast!wroteAnthonyTommasiniasober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.OneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprisehoweveristhatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasiniwhohadadvocatedGilbert’sappointmentintheTimescallshimanunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulezthatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.FormypartIhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.TobesureheperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositionsbutitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHalloranywhereelsetohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelforbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetimeattentionandmoneyoftheart-lovingpublicclassicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahousesdancetroupestheatercompaniesandmuseumsbutalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheapavailableeverywhereandveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday’sliveperformances;moreovertheycanbeconsumedatatimeandplaceofthelistener’schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRossaclassical-musiccritichasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicintoamarkedlydifferentmorevibrantorganization.ButwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifferenceMerelyexpandingtheorchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceedtheymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. 1
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. 11
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. 13
Directions: YourworkmateHankiselectedasthemanagerofyourdepartmentofyourcompany.Writealettertocongratulatehimstatethereasonforhissuccessandexpressyourbestwishesandencouragement. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. 5
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. 7
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. 15
Contrarytotheimpressionthatgrandmothersaredelightedtohelptheirgrowndaughtersandcarefortheirgrandchildrenastudyofmultigenerationalfamiliesindicatesthatmanyolderwomenresentthefrequentimpositionsoftheyoungergenerationsontheirhomeandenergy. "Youngwomenwithchildrenareunderalotofpressurethesedaysandtheyexpecttheirmotherstohelpthempickupthepieces"notedDr.BertramJ.CohlerabehavioralscientistattheUniversityofChicago."ThisisoftenthestrongestsourceofresentmentonthepartofGrandmotherwhohasfinishedwithchildcaringandnowhasherownlifetolive.Grandmothersliketoseetheirchildrenandgrandchildrenbutontheirowntime." InallthefourNewEnglandfamiliesstudiedtheolderwomenresentedthenumerousphonecallsandvisitsfromtheirgrowndaughterwhooftenturnedtotheirmothersforadvicephysicalresourcesaffectionandcompanionshipaswellasbabysittingservices."Americansocietykeepspilingontheburdensforolderpeopleparticularlythoseintheir50sand60s"Dr.Cohlersaidinaninterviewhere."They’restillworkingandthey’retakingcareoftheirgrownchildrenandmaybealsotheiragedparents.Sometimeslifegetstobetoomuch.That’sonereasonmanyolderfolksmovefarawaytoFloridaorArizona.Theyneedmorespaceandtimetoattendtotheirownaffairandfriends.Youngpeopledon’tunderstandthisandthat’spartofwhatcreatetensionbetweengenerations." Hehasfoundthatcontrarytowhattheyoungergenerationsmayhavethoughtolderpeoplehaveanenormousamounttodo."Morethanhalfofworking-classgrandmothersstillworkandifthey’reretiredtheyhaveactivitiesinthecommunitythatkeepthemoccupied"hesaid."Eachgenerationhasgottoappreciatetheuniqueneedsoftheother"Dr.Cohlerwenton."Theyoungergenerationhastorealizethatgrandparentshavebusyactivelivesandthattheyneedprivacyandmorespaceforthemselves.Andtheoldergenerationhastorealizethatcontinuingtobepartofthefamilyisimportanttotheyoungergenerationandthattheyneedhelpandsupport." Henotedthatproblemswithinterdependencebetweengenerationswerelikelytobemoreintenseinworking-classfamiliesthaninmiddleandupper-classfamilies.Heexplainedthattheworkingclasstendedtobegeographicallylessmobileandtohavefeweroutsideresourcesandthatdaughtersweremorelikelytoberearedwithastrongfamilyorientationandlessemphasisonestablishinganindependentlife. Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe
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Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. 17
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. 9
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. 19
AttacksonJoseManuelBarrosothepresidentoftheEuropeanCommissionhaveintensifiedbeforetheEuropeanelectionheldbetweenJune4thand7thandaheadofaEuropeanUnionsummitwhennationalleaderswilldiscusshisreappointmenttoasecondfive-yearterm.OntheleftthePartyofEuropeanSocialistsPEScallsMr.Barrosoaconservativewhoputsmarketsbeforepeople.ShouldthePESemergeasthelargestgroupintheEuropeanParliamentitwilltrytoblockhim.Butprominentfederalistsarealsounimpressed.GuyVerhofstadtaformerBelgianprimeministerspeaksformanyinBrusselswhenhedenouncesMr.BarrosoforalackofambitionforEurope.Mr.VerhofstadtinvokesthememoryofJacquesDelorsthepugnaciousFrenchmanwhoranthecommissionfrom1985to1995．Mr.Delorsproposedmanyambitiousplanshesaysandgot30%ofthem:that30%thenbecametheEuropeaninternalmarket.Mr.VerhofstadtthinksthatlastautumnMr.BarrososhouldhaveproposedsuchthingsasasingleEUfinancialregulatorasingleEuropeanbadbankoramulti-trillionissueofEurobonds.Thatwouldhavetriggeredabigfightwithnationalgovernmentsheconcedes.Butmaybetheoutcomewouldhavebeen10%20%or30%ofhisplan.TheFrenchpresidentNicolasSarkozyhasendorsedasecondtennforMr.Barrosoaformercentre-rightprimeministerofPortugal.Yetheseemskeentomakehimsweat.FrenchofficialshavebriefedthatthedecisiononMr.Barroso’sfuturetakenattheJune18th-19thsummitshouldbeonlypoliticalleavingalegallybindingnominationforlater.YettheattacksonMr.Barrosoareunlikelytoblockhim.NoopinionpollshowsthePESovertakingthecentre-rightEuropeanPeople’sPartyintheEuropeanParliament.Thecentre-rightleaderswhoholdpowerinmostofEuropehaveendorsedMr.Barrosoashavethenominallycentre-leftleadersofBritainSpainandPortugal.ThishelpstoexplainwhythePESforallitsblusterhasnotfieldedacandidateagainstMr.Barroso.ItisequallywrongtopretendthatEuropewasreadyforafederalistbigbanglastautumn.OfficialssayMr.BarrosospentthefirstweeksoftheeconomiccrisisbridgingdifferencesbetweenBritainandFranceonsuchissuesasaccountingstandardsandtheregulationofratingagencies.LaterhekeptthepeacebetweenMr.SarkozyandtheGermanchancellorAngelaMerkelaftertheFrenchpresidentpushedforsummitsofEUleadersfromeuro-areacountriesMsMerkelthoughtthatsoundedlikeatwo-speedEurope.InanycaseFrancehasnovetooverMr.Barroso’sreappointment:thedecisionisnowtakenbymajorityvote.SomediplomatssuggestthatFrance’sstallingtacticsaremeanttoextractsuchconcessionsasaplumportfolioforitscommissioner.ThosecallingforEuropeanactionoftentalkasiftheyaredescribinganelegantmechanismneededtomaketheunionworkproperly.TheyarguethatonlyasinglefinancialregulatorcanpoliceEurope’ssinglemarketorcomplainthat27nationalbail-outplanslackcoherence.InfacttheseapparentlystructuralcallsformoreEuropearepitchesforspecificideologicalprogrammes.ThusinajointstatementonMay30thMr.SarkozyandMsMerkelannouncedthatLiberalismwithoutruleshasfailed.TheycalledforaEuropeaneconomicmodelinwhichcapitalservesentrepreneursandworkersratherthanspeculatorsandhedgefundsandbankers’payaretightlyregulated.Theyaddedthatcompetitionpoliciesshouldbeusedtofavourtheemergenceofworld-classEuropeancompaniesandgavewarningagainstabureaucraticEuropethatblindlyappliespernicketyrules.IfallthissoundslikeEuropeasagiantRhinelandeconomythatisnoaccident.Mr.VerhofstadtacontinentalliberalmeanssomethingdifferentbyEuropeHeagreesthatthecrisisrepresentsthecrashoftheAnglo-Americanmodel.Butheisnotkeenonheavyregulation.WhenhecallsforeconomicpoliciestoreflectEurope’swayofthinkinghemeansthingslikeraisingsavings.Aboveallheconsidersthenation-statetobeincapableofmanagingtoday’sglobalisedeconomysoEuropemusttakeover.Thisisfightingtalk.BritainnotablydoesnotacceptthateverythingabouttheAnglo-SaxonmodelhasfailednorisitabouttocedemorepowertoBrussels.AndithasalliesnotablyineasternEurope.WhatisFrance’sstandingpointinthispoliticalcircus
ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostparttheresponsehasbeenfavorabletosaytheleast.Hooray!Atlast!wroteAnthonyTommasiniasober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.OneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprisehoweveristhatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasiniwhohadadvocatedGilbert’sappointmentintheTimescallshimanunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulezthatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.FormypartIhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.TobesureheperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositionsbutitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHalloranywhereelsetohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelforbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetimeattentionandmoneyoftheart-lovingpublicclassicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahousesdancetroupestheatercompaniesandmuseumsbutalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheapavailableeverywhereandveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday’sliveperformances;moreovertheycanbeconsumedatatimeandplaceofthelistener’schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRossaclassical-musiccritichasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicintoamarkedlydifferentmorevibrantorganization.ButwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifferenceMerelyexpandingtheorchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceedtheymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert’sappointmenthas
Contrarytotheimpressionthatgrandmothersaredelightedtohelptheirgrowndaughtersandcarefortheirgrandchildrenastudyofmultigenerationalfamiliesindicatesthatmanyolderwomenresentthefrequentimpositionsoftheyoungergenerationsontheirhomeandenergy.YoungwomenwithchildrenareunderalotofpressurethesedaysandtheyexpecttheirmotherstohelpthempickupthepiecesnotedDr.BertramJ.CohlerabehavioralscientistattheUniversityofChicago.ThisisoftenthestrongestsourceofresentmentonthepartofGrandmotherwhohasfinishedwithchildcaringandnowhasherownlifetolive.Grandmothersliketoseetheirchildrenandgrandchildrenbutontheirowntime.InallthefourNewEnglandfamiliesstudiedtheolderwomenresentedthenumerousphonecallsandvisitsfromtheirgrowndaughterwhooftenturnedtotheirmothersforadvicephysicalresourcesaffectionandcompanionshipaswellasbabysittingservices.Americansocietykeepspilingontheburdensforolderpeopleparticularlythoseintheir50sand60sDr.Cohlersaidinaninterviewhere.They’restillworkingandthey’retakingcareoftheirgrownchildrenandmaybealsotheiragedparents.Sometimeslifegetstobetoomuch.That’sonereasonmanyolderfolksmovefarawaytoFloridaorArizona.Theyneedmorespaceandtimetoattendtotheirownaffairandfriends.Youngpeopledon’tunderstandthisandthat’spartofwhatcreatetensionbetweengenerations.Hehasfoundthatcontrarytowhattheyoungergenerationsmayhavethoughtolderpeoplehaveanenormousamounttodo.Morethanhalfofworking-classgrandmothersstillworkandifthey’reretiredtheyhaveactivitiesinthecommunitythatkeepthemoccupiedhesaid.EachgenerationhasgottoappreciatetheuniqueneedsoftheotherDr.Cohlerwenton.Theyoungergenerationhastorealizethatgrandparentshavebusyactivelivesandthattheyneedprivacyandmorespaceforthemselves.Andtheoldergenerationhastorealizethatcontinuingtobepartofthefamilyisimportanttotheyoungergenerationandthattheyneedhelpandsupport.Henotedthatproblemswithinterdependencebetweengenerationswerelikelytobemoreintenseinworking-classfamiliesthaninmiddleandupper-classfamilies.Heexplainedthattheworkingclasstendedtobegeographicallylessmobileandtohavefeweroutsideresourcesandthatdaughtersweremorelikelytoberearedwithastrongfamilyorientationandlessemphasisonestablishinganindependentlife.WhatcanbeinferredfromthesentenceSometimeslifegetstobetoomuchSentence4Paragraph3
Manyanimalstesttheirlegsandtotterforthonlyhoursaftertheyarebornbuthumansneedayearbeforetheytaketheirfirsthesitantsteps.IssomethingfundamentallydifferentgoingoninhumanbabiesMaybenot.46Anewstudyshowsthatthetimeittakesforhumansandallothermammalstostartwalkingfitscloselywiththesizeoftheirbrains. 47InpaststudiestodevelopanewanimalmodelforthebraineventsthatsupportmotordevelopmentneurophysiologistMartinGarwiczdiscoveredthattheschedulesbywhichferretsandratsacquirevariousmotorskillssuchascrawlingandwalkingarestrikinglysimilartoeachother;theprogresssimplyhappensfasterforrats.Thatmadethemwonderhowsimilarthetimingofmotordevelopmentmightbeamongmammalsingeneral. 48Theycomparedthetimebetweenconceptionandwalkingin24speciesandlookedathowwellthisdurationcorrelatedwitharangeofvariablesincludinggestationtimeadultbodymassandadultbrainmass.Astheyreportinthisweek’sissueofPNASbrainmassaccountsforthevastmajority94%ofthevarianceinwalkingtimebetweenspecies. Specieswithlargerbrainssuchashumanstendtotakelongertolearntowalk.49Strikinglyamodelbasedonadultbrainmassandwalkingtimeintheother23speciesalmostperfectlypredictswhenhumansbegintowalk."We’vealwaysconsideredhumanstheexception"Garwiczsays"Butinfactwestartwalkingatexactlythetimethatwouldbeexpectedfromallotherwalkingmammals." Twoothervariables—gestationtimeandbrainmassatbirth—alsocorrelatenicelywithageofwalkingformostanimalsbutnotforhumans.Thatmakessensetheresearcherssay:Humansspendanunusuallysmallportionoftheirdevelopment—andbuildanunusuallysmallfractionoftheirbrainmass—inthewomb.50Themodelisabletoaccommodatethisquirkofhumandevelopmentbecauseitusesthetimeittakesbabiestolearntowalkfromconceptionnotbirth.Attheotherextremeanimalssuchashorseswhohavealonggestationandthenwalkalmostimmediatelyaftertheyarebornalsofitthemodel. BarbaraFinlayaneuroscientistatCornellUniversitysaysthefindingssupporttheexistenceofakindofadevelopment"clock"formammals.InherownworkFinlayhasfoundthatvariousmammalshavesimilartimetablesforbraindevelopmentbeforebirth.Butshehadimaginedthatapostnatalmilestonesuchaswalkingwouldbemoreidiosyncratic."Iwassurprised"shesays."Ithoughttheclockwouldstarttofracture."Itwillbeinterestingshesaystoseeiftheclockwillkeeptimeforlatermilestonessuchaseventsrelatedtoreproduction. 49Strikinglyamodelbasedonadultbrainmassandwalkingtimeintheother23speciesalmostperfectlypredictswhenhumansbegintowalk.
ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostparttheresponsehasbeenfavorabletosaytheleast.Hooray!Atlast!wroteAnthonyTommasiniasober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.OneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprisehoweveristhatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasiniwhohadadvocatedGilbert’sappointmentintheTimescallshimanunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulezthatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.FormypartIhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.TobesureheperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositionsbutitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHalloranywhereelsetohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelforbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetimeattentionandmoneyoftheart-lovingpublicclassicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahousesdancetroupestheatercompaniesandmuseumsbutalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheapavailableeverywhereandveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday’sliveperformances;moreovertheycanbeconsumedatatimeandplaceofthelistener’schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRossaclassical-musiccritichasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicintoamarkedlydifferentmorevibrantorganization.ButwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifferenceMerelyexpandingtheorchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceedtheymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.RegardingGilbert’sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonictheauthorfeels
AttacksonJoseManuelBarrosothepresidentoftheEuropeanCommissionhaveintensifiedbeforetheEuropeanelectionheldbetweenJune4thand7thandaheadofaEuropeanUnionsummitwhennationalleaderswilldiscusshisreappointmenttoasecondfive-yearterm.OntheleftthePartyofEuropeanSocialistsPEScallsMr.Barrosoaconservativewhoputsmarketsbeforepeople.ShouldthePESemergeasthelargestgroupintheEuropeanParliamentitwilltrytoblockhim.Butprominentfederalistsarealsounimpressed.GuyVerhofstadtaformerBelgianprimeministerspeaksformanyinBrusselswhenhedenouncesMr.BarrosoforalackofambitionforEurope.Mr.VerhofstadtinvokesthememoryofJacquesDelorsthepugnaciousFrenchmanwhoranthecommissionfrom1985to1995．Mr.Delorsproposedmanyambitiousplanshesaysandgot30%ofthem:that30%thenbecametheEuropeaninternalmarket.Mr.VerhofstadtthinksthatlastautumnMr.BarrososhouldhaveproposedsuchthingsasasingleEUfinancialregulatorasingleEuropeanbadbankoramulti-trillionissueofEurobonds.Thatwouldhavetriggeredabigfightwithnationalgovernmentsheconcedes.Butmaybetheoutcomewouldhavebeen10%20%or30%ofhisplan.TheFrenchpresidentNicolasSarkozyhasendorsedasecondtennforMr.Barrosoaformercentre-rightprimeministerofPortugal.Yetheseemskeentomakehimsweat.FrenchofficialshavebriefedthatthedecisiononMr.Barroso’sfuturetakenattheJune18th-19thsummitshouldbeonlypoliticalleavingalegallybindingnominationforlater.YettheattacksonMr.Barrosoareunlikelytoblockhim.NoopinionpollshowsthePESovertakingthecentre-rightEuropeanPeople’sPartyintheEuropeanParliament.Thecentre-rightleaderswhoholdpowerinmostofEuropehaveendorsedMr.Barrosoashavethenominallycentre-leftleadersofBritainSpainandPortugal.ThishelpstoexplainwhythePESforallitsblusterhasnotfieldedacandidateagainstMr.Barroso.ItisequallywrongtopretendthatEuropewasreadyforafederalistbigbanglastautumn.OfficialssayMr.BarrosospentthefirstweeksoftheeconomiccrisisbridgingdifferencesbetweenBritainandFranceonsuchissuesasaccountingstandardsandtheregulationofratingagencies.LaterhekeptthepeacebetweenMr.SarkozyandtheGermanchancellorAngelaMerkelaftertheFrenchpresidentpushedforsummitsofEUleadersfromeuro-areacountriesMsMerkelthoughtthatsoundedlikeatwo-speedEurope.InanycaseFrancehasnovetooverMr.Barroso’sreappointment:thedecisionisnowtakenbymajorityvote.SomediplomatssuggestthatFrance’sstallingtacticsaremeanttoextractsuchconcessionsasaplumportfolioforitscommissioner.ThosecallingforEuropeanactionoftentalkasiftheyaredescribinganelegantmechanismneededtomaketheunionworkproperly.TheyarguethatonlyasinglefinancialregulatorcanpoliceEurope’ssinglemarketorcomplainthat27nationalbail-outplanslackcoherence.InfacttheseapparentlystructuralcallsformoreEuropearepitchesforspecificideologicalprogrammes.ThusinajointstatementonMay30thMr.SarkozyandMsMerkelannouncedthatLiberalismwithoutruleshasfailed.TheycalledforaEuropeaneconomicmodelinwhichcapitalservesentrepreneursandworkersratherthanspeculatorsandhedgefundsandbankers’payaretightlyregulated.Theyaddedthatcompetitionpoliciesshouldbeusedtofavourtheemergenceofworld-classEuropeancompaniesandgavewarningagainstabureaucraticEuropethatblindlyappliespernicketyrules.IfallthissoundslikeEuropeasagiantRhinelandeconomythatisnoaccident.Mr.VerhofstadtacontinentalliberalmeanssomethingdifferentbyEuropeHeagreesthatthecrisisrepresentsthecrashoftheAnglo-Americanmodel.Butheisnotkeenonheavyregulation.WhenhecallsforeconomicpoliciestoreflectEurope’swayofthinkinghemeansthingslikeraisingsavings.Aboveallheconsidersthenation-statetobeincapableofmanagingtoday’sglobalisedeconomysoEuropemusttakeover.Thisisfightingtalk.BritainnotablydoesnotacceptthateverythingabouttheAnglo-SaxonmodelhasfailednorisitabouttocedemorepowertoBrussels.AndithasalliesnotablyineasternEurope.WhatdoesPESmeanbyattackingMr.BarrosoputsmarketsbeforepeoplePara1Line5
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits. TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweaxeprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingseemsthewayahead.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorant;thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted. Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention. 48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.
AttacksonJoseManuelBarrosothepresidentoftheEuropeanCommissionhaveintensifiedbeforetheEuropeanelectionheldbetweenJune4thand7thandaheadofaEuropeanUnionsummitwhennationalleaderswilldiscusshisreappointmenttoasecondfive-yearterm.OntheleftthePartyofEuropeanSocialistsPEScallsMr.Barrosoaconservativewhoputsmarketsbeforepeople.ShouldthePESemergeasthelargestgroupintheEuropeanParliamentitwilltrytoblockhim.Butprominentfederalistsarealsounimpressed.GuyVerhofstadtaformerBelgianprimeministerspeaksformanyinBrusselswhenhedenouncesMr.BarrosoforalackofambitionforEurope.Mr.VerhofstadtinvokesthememoryofJacquesDelorsthepugnaciousFrenchmanwhoranthecommissionfrom1985to1995．Mr.Delorsproposedmanyambitiousplanshesaysandgot30%ofthem:that30%thenbecametheEuropeaninternalmarket.Mr.VerhofstadtthinksthatlastautumnMr.BarrososhouldhaveproposedsuchthingsasasingleEUfinancialregulatorasingleEuropeanbadbankoramulti-trillionissueofEurobonds.Thatwouldhavetriggeredabigfightwithnationalgovernmentsheconcedes.Butmaybetheoutcomewouldhavebeen10%20%or30%ofhisplan.TheFrenchpresidentNicolasSarkozyhasendorsedasecondtennforMr.Barrosoaformercentre-rightprimeministerofPortugal.Yetheseemskeentomakehimsweat.FrenchofficialshavebriefedthatthedecisiononMr.Barroso’sfuturetakenattheJune18th-19thsummitshouldbeonlypoliticalleavingalegallybindingnominationforlater.YettheattacksonMr.Barrosoareunlikelytoblockhim.NoopinionpollshowsthePESovertakingthecentre-rightEuropeanPeople’sPartyintheEuropeanParliament.Thecentre-rightleaderswhoholdpowerinmostofEuropehaveendorsedMr.Barrosoashavethenominallycentre-leftleadersofBritainSpainandPortugal.ThishelpstoexplainwhythePESforallitsblusterhasnotfieldedacandidateagainstMr.Barroso.ItisequallywrongtopretendthatEuropewasreadyforafederalistbigbanglastautumn.OfficialssayMr.BarrosospentthefirstweeksoftheeconomiccrisisbridgingdifferencesbetweenBritainandFranceonsuchissuesasaccountingstandardsandtheregulationofratingagencies.LaterhekeptthepeacebetweenMr.SarkozyandtheGermanchancellorAngelaMerkelaftertheFrenchpresidentpushedforsummitsofEUleadersfromeuro-areacountriesMsMerkelthoughtthatsoundedlikeatwo-speedEurope.InanycaseFrancehasnovetooverMr.Barroso’sreappointment:thedecisionisnowtakenbymajorityvote.SomediplomatssuggestthatFrance’sstallingtacticsaremeanttoextractsuchconcessionsasaplumportfolioforitscommissioner.ThosecallingforEuropeanactionoftentalkasiftheyaredescribinganelegantmechanismneededtomaketheunionworkproperly.TheyarguethatonlyasinglefinancialregulatorcanpoliceEurope’ssinglemarketorcomplainthat27nationalbail-outplanslackcoherence.InfacttheseapparentlystructuralcallsformoreEuropearepitchesforspecificideologicalprogrammes.ThusinajointstatementonMay30thMr.SarkozyandMsMerkelannouncedthatLiberalismwithoutruleshasfailed.TheycalledforaEuropeaneconomicmodelinwhichcapitalservesentrepreneursandworkersratherthanspeculatorsandhedgefundsandbankers’payaretightlyregulated.Theyaddedthatcompetitionpoliciesshouldbeusedtofavourtheemergenceofworld-classEuropeancompaniesandgavewarningagainstabureaucraticEuropethatblindlyappliespernicketyrules.IfallthissoundslikeEuropeasagiantRhinelandeconomythatisnoaccident.Mr.VerhofstadtacontinentalliberalmeanssomethingdifferentbyEuropeHeagreesthatthecrisisrepresentsthecrashoftheAnglo-Americanmodel.Butheisnotkeenonheavyregulation.WhenhecallsforeconomicpoliciestoreflectEurope’swayofthinkinghemeansthingslikeraisingsavings.Aboveallheconsidersthenation-statetobeincapableofmanagingtoday’sglobalisedeconomysoEuropemusttakeover.Thisisfightingtalk.BritainnotablydoesnotacceptthateverythingabouttheAnglo-SaxonmodelhasfailednorisitabouttocedemorepowertoBrussels.AndithasalliesnotablyineasternEurope.WhichofthefollowingisMr.Verhofstadt’smainpointasacontinentalliberal
Manyanimalstesttheirlegsandtotterforthonlyhoursaftertheyarebornbuthumansneedayearbeforetheytaketheirfirsthesitantsteps.IssomethingfundamentallydifferentgoingoninhumanbabiesMaybenot.46Anewstudyshowsthatthetimeittakesforhumansandallothermammalstostartwalkingfitscloselywiththesizeoftheirbrains. 47InpaststudiestodevelopanewanimalmodelforthebraineventsthatsupportmotordevelopmentneurophysiologistMartinGarwiczdiscoveredthattheschedulesbywhichferretsandratsacquirevariousmotorskillssuchascrawlingandwalkingarestrikinglysimilartoeachother;theprogresssimplyhappensfasterforrats.Thatmadethemwonderhowsimilarthetimingofmotordevelopmentmightbeamongmammalsingeneral. 48Theycomparedthetimebetweenconceptionandwalkingin24speciesandlookedathowwellthisdurationcorrelatedwitharangeofvariablesincludinggestationtimeadultbodymassandadultbrainmass.Astheyreportinthisweek’sissueofPNASbrainmassaccountsforthevastmajority94%ofthevarianceinwalkingtimebetweenspecies. Specieswithlargerbrainssuchashumanstendtotakelongertolearntowalk.49Strikinglyamodelbasedonadultbrainmassandwalkingtimeintheother23speciesalmostperfectlypredictswhenhumansbegintowalk."We’vealwaysconsideredhumanstheexception"Garwiczsays"Butinfactwestartwalkingatexactlythetimethatwouldbeexpectedfromallotherwalkingmammals." Twoothervariables—gestationtimeandbrainmassatbirth—alsocorrelatenicelywithageofwalkingformostanimalsbutnotforhumans.Thatmakessensetheresearcherssay:Humansspendanunusuallysmallportionoftheirdevelopment—andbuildanunusuallysmallfractionoftheirbrainmass—inthewomb.50Themodelisabletoaccommodatethisquirkofhumandevelopmentbecauseitusesthetimeittakesbabiestolearntowalkfromconceptionnotbirth.Attheotherextremeanimalssuchashorseswhohavealonggestationandthenwalkalmostimmediatelyaftertheyarebornalsofitthemodel. BarbaraFinlayaneuroscientistatCornellUniversitysaysthefindingssupporttheexistenceofakindofadevelopment"clock"formammals.InherownworkFinlayhasfoundthatvariousmammalshavesimilartimetablesforbraindevelopmentbeforebirth.Butshehadimaginedthatapostnatalmilestonesuchaswalkingwouldbemoreidiosyncratic."Iwassurprised"shesays."Ithoughttheclockwouldstarttofracture."Itwillbeinterestingshesaystoseeiftheclockwillkeeptimeforlatermilestonessuchaseventsrelatedtoreproduction. 47InpaststudiestodevelopanewanimalmodelforthebraineventsthatsupportmotordevelopmentneurophysiologistMartinGarwiczdiscoveredthattheschedulesbywhichferretsandratsacquirevariousmotorskillssuchascrawlingandwalkingarestrikinglysimilartoeachother;theprogresssimplyhappensfasterforrats.
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits. TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweaxeprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingseemsthewayahead.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorant;thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted. Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention. 50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.
OnemorningafewyearsagoHarvardPresidentNellRudenstineoverslept.41______________________________________.Onlyafterathree-monthsabbatical--duringwhichhereadessayistLewisThomaslistenedtoRavelandwalkedwithhiswifeonaCaribbeanbeach--washeabletoreturntohispost.ThatweekhispicturewasonthecoverofNewsweekmagazinebesidethebannerheadline"Exhausted!" Intherelentlessbusynessofmodemlifewehavelosttherhythmbetweenactionandrest.Ispeakwithpeopleinbusinessandeducationdoctorsandday-careworkersshopkeepersandsocialworkersparentsandteachersnursesandlawyersstudentsandtherapistscommunityactivistandcooks.Remarkablythereisauniversalrefrain"Iamsobusy".Themoreourlifespeedsupthemorewefeelwearyoverwhelmedandlost. 42______________________________________.Insteadthewholeexperienceofbeingalivebeginstomeltintooneenormousobligation.Itbecomesthestandardgreetingeverywhere"Iamsobusy." Wesaythistooneanotherwithnosmalldegreeofpride.Thebusierwearethemoreimportantweseemtoourselvesandweimaginetoothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamilytobeunabletofindtimeforthesunsetoreventoknowthatthesunhassetatalltowhizthroughourobligationswithouttimeforasinglemindfulbreath--thishasbecomethemodelofasuccessfullife. Becausewedonotrestweloseourway.Welosethenourishmentthatgivesussuccor.Wemissthequietthatgivesuswisdom.Poisonedbythehypnoticbeliefthatgoodthingscomeonlythroughtirelesseffortwenevertrulyrest. Thisisnottheworldwedreamedofwhenwewereyoung.Howdidwegetsoterriblyrushedinaworldsaturatedwithworkandresponsibilityyetsomehowbereftofjoyanddelight WehaveforgottentheSabbath. 43______________________________________.Itistimetobenourishedandrefreshedasweletourworkourchoresandourimportantprojectsliefallowtrustingthattherearelargerforcesatworktakingcareoftheworldwhenweareatrest. Ifcertainplantspeciesdonotliedormantduringwintertheplantbeginstodieoff.44______________________________________. So"RemembertheSabbath"ismorethansimplyalifestylesuggestion.Itisacommandmentanethicalpreceptasseriousasprohibitionsagainstkillingstealingandlying. Sabbathismorethantheabsenceofwork.Manyofusinourdesperatedrivetobesuccessfulandcareforourmanyresponsibilitiesfeelterribleguiltwhenwetaketimetorest.ButtheSabbathhasprovenitswisdomovertheages.ManyofusstillrecallwhennotlongagoshopsandofficeswhereclosedonSundays.ThosequietSundayafternoonsareembeddedinourculturalmemory. Muchofmodemlifeisspecificallydesignedtoseduceourattentionawayfromrest.WhenweareintheworldwithoureyeswideopentheSeductionsareinsatiable.45______________________________________.Forthoseofuswithchildrenthereareendlesssoccerpracticesbaseballgameshomeworklaundryhousecleaningerrands.EveryresponsibilityeverystimuluscompetesforOurattention:Buyme.Dome.Watchme.Tryme.Drinkme.Itisasifwehaveinadvertentlystumbledintosomehorrificwonderland. A.Restisnotjustapsychologicalconvenience;itisabiologicalnecessity. B.After’yearsofnon-stoptoilinanatmospherethatrewardedfranticoverworkRudenstinecollapsed. C.Hundredsofchannelsofcableandsatellitetelevision;phoneswithmultiplelinesandcall-waitingbeggingustotalktomorethanonepersonatatime;maile-mailandovernightmailfaxmachines;billboards;magazines;newspapers;radio. D.SometimesyoucanhavearestonSundays.Butyourheartandsoulisnolongerquiet. E.Sabbathisthetimethatconsecratedtoenjoyandcelebratewhatisbeautifulandgood-timetolightcandlessingsongsworshiptellstoriesblessourchildrenandlovedonesgivethankssharemealsnapwalkandevenmakelove. F.Onceuponatime.Sabbathisourheaven.Weoftenwalkinthegreenparkswithfriendsorhaveapicniclunchwiththefamily.Listeningto.thebirdsonthetreemakesmefeelpeaceful.Butwhateverhappenedtosundaynow G.Todayourlifeandworkrarelyfeellightpleasantorhealing. 44
Contrarytotheimpressionthatgrandmothersaredelightedtohelptheirgrowndaughtersandcarefortheirgrandchildrenastudyofmultigenerationalfamiliesindicatesthatmanyolderwomenresentthefrequentimpositionsoftheyoungergenerationsontheirhomeandenergy. "Youngwomenwithchildrenareunderalotofpressurethesedaysandtheyexpecttheirmotherstohelpthempickupthepieces"notedDr.BertramJ.CohlerabehavioralscientistattheUniversityofChicago."ThisisoftenthestrongestsourceofresentmentonthepartofGrandmotherwhohasfinishedwithchildcaringandnowhasherownlifetolive.Grandmothersliketoseetheirchildrenandgrandchildrenbutontheirowntime." InallthefourNewEnglandfamiliesstudiedtheolderwomenresentedthenumerousphonecallsandvisitsfromtheirgrowndaughterwhooftenturnedtotheirmothersforadvicephysicalresourcesaffectionandcompanionshipaswellasbabysittingservices."Americansocietykeepspilingontheburdensforolderpeopleparticularlythoseintheir50sand60s"Dr.Cohlersaidinaninterviewhere."They’restillworkingandthey’retakingcareoftheirgrownchildrenandmaybealsotheiragedparents.Sometimeslifegetstobetoomuch.That’sonereasonmanyolderfolksmovefarawaytoFloridaorArizona.Theyneedmorespaceandtimetoattendtotheirownaffairandfriends.Youngpeopledon’tunderstandthisandthat’spartofwhatcreatetensionbetweengenerations." Hehasfoundthatcontrarytowhattheyoungergenerationsmayhavethoughtolderpeoplehaveanenormousamounttodo."Morethanhalfofworking-classgrandmothersstillworkandifthey’reretiredtheyhaveactivitiesinthecommunitythatkeepthemoccupied"hesaid."Eachgenerationhasgottoappreciatetheuniqueneedsoftheother"Dr.Cohlerwenton."Theyoungergenerationhastorealizethatgrandparentshavebusyactivelivesandthattheyneedprivacyandmorespaceforthemselves.Andtheoldergenerationhastorealizethatcontinuingtobepartofthefamilyisimportanttotheyoungergenerationandthattheyneedhelpandsupport." Henotedthatproblemswithinterdependencebetweengenerationswerelikelytobemoreintenseinworking-classfamiliesthaninmiddleandupper-classfamilies.Heexplainedthattheworkingclasstendedtobegeographicallylessmobileandtohavefeweroutsideresourcesandthatdaughtersweremorelikelytoberearedwithastrongfamilyorientationandlessemphasisonestablishinganindependentlife. WhatdoesthephrasepickupthepiecesSentence2Paragraph2probablymean
OnemorningafewyearsagoHarvardPresidentNellRudenstineoverslept.41______________________________________.Onlyafterathree-monthsabbatical--duringwhichhereadessayistLewisThomaslistenedtoRavelandwalkedwithhiswifeonaCaribbeanbeach--washeabletoreturntohispost.ThatweekhispicturewasonthecoverofNewsweekmagazinebesidethebannerheadline"Exhausted!" Intherelentlessbusynessofmodemlifewehavelosttherhythmbetweenactionandrest.Ispeakwithpeopleinbusinessandeducationdoctorsandday-careworkersshopkeepersandsocialworkersparentsandteachersnursesandlawyersstudentsandtherapistscommunityactivistandcooks.Remarkablythereisauniversalrefrain"Iamsobusy".Themoreourlifespeedsupthemorewefeelwearyoverwhelmedandlost. 42______________________________________.Insteadthewholeexperienceofbeingalivebeginstomeltintooneenormousobligation.Itbecomesthestandardgreetingeverywhere"Iamsobusy." Wesaythistooneanotherwithnosmalldegreeofpride.Thebusierwearethemoreimportantweseemtoourselvesandweimaginetoothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamilytobeunabletofindtimeforthesunsetoreventoknowthatthesunhassetatalltowhizthroughourobligationswithouttimeforasinglemindfulbreath--thishasbecomethemodelofasuccessfullife. Becausewedonotrestweloseourway.Welosethenourishmentthatgivesussuccor.Wemissthequietthatgivesuswisdom.Poisonedbythehypnoticbeliefthatgoodthingscomeonlythroughtirelesseffortwenevertrulyrest. Thisisnottheworldwedreamedofwhenwewereyoung.Howdidwegetsoterriblyrushedinaworldsaturatedwithworkandresponsibilityyetsomehowbereftofjoyanddelight WehaveforgottentheSabbath. 43______________________________________.Itistimetobenourishedandrefreshedasweletourworkourchoresandourimportantprojectsliefallowtrustingthattherearelargerforcesatworktakingcareoftheworldwhenweareatrest. Ifcertainplantspeciesdonotliedormantduringwintertheplantbeginstodieoff.44______________________________________. So"RemembertheSabbath"ismorethansimplyalifestylesuggestion.Itisacommandmentanethicalpreceptasseriousasprohibitionsagainstkillingstealingandlying. Sabbathismorethantheabsenceofwork.Manyofusinourdesperatedrivetobesuccessfulandcareforourmanyresponsibilitiesfeelterribleguiltwhenwetaketimetorest.ButtheSabbathhasprovenitswisdomovertheages.ManyofusstillrecallwhennotlongagoshopsandofficeswhereclosedonSundays.ThosequietSundayafternoonsareembeddedinourculturalmemory. Muchofmodemlifeisspecificallydesignedtoseduceourattentionawayfromrest.WhenweareintheworldwithoureyeswideopentheSeductionsareinsatiable.45______________________________________.Forthoseofuswithchildrenthereareendlesssoccerpracticesbaseballgameshomeworklaundryhousecleaningerrands.EveryresponsibilityeverystimuluscompetesforOurattention:Buyme.Dome.Watchme.Tryme.Drinkme.Itisasifwehaveinadvertentlystumbledintosomehorrificwonderland. A.Restisnotjustapsychologicalconvenience;itisabiologicalnecessity. B.After’yearsofnon-stoptoilinanatmospherethatrewardedfranticoverworkRudenstinecollapsed. C.Hundredsofchannelsofcableandsatellitetelevision;phoneswithmultiplelinesandcall-waitingbeggingustotalktomorethanonepersonatatime;maile-mailandovernightmailfaxmachines;billboards;magazines;newspapers;radio. D.SometimesyoucanhavearestonSundays.Butyourheartandsoulisnolongerquiet. E.Sabbathisthetimethatconsecratedtoenjoyandcelebratewhatisbeautifulandgood-timetolightcandlessingsongsworshiptellstoriesblessourchildrenandlovedonesgivethankssharemealsnapwalkandevenmakelove. F.Onceuponatime.Sabbathisourheaven.Weoftenwalkinthegreenparkswithfriendsorhaveapicniclunchwiththefamily.Listeningto.thebirdsonthetreemakesmefeelpeaceful.Butwhateverhappenedtosundaynow G.Todayourlifeandworkrarelyfeellightpleasantorhealing. 42
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. 3
Directions: A.Title:ShouldThereBeCompulsoryRetirementAge B..TimeLimit:40minutes C.Wordlimit:about200words D.YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelow: 1presentstate; 2yourexplanations; 3yoursuggestions.
Inalmostallcasesthesoftpartsoffossilsaregoneforeverbuttheywerefittedaroundorwithinthehardparts.Manyofthemalsowereattachedtothehardpartsandusuallysuchattachmentsarevisibleasdepressedorelevatedareasridgesorgroovessmoothorroughpatchesonthehardparts.Themusclesmostimportantfortheactivitiesoftheanimalandmostevidentintheappearanceofthelivinganimalarethoseattachedtothehardpartsandpossibletoreconstructfromtheirattachments.Muchcanbelearnedaboutavanishedbrainfromtheinsideoftheskullinwhichitwaslodged. Restorationoftheexternalappearanceofanextinctanimalhaslittleornoscientificvalue.Itdoesnotevenhelpininferringwhattheactivitiesofthelivinganimalwerehowfastitcouldrunwhatitsfoodwasorsuchotherconclusionsasareimportantforthehistoryoflife.Howeverwhatmostpeoplewanttoknowaboutextinctanimalsiswhattheylookedlikewhentheywerealive.Scientistsalsowouldliketoknow.Thingslikefossilshellspresentnogreatproblemasarulebecausethehardpartsareexternalwhentheanimalisaliveandtheouterappearanceisactuallypreservedinthefossils. Animalsinwhichtheskeletonisinternalpresentgreatproblemsofrestorationandhonestrestorersadmitthattheyoftenhavetouseconsiderableguessing.Thegeneralshapeandcontoursofthebodyarefixedbytheskeletonandbymusclesattachedtotheskeletonbutsurfacefeatureswhichmaygivetheanimalitsreallycharacteristiclookareseldomrestorablewithanyrealprobabilityofaccuracy.Thepresentoftenhelpstointerpretthepast.Anextinctanimalpresumablylookedmoreorlesslikeitslivingrelativesifithasany.Thishowevermaybequiteequivocal.Forexampleextinctmembersofthehorsefamilyareusuallyrestoredtolooksomewhatlikethemostfamiliarlivinghorses—domestichorsesandtheirclosestwildrelatives.Itishoweverpossibleandevenprobablethatmanyextincthorseswerestripedlikezebras.Iflionsandtigerswereextincttheywouldberestoredtolookexactlyalike.Nolivingelephantshavemuchhairandmammothswhichareextinctelephantswoulddoubtlessberestoredashairlessifwedidnothappentoknowthattheyhadthickwoollycoats.Weknowthisonlybecausemammothsaresorecentlyextinctthatprehistoricmendrewpicturesofthemandthatthehideandhairhaveactuallybeenfoundinafewspecimens.Forolderextinctanimalswehavenosuchclues. ThewordequivocalLine6Para.3isclosestinmeaningto
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