首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
外国教育史上最古老的学校是 ______ 的宫廷学校。 ( )
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《单选题》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
中世纪jī dū jiāo 教育时期最典型的教育机构是
主教学校
修道院
堂区学校
宫廷学校
外国教育史上最早提倡国家设置督学的教育家是
涂尔干
康德
夸美纽斯
柏拉图
被看做是自巴特勒教育法以来英国教育史上又一次里程碑式的教育改革法案强化了中央集权式的教育管理体制
《巴尔福教育法》
《教育基本法》
《1988年教育改革法》
《学校教育法》
是中国也是世界上第一所文学艺术专科学校在教育史上具有开专科学校先河的意义
人类有史可稽最古老的学校是
僧侣学校
宫廷学校
骑士学校
文士学校
关于各国教育1918年统一劳动学校规程是苏联教育史上第一个重要教育立法
人类有史可稽的最古老的学校是
泥板书舍
宫廷学校
古儒学校
僧侣学校
下列学科从属于教育科学体系的是
教育哲学
教学论
教育科研方法
学校管理学
外国教育史
人类有史以来最古老的学校是
僧侣学校
宫廷学校
骑士学校
文士学校
现代欧美教育史上主张古典学科在学校课程中占中心地位的是
陶行知提倡抗战教育创办育才学校把其办成一个现代教育史上的
夸美纽斯母育学校是世界教育史上第一本
在外国教育史上最早提出普及教育的观念的是捷克教育家他的代表作大教学论是的雏形
外国教育史上最早提倡国家设置督学的是______
赫尔巴特
夸美纽斯
柏拉图
涂尔干
中国教育史上第一所研究文学艺术的专门学校是
在外国教育史上是以倡导科学教育而著称的
斯宾塞
伊拉斯谟
柏拉图
奥古斯丁
在美国教育史上富兰克林于年在费城首先创办了文实学校
外国教育史上最早提倡国家设置督学的是
涂尔干
康德
夸美纽斯
柏拉图
在美国教育史上最早提出设立文实学校的建议
在外国教育史上洛克是实质训练论的代表人物
热门试题
更多
AstudybyscientistsinFinlandhasfoundthatmobilephoneradiationcancausechangesinhumancellsthatmightaffectthebraintheleaderoftheresearchteamsaid. ButDariusLeszczynskiwhoheadedthe2-yearstudyandwillpresentfindingsnextweekataconferenceinQuebecsaidmoreresearchwasneededtodeterminetheseriousnessofthechangesandtheirimpactonthebrainorthebody. ThestudyatFinland’sRadiationandNuclearSafetyAuthorityfoundthatexposuretoradiationfrommobilephonescancauseincreasedactivityinhundredsofproteinsinhumancellsgrowninalaboratoryhesaid. "Weknowthatthereissomebiologicalresponse.Wecandetectitwithourverysensitiveapproachesbutwedonotknowwhetheritcanhaveanyphysiologicaleffectsonthehumanbrainorhumanbody"Leszczynskisaid. NonethelessthestudytheinitialfindingsofwhichwerepublishedlastmonthinthescientificjournalDifferentiationraisesnewquestionsaboutwhethermobilephoneradiationcanweaker/thebrain’sprotectiveshieldagainstharmfulsubstances. Thestudyfocusedonchangesincellsthatlinebloodvesselsandonwhethersuchchangescouldweakenthefunctioningoftheblood-brainbarrierwhichpreventspotentiallyharmfulsubstancesfromenteringthebrainfromthebloodstreamLeszczynskisaid. Thestudyfoundthataproteincalledhsp27linkedtothefunctioningofthebloodbrainbarriershowedincreasedactivityduetoirradiationandpointedtoapossibilitythatsuchactivitycouldmaketheshieldmorepermeablehesaid. "Increasedproteinactivitymightcausecellstoshrink--notthebloodvesselsbutthecellsthemselves—andthentinygapscouldappearbetweenthosecellsthroughwhichsomemoleculescouldpass."hesaid. LeszczynskideclinedtospeculateonwhatkindofhealthrisksthatcouldposebutsaidaFrenchstudyindicatedthatheadachefatigueandsleepdisorderscouldresult. "Thesearenotlife-threateningproblemsbutcancausealotofdiscomfort"hesaidaddingthataSwedishgrouphadalsosuggestedapossiblelinkwithAlzheimer’sdisease. "WherethetruthisIdonotknow"hesaid. Leszczynskisaidthathehiswifeandchildrenusemobilephonesandhesaidthathedidnotthinkhisstudysuggestedanyneedfornewrestrictionsonmobilephoneuse. Accordingtothepassagewhatwouldbethefutureoftheuseofmobilephone
By1800abouthalfthepopulationofBrazilhadcomefromAfrica.SohadabouthalfthepopulationofVenezuela.SohadasmallerbutstilllargepartofallthepopulationofTrans-AtlanticrepublicswhetherinNorthCentralorSouthAfricaorintheCaribbeanislands.ItwasthesemenandwomenofAfricandescentconqueredthewildernessoftheAmericasclearingandworkingincountlessfarmsandplantationsfoundingandopeninginnumerableminesofironorpreciousmetals.HarshandpainfulasitwastheoverseasslavetradelikethenotmuchlesspainfulmovementofmillionsofhungryandjoblessmenandwomenfromEuropelaidthefoundationsofAmericanrepublics.TheseAfricansbeyondtheseashavetheirplaceinthestoryofAfricathestoryofWestAfricaforwhattheyattemptedandachievedwasalsoareflectionofthestrongandindependentcivilizationfromwhichtheycame.ConsiderforexampletheheroicandsuccessfulstruggleforindependenceconductedbytheslavesoftheCaribbeanlandofSt.Domingue.In1789atthemomentoftheFrenchRevolutionthisFrenchcolonyintheCaribbeanwasprobablythewealthiestcolonyintheworld.ItstensofthousandsofAfricanslave-workersproducedenormousquantitiesofsugarwholeEuropeancommunitieslivedofftheprofits. WhennewsoftheRevolutioninFrancereachedSt.Dominguetheseslavesclaimedtheirshareinitsidealsandbenefits.Theydemandedtheirfreedom.Whendeniedthistheyroseinrevoltagainsttheirmasters.InyearsofhardfightingagainstlargearmiessentbyFranceandafterwardsagainstlargearmiessentbyBritainthesemenofSt.DominguewontheirfreedomandfoundedtheRepublicofHaiti.Yetmorethanhalfthesesoldiersoffreedomhadmadethe"middlepassage"acrosstheAtlantic.MorethanhalfinotherwordshadbeenborninAfricahadspenttheirchildhoodinAfricaandhadlearnedinAfricatheirrespectforfreedom;whilenearlyalltherestwerethechildrenofparentsorgrandparentsborninAfrica.AndtheywereledbyAfricans:bymenofgeniusandcouragesuchasBoukmantheunforgettableToussaintLouvertureandDessalines. RaisedbyToussaintandhisAfricansthebanneroffreedomacrosstheAtlanticwascarriedfrompeopletopeople.Manythrewofftheirbondage.LargenumbersofmenofAfricanoriginfoughtinthearmiesthatmadetheUnitedStateswhattheyaretoday.ItwasageneralofAfricandescentAntonioMaceowholedthemilitarystruggleforCubanindependenceagainstSpainin1868. LikeothermenofvisionMaceohadnotimeforracismforthefalseideathatoneraceofmenisbetterorworsethananyother.SomeofthewhitesofCubadisagreedwithhim.TheywereSpanishsettlerswhothoughtthatwhitewasgoingtobebetterthanblackeveninanindependentCuba. OnedayMaceowasapproachedbyaSpanishCubanwhosuggestedthattheregimentsofindependencearmyshouldbedividedintowhitesandnon-whites.MaceomadehimareplywhichbecamefamousinCuba."Ifyouwerenotwhite"Maceosaidtothisman"Iwouldhaveyoushotonthespot.ButIdonotwishtobeaccusedofbeingracialistasyouareandsoIletyougobutwiththewarningthatIshallnotbesopatientanothertime.Therevolutionhasnocolor." ItcouldbeinferredthatthewriterthinksthatincomparisonwiththemovementofmillionsofhungryandjoblesspeoplefromEuropetheoverseasslavetradewas
Effectivecommunicationisessentialforallorganisations.ItlinkstheactivitiesofthevariouspartsoftheorganisationandensuresthateveryoneisworkingtowardsaCommongoal.Itisalsoextremelyimportantformotivatingemployees.Staffneedtoknowhowtheyaregettingonwhattheyaredoingrightandinwhichareastheycouldimprove.Workingalonecanbeextremelydifficultanditismucheasierifsomeonetakesaninterestandprovidessupport.Employeesneedtounderstandwhytheirjobisimportantandhowitcontributestotheoverallsuccessofthefirm.Personalcommunicationshouldalsoincludetargetsetting.Peopleusuallyrespondwelltogoalsprovidedtheseareagreedbetweenthemanagerandsubordinateandnotimposed. Howeverfirmsoftenhavecommunicationsproblemsthatcanunderminetheirperformance.Inmanycasestheseproblemsoccurbecausemessagesarepassedoninaninappropriateway.Thereareofcourseseveralwaysofconveyinginformationtoothersintheorganisation.Theseincludespeakingtothemdirectlye-mailingtelephoningorsendingamemo.Themostappropriatemethoddependsonwhatexactlyitisyouarecommunicating.Forexampleanythingthatisparticularlysensitiveorconfidentialsuchasanemployee’sappraisalshouldbedoneface-to-face. Oneofthemainproblemsforseniorexecutivesisthattheydonothavethetimeorresourcesneededtocommunicateeffectively.Inlargecompaniesforexampleitisimpossibleforseniormanagerstomeetanddiscussprogresswitheachemployeeindividually.Obviouslythistaskcanbedelegatedbutatthecostofcreatingagapbetweenseniormanagementandstaff.Asaresultmanagersareoftenforcedtouseothermethodsofcommunication.Likememosornoteseveniftheyknowthesearenotnecessarilythemostsuitablemeansofpassingonmessages. Theuseoftechnologysuchase-mailmobilephonesandnetworksystemisspeedingupcommunicationimmensely.Howeverthisdoesnotmeanthatmoreinvestmentintechnologyautomaticallyprovesbeneficialsystemscanbecomeoutdatedoremployeesmaylackappropriatetraining.Therearemanycommunicationstoolsnowavailablebutafirmcannotaffordallofthem.Evenifitcoulditdoesnotactuallyneedthemall.Thepotentialgainsmustbeweighedupagainstthecostsandfirmsshouldrealisethatmorecommunicationdoesnotnecessarilymeanbettercommunication. Asthenumberofpeopleinvolvedinanorganisationincreasetheuseofwrittencommunicationrisesevenfaster.Insteadofaquickconversationtosortsomethingoutnumerousmessagescanbepassedbackwardsandforwards.Thiscanleadtoatremendousamountofpaperworkandisoftenlesseffectivethanfacetofacecommunication.Whenyouareactuallytalkingtosomeoneyoucandiscussthingsuntilyouarehappytheyhaveunderstoodandfeedbackisimmediate.Withwrittenmessageshoweveryouareneverquitesurehowitwillbereceived.Whatyouthinkyouhavesaidandwhattheotherpersonthinksyouhavesaidcanbeverydifferent. Theamountofwritteninformationgeneratedinlargeorganisationstodaycanleadtocommunicationoverload.Somuchinformationisgatheredthatitgetsinthe-wayofmakingdecisions.Takealookattheaveragemanager’sdeskandyouwillseetheproblem—itisoftencoveredinlettersreportsandmemos.Thisoverloadcanleadtoinefficiencies.Forexamplemanagersmaynotbeabletofindtheinformationtheywantwhentheyneedit.Communicationisalsobecomingmoredifficultwiththechangesoccurringinemploymentpatterns.Withmorepeopleworkingpart-timeandworkingfromhomemanagingcommunicationisbecomingincreasinglycomplex. Accordingtothearticlewhatistheeffectofreceivinglargeamountsofwritteninformation
AstudybyscientistsinFinlandhasfoundthatmobilephoneradiationcancausechangesinhumancellsthatmightaffectthebraintheleaderoftheresearchteamsaid. ButDariusLeszczynskiwhoheadedthe2-yearstudyandwillpresentfindingsnextweekataconferenceinQuebecsaidmoreresearchwasneededtodeterminetheseriousnessofthechangesandtheirimpactonthebrainorthebody. ThestudyatFinland’sRadiationandNuclearSafetyAuthorityfoundthatexposuretoradiationfrommobilephonescancauseincreasedactivityinhundredsofproteinsinhumancellsgrowninalaboratoryhesaid. "Weknowthatthereissomebiologicalresponse.Wecandetectitwithourverysensitiveapproachesbutwedonotknowwhetheritcanhaveanyphysiologicaleffectsonthehumanbrainorhumanbody"Leszczynskisaid. NonethelessthestudytheinitialfindingsofwhichwerepublishedlastmonthinthescientificjournalDifferentiationraisesnewquestionsaboutwhethermobilephoneradiationcanweaker/thebrain’sprotectiveshieldagainstharmfulsubstances. Thestudyfocusedonchangesincellsthatlinebloodvesselsandonwhethersuchchangescouldweakenthefunctioningoftheblood-brainbarrierwhichpreventspotentiallyharmfulsubstancesfromenteringthebrainfromthebloodstreamLeszczynskisaid. Thestudyfoundthataproteincalledhsp27linkedtothefunctioningofthebloodbrainbarriershowedincreasedactivityduetoirradiationandpointedtoapossibilitythatsuchactivitycouldmaketheshieldmorepermeablehesaid. "Increasedproteinactivitymightcausecellstoshrink--notthebloodvesselsbutthecellsthemselves—andthentinygapscouldappearbetweenthosecellsthroughwhichsomemoleculescouldpass."hesaid. LeszczynskideclinedtospeculateonwhatkindofhealthrisksthatcouldposebutsaidaFrenchstudyindicatedthatheadachefatigueandsleepdisorderscouldresult. "Thesearenotlife-threateningproblemsbutcancausealotofdiscomfort"hesaidaddingthataSwedishgrouphadalsosuggestedapossiblelinkwithAlzheimer’sdisease. "WherethetruthisIdonotknow"hesaid. Leszczynskisaidthathehiswifeandchildrenusemobilephonesandhesaidthathedidnotthinkhisstudysuggestedanyneedfornewrestrictionsonmobilephoneuse. What’stheresultoftheFrenchstudy
Themajorityofpeopleaboutnineoutoftenareright-handed.1untilrecentlypeoplewhowereleft-handedwereconsidered2andoncechildrenshowedthistendencytheywereforcedtousetheirrighthands.Todayleft-handednessisgenerally3butitisstilladisadvantageinaworld4mostpeopleareright-handed.Forexamplemosttoolsandimplementsarestill5forright-handedpeople. Insports6contrastdoingthingswiththelefthandorfoot.isoftenanadvantage.Throwingkickingpunchingorbattingfromthe"7"sidemayresultinthrowing8manyopponentswhoaremoreaccustomedtodealingwiththe9ofplayerswhoareright-handed.Thisiswhyinmany10ataprofessionallevela11proportionofplayersareleft-handedthaninthepopulationasawhole. Theword"right"inmanylanguagesmeans"correct"oris12withlawfulnesswhereasthewordsassociated13"left"suchas"sinister"generallyhave14associations.Moreoveramonganumberofprimitivepeoplesthereis15closeassociationbetweendeathandthelefthand. Inthepastin16westernsocietieschildrenwereoftenforcedtousetheirrighthandsespeciallytowritewith.Insomecasesthelefthandwas17behindthechild’sbacksothatitcouldnotbeused.Ifinthefuturetheyareallowedtochoose18willcertainlybemoreleft-handersandprobably19peoplewithminorpsychologicaldisturbancesasaresultofbeingforcedtousetheir20hand. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Themajorityofpeopleaboutnineoutoftenareright-handed.1untilrecentlypeoplewhowereleft-handedwereconsidered2andoncechildrenshowedthistendencytheywereforcedtousetheirrighthands.Todayleft-handednessisgenerally3butitisstilladisadvantageinaworld4mostpeopleareright-handed.Forexamplemosttoolsandimplementsarestill5forright-handedpeople. Insports6contrastdoingthingswiththelefthandorfoot.isoftenanadvantage.Throwingkickingpunchingorbattingfromthe"7"sidemayresultinthrowing8manyopponentswhoaremoreaccustomedtodealingwiththe9ofplayerswhoareright-handed.Thisiswhyinmany10ataprofessionallevela11proportionofplayersareleft-handedthaninthepopulationasawhole. Theword"right"inmanylanguagesmeans"correct"oris12withlawfulnesswhereasthewordsassociated13"left"suchas"sinister"generallyhave14associations.Moreoveramonganumberofprimitivepeoplesthereis15closeassociationbetweendeathandthelefthand. Inthepastin16westernsocietieschildrenwereoftenforcedtousetheirrighthandsespeciallytowritewith.Insomecasesthelefthandwas17behindthechild’sbacksothatitcouldnotbeused.Ifinthefuturetheyareallowedtochoose18willcertainlybemoreleft-handersandprobably19peoplewithminorpsychologicaldisturbancesasaresultofbeingforcedtousetheir20hand. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
[A]Humanhistorycontainsgreatstoriesthatcanhelpusappreciatemoreaboutpastlife. [B]Thegreatachievementcanprovidemotivationforlearners. [C]Makingusmorehumanmorethananythingelseisthepurposeofstudyinghistory. [D]Learninghistorycanleadamorecolorfullife. [E]Historycantelluswhenweshouldgiveup. [F]Historycanteachusalessonfromitsmistakes. Thespeakerallegesthatstudyinghistoryisvaluableonlyinsofarasitisrelevanttoourdailylives.Ifindthisallegationtobespecious.Itwronglysuggeststhathistoryisnototherwiseinstructiveandthatitsrelevancetooureverydaylivesislimited.Tothecontrarystudyinghistoryprovidesinspirationinnumerablelessonsforlivingandusefulvalueclarificationandperspective—allofwhichhelpusdecidehowtoliveourlives. 41.______ Tobeginwithlearningaboutgreathumanachievementsofthepastprovidesinspiration.Forexampleastudentinspiredbythecourageandtenacityofhistory’sgreatexplorersmightdecideasaresulttopursueacareerinarcheologyoceanographyorastronomy.Thisdecisioncaninturnprofoundlyaffectthatstudent’severydaylife—inschoolandbeyond.Evenforstudentsnotinclinedtopursuethesesortsofcareersstudyinghistoricalexamplesofcourageinthefaceofadversitycanprovidemotivationtofacetheirownpersonalfearsinlife.Inshortlearningaboutgrandaccomplishmentsofthepastcanhelpusgetthroughtheeverydaybusinessoflivingwhateverthatbusinessmightbebyemboldeningusandliftingourspirits. 42.______ Inadditionmistakesofthepastcanteachusasasocietyhowtoavoidrepeatingthosemistakes.Forexamplehistorycanteachustheinappropriatenessofaddressingcertainsocialissuesparticularlymoralonesonasocietallevel.AttemptstolegislatemoralityinvariablyfailasaptlyillustratedbytheProhibitionexperimentintheU.S.duringthe1930s.Hopefullyasasocietywecanapplythislessonbyadoptingamoreenlightenedlegislativeapproachtowardsuchissuesasfreespeechcriminalizationofdrugusecriminaljusticeandequalrightsunderthelaw. 43.______ Studyinghumanhistorycanalsohelpusunderstandandappreciatethemoresvaluesandidealsofpastcultures.Aheightenedawarenessofculturalevolutioninturnhelpsusformulateinformedandreflectivevaluesandidealsforourselves.Basedonthesevaluesandidealsstudentscandeterminetheirauthenticlifepathaswellashowtheyshouldallottheirtimeandinteractwithothersonaday-to-daybasis. 44.______ Finallyitmightbetemptingtoimplyfromthespeaker’sallegationthatstudyinghistoryhaslittlerelevanceevenforthemundanechoresthatoccupysomuchofourtimeeachdayandthereforeisoflittlevalue.Howeverfromhistorywelearnnottotakeeverydayactivitiesandthingsforgranted.Byunderstandingthehistoryofmoneyandbankingwecantransformanotherwiseroutinetriptothebankintoanenlightenedexperienceoravisittothegrocerystoreintoanhomagetothemanyinventorsscientistsengineersandentrepreneursofthepastwhohavemadesuchconveniencepossibletoday.Andwecanfullyappreciateourfreedomtogoaboutourdaffyliveslargelyaswechooseonlybyunderstandingourpoliticalheritage.Inshortappreciatinghistorycanservetoelevateoureverydaychorestorichermoreinterestingandmoreenjoyableexperiences. 45.______ Insumthespeakerfailstorecognizethatinallouractivitiesanddecisions--fromourgrandesttoourmostrote--historycaninspireinformguideandnurture.Inthefinalanalysistostudyhistoryistogainthecapacitytobemorehuman--andIwouldbehard-pressedtoimagineaworthierend. 44
Effectivecommunicationisessentialforallorganisations.ItlinkstheactivitiesofthevariouspartsoftheorganisationandensuresthateveryoneisworkingtowardsaCommongoal.Itisalsoextremelyimportantformotivatingemployees.Staffneedtoknowhowtheyaregettingonwhattheyaredoingrightandinwhichareastheycouldimprove.Workingalonecanbeextremelydifficultanditismucheasierifsomeonetakesaninterestandprovidessupport.Employeesneedtounderstandwhytheirjobisimportantandhowitcontributestotheoverallsuccessofthefirm.Personalcommunicationshouldalsoincludetargetsetting.Peopleusuallyrespondwelltogoalsprovidedtheseareagreedbetweenthemanagerandsubordinateandnotimposed. Howeverfirmsoftenhavecommunicationsproblemsthatcanunderminetheirperformance.Inmanycasestheseproblemsoccurbecausemessagesarepassedoninaninappropriateway.Thereareofcourseseveralwaysofconveyinginformationtoothersintheorganisation.Theseincludespeakingtothemdirectlye-mailingtelephoningorsendingamemo.Themostappropriatemethoddependsonwhatexactlyitisyouarecommunicating.Forexampleanythingthatisparticularlysensitiveorconfidentialsuchasanemployee’sappraisalshouldbedoneface-to-face. Oneofthemainproblemsforseniorexecutivesisthattheydonothavethetimeorresourcesneededtocommunicateeffectively.Inlargecompaniesforexampleitisimpossibleforseniormanagerstomeetanddiscussprogresswitheachemployeeindividually.Obviouslythistaskcanbedelegatedbutatthecostofcreatingagapbetweenseniormanagementandstaff.Asaresultmanagersareoftenforcedtouseothermethodsofcommunication.Likememosornoteseveniftheyknowthesearenotnecessarilythemostsuitablemeansofpassingonmessages. Theuseoftechnologysuchase-mailmobilephonesandnetworksystemisspeedingupcommunicationimmensely.Howeverthisdoesnotmeanthatmoreinvestmentintechnologyautomaticallyprovesbeneficialsystemscanbecomeoutdatedoremployeesmaylackappropriatetraining.Therearemanycommunicationstoolsnowavailablebutafirmcannotaffordallofthem.Evenifitcoulditdoesnotactuallyneedthemall.Thepotentialgainsmustbeweighedupagainstthecostsandfirmsshouldrealisethatmorecommunicationdoesnotnecessarilymeanbettercommunication. Asthenumberofpeopleinvolvedinanorganisationincreasetheuseofwrittencommunicationrisesevenfaster.Insteadofaquickconversationtosortsomethingoutnumerousmessagescanbepassedbackwardsandforwards.Thiscanleadtoatremendousamountofpaperworkandisoftenlesseffectivethanfacetofacecommunication.Whenyouareactuallytalkingtosomeoneyoucandiscussthingsuntilyouarehappytheyhaveunderstoodandfeedbackisimmediate.Withwrittenmessageshoweveryouareneverquitesurehowitwillbereceived.Whatyouthinkyouhavesaidandwhattheotherpersonthinksyouhavesaidcanbeverydifferent. Theamountofwritteninformationgeneratedinlargeorganisationstodaycanleadtocommunicationoverload.Somuchinformationisgatheredthatitgetsinthe-wayofmakingdecisions.Takealookattheaveragemanager’sdeskandyouwillseetheproblem—itisoftencoveredinlettersreportsandmemos.Thisoverloadcanleadtoinefficiencies.Forexamplemanagersmaynotbeabletofindtheinformationtheywantwhentheyneedit.Communicationisalsobecomingmoredifficultwiththechangesoccurringinemploymentpatterns.Withmorepeopleworkingpart-timeandworkingfromhomemanagingcommunicationisbecomingincreasinglycomplex. Accordingtothewriterthebestwayofachievingeffectivecommunicationisto
中国古代以丧服制表示亲属间血缘亲疏关系的制度称为
Themajorityofpeopleaboutnineoutoftenareright-handed.1untilrecentlypeoplewhowereleft-handedwereconsidered2andoncechildrenshowedthistendencytheywereforcedtousetheirrighthands.Todayleft-handednessisgenerally3butitisstilladisadvantageinaworld4mostpeopleareright-handed.Forexamplemosttoolsandimplementsarestill5forright-handedpeople. Insports6contrastdoingthingswiththelefthandorfoot.isoftenanadvantage.Throwingkickingpunchingorbattingfromthe"7"sidemayresultinthrowing8manyopponentswhoaremoreaccustomedtodealingwiththe9ofplayerswhoareright-handed.Thisiswhyinmany10ataprofessionallevela11proportionofplayersareleft-handedthaninthepopulationasawhole. Theword"right"inmanylanguagesmeans"correct"oris12withlawfulnesswhereasthewordsassociated13"left"suchas"sinister"generallyhave14associations.Moreoveramonganumberofprimitivepeoplesthereis15closeassociationbetweendeathandthelefthand. Inthepastin16westernsocietieschildrenwereoftenforcedtousetheirrighthandsespeciallytowritewith.Insomecasesthelefthandwas17behindthechild’sbacksothatitcouldnotbeused.Ifinthefuturetheyareallowedtochoose18willcertainlybemoreleft-handersandprobably19peoplewithminorpsychologicaldisturbancesasaresultofbeingforcedtousetheir20hand. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissenseeverygrouphasaculturehoweversavageundevelopedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages. Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundevelopedformofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremelycomplexdelicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.Theyfallbehindthewesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneedsbutonlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.Eveninthisdepartmenthowevertwothingsaretohenoted:1.Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion;eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2.Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesanddistinctionsin"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromours;areoftensurprisinglynumerousandcomplicated.Awesternlanguagedistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerorthepersonaddressedorremotefrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturncastsanewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretoviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrankorhierarchy. Judgingfromthepassagetheauthormightbe
法律关系与其他社会关系的根本区别为
Researchersinvestigatingbrainsizeandmentalabilitysaytheirworkoffersevidencethateducationprotectsthemindfromthebrain’sphysicaldeterioration. 46isknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage. "Thatmayseemlikebadnews"saidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandofneurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit. 47Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown.. ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthe"reserve"hypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshavedevelopedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitivereservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissuetospare. 48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal. "Everyonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkage"Coffeysaid."Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood." Thereishowevera"remarkablerange"ofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted.Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholordruguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood. IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevelhelpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fitelderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss. 49Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage. Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfromfirstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77millilitersmorecerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain.Justhoweducationmightaffectbraincellsisunknown. 50Intheirreporttheresearchersspeculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeperthanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage. Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.
Themajorityofpeopleaboutnineoutoftenareright-handed.1untilrecentlypeoplewhowereleft-handedwereconsidered2andoncechildrenshowedthistendencytheywereforcedtousetheirrighthands.Todayleft-handednessisgenerally3butitisstilladisadvantageinaworld4mostpeopleareright-handed.Forexamplemosttoolsandimplementsarestill5forright-handedpeople. Insports6contrastdoingthingswiththelefthandorfoot.isoftenanadvantage.Throwingkickingpunchingorbattingfromthe"7"sidemayresultinthrowing8manyopponentswhoaremoreaccustomedtodealingwiththe9ofplayerswhoareright-handed.Thisiswhyinmany10ataprofessionallevela11proportionofplayersareleft-handedthaninthepopulationasawhole. Theword"right"inmanylanguagesmeans"correct"oris12withlawfulnesswhereasthewordsassociated13"left"suchas"sinister"generallyhave14associations.Moreoveramonganumberofprimitivepeoplesthereis15closeassociationbetweendeathandthelefthand. Inthepastin16westernsocietieschildrenwereoftenforcedtousetheirrighthandsespeciallytowritewith.Insomecasesthelefthandwas17behindthechild’sbacksothatitcouldnotbeused.Ifinthefuturetheyareallowedtochoose18willcertainlybemoreleft-handersandprobably19peoplewithminorpsychologicaldisturbancesasaresultofbeingforcedtousetheir20hand. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
[A]Humanhistorycontainsgreatstoriesthatcanhelpusappreciatemoreaboutpastlife. [B]Thegreatachievementcanprovidemotivationforlearners. [C]Makingusmorehumanmorethananythingelseisthepurposeofstudyinghistory. [D]Learninghistorycanleadamorecolorfullife. [E]Historycantelluswhenweshouldgiveup. [F]Historycanteachusalessonfromitsmistakes. Thespeakerallegesthatstudyinghistoryisvaluableonlyinsofarasitisrelevanttoourdailylives.Ifindthisallegationtobespecious.Itwronglysuggeststhathistoryisnototherwiseinstructiveandthatitsrelevancetooureverydaylivesislimited.Tothecontrarystudyinghistoryprovidesinspirationinnumerablelessonsforlivingandusefulvalueclarificationandperspective—allofwhichhelpusdecidehowtoliveourlives. 41.______ Tobeginwithlearningaboutgreathumanachievementsofthepastprovidesinspiration.Forexampleastudentinspiredbythecourageandtenacityofhistory’sgreatexplorersmightdecideasaresulttopursueacareerinarcheologyoceanographyorastronomy.Thisdecisioncaninturnprofoundlyaffectthatstudent’severydaylife—inschoolandbeyond.Evenforstudentsnotinclinedtopursuethesesortsofcareersstudyinghistoricalexamplesofcourageinthefaceofadversitycanprovidemotivationtofacetheirownpersonalfearsinlife.Inshortlearningaboutgrandaccomplishmentsofthepastcanhelpusgetthroughtheeverydaybusinessoflivingwhateverthatbusinessmightbebyemboldeningusandliftingourspirits. 42.______ Inadditionmistakesofthepastcanteachusasasocietyhowtoavoidrepeatingthosemistakes.Forexamplehistorycanteachustheinappropriatenessofaddressingcertainsocialissuesparticularlymoralonesonasocietallevel.AttemptstolegislatemoralityinvariablyfailasaptlyillustratedbytheProhibitionexperimentintheU.S.duringthe1930s.Hopefullyasasocietywecanapplythislessonbyadoptingamoreenlightenedlegislativeapproachtowardsuchissuesasfreespeechcriminalizationofdrugusecriminaljusticeandequalrightsunderthelaw. 43.______ Studyinghumanhistorycanalsohelpusunderstandandappreciatethemoresvaluesandidealsofpastcultures.Aheightenedawarenessofculturalevolutioninturnhelpsusformulateinformedandreflectivevaluesandidealsforourselves.Basedonthesevaluesandidealsstudentscandeterminetheirauthenticlifepathaswellashowtheyshouldallottheirtimeandinteractwithothersonaday-to-daybasis. 44.______ Finallyitmightbetemptingtoimplyfromthespeaker’sallegationthatstudyinghistoryhaslittlerelevanceevenforthemundanechoresthatoccupysomuchofourtimeeachdayandthereforeisoflittlevalue.Howeverfromhistorywelearnnottotakeeverydayactivitiesandthingsforgranted.Byunderstandingthehistoryofmoneyandbankingwecantransformanotherwiseroutinetriptothebankintoanenlightenedexperienceoravisittothegrocerystoreintoanhomagetothemanyinventorsscientistsengineersandentrepreneursofthepastwhohavemadesuchconveniencepossibletoday.Andwecanfullyappreciateourfreedomtogoaboutourdaffyliveslargelyaswechooseonlybyunderstandingourpoliticalheritage.Inshortappreciatinghistorycanservetoelevateoureverydaychorestorichermoreinterestingandmoreenjoyableexperiences. 45.______ Insumthespeakerfailstorecognizethatinallouractivitiesanddecisions--fromourgrandesttoourmostrote--historycaninspireinformguideandnurture.Inthefinalanalysistostudyhistoryistogainthecapacitytobemorehuman--andIwouldbehard-pressedtoimagineaworthierend. 42
下列关于法律关系的表述正确的是
Effectivecommunicationisessentialforallorganisations.ItlinkstheactivitiesofthevariouspartsoftheorganisationandensuresthateveryoneisworkingtowardsaCommongoal.Itisalsoextremelyimportantformotivatingemployees.Staffneedtoknowhowtheyaregettingonwhattheyaredoingrightandinwhichareastheycouldimprove.Workingalonecanbeextremelydifficultanditismucheasierifsomeonetakesaninterestandprovidessupport.Employeesneedtounderstandwhytheirjobisimportantandhowitcontributestotheoverallsuccessofthefirm.Personalcommunicationshouldalsoincludetargetsetting.Peopleusuallyrespondwelltogoalsprovidedtheseareagreedbetweenthemanagerandsubordinateandnotimposed. Howeverfirmsoftenhavecommunicationsproblemsthatcanunderminetheirperformance.Inmanycasestheseproblemsoccurbecausemessagesarepassedoninaninappropriateway.Thereareofcourseseveralwaysofconveyinginformationtoothersintheorganisation.Theseincludespeakingtothemdirectlye-mailingtelephoningorsendingamemo.Themostappropriatemethoddependsonwhatexactlyitisyouarecommunicating.Forexampleanythingthatisparticularlysensitiveorconfidentialsuchasanemployee’sappraisalshouldbedoneface-to-face. Oneofthemainproblemsforseniorexecutivesisthattheydonothavethetimeorresourcesneededtocommunicateeffectively.Inlargecompaniesforexampleitisimpossibleforseniormanagerstomeetanddiscussprogresswitheachemployeeindividually.Obviouslythistaskcanbedelegatedbutatthecostofcreatingagapbetweenseniormanagementandstaff.Asaresultmanagersareoftenforcedtouseothermethodsofcommunication.Likememosornoteseveniftheyknowthesearenotnecessarilythemostsuitablemeansofpassingonmessages. Theuseoftechnologysuchase-mailmobilephonesandnetworksystemisspeedingupcommunicationimmensely.Howeverthisdoesnotmeanthatmoreinvestmentintechnologyautomaticallyprovesbeneficialsystemscanbecomeoutdatedoremployeesmaylackappropriatetraining.Therearemanycommunicationstoolsnowavailablebutafirmcannotaffordallofthem.Evenifitcoulditdoesnotactuallyneedthemall.Thepotentialgainsmustbeweighedupagainstthecostsandfirmsshouldrealisethatmorecommunicationdoesnotnecessarilymeanbettercommunication. Asthenumberofpeopleinvolvedinanorganisationincreasetheuseofwrittencommunicationrisesevenfaster.Insteadofaquickconversationtosortsomethingoutnumerousmessagescanbepassedbackwardsandforwards.Thiscanleadtoatremendousamountofpaperworkandisoftenlesseffectivethanfacetofacecommunication.Whenyouareactuallytalkingtosomeoneyoucandiscussthingsuntilyouarehappytheyhaveunderstoodandfeedbackisimmediate.Withwrittenmessageshoweveryouareneverquitesurehowitwillbereceived.Whatyouthinkyouhavesaidandwhattheotherpersonthinksyouhavesaidcanbeverydifferent. Theamountofwritteninformationgeneratedinlargeorganisationstodaycanleadtocommunicationoverload.Somuchinformationisgatheredthatitgetsinthe-wayofmakingdecisions.Takealookattheaveragemanager’sdeskandyouwillseetheproblem—itisoftencoveredinlettersreportsandmemos.Thisoverloadcanleadtoinefficiencies.Forexamplemanagersmaynotbeabletofindtheinformationtheywantwhentheyneedit.Communicationisalsobecomingmoredifficultwiththechangesoccurringinemploymentpatterns.Withmorepeopleworkingpart-timeandworkingfromhomemanagingcommunicationisbecomingincreasinglycomplex. Whatadviceisgivenaboutthecommunicationtoolsmadeavailablebytechnology
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissenseeverygrouphasaculturehoweversavageundevelopedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages. Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundevelopedformofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremelycomplexdelicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.Theyfallbehindthewesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneedsbutonlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.Eveninthisdepartmenthowevertwothingsaretohenoted:1.Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion;eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2.Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesanddistinctionsin"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromours;areoftensurprisinglynumerousandcomplicated.Awesternlanguagedistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerorthepersonaddressedorremotefrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturncastsanewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretoviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrankorhierarchy. TheexampleofAmericanIndianlanguagesinthepassageistoillustratethat
By1800abouthalfthepopulationofBrazilhadcomefromAfrica.SohadabouthalfthepopulationofVenezuela.SohadasmallerbutstilllargepartofallthepopulationofTrans-AtlanticrepublicswhetherinNorthCentralorSouthAfricaorintheCaribbeanislands.ItwasthesemenandwomenofAfricandescentconqueredthewildernessoftheAmericasclearingandworkingincountlessfarmsandplantationsfoundingandopeninginnumerableminesofironorpreciousmetals.HarshandpainfulasitwastheoverseasslavetradelikethenotmuchlesspainfulmovementofmillionsofhungryandjoblessmenandwomenfromEuropelaidthefoundationsofAmericanrepublics.TheseAfricansbeyondtheseashavetheirplaceinthestoryofAfricathestoryofWestAfricaforwhattheyattemptedandachievedwasalsoareflectionofthestrongandindependentcivilizationfromwhichtheycame.ConsiderforexampletheheroicandsuccessfulstruggleforindependenceconductedbytheslavesoftheCaribbeanlandofSt.Domingue.In1789atthemomentoftheFrenchRevolutionthisFrenchcolonyintheCaribbeanwasprobablythewealthiestcolonyintheworld.ItstensofthousandsofAfricanslave-workersproducedenormousquantitiesofsugarwholeEuropeancommunitieslivedofftheprofits. WhennewsoftheRevolutioninFrancereachedSt.Dominguetheseslavesclaimedtheirshareinitsidealsandbenefits.Theydemandedtheirfreedom.Whendeniedthistheyroseinrevoltagainsttheirmasters.InyearsofhardfightingagainstlargearmiessentbyFranceandafterwardsagainstlargearmiessentbyBritainthesemenofSt.DominguewontheirfreedomandfoundedtheRepublicofHaiti.Yetmorethanhalfthesesoldiersoffreedomhadmadethe"middlepassage"acrosstheAtlantic.MorethanhalfinotherwordshadbeenborninAfricahadspenttheirchildhoodinAfricaandhadlearnedinAfricatheirrespectforfreedom;whilenearlyalltherestwerethechildrenofparentsorgrandparentsborninAfrica.AndtheywereledbyAfricans:bymenofgeniusandcouragesuchasBoukmantheunforgettableToussaintLouvertureandDessalines. RaisedbyToussaintandhisAfricansthebanneroffreedomacrosstheAtlanticwascarriedfrompeopletopeople.Manythrewofftheirbondage.LargenumbersofmenofAfricanoriginfoughtinthearmiesthatmadetheUnitedStateswhattheyaretoday.ItwasageneralofAfricandescentAntonioMaceowholedthemilitarystruggleforCubanindependenceagainstSpainin1868. LikeothermenofvisionMaceohadnotimeforracismforthefalseideathatoneraceofmenisbetterorworsethananyother.SomeofthewhitesofCubadisagreedwithhim.TheywereSpanishsettlerswhothoughtthatwhitewasgoingtobebetterthanblackeveninanindependentCuba. OnedayMaceowasapproachedbyaSpanishCubanwhosuggestedthattheregimentsofindependencearmyshouldbedividedintowhitesandnon-whites.MaceomadehimareplywhichbecamefamousinCuba."Ifyouwerenotwhite"Maceosaidtothisman"Iwouldhaveyoushotonthespot.ButIdonotwishtobeaccusedofbeingracialistasyouareandsoIletyougobutwiththewarningthatIshallnotbesopatientanothertime.Therevolutionhasnocolor." MaceodecidednottoshoottheSpanishCubanbecause
Researchersinvestigatingbrainsizeandmentalabilitysaytheirworkoffersevidencethateducationprotectsthemindfromthebrain’sphysicaldeterioration. 46isknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage. "Thatmayseemlikebadnews"saidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandofneurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit. 47Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown.. ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthe"reserve"hypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshavedevelopedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitivereservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissuetospare. 48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal. "Everyonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkage"Coffeysaid."Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood." Thereishowevera"remarkablerange"ofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted.Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholordruguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood. IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevelhelpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fitelderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss. 49Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage. Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfromfirstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77millilitersmorecerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain.Justhoweducationmightaffectbraincellsisunknown. 50Intheirreporttheresearchersspeculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeperthanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage. isknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.
By1800abouthalfthepopulationofBrazilhadcomefromAfrica.SohadabouthalfthepopulationofVenezuela.SohadasmallerbutstilllargepartofallthepopulationofTrans-AtlanticrepublicswhetherinNorthCentralorSouthAfricaorintheCaribbeanislands.ItwasthesemenandwomenofAfricandescentconqueredthewildernessoftheAmericasclearingandworkingincountlessfarmsandplantationsfoundingandopeninginnumerableminesofironorpreciousmetals.HarshandpainfulasitwastheoverseasslavetradelikethenotmuchlesspainfulmovementofmillionsofhungryandjoblessmenandwomenfromEuropelaidthefoundationsofAmericanrepublics.TheseAfricansbeyondtheseashavetheirplaceinthestoryofAfricathestoryofWestAfricaforwhattheyattemptedandachievedwasalsoareflectionofthestrongandindependentcivilizationfromwhichtheycame.ConsiderforexampletheheroicandsuccessfulstruggleforindependenceconductedbytheslavesoftheCaribbeanlandofSt.Domingue.In1789atthemomentoftheFrenchRevolutionthisFrenchcolonyintheCaribbeanwasprobablythewealthiestcolonyintheworld.ItstensofthousandsofAfricanslave-workersproducedenormousquantitiesofsugarwholeEuropeancommunitieslivedofftheprofits. WhennewsoftheRevolutioninFrancereachedSt.Dominguetheseslavesclaimedtheirshareinitsidealsandbenefits.Theydemandedtheirfreedom.Whendeniedthistheyroseinrevoltagainsttheirmasters.InyearsofhardfightingagainstlargearmiessentbyFranceandafterwardsagainstlargearmiessentbyBritainthesemenofSt.DominguewontheirfreedomandfoundedtheRepublicofHaiti.Yetmorethanhalfthesesoldiersoffreedomhadmadethe"middlepassage"acrosstheAtlantic.MorethanhalfinotherwordshadbeenborninAfricahadspenttheirchildhoodinAfricaandhadlearnedinAfricatheirrespectforfreedom;whilenearlyalltherestwerethechildrenofparentsorgrandparentsborninAfrica.AndtheywereledbyAfricans:bymenofgeniusandcouragesuchasBoukmantheunforgettableToussaintLouvertureandDessalines. RaisedbyToussaintandhisAfricansthebanneroffreedomacrosstheAtlanticwascarriedfrompeopletopeople.Manythrewofftheirbondage.LargenumbersofmenofAfricanoriginfoughtinthearmiesthatmadetheUnitedStateswhattheyaretoday.ItwasageneralofAfricandescentAntonioMaceowholedthemilitarystruggleforCubanindependenceagainstSpainin1868. LikeothermenofvisionMaceohadnotimeforracismforthefalseideathatoneraceofmenisbetterorworsethananyother.SomeofthewhitesofCubadisagreedwithhim.TheywereSpanishsettlerswhothoughtthatwhitewasgoingtobebetterthanblackeveninanindependentCuba. OnedayMaceowasapproachedbyaSpanishCubanwhosuggestedthattheregimentsofindependencearmyshouldbedividedintowhitesandnon-whites.MaceomadehimareplywhichbecamefamousinCuba."Ifyouwerenotwhite"Maceosaidtothisman"Iwouldhaveyoushotonthespot.ButIdonotwishtobeaccusedofbeingracialistasyouareandsoIletyougobutwiththewarningthatIshallnotbesopatientanothertime.Therevolutionhasnocolor." TotheauthortheimportantthingabouttherevolutionofSt.Domingueisthat
Directions: Lookatthefollowingpictureandwrite’anarticleonhappiness.Yourarticleshouldcoverthepointsbelow: 1describethepicture 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytofindhappiness. Youshouldneatlywrite160--200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
Researchersinvestigatingbrainsizeandmentalabilitysaytheirworkoffersevidencethateducationprotectsthemindfromthebrain’sphysicaldeterioration. 46isknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage. "Thatmayseemlikebadnews"saidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandofneurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit. 47Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown.. ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthe"reserve"hypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshavedevelopedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitivereservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissuetospare. 48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal. "Everyonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkage"Coffeysaid."Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood." Thereishowevera"remarkablerange"ofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted.Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholordruguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood. IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevelhelpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fitelderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss. 49Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage. Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfromfirstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77millilitersmorecerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain.Justhoweducationmightaffectbraincellsisunknown. 50Intheirreporttheresearchersspeculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeperthanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage. Intheirreporttheresearchersspeculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeperthanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage.
热门题库
更多
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
仲裁法学
湘公网安备 43130202000226号