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Text1 Everynewbornbabyisdealtahandof cardswhichhelpstodeterminehowlongheorshewillbeallowedtoplaythe gameoflife.Goodcardswillhelpthosewhohavethemtohavealongand healthyexistencewhilebadcardswillbringtothosewhohavethemterrible diseaseslikehighbloodpressureandheartdisease.Occasionallycardsare dealtoutthatdoomtheirholderstoanearlydeath.Inthepastpeoplenever knewexactlywhichcardstheyhadbeendealt.Theycouldguessatthefuture onlybylookingatthekindofhealthproblemsexperiencedbytheirparentsor grandparents.Genetictestingwhichmakesitpossibletofind dangerousgeneshaschangedallthis.Butuntilrecentlyifyouweretested positiveforabadgeneyouwerenotobligedtorevealthistoanyoneelse exceptinafewextremecircumstances.ThismonthhoweverBritainbecamethe firstcountryintheworldtoallowlifeinsurerstoaskfortest results.Sofarapprovalhasbeengivenonlyforatestfora fatalbraindisorderknownasHuntington’sdisease.Buttenothertestsfor sevendiseasesarealreadyinuseandareawaitingsimilarapproval. TheindependentbodythatgivesapprovaltheDepartmentofHealth’s geneticsandinsurancecommitteedoesnothavetodecidewhethertheuseof geneticinformationininsuranceisethical.Itmustjudgeonlywhetherthe testsarereliabletoinsurers.InthecaseofHuntington’sdiseasetheanswer isclear-cut.Peopleunluckyenoughtohavethisgenewilldieearlyandcost lifeinsurersdearly.Thisisonlythestart.Clear-cutgenetic answerswhereageneissimplyanddirectlyrelatedtoaperson’sriskof deathareuncommon.Moreusuallyagroupofgenesisassociatedwiththerisk ofdevelopingacommondiseasedependentonthepresenceofothergeneticor environmentalfactors.Butastestsimproveitwillbecomepossibletopredict whetherornotaparticularindividualisatrisk.Inthenextfewyears researcherswilldiscovermoreandmoreaboutthefunctionsofindividualgenes andwhathealthrisks—orbenefits—areassociatedwith them.Thefunctionofgenetictestingis
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Text1 Everynewbornbabyisdealtahandof cardswhichhelpstodeterminehowlongheorshewillbeallowedtoplaythe gameoflife.Goodcardswillhelpthosewhohavethemtohavealongand healthyexistencewhilebadcardswillbringtothosewhohavethemterrible diseaseslikehighbloodpressureandheartdisease.Occasionallycardsare dealtoutthatdoomtheirholderstoanearlydeath.Inthepastpeoplenever knewexactlywhichcardstheyhadbeendealt.Theycouldguessatthefuture onlybylookingatthekindofhealthproblemsexperiencedbytheirparentsor grandparents.Genetictestingwhichmakesitpossibletofind dangerousgeneshaschangedallthis.Butuntilrecentlyifyouweretested positiveforabadgeneyouwerenotobligedtorevealthistoanyoneelse exceptinafewextremecircumstances.ThismonthhoweverBritainbecamethe firstcountryintheworldtoallowlifeinsurerstoaskfortest results.Sofarapprovalhasbeengivenonlyforatestfora fatalbraindisorderknownasHuntington’sdisease.Buttenothertestsfor sevendiseasesarealreadyinuseandareawaitingsimilarapproval. TheindependentbodythatgivesapprovaltheDepartmentofHealth’s geneticsandinsurancecommitteedoesnothavetodecidewhethertheuseof geneticinformationininsuranceisethical.Itmustjudgeonlywhetherthe testsarereliabletoinsurers.InthecaseofHuntington’sdiseasetheanswer isclear-cut.Peopleunluckyenoughtohavethisgenewilldieearlyandcost lifeinsurersdearly.Thisisonlythestart.Clear-cutgenetic answerswhereageneissimplyanddirectlyrelatedtoaperson’sriskof deathareuncommon.Moreusuallyagroupofgenesisassociatedwiththerisk ofdevelopingacommondiseasedependentonthepresenceofothergeneticor environmentalfactors.Butastestsimproveitwillbecomepossibletopredict whetherornotaparticularindividualisatrisk.Inthenextfewyears researcherswilldiscovermoreandmoreaboutthefunctionsofindividualgenes andwhathealthrisks—orbenefits—areassociatedwith them.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Text2 Goodteachersmatter.Thismayseem obvioustoanyonewhohasachildinschoolorforthatmattertoanyonewho hasbeenachildinschool.Foralongtimethoughresearcherscouldn’t actuallyprovethatteachingtalentwasimportant.Butnewresearchfinally showsthatteacherqualityisaclosecousintostudentachievement:Agreat teachercancramone-and-a-halfgrades’worthoflearningintoasingleyear whilelaggardsareluckytoaccomplishhalfthatmuch.Yet whileweknownowthatbetterteachersarecriticalflawsinthewaythat administratorsselectandretainthemmeanthatschoolsdon’talwayshirethe best.Failingtorecognizethequalitiesthatmaketeachers trulyeffectiveandtoconstructincentivestoattractandretainmoreofthese topperformershasseriousconsequences.Highersalariesdrawmoreweakaswell asstrongapplicantsintoteaching—applicantsthecurrenthiringsystemcan’t adequatelyscreen.Unlessadministratorshaveincentivestohirethebest teachersavailableit’spointlesstogivethemalargergrouptochoosefrom. Studyafterstudyhasshownthatteacherswithmaster’sdegreesarenobetter thanthosewithout.Jobexperiencedoesmatterbutonlyforthefirstfew yearsaccordingtoresearchbyHooverInstitution’sEricA.Hanushek.Ateacher with15yearsofexperienceisnomoreeffectiveonaveragethanateacher withfiveyearsofexperiencebutwhichonedoyouthinkispaid moreThistoxiccombinationofrigidpayandsteeprewardsfor senioritycausesaveragequalitytodeclineratherthanincreaseasteacher groupsgetolder.Topperformersoftenleavethefieldearlyforindustriesthat rewardtheirexcellence.Mediocreteachersontheotherhandaresoon overcompensatedbysenioritypay.Andbecausetheyarepaidmorethantheir skillscommandelsewheretheseless-capablepedagoguessettleintoprovide manyyears-ofineffectualinstruction.Sohowcanweseparate thewheatfromthechaffintheteachingprofessionTomakeAmericanschools competitivewemustrethinksenioritypaythevalueofmaster’sdegreesand thenotionthatateachercanteacheverythingequallywell—especiallymath andscience—withoutappropriatepreparationinthesubject. Ourcurrenteducationsystemisunlikelytoaccomplishthisdramatic rethinking.ImagineforamomentthatAmericancarshadbeenfreeinrecent decadeswhileToyotasandHondassoldatfullprice.We’dprobablybedriving FalconsandCorvairstoday.Freepubliceducationsuffersfromalackof competitioninjustthisway.Sowhileindustriesfromaerospacetodrugshave transformedthemselvesinordertocompetepublicschoolinghas stagnated.Schoolchoicecouldsparkthekindofreformation thisindustryneedsbymotivatingadministratorstohirethebestandadoptnew strategiestokeeptopteachersintheclassroom.Thelessonthatgoodteachers mattershouldbetaughtnotasatheorybutasa practice.Theexpressionseparatethewheatfromthechaffintheteachingprofessionisclosestinmeaningto
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Text2 Goodteachersmatter.Thismayseem obvioustoanyonewhohasachildinschoolorforthatmattertoanyonewho hasbeenachildinschool.Foralongtimethoughresearcherscouldn’t actuallyprovethatteachingtalentwasimportant.Butnewresearchfinally showsthatteacherqualityisaclosecousintostudentachievement:Agreat teachercancramone-and-a-halfgrades’worthoflearningintoasingleyear whilelaggardsareluckytoaccomplishhalfthatmuch.Yet whileweknownowthatbetterteachersarecriticalflawsinthewaythat administratorsselectandretainthemmeanthatschoolsdon’talwayshirethe best.Failingtorecognizethequalitiesthatmaketeachers trulyeffectiveandtoconstructincentivestoattractandretainmoreofthese topperformershasseriousconsequences.Highersalariesdrawmoreweakaswell asstrongapplicantsintoteaching—applicantsthecurrenthiringsystemcan’t adequatelyscreen.Unlessadministratorshaveincentivestohirethebest teachersavailableit’spointlesstogivethemalargergrouptochoosefrom. Studyafterstudyhasshownthatteacherswithmaster’sdegreesarenobetter thanthosewithout.Jobexperiencedoesmatterbutonlyforthefirstfew yearsaccordingtoresearchbyHooverInstitution’sEricA.Hanushek.Ateacher with15yearsofexperienceisnomoreeffectiveonaveragethanateacher withfiveyearsofexperiencebutwhichonedoyouthinkispaid moreThistoxiccombinationofrigidpayandsteeprewardsfor senioritycausesaveragequalitytodeclineratherthanincreaseasteacher groupsgetolder.Topperformersoftenleavethefieldearlyforindustriesthat rewardtheirexcellence.Mediocreteachersontheotherhandaresoon overcompensatedbysenioritypay.Andbecausetheyarepaidmorethantheir skillscommandelsewheretheseless-capablepedagoguessettleintoprovide manyyears-ofineffectualinstruction.Sohowcanweseparate thewheatfromthechaffintheteachingprofessionTomakeAmericanschools competitivewemustrethinksenioritypaythevalueofmaster’sdegreesand thenotionthatateachercanteacheverythingequallywell—especiallymath andscience—withoutappropriatepreparationinthesubject. Ourcurrenteducationsystemisunlikelytoaccomplishthisdramatic rethinking.ImagineforamomentthatAmericancarshadbeenfreeinrecent decadeswhileToyotasandHondassoldatfullprice.We’dprobablybedriving FalconsandCorvairstoday.Freepubliceducationsuffersfromalackof competitioninjustthisway.Sowhileindustriesfromaerospacetodrugshave transformedthemselvesinordertocompetepublicschoolinghas stagnated.Schoolchoicecouldsparkthekindofreformation thisindustryneedsbymotivatingadministratorstohirethebestandadoptnew strategiestokeeptopteachersintheclassroom.Thelessonthatgoodteachers mattershouldbetaughtnotasatheorybutasa practice.ThebeginningsentenceGoodteachersmatter.probablymeansthat
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Text3 Tounderstandhowastrologyworkswe shouldfirsttakeaquicklookatthesky.Althoughthestarsareatenormous distancestheydoindeedgivetheimpressionofbeingaffixedtotheinner surfaceofagreathollowspheresurroundingtheearth.Ancientpeopleinfact literallybelievedintheexistenceofsuchacelestialsphere.Astheearth spinsonitsaxisthecelestialsphereappearstoturnaboutuseachday pivotingatpointsonalinewiththeearth’saxisofrotation.Thisdaily turningofthespherecarriesthestarsaroundtheskycausingmostofthemto riseandsetbuttheyandconstellationstheydefinemaintainfixedpatterns onthespherejustasthecontinentofAustraliamaintainsitsshapeona spinningglobeoftheearth.Thusthestarswerecalledfixedstars. Themotionofthesunalongtheeclipticisofcoursemerelya reflectionoftherevolutionoftheeartharoundthesunbuttheancients believedtheearthwasfixedandthesunhadanindependentmotionofitsown eastwardamongthestars.Theglareofsunlighthidesthestarsindaytimebut theancientswereawarethatthestarswereupthereevenatnightandtheslow eastwardmotionofthesunaroundtheskyattherateofaboutthirtydegrees eachmonthcauseddifferentstarstobevisibleatnightatdifferenttimesof theyear.Themoonrevolvingaroundtheeartheachmonthalso hasanindependentmotioninthesky.Themoonhoweverchangesitposition relativelyrapidly.AlthoughitappearstoriseandSeteachdayasdoesnearly everythingelseintheskywecanseethemoonchangingpositionduringas shortanintervalasanhourorso.Themoon’spatharoundtheearthliesnearly inthesameplaneastheearth’spatharoundthesunsothemoonisneverseen veryfarfromtheeclipticinthesky.Therearefiveotherobjectsvisibleto thenakedeyethatalsoappeartomoveinrespecttothefixedbackgroundof starsonthecelestialsphere.ThesearetheplanetsMercuryVenusMars JupiterandSaturn.Allofthemrevolvearoundthesuninnearlythesameplane astheearthdoes.Sotheylikethemoonalwaysappearneartheecliptic. Becauseweseetheplanetsfromthemovingearthhowevertheybehaveina complicatedwaywiththeirapparentmotionsonthecelestialspherereflecting boththeirownindependentmotionsaroundthesunandourmotionas well.Accordingtothelastparagraphfiveotherplanets
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Text3 Tounderstandhowastrologyworkswe shouldfirsttakeaquicklookatthesky.Althoughthestarsareatenormous distancestheydoindeedgivetheimpressionofbeingaffixedtotheinner surfaceofagreathollowspheresurroundingtheearth.Ancientpeopleinfact literallybelievedintheexistenceofsuchacelestialsphere.Astheearth spinsonitsaxisthecelestialsphereappearstoturnaboutuseachday pivotingatpointsonalinewiththeearth’saxisofrotation.Thisdaily turningofthespherecarriesthestarsaroundtheskycausingmostofthemto riseandsetbuttheyandconstellationstheydefinemaintainfixedpatterns onthespherejustasthecontinentofAustraliamaintainsitsshapeona spinningglobeoftheearth.Thusthestarswerecalledfixedstars. Themotionofthesunalongtheeclipticisofcoursemerelya reflectionoftherevolutionoftheeartharoundthesunbuttheancients believedtheearthwasfixedandthesunhadanindependentmotionofitsown eastwardamongthestars.Theglareofsunlighthidesthestarsindaytimebut theancientswereawarethatthestarswereupthereevenatnightandtheslow eastwardmotionofthesunaroundtheskyattherateofaboutthirtydegrees eachmonthcauseddifferentstarstobevisibleatnightatdifferenttimesof theyear.Themoonrevolvingaroundtheeartheachmonthalso hasanindependentmotioninthesky.Themoonhoweverchangesitposition relativelyrapidly.AlthoughitappearstoriseandSeteachdayasdoesnearly everythingelseintheskywecanseethemoonchangingpositionduringas shortanintervalasanhourorso.Themoon’spatharoundtheearthliesnearly inthesameplaneastheearth’spatharoundthesunsothemoonisneverseen veryfarfromtheeclipticinthesky.Therearefiveotherobjectsvisibleto thenakedeyethatalsoappeartomoveinrespecttothefixedbackgroundof starsonthecelestialsphere.ThesearetheplanetsMercuryVenusMars JupiterandSaturn.Allofthemrevolvearoundthesuninnearlythesameplane astheearthdoes.Sotheylikethemoonalwaysappearneartheecliptic. Becauseweseetheplanetsfromthemovingearthhowevertheybehaveina complicatedwaywiththeirapparentmotionsonthecelestialspherereflecting boththeirownindependentmotionsaroundthesunandourmotionas well.Itwasstatedinastrologythat
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Text2 Goodteachersmatter.Thismayseem obvioustoanyonewhohasachildinschoolorforthatmattertoanyonewho hasbeenachildinschool.Foralongtimethoughresearcherscouldn’t actuallyprovethatteachingtalentwasimportant.Butnewresearchfinally showsthatteacherqualityisaclosecousintostudentachievement:Agreat teachercancramone-and-a-halfgrades’worthoflearningintoasingleyear whilelaggardsareluckytoaccomplishhalfthatmuch.Yet whileweknownowthatbetterteachersarecriticalflawsinthewaythat administratorsselectandretainthemmeanthatschoolsdon’talwayshirethe best.Failingtorecognizethequalitiesthatmaketeachers trulyeffectiveandtoconstructincentivestoattractandretainmoreofthese topperformershasseriousconsequences.Highersalariesdrawmoreweakaswell asstrongapplicantsintoteaching—applicantsthecurrenthiringsystemcan’t adequatelyscreen.Unlessadministratorshaveincentivestohirethebest teachersavailableit’spointlesstogivethemalargergrouptochoosefrom. Studyafterstudyhasshownthatteacherswithmaster’sdegreesarenobetter thanthosewithout.Jobexperiencedoesmatterbutonlyforthefirstfew yearsaccordingtoresearchbyHooverInstitution’sEricA.Hanushek.Ateacher with15yearsofexperienceisnomoreeffectiveonaveragethanateacher withfiveyearsofexperiencebutwhichonedoyouthinkispaid moreThistoxiccombinationofrigidpayandsteeprewardsfor senioritycausesaveragequalitytodeclineratherthanincreaseasteacher groupsgetolder.Topperformersoftenleavethefieldearlyforindustriesthat rewardtheirexcellence.Mediocreteachersontheotherhandaresoon overcompensatedbysenioritypay.Andbecausetheyarepaidmorethantheir skillscommandelsewheretheseless-capablepedagoguessettleintoprovide manyyears-ofineffectualinstruction.Sohowcanweseparate thewheatfromthechaffintheteachingprofessionTomakeAmericanschools competitivewemustrethinksenioritypaythevalueofmaster’sdegreesand thenotionthatateachercanteacheverythingequallywell—especiallymath andscience—withoutappropriatepreparationinthesubject. Ourcurrenteducationsystemisunlikelytoaccomplishthisdramatic rethinking.ImagineforamomentthatAmericancarshadbeenfreeinrecent decadeswhileToyotasandHondassoldatfullprice.We’dprobablybedriving FalconsandCorvairstoday.Freepubliceducationsuffersfromalackof competitioninjustthisway.Sowhileindustriesfromaerospacetodrugshave transformedthemselvesinordertocompetepublicschoolinghas stagnated.Schoolchoicecouldsparkthekindofreformation thisindustryneedsbymotivatingadministratorstohirethebestandadoptnew strategiestokeeptopteachersintheclassroom.Thelessonthatgoodteachers mattershouldbetaughtnotasatheorybutasa practice.Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrue
Directions: Youarepreparingtoaskforsomehelpfromyourteacherwritealetterthat: 1detailwhatyouwanthimorshedoesforyou 2expressyourthankstoyourteacher Youshouldwriteabouti00wordsonANSWERSHEETII.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
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