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中国近代出现了哪三次思想解放的潮流。
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在古希腊罗马之后jī dū jiāo 会对西方世界近千年的思想统治使人们的个人意识受到极大的压制为此不同国家不同领域
在古代希腊罗马文明之后jī dū jiāo 会对西方世界近千年的思想统治使人们的个人意识受到极大的压制为此不同国家不
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在古代希腊罗马文明之后jī dū jiāo 会对西方世界进行了长达近千年的思想统治使人们的个人意识受到极大的压制为此
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在古代希腊罗马文明之后jī dū jiāo 会对西方世界近千年的思想统治使人们的个人意识受到极大的压制为此不同国家不
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在古希腊罗马文明后jī dū jiāo 会对西方世界进行了长达近千年的思想统治使人们的个人意识受到极大的压制为此不同
近代欧洲掀起三次思想解放潮流带领人们迈进理性时代请回答:114~18世纪的西欧出现了哪三次影响巨大的
在古代希腊罗马文明之后jī dū jiāo 会对西方世界进行了长达近千年的思想统治使人们的个人意识受到极大的压制为此
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在古代希腊罗马文明之后jī dū jiāo 会对西方世界近千年的思想统治使人们的个人意识受到极大的压制为此不同国家不
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Text2 Untilrecentlymobileradiowasto wirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.Withamixed clientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiesto taxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessanda technologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitis knownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesin theall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshave figuredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoan advancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT＆Tandthe giantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughthe industrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor＄1.8 billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony. AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsare digitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork. SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellular phonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.And whilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000the technologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacityso fastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattan andLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservice couldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredict theywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.There arenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanother contendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiply theconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleast halfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservices includingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.Phoneand cabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesare developingso-calledpersonal-communicationsnetworksorPCNsahighly advancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnect toagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventional cellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrong technologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesame marketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutis over.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocan makethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindful oftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyone callsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasy choice.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems
Text4 Shouldanyonemuchcarewhetheran AmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuch hasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan 18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethat anotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternational IncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.Anaffairhas outragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateabout moralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawand order.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.The questionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle:though Singaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknow Americanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.Doesateenager convictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozen powerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBy whatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessand licensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaning sentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebate overwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.Too badMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.Notonlydoesheseem destinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandard forjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.is fairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshore republicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLOSAngelesto whichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthe hard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithout itsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbe muchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajor factordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommon identitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU. S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversal societythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld. Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproduceda gridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamily lifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookon complacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceis becomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthis affair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismAct fordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasan unwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthuman rights.ThewordcacophonousPara.3mostprobablymeans
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.Forquestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--G tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdo notfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inany interactionwithothers;itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures. Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesare unclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures. 41_____________________.Low-contextculturesliketheUnited StatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbal communication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappen orthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplaceless importanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.In high-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbal componentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingthe intendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42_____________________.Forinstanceitmaybemoresocially acceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnot angerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametime interpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaand Japanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundthe worldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothof whichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43_____________________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomean friendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencold underthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilar acrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportant tounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinorderto interpretemotionsexpressedincross-cultural interactions.44_____________________.Inacomparisonof NorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthatthe Frenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparents whileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45_____________________.Theseexamplesofdifferences relatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Careful observationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivating relationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytowork effectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences.[A]These differencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonis explainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemay dosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriateto inflictthepainofgriefonothers.[B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshas todowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencountervery differentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.North Americanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyare surroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmore closelywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonal spaces.[C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewith theirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleoffirstcomefirstserved.The Frenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmany BritishandUSAmericans.[D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromour culturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggestures posturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouchphysical appearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegrees ofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior.[E]Thedifficultywithspace preferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem. Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalking withanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidence ofcoldnessoralackofinterest.[F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutive workingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemoving theguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor.[G] Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.For exampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfear sadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearound theworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptableto displayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom.
Text3 Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe 13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofa devastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.People getcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli. LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.Afterdrifting loweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverage abruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhourof trading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertany senseofcrisisafterthemarketClosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholas Brady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’t signalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomy remainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.But MassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeon telecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestock marketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbefore wehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontothese problems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblamefor thelatestshipwreck.Aseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedon Fridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporate profitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.The singulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa＄6.75billionlabor managementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecond largestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWall Streetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrection ofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsand awaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000 pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearly worried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon. Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedby ChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited. Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinanced throughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidin theneartermbuttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewthe Uniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohn DowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshave lookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintrouble everyonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough. Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation
Text4 Shouldanyonemuchcarewhetheran AmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuch hasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan 18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethat anotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternational IncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.Anaffairhas outragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateabout moralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawand order.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.The questionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle:though Singaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknow Americanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.Doesateenager convictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozen powerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBy whatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessand licensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaning sentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebate overwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.Too badMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.Notonlydoesheseem destinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandard forjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.is fairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshore republicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLOSAngelesto whichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthe hard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithout itsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbe muchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajor factordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommon identitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU. S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversal societythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld. Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproduceda gridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamily lifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookon complacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceis becomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthis affair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismAct fordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasan unwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthuman rights.WhatdidthewritersayhappenedtoMichaelFayinSingapore
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.Forquestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--G tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdo notfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inany interactionwithothers;itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures. Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesare unclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures. 41_____________________.Low-contextculturesliketheUnited StatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbal communication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappen orthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplaceless importanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.In high-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbal componentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingthe intendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42_____________________.Forinstanceitmaybemoresocially acceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnot angerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametime interpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaand Japanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundthe worldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothof whichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43_____________________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomean friendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencold underthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilar acrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportant tounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinorderto interpretemotionsexpressedincross-cultural interactions.44_____________________.Inacomparisonof NorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthatthe Frenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparents whileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45_____________________.Theseexamplesofdifferences relatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Careful observationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivating relationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytowork effectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences.[A]These differencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonis explainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemay dosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriateto inflictthepainofgriefonothers.[B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshas todowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencountervery differentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.North Americanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyare surroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmore closelywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonal spaces.[C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewith theirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleoffirstcomefirstserved.The Frenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmany BritishandUSAmericans.[D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromour culturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggestures posturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouchphysical appearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegrees ofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior.[E]Thedifficultywithspace preferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem. Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalking withanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidence ofcoldnessoralackofinterest.[F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutive workingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemoving theguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor.[G] Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.For exampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfear sadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearound theworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptableto displayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom.
Text4 Shouldanyonemuchcarewhetheran AmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuch hasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan 18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethat anotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternational IncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.Anaffairhas outragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateabout moralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawand order.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.The questionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle:though Singaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknow Americanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.Doesateenager convictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozen powerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBy whatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessand licensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaning sentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebate overwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.Too badMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.Notonlydoesheseem destinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandard forjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.is fairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshore republicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLOSAngelesto whichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthe hard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithout itsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbe muchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajor factordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommon identitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU. S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversal societythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld. Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproduceda gridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamily lifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookon complacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceis becomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthis affair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismAct fordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasan unwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthuman rights.ItcanbelearnedfromthetextthatthedebatetriggeredbyFay’scasefocusesmainlyupon
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulent historysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorously challengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacentury primarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposed drift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sand early60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmost universallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworked out.ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysix largeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesareboundedbyan interconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.Ridges alsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeach other.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthe void.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityof theplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymany thousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgeson theoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanet butonlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovethe oceansurface.Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreated alongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoing away.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccur alongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49 Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta40oangleand plungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintothe liquidmantlebelow.Asthesuhductingplateisheatedbackuptomantle temperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50 Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurrounding materialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplateto eruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyrise abovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeofthe overridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewestern Pacificwerecreatedinthisway.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulent historysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorously challengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacentury primarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposed drift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sand early60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmost universallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworked out.ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysix largeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesareboundedbyan interconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.Ridges alsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeach other.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthe void.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityof theplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymany thousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgeson theoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanet butonlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovethe oceansurface.Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreated alongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoing away.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccur alongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49 Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta40oangleand plungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintothe liquidmantlebelow.Asthesuhductingplateisheatedbackuptomantle temperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50 Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurrounding materialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplateto eruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyrise abovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeofthe overridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewestern Pacificwerecreatedinthisway.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulent historysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorously challengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacentury primarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposed drift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sand early60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmost universallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworked out.ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysix largeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesareboundedbyan interconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.Ridges alsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeach other.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthe void.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityof theplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymany thousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgeson theoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanet butonlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovethe oceansurface.Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreated alongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoing away.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccur alongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49 Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta40oangleand plungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintothe liquidmantlebelow.Asthesuhductingplateisheatedbackuptomantle temperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50 Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurrounding materialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplateto eruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyrise abovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeofthe overridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewestern Pacificwerecreatedinthisway.
Text3 Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe 13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofa devastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.People getcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli. LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.Afterdrifting loweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverage abruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhourof trading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertany senseofcrisisafterthemarketClosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholas Brady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’t signalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomy remainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.But MassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeon telecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestock marketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbefore wehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontothese problems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblamefor thelatestshipwreck.Aseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedon Fridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporate profitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.The singulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa＄6.75billionlabor managementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecond largestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWall Streetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrection ofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsand awaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000 pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearly worried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon. Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedby ChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited. Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinanced throughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidin theneartermbuttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewthe Uniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohn DowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshave lookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintrouble everyonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough. Themainreasonforthelatestcrisisinstockmarketaspointedoutbythewriterliesin
Directions: A.Studythefollowingaccountofapersonalexperiencecarefullyandwriteanessayinno lessthan200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Elaborateyourimpressionsonthestorytold. 2Andpointoutitsimplicationsinourlife. OnesummermywifeChrisandIwereinvitedbyfriendstorowdowntheColoradoRiverinaboat.Ourexpeditionincludedmanyhighlysuccessfulpeople--thekindwhohavestaffstotakecareoflife’sdailywork.Butinthewilderrapidsallofusnaturallysetasideanypretensesandputoutbacksintoeverystroketokeeptheboatfromtumblingover.Ateachnight’sencampmentweallhauledsuppliesandcleaneddishes.Afteronlytwodaysintheriverpeopleaccustomedtobeingspoiledandindulgedhadbecomeateamworkingtogethertocopewiththeunpredictabletwistsandturnsoftheriver.Ibelievethatinlife--aswellasonboattrips-teamworkwillmakeallourjourneyssuccessfulones.Therhythmsofteamworkhavebeentherhythmsofmylife....
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