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ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.
Text1 In1957adoctorinSingaporenoticed thathospitalsweretreatinganunusualnumberofinfluenza-likecases. Influenzaissometimescalledfluorabadcold.Hetooksamplesfromthe throatsofpatientsinhishospitalandwasabletofindthevirusofthis influenza.Therearethreemaintypesoftheinfluenzavirus. ThemostimportantofthesearetypesAandBeachofthemhavingseveral sub-groups.Withtheinstrumentsatthehospitalthedoctorrecognizedthatthe outbreakwasduetoavirusgroupAbuthedidnotknowthesub-group.He reportedtheoutbreaktotheWorldHealthOrganizationinGeneva.W.H.O. publishedtheimportantnewsalongsidereportsofasimilaroutbreakinHong Kongwhereabout15%—20%ofthepopulationhadbecomeill.As soonastheLondondoctorsreceivedthepackageofthroatsamplestheybegan thestandardtests.Theyfoundthatbyreproducingitselfatveryhighspeed thevirushadmultipliedmorethanamilliontimeswithintwodays.Continuing theircarefulteststhedoctorscheckedtheeffectofdrugsusedagainstall theknownsub-groupsofvirustypeA.Noneofthemgaveanyprotection.This thenwassomethingnew:anewinfluenzavirusagainstwhichthepeopleofthe worldhadnoreadyhelpwhatsoever.Havingisolatedthevirusthey wereworkingwiththetwodoctorsnowdroppeditintothenosesofsome speciallyselectedanimalswhichcontactinfluenzainthesamewayashuman beingsdo.Inashorttimetheusualsignsofthediseaseappeared.These experimentsrevealedthatthenewvirusspreadeasilybutthatitwasnota killer.ScientistslikethegeneralpubliccalleditsimplyAsian flu.Thefirstdiscoveryofthevirushoweverwasmadein Chinabeforethediseasehadappearedinothercountries.Variousreportsshowed thattheinfluenzaoutbreakstartedinChinaprobablyinFebruaryof1957.By themiddleofMarchithadspreadalloverChina.TheviruswasfoundbyChinese doctorsearlyinMarch.ButChinawasnotamemberoftheWorldHealth Organizationandthereforedidnotreportoutbreaksofdiseasetoit.Notuntil twomonthslaterwhentravelerscarriedthevirusintoHongKongfromwhereit spreadtoSingaporedidthenewsoftheoutbreakreachtherestoftheworld. Bythistimeitwasstartedonitswayaroundtheworld. ThereafterWHO’sWeeklyReportsdescribedthesteadyspreadofthisvirus outbreakwhichwithinfourmonthssweptthroughevery continent.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseof work.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend 2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950the UShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Today it4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployees log2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand 16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employed American7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlywork schedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeople areworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff— holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe 1990s.AsCorporationshave11stiffer competitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12 employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s 13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeople togetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wages havebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeor extrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernment estimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywant tocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearningless money.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.The governmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20 asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhours possible.
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseof work.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend 2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950the UShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Today it4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployees log2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand 16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employed American7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlywork schedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeople areworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff— holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe 1990s.AsCorporationshave11stiffer competitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12 employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s 13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeople togetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wages havebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeor extrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernment estimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywant tocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearningless money.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.The governmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20 asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhours possible.
Scienceandpoliticsareinextricablylinked.Atascientific conferenceonclimatechangeheldthisweekinCopenhagenfourenvironmental expertsannouncedthatsealevelsappeartoberisingalmosttwiceasrapidlyas hadbeenforecastbytheUnitedNationsjusttwoyearsago.46Thewarning isaimedatpoliticianswhowillmeetinthesamecityinDecembertodiscuss thesamesubjectandperhapstothrashoutaninternationalagreementto counterit.Thereasonfortherapidchangeinthepredicted riseinsealevelsisarapidincreaseintheinformationavailable.47In 2007whentheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeconvenedbytheUNmade itspredictionthatsealevelswouldrisebybetween18cmand59cmby2100a lackofknowledgeabouthowthepolaricecapswerebehavingwasbehindmuchof theuncertainty.Sincethentheyhavebeencloselymonitoredandthe resultsaredisturbing.BoththeGreenlandandtheAntarcticcapshavebeen meltingatanacceleratingrate.Indeedscientistsnowreckonthatsealevels willrisebybetween50eraand100eraby2100unlessactionistakentocurb climatechange.48KonradSteffenaprofessorofthe UniversityofColoradotoldtheconferencethatthissheetismeltingnotonly becauseitiswarmerbutalsobecausewaterseepingthroughitscrevicesis breakingitupwhoseeffecthadbeenneglectedintheearlierreport.The impactofthemeltingicehasbeenmeasuredbyJohnChurchoftheCentrefor AustralianWeatherandClimateResearch.Hetoldtheconferencethatsatellite andground-basedsystemsshowedthatsealevelshavebeenrisingmorerapidly since1993.Heisconcernedthatmoreclimatechangecouldcauseafurther accelerationinthisrate.StefanofthePotsdamInstitutefor ClimateImpactResearchtoldtheconferencethatbasedonpastexperienceI expectthatsea-levelrisewillaccelerateastheplanetgetshotter.49He wassupportedinthisviewbythefourthexpertEricRignotoftheUniversity ofCaliforniawhocalledfortheworld’sleaderstoslashtheemissionof carbondioxideandothergreenhousegases.Advance negotiationsontheUNClimateChangeConferenceareduetobegininBonnin justoverafortnight’stime.Thescientistshopethattheirstartlingwarnings willchangetheoutcomeofthatpre-meetingmeeting.50Withmuchstillto argueovertheyhopethataclearscientificleadwillbothhelptonarrowthe roomfordisagreementandgalvanizethedesiretogetatreatyagreed.
Foryearspediatriciansdidn’tworrymuchabouttreating hypertensionintheirpatients.Afterallkidsgrowsofastit’shardkeeping upwiththeirshoessizeletalonetheirbloodpressure.Surehypertensionin adultsplacesthematgreaterriskofheartattackandstroke.Butnobodylikes theideaofstartingyoungstersonblood-pressuremedicinetheycouldwindup takingtherestoftheirlives.Whoknowswhatpreviouslyunheard-ofside effectscouldcropupafterfiveorsixdecadesofdailyuse Therationalehasbeen:kidsgrowoutofsomanythings;maybethey’ll growoutofthistoo.41．Nowthoughcomeswordthathighblood pressurecanbedestructiveeveninchildhood.42．Whoismostat riskBoysaremorethangirlsespeciallyboyswhoare overweight.Theirheartworkssohardtoforcebloodthroughextralayersoffat thatitswallsgrowdenser.Thenafterdecadesofstrainingitgrowstoobig topumpbloodverywell.43．Howcanyoutellifyoursarelike the670000Americanchildrenages10to18withhighbloodpressure It’snotthesortofthingyoucancatchbyputtingyourchild’sarmina cuffatthefreemonitoringstationinyourlocalgrocery.Youshouldhavea testdonebyadoctorwhowillconsultspecialtablesthatindicatethenormal rangeofbloodpressureforaparticularchild’sageheightandsex. 44．Abouthalfthecasesofhypertensionstemdirectlyfromkidsbeing overweight.45．HowcanyoudoYoucankeepyour childrenfromjoiningtheirranksbyclearingthejunkfoodfromyourpantryand hookingyoukids—theearlierthebetter—onhealthyattractivesnakeslike fruitstryfreezingsomegrapes/orcarrotstickswithsalsa.Notonlywill theyloweryourchildren’sbloodpressure:Thesefoodswillalsoboosttheir immunesystemandunclogtheirplumbing.[A]Andtheproblemis likelytogrow.Overthepast30yearstheproportionofchildrenintheU.S. whoareoverweighthasdoubledfrom5%to11%or4.7millionkids. [B]AccordingtoarecentreportinthejournalCirculation19of30 childrenwithhighbloodpressuredevelopedadangerousthickeningoftheheart musclethatinadultsatleasthasbeenlinkedtoheartfailure.Nooneknows ifthispatternholdstrueforyoungerpatientsaswellsaysDr.Stephen DanielsapediatriccardiologistwholedthestudyatChildren’sHospital MedicalCenterinCincinnatiOhio.Butit’sworrisome.[C] Feedyourchildrennutritiousfoodsthreetimesadaytokeephisimmunesystem healthy.Makesurethemealsincludeallthefoodgroupstoensuretheyare gettingplentyofvitamins.[D]Fortunatelytheabnormal thickeningcanbespottedbyultrasound.Andinmostcasegettingthatblood pressureundercontrol—throughweightlossandexerciseorasalastresort drugtreatment—allowstheoverworkedmuscletoshrinktonormal size.[E]Ifthedoctorfindsanabnormalresulthewillrepeat thetestoveraperiodofmonthstomakesurethereadingisn’tafake.He’ll alsocheckwhetherotherconditionslikekidneydiseasecouldbethesource ofthetroublebecausehypertensionishardtobedetected.TheNationalHeart LungandBloodInstituterecommendsannualblood-pressurechecksforeverychild overage3.[F]Highbloodpressureisn’tjustanissuefor adults;keepingkidsbloodpressurelevelsinahealthyrangeisalsoimportant. InanewstudyreportedinHypertensionresearchersfoundthatincreased exercisedurationamongkidsleadstolowerbloodpressurelevelshoweverthe samecannotbesaidforincreasedintensity.[G]Meanwhilemake sureyourkidsspendmoretimeontheplaygroundthanwiththeirPlayStation. Eveniftheydon’tshedapoundvigorousexercisewillhelpkeeptheirblood vesselsniceandwideloweringtheirbloodpressure.Andofcoursethey’llbe morelikelytoeatlightandexerciseifyousetagoodexample.
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseof work.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend 2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950the UShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Today it4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployees log2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand 16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employed American7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlywork schedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeople areworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff— holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe 1990s.AsCorporationshave11stiffer competitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12 employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s 13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeople togetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wages havebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeor extrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernment estimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywant tocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearningless money.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.The governmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20 asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhours possible.
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseof work.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend 2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950the UShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Today it4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployees log2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand 16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employed American7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlywork schedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeople areworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff— holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe 1990s.AsCorporationshave11stiffer competitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12 employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s 13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeople togetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wages havebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeor extrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernment estimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywant tocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearningless money.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.The governmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20 asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhours possible.
A公司必须在3个月后对其日本供应商支付12500万日元为防范日元升值的风险它想购买20份日元买入期权合同每份6250000日元约定价格0.00800$/￥期权费每日元0.015美分此外A也可以购买10份3个月日元期货合同每份12500000日元价格为0.007940$/￥即期汇率为0.007823$/￥A公司财务经理相信90天后最可能的汇率是0.007900$/￥但日元也可能升值到0.008400$/￥或贬值到0.007500$/￥ 1图示在A公司的预期汇率上它在买入期权合同头寸和期货合同头寸上的损益 2如果到期日汇率为预期最可能的汇率水平计算A在期权和期货头寸上的损益 3A公司在期权合同和期货合同中收支相抵点的到期日即期汇率为多少
Foryearspediatriciansdidn’tworrymuchabouttreating hypertensionintheirpatients.Afterallkidsgrowsofastit’shardkeeping upwiththeirshoessizeletalonetheirbloodpressure.Surehypertensionin adultsplacesthematgreaterriskofheartattackandstroke.Butnobodylikes theideaofstartingyoungstersonblood-pressuremedicinetheycouldwindup takingtherestoftheirlives.Whoknowswhatpreviouslyunheard-ofside effectscouldcropupafterfiveorsixdecadesofdailyuse Therationalehasbeen:kidsgrowoutofsomanythings;maybethey’ll growoutofthistoo.41．Nowthoughcomeswordthathighblood pressurecanbedestructiveeveninchildhood.42．Whoismostat riskBoysaremorethangirlsespeciallyboyswhoare overweight.Theirheartworkssohardtoforcebloodthroughextralayersoffat thatitswallsgrowdenser.Thenafterdecadesofstrainingitgrowstoobig topumpbloodverywell.43．Howcanyoutellifyoursarelike the670000Americanchildrenages10to18withhighbloodpressure It’snotthesortofthingyoucancatchbyputtingyourchild’sarmina cuffatthefreemonitoringstationinyourlocalgrocery.Youshouldhavea testdonebyadoctorwhowillconsultspecialtablesthatindicatethenormal rangeofbloodpressureforaparticularchild’sageheightandsex. 44．Abouthalfthecasesofhypertensionstemdirectlyfromkidsbeing overweight.45．HowcanyoudoYoucankeepyour childrenfromjoiningtheirranksbyclearingthejunkfoodfromyourpantryand hookingyoukids—theearlierthebetter—onhealthyattractivesnakeslike fruitstryfreezingsomegrapes/orcarrotstickswithsalsa.Notonlywill theyloweryourchildren’sbloodpressure:Thesefoodswillalsoboosttheir immunesystemandunclogtheirplumbing.[A]Andtheproblemis likelytogrow.Overthepast30yearstheproportionofchildrenintheU.S. whoareoverweighthasdoubledfrom5%to11%or4.7millionkids. [B]AccordingtoarecentreportinthejournalCirculation19of30 childrenwithhighbloodpressuredevelopedadangerousthickeningoftheheart musclethatinadultsatleasthasbeenlinkedtoheartfailure.Nooneknows ifthispatternholdstrueforyoungerpatientsaswellsaysDr.Stephen DanielsapediatriccardiologistwholedthestudyatChildren’sHospital MedicalCenterinCincinnatiOhio.Butit’sworrisome.[C] Feedyourchildrennutritiousfoodsthreetimesadaytokeephisimmunesystem healthy.Makesurethemealsincludeallthefoodgroupstoensuretheyare gettingplentyofvitamins.[D]Fortunatelytheabnormal thickeningcanbespottedbyultrasound.Andinmostcasegettingthatblood pressureundercontrol—throughweightlossandexerciseorasalastresort drugtreatment—allowstheoverworkedmuscletoshrinktonormal size.[E]Ifthedoctorfindsanabnormalresulthewillrepeat thetestoveraperiodofmonthstomakesurethereadingisn’tafake.He’ll alsocheckwhetherotherconditionslikekidneydiseasecouldbethesource ofthetroublebecausehypertensionishardtobedetected.TheNationalHeart LungandBloodInstituterecommendsannualblood-pressurechecksforeverychild overage3.[F]Highbloodpressureisn’tjustanissuefor adults;keepingkidsbloodpressurelevelsinahealthyrangeisalsoimportant. InanewstudyreportedinHypertensionresearchersfoundthatincreased exercisedurationamongkidsleadstolowerbloodpressurelevelshoweverthe samecannotbesaidforincreasedintensity.[G]Meanwhilemake sureyourkidsspendmoretimeontheplaygroundthanwiththeirPlayStation. Eveniftheydon’tshedapoundvigorousexercisewillhelpkeeptheirblood vesselsniceandwideloweringtheirbloodpressure.Andofcoursethey’llbe morelikelytoeatlightandexerciseifyousetagoodexample.
Text4 Everycultureattemptstocreatea universeofdiscourseforitsmembersawayinwhichpeoplecaninterpret theirexperienceandconveyittooneanother.Withoutacommonsystemof codifyingsensationslifewouldbeabsurdandalleffortstosharemeanings doomedtofailure.Thisuniverseofdiscourse—oneofthemostpreciousofall culturallegacies—istransmittedtoeachgenerationinpartconsciouslyandin partunconsciously.Parentsandteachersgiveexplicitinstructioninitby praisingorcriticizingcertainwaysofdressingofthinkingofgesturingof respondingtotheactsofothers.Butthemostsignificantaspectsofany culturalcodemaybeconveyedimplicitlynotbyruleorlessonbutthrough modelingbehavior.Achildissurroundedbyotherswhothroughthemere consistencyoftheiractionsasmalesandfemalesmothersandfathers salesclerksandpolicemendisplaywhatisappropriatebehavior.Thusthe grammarofanycultureissentandreceivedlargelyunconsciouslymakingone’s ownculturalassumptionsandbiasesdifficulttorecognize.Theyseemso obviouslyrightthattheyrequirenoexplanation.InTheOpen andClosedMindMiltonRokeachposestheproblemofculturalunderstandingin itssimplestformbutonethatcanreadilydemonstratethecomplicationof communicationbetweencultures.ItiscalledtheDennyDoodlebugProblem. Readersaregivenalltherulesthatgovernthisculture:Dennyisananimal thatalwaysfacesNorthandcanmoveonlybyjumping;hecanjumplarge distancesorsmalldistancesbutcanchangedirectiononlyafterjumpingfour timesinanydirection;hecanjumpNorthSouthEastorWestbutnot diagonally.Uponconcludingajumphismasterplacessomefoodthreefeet directlywestofhim.SurveyingthesituationDennyconcludeshemustjumpfour timestoreachthefood.Nomoreorless.Andheisright.Allthereaderhasto doistoexplainthecircumstancesthatmakehisconclusioncorrect. Thelargemajorityofpeoplewhoattemptthisproblemfailtosolveit despitethefactthattheyaregivenalltherulesthatcontrolbehaviorinthis culture.IfthereisdifficultyingettinginsidethesimplisticworldofDenny Doodlebug—wheretheculturalcodehasalreadybeenbrokenandhandedtous— imaginethecomplexityofcomprehendingbehaviorinsocietieswhosecodeshave notyetbeendecipheredandwhereeventhosewhoobeythesecodesareonly vaguelyawareandcanrarelydescribetheunderlyingsourcesoftheirown actions.WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutculturalcodeisdiscussedinTheOpenandClosedMind
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseof work.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend 2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950the UShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Today it4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployees log2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand 16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employed American7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlywork schedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeople areworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff— holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe 1990s.AsCorporationshave11stiffer competitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12 employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s 13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeople togetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wages havebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeor extrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernment estimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywant tocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearningless money.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.The governmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20 asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhours possible.
Text1 In1957adoctorinSingaporenoticed thathospitalsweretreatinganunusualnumberofinfluenza-likecases. Influenzaissometimescalledfluorabadcold.Hetooksamplesfromthe throatsofpatientsinhishospitalandwasabletofindthevirusofthis influenza.Therearethreemaintypesoftheinfluenzavirus. ThemostimportantofthesearetypesAandBeachofthemhavingseveral sub-groups.Withtheinstrumentsatthehospitalthedoctorrecognizedthatthe outbreakwasduetoavirusgroupAbuthedidnotknowthesub-group.He reportedtheoutbreaktotheWorldHealthOrganizationinGeneva.W.H.O. publishedtheimportantnewsalongsidereportsofasimilaroutbreakinHong Kongwhereabout15%—20%ofthepopulationhadbecomeill.As soonastheLondondoctorsreceivedthepackageofthroatsamplestheybegan thestandardtests.Theyfoundthatbyreproducingitselfatveryhighspeed thevirushadmultipliedmorethanamilliontimeswithintwodays.Continuing theircarefulteststhedoctorscheckedtheeffectofdrugsusedagainstall theknownsub-groupsofvirustypeA.Noneofthemgaveanyprotection.This thenwassomethingnew:anewinfluenzavirusagainstwhichthepeopleofthe worldhadnoreadyhelpwhatsoever.Havingisolatedthevirusthey wereworkingwiththetwodoctorsnowdroppeditintothenosesofsome speciallyselectedanimalswhichcontactinfluenzainthesamewayashuman beingsdo.Inashorttimetheusualsignsofthediseaseappeared.These experimentsrevealedthatthenewvirusspreadeasilybutthatitwasnota killer.ScientistslikethegeneralpubliccalleditsimplyAsian flu.Thefirstdiscoveryofthevirushoweverwasmadein Chinabeforethediseasehadappearedinothercountries.Variousreportsshowed thattheinfluenzaoutbreakstartedinChinaprobablyinFebruaryof1957.By themiddleofMarchithadspreadalloverChina.TheviruswasfoundbyChinese doctorsearlyinMarch.ButChinawasnotamemberoftheWorldHealth Organizationandthereforedidnotreportoutbreaksofdiseasetoit.Notuntil twomonthslaterwhentravelerscarriedthevirusintoHongKongfromwhereit spreadtoSingaporedidthenewsoftheoutbreakreachtherestoftheworld. Bythistimeitwasstartedonitswayaroundtheworld. ThereafterWHO’sWeeklyReportsdescribedthesteadyspreadofthisvirus outbreakwhichwithinfourmonthssweptthroughevery continent.TheSingaporedoctorfoundtheinfluenzawascausedby
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseof work.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend 2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950the UShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Today it4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployees log2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand 16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employed American7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlywork schedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeople areworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff— holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe 1990s.AsCorporationshave11stiffer competitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12 employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s 13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeople togetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wages havebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeor extrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernment estimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywant tocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearningless money.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.The governmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20 asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhours possible.
Foryearspediatriciansdidn’tworrymuchabouttreating hypertensionintheirpatients.Afterallkidsgrowsofastit’shardkeeping upwiththeirshoessizeletalonetheirbloodpressure.Surehypertensionin adultsplacesthematgreaterriskofheartattackandstroke.Butnobodylikes theideaofstartingyoungstersonblood-pressuremedicinetheycouldwindup takingtherestoftheirlives.Whoknowswhatpreviouslyunheard-ofside effectscouldcropupafterfiveorsixdecadesofdailyuse Therationalehasbeen:kidsgrowoutofsomanythings;maybethey’ll growoutofthistoo.41．Nowthoughcomeswordthathighblood pressurecanbedestructiveeveninchildhood.42．Whoismostat riskBoysaremorethangirlsespeciallyboyswhoare overweight.Theirheartworkssohardtoforcebloodthroughextralayersoffat thatitswallsgrowdenser.Thenafterdecadesofstrainingitgrowstoobig topumpbloodverywell.43．Howcanyoutellifyoursarelike the670000Americanchildrenages10to18withhighbloodpressure It’snotthesortofthingyoucancatchbyputtingyourchild’sarmina cuffatthefreemonitoringstationinyourlocalgrocery.Youshouldhavea testdonebyadoctorwhowillconsultspecialtablesthatindicatethenormal rangeofbloodpressureforaparticularchild’sageheightandsex. 44．Abouthalfthecasesofhypertensionstemdirectlyfromkidsbeing overweight.45．HowcanyoudoYoucankeepyour childrenfromjoiningtheirranksbyclearingthejunkfoodfromyourpantryand hookingyoukids—theearlierthebetter—onhealthyattractivesnakeslike fruitstryfreezingsomegrapes/orcarrotstickswithsalsa.Notonlywill theyloweryourchildren’sbloodpressure:Thesefoodswillalsoboosttheir immunesystemandunclogtheirplumbing.[A]Andtheproblemis likelytogrow.Overthepast30yearstheproportionofchildrenintheU.S. whoareoverweighthasdoubledfrom5%to11%or4.7millionkids. [B]AccordingtoarecentreportinthejournalCirculation19of30 childrenwithhighbloodpressuredevelopedadangerousthickeningoftheheart musclethatinadultsatleasthasbeenlinkedtoheartfailure.Nooneknows ifthispatternholdstrueforyoungerpatientsaswellsaysDr.Stephen DanielsapediatriccardiologistwholedthestudyatChildren’sHospital MedicalCenterinCincinnatiOhio.Butit’sworrisome.[C] Feedyourchildrennutritiousfoodsthreetimesadaytokeephisimmunesystem healthy.Makesurethemealsincludeallthefoodgroupstoensuretheyare gettingplentyofvitamins.[D]Fortunatelytheabnormal thickeningcanbespottedbyultrasound.Andinmostcasegettingthatblood pressureundercontrol—throughweightlossandexerciseorasalastresort drugtreatment—allowstheoverworkedmuscletoshrinktonormal size.[E]Ifthedoctorfindsanabnormalresulthewillrepeat thetestoveraperiodofmonthstomakesurethereadingisn’tafake.He’ll alsocheckwhetherotherconditionslikekidneydiseasecouldbethesource ofthetroublebecausehypertensionishardtobedetected.TheNationalHeart LungandBloodInstituterecommendsannualblood-pressurechecksforeverychild overage3.[F]Highbloodpressureisn’tjustanissuefor adults;keepingkidsbloodpressurelevelsinahealthyrangeisalsoimportant. InanewstudyreportedinHypertensionresearchersfoundthatincreased exercisedurationamongkidsleadstolowerbloodpressurelevelshoweverthe samecannotbesaidforincreasedintensity.[G]Meanwhilemake sureyourkidsspendmoretimeontheplaygroundthanwiththeirPlayStation. Eveniftheydon’tshedapoundvigorousexercisewillhelpkeeptheirblood vesselsniceandwideloweringtheirbloodpressure.Andofcoursethey’llbe morelikelytoeatlightandexerciseifyousetagoodexample.
Text4 Everycultureattemptstocreatea universeofdiscourseforitsmembersawayinwhichpeoplecaninterpret theirexperienceandconveyittooneanother.Withoutacommonsystemof codifyingsensationslifewouldbeabsurdandalleffortstosharemeanings doomedtofailure.Thisuniverseofdiscourse—oneofthemostpreciousofall culturallegacies—istransmittedtoeachgenerationinpartconsciouslyandin partunconsciously.Parentsandteachersgiveexplicitinstructioninitby praisingorcriticizingcertainwaysofdressingofthinkingofgesturingof respondingtotheactsofothers.Butthemostsignificantaspectsofany culturalcodemaybeconveyedimplicitlynotbyruleorlessonbutthrough modelingbehavior.Achildissurroundedbyotherswhothroughthemere consistencyoftheiractionsasmalesandfemalesmothersandfathers salesclerksandpolicemendisplaywhatisappropriatebehavior.Thusthe grammarofanycultureissentandreceivedlargelyunconsciouslymakingone’s ownculturalassumptionsandbiasesdifficulttorecognize.Theyseemso obviouslyrightthattheyrequirenoexplanation.InTheOpen andClosedMindMiltonRokeachposestheproblemofculturalunderstandingin itssimplestformbutonethatcanreadilydemonstratethecomplicationof communicationbetweencultures.ItiscalledtheDennyDoodlebugProblem. Readersaregivenalltherulesthatgovernthisculture:Dennyisananimal thatalwaysfacesNorthandcanmoveonlybyjumping;hecanjumplarge distancesorsmalldistancesbutcanchangedirectiononlyafterjumpingfour timesinanydirection;hecanjumpNorthSouthEastorWestbutnot diagonally.Uponconcludingajumphismasterplacessomefoodthreefeet directlywestofhim.SurveyingthesituationDennyconcludeshemustjumpfour timestoreachthefood.Nomoreorless.Andheisright.Allthereaderhasto doistoexplainthecircumstancesthatmakehisconclusioncorrect. Thelargemajorityofpeoplewhoattemptthisproblemfailtosolveit despitethefactthattheyaregivenalltherulesthatcontrolbehaviorinthis culture.IfthereisdifficultyingettinginsidethesimplisticworldofDenny Doodlebug—wheretheculturalcodehasalreadybeenbrokenandhandedtous— imaginethecomplexityofcomprehendingbehaviorinsocietieswhosecodeshave notyetbeendecipheredandwhereeventhosewhoobeythesecodesareonly vaguelyawareandcanrarelydescribetheunderlyingsourcesoftheirown actions.Whatdoesthegrammarofanyculturerefertointhefirstparagraph
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseof work.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend 2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950the UShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Today it4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployees log2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand 16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employed American7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlywork schedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeople areworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff— holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe 1990s.AsCorporationshave11stiffer competitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12 employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s 13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeople togetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wages havebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeor extrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernment estimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywant tocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearningless money.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.The governmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20 asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhours possible.
Text2 TeachforAmericaTFAwasfoundedby WendyKoppin1990.Itisanon-profitorganisationthatrecruitstop-notch graduatesfromeliteinstitutionsandgetsthemtoteachfortwoyearsin strugglingstateschoolsinpoorareas.Ihadthoughtthe programmewasaboutgettingmorehigh-qualityteachers—butthatitappears isasecondarybenefit.Thisisaboutenlistingtheenergyofourcountry’s futureleadersinitslong-termeducationalneedsandeliminatinginequity Wendyexplains.It’sgreatifcorpsmembersasTFAcallsitsactiveteachers stayintheclassroom—andmanydoandrisequicklythroughthe ranks.Butthealumsasshecallsthosewhohavefinished theirtwo-yearteachingwhodon’tstayinschoolsoftengoontoleadinother fieldsmeaningthatincreasingnumbersofinfluentialpeopleinallwalksof lifelearnthatitispossibletoteachsuccessfullyinlow-incomecommunities andjustwhatittakes.Itmeansyourealisethatwecansolvethis problem.AsshecontinuestotalkIrealisethatTFAis—in thebestpossiblesense—acult.Ithasitsownlanguagecorpsmembers alumsrecruitsareinstilledWetellthemthatitcanbedonethatwe knowofhundredsthousandsofteachersattainingtremendoussuccessgo throughanordealEveryonehitsthewallinweekthreeintheclassroom emergetransformedbyprivilegedknowledgeOnceyouknowwhatweknow—that kidsinpoorurbanareascanexcel—youcanaccomplishdifferentthingsand canneverleavealumniformagrowingandinfluentialnetwork.Ihavenot seenthesamezealwhentalkingtothoseontheequivalentprogrammeinEngland TeachFirst.inwhichthemissionary-stylelanguageimportedfromAmericahad tobetoneddownbecauseitjustdidn’tsuittherestrainedEnglishstyle.But couldthatfavourbenecessaryforitssuccessChesteran alumtakesmetovisitthreeTFAcorpsmembersatamiddleschoolintheBronx. Theyareimpressiveyoungpeopleandtheirzealisevident.Twointendtostay inteaching;bothwanttoopencharterschools.OneaHispanicwomanis workingoutwithafriendhowtoeducatemigrantHispaniclabourersinTexas; theotherwouldliketoopenagreencharterbutinthemeantimehehas acceptedajobwiththeKIPPchartergroupinNewarkNewJersey. Allthreearetired.Theirclassroomsarenotmuchliketherestofthe schoolwheretheyworkandtheirheroiceffortsareonlysupportedbyChester andeachothernotbytheirco-workers.Thefirstyearwasunbelievablybad onetellsme.Somanyyearswithlowexpectationsmeantalotofresistance fromthekids.Eventuallytheysawthepowerandthegrowththeywerecapable of.TFAteachers
Text3 OurvisittotheexcavationofaRoman fortonahillnearCoventrywasofmorethanarchaeologicalinterest.The year’sdighadbeenafruitfuloneandhadassembledevidenceofapermanent militarycampmuchlargerthanhadatfirstbeenconjectured.Weweregreetedon thesitebyagroupofexcavatorssomeofthemfillinginatrenchthathad yieldedanalmostcompletepotthedaybeforeothersenjoyingthelast-day luxuryofacigaretteinthesunbutallhappytoexplainandtalkabouttheir work.Ifwehadnotalreadyknownitnothingwouldhavesuggestedthatthiswas apartyofprisonersfromthenearbyprison.Thisisnotthefirsttimethat prisonlaborhasbeenusedinworkofthiskindbutheretheexperimentnow twoyearsoldhasprovedoutstandinglysatisfactory.Fromthe archaeologists’pointofviewprisonersprovideasteadyforceofdisciplined laborthroughouttheentireseasonmentowhomitisaseriousday’sworkand nottherathercarefreeholidayjobthatittendstobefortheamateur archaeologist.Newcomersarecomparativelyfewandcansoonbeinitiatedby thosealreadytrainedinthework.Prisonersmayalsobemoreaccustomedto heavyworklikeshovelingandcartingsoilthanthemajorityofstudents.When Coventry’sKeeperofArchaeologywenttotheprisontoappealforhelphewas receivedcautiouslybythemenbutwhentheimportanceoftheworkwasfully understoodfarmorevolunteerswereforthcomingthancouldactuallybe employed.Whentheygottoworkonthesiteandtheireffortsproducedpottery andbuildingfoundationsinwhatuntillastyearhadbeenanordinaryfield theirenthusiasmgrewtilltheywouldsometimesworkthroughtheirlunchhour andteabreakandevencarryonintherainratherthansititoutinthehut. Thiswasundoubtedlybecausetheworkwasnotonlystrenuousbutabsorbingand calledforconsiderableintelligence.Themenworkedalwaysunderprofessional supervisionbutastheseasonwentontheyneededlessguidanceandknewwhen anexpertshouldbesummoned.Disciplinaryproblemswerenegligible:themen werecarefullyselectedfortheirgoodconductandworkingonapartylikethis wastoovaluableaprivilegetobethrownaway.TheKeeperof Archaeologysaidthatthiswasbyfarthemostsatisfactoryformoflaborthat hehadeverhadandthatithadproducedresultsinquantityandqualitythat couldnothavebeenachievedbyanyothermeans.AccordingtotheKeeperofArchaeologywhichofthefollowingistrue
Text2 TeachforAmericaTFAwasfoundedby WendyKoppin1990.Itisanon-profitorganisationthatrecruitstop-notch graduatesfromeliteinstitutionsandgetsthemtoteachfortwoyearsin strugglingstateschoolsinpoorareas.Ihadthoughtthe programmewasaboutgettingmorehigh-qualityteachers—butthatitappears isasecondarybenefit.Thisisaboutenlistingtheenergyofourcountry’s futureleadersinitslong-termeducationalneedsandeliminatinginequity Wendyexplains.It’sgreatifcorpsmembersasTFAcallsitsactiveteachers stayintheclassroom—andmanydoandrisequicklythroughthe ranks.Butthealumsasshecallsthosewhohavefinished theirtwo-yearteachingwhodon’tstayinschoolsoftengoontoleadinother fieldsmeaningthatincreasingnumbersofinfluentialpeopleinallwalksof lifelearnthatitispossibletoteachsuccessfullyinlow-incomecommunities andjustwhatittakes.Itmeansyourealisethatwecansolvethis problem.AsshecontinuestotalkIrealisethatTFAis—in thebestpossiblesense—acult.Ithasitsownlanguagecorpsmembers alumsrecruitsareinstilledWetellthemthatitcanbedonethatwe knowofhundredsthousandsofteachersattainingtremendoussuccessgo throughanordealEveryonehitsthewallinweekthreeintheclassroom emergetransformedbyprivilegedknowledgeOnceyouknowwhatweknow—that kidsinpoorurbanareascanexcel—youcanaccomplishdifferentthingsand canneverleavealumniformagrowingandinfluentialnetwork.Ihavenot seenthesamezealwhentalkingtothoseontheequivalentprogrammeinEngland TeachFirst.inwhichthemissionary-stylelanguageimportedfromAmericahad tobetoneddownbecauseitjustdidn’tsuittherestrainedEnglishstyle.But couldthatfavourbenecessaryforitssuccessChesteran alumtakesmetovisitthreeTFAcorpsmembersatamiddleschoolintheBronx. Theyareimpressiveyoungpeopleandtheirzealisevident.Twointendtostay inteaching;bothwanttoopencharterschools.OneaHispanicwomanis workingoutwithafriendhowtoeducatemigrantHispaniclabourersinTexas; theotherwouldliketoopenagreencharterbutinthemeantimehehas acceptedajobwiththeKIPPchartergroupinNewarkNewJersey. Allthreearetired.Theirclassroomsarenotmuchliketherestofthe schoolwheretheyworkandtheirheroiceffortsareonlysupportedbyChester andeachothernotbytheirco-workers.Thefirstyearwasunbelievablybad onetellsme.Somanyyearswithlowexpectationsmeantalotofresistance fromthekids.Eventuallytheysawthepowerandthegrowththeywerecapable of.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutTFA’scorpsmembersandalums
Text1 In1957adoctorinSingaporenoticed thathospitalsweretreatinganunusualnumberofinfluenza-likecases. Influenzaissometimescalledfluorabadcold.Hetooksamplesfromthe throatsofpatientsinhishospitalandwasabletofindthevirusofthis influenza.Therearethreemaintypesoftheinfluenzavirus. ThemostimportantofthesearetypesAandBeachofthemhavingseveral sub-groups.Withtheinstrumentsatthehospitalthedoctorrecognizedthatthe outbreakwasduetoavirusgroupAbuthedidnotknowthesub-group.He reportedtheoutbreaktotheWorldHealthOrganizationinGeneva.W.H.O. publishedtheimportantnewsalongsidereportsofasimilaroutbreakinHong Kongwhereabout15%—20%ofthepopulationhadbecomeill.As soonastheLondondoctorsreceivedthepackageofthroatsamplestheybegan thestandardtests.Theyfoundthatbyreproducingitselfatveryhighspeed thevirushadmultipliedmorethanamilliontimeswithintwodays.Continuing theircarefulteststhedoctorscheckedtheeffectofdrugsusedagainstall theknownsub-groupsofvirustypeA.Noneofthemgaveanyprotection.This thenwassomethingnew:anewinfluenzavirusagainstwhichthepeopleofthe worldhadnoreadyhelpwhatsoever.Havingisolatedthevirusthey wereworkingwiththetwodoctorsnowdroppeditintothenosesofsome speciallyselectedanimalswhichcontactinfluenzainthesamewayashuman beingsdo.Inashorttimetheusualsignsofthediseaseappeared.These experimentsrevealedthatthenewvirusspreadeasilybutthatitwasnota killer.ScientistslikethegeneralpubliccalleditsimplyAsian flu.Thefirstdiscoveryofthevirushoweverwasmadein Chinabeforethediseasehadappearedinothercountries.Variousreportsshowed thattheinfluenzaoutbreakstartedinChinaprobablyinFebruaryof1957.By themiddleofMarchithadspreadalloverChina.TheviruswasfoundbyChinese doctorsearlyinMarch.ButChinawasnotamemberoftheWorldHealth Organizationandthereforedidnotreportoutbreaksofdiseasetoit.Notuntil twomonthslaterwhentravelerscarriedthevirusintoHongKongfromwhereit spreadtoSingaporedidthenewsoftheoutbreakreachtherestoftheworld. Bythistimeitwasstartedonitswayaroundtheworld. ThereafterWHO’sWeeklyReportsdescribedthesteadyspreadofthisvirus outbreakwhichwithinfourmonthssweptthroughevery continent.Londondoctorsconsidered
Text3 OurvisittotheexcavationofaRoman fortonahillnearCoventrywasofmorethanarchaeologicalinterest.The year’sdighadbeenafruitfuloneandhadassembledevidenceofapermanent militarycampmuchlargerthanhadatfirstbeenconjectured.Weweregreetedon thesitebyagroupofexcavatorssomeofthemfillinginatrenchthathad yieldedanalmostcompletepotthedaybeforeothersenjoyingthelast-day luxuryofacigaretteinthesunbutallhappytoexplainandtalkabouttheir work.Ifwehadnotalreadyknownitnothingwouldhavesuggestedthatthiswas apartyofprisonersfromthenearbyprison.Thisisnotthefirsttimethat prisonlaborhasbeenusedinworkofthiskindbutheretheexperimentnow twoyearsoldhasprovedoutstandinglysatisfactory.Fromthe archaeologists’pointofviewprisonersprovideasteadyforceofdisciplined laborthroughouttheentireseasonmentowhomitisaseriousday’sworkand nottherathercarefreeholidayjobthatittendstobefortheamateur archaeologist.Newcomersarecomparativelyfewandcansoonbeinitiatedby thosealreadytrainedinthework.Prisonersmayalsobemoreaccustomedto heavyworklikeshovelingandcartingsoilthanthemajorityofstudents.When Coventry’sKeeperofArchaeologywenttotheprisontoappealforhelphewas receivedcautiouslybythemenbutwhentheimportanceoftheworkwasfully understoodfarmorevolunteerswereforthcomingthancouldactuallybe employed.Whentheygottoworkonthesiteandtheireffortsproducedpottery andbuildingfoundationsinwhatuntillastyearhadbeenanordinaryfield theirenthusiasmgrewtilltheywouldsometimesworkthroughtheirlunchhour andteabreakandevencarryonintherainratherthansititoutinthehut. Thiswasundoubtedlybecausetheworkwasnotonlystrenuousbutabsorbingand calledforconsiderableintelligence.Themenworkedalwaysunderprofessional supervisionbutastheseasonwentontheyneededlessguidanceandknewwhen anexpertshouldbesummoned.Disciplinaryproblemswerenegligible:themen werecarefullyselectedfortheirgoodconductandworkingonapartylikethis wastoovaluableaprivilegetobethrownaway.TheKeeperof Archaeologysaidthatthiswasbyfarthemostsatisfactoryformoflaborthat hehadeverhadandthatithadproducedresultsinquantityandqualitythat couldnothavebeenachievedbyanyothermeans.Howdidprisonersdemonstratetheirattitudetowork
Scienceandpoliticsareinextricablylinked.Atascientific conferenceonclimatechangeheldthisweekinCopenhagenfourenvironmental expertsannouncedthatsealevelsappeartoberisingalmosttwiceasrapidlyas hadbeenforecastbytheUnitedNationsjusttwoyearsago.46Thewarning isaimedatpoliticianswhowillmeetinthesamecityinDecembertodiscuss thesamesubjectandperhapstothrashoutaninternationalagreementto counterit.Thereasonfortherapidchangeinthepredicted riseinsealevelsisarapidincreaseintheinformationavailable.47In 2007whentheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeconvenedbytheUNmade itspredictionthatsealevelswouldrisebybetween18cmand59cmby2100a lackofknowledgeabouthowthepolaricecapswerebehavingwasbehindmuchof theuncertainty.Sincethentheyhavebeencloselymonitoredandthe resultsaredisturbing.BoththeGreenlandandtheAntarcticcapshavebeen meltingatanacceleratingrate.Indeedscientistsnowreckonthatsealevels willrisebybetween50eraand100eraby2100unlessactionistakentocurb climatechange.48KonradSteffenaprofessorofthe UniversityofColoradotoldtheconferencethatthissheetismeltingnotonly becauseitiswarmerbutalsobecausewaterseepingthroughitscrevicesis breakingitupwhoseeffecthadbeenneglectedintheearlierreport.The impactofthemeltingicehasbeenmeasuredbyJohnChurchoftheCentrefor AustralianWeatherandClimateResearch.Hetoldtheconferencethatsatellite andground-basedsystemsshowedthatsealevelshavebeenrisingmorerapidly since1993.Heisconcernedthatmoreclimatechangecouldcauseafurther accelerationinthisrate.StefanofthePotsdamInstitutefor ClimateImpactResearchtoldtheconferencethatbasedonpastexperienceI expectthatsea-levelrisewillaccelerateastheplanetgetshotter.49He wassupportedinthisviewbythefourthexpertEricRignotoftheUniversity ofCaliforniawhocalledfortheworld’sleaderstoslashtheemissionof carbondioxideandothergreenhousegases.Advance negotiationsontheUNClimateChangeConferenceareduetobegininBonnin justoverafortnight’stime.Thescientistshopethattheirstartlingwarnings willchangetheoutcomeofthatpre-meetingmeeting.50Withmuchstillto argueovertheyhopethataclearscientificleadwillbothhelptonarrowthe roomfordisagreementandgalvanizethedesiretogetatreatyagreed.
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseof work.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend 2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950the UShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Today it4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployees log2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand 16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employed American7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlywork schedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeople areworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff— holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe 1990s.AsCorporationshave11stiffer competitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12 employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s 13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeople togetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wages havebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeor extrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernment estimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywant tocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearningless money.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.The governmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20 asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhours possible.
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseof work.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend 2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950the UShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Today it4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployees log2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand 16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employed American7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlywork schedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeople areworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff— holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe 1990s.AsCorporationshave11stiffer competitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12 employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s 13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeople togetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wages havebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeor extrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernment estimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywant tocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearningless money.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.The governmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20 asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhours possible.
衍生金融商品产生的背景及其风险从英国巴林银行和日本大和银行的金融投机事件中应吸取哪些教训
Text3 OurvisittotheexcavationofaRoman fortonahillnearCoventrywasofmorethanarchaeologicalinterest.The year’sdighadbeenafruitfuloneandhadassembledevidenceofapermanent militarycampmuchlargerthanhadatfirstbeenconjectured.Weweregreetedon thesitebyagroupofexcavatorssomeofthemfillinginatrenchthathad yieldedanalmostcompletepotthedaybeforeothersenjoyingthelast-day luxuryofacigaretteinthesunbutallhappytoexplainandtalkabouttheir work.Ifwehadnotalreadyknownitnothingwouldhavesuggestedthatthiswas apartyofprisonersfromthenearbyprison.Thisisnotthefirsttimethat prisonlaborhasbeenusedinworkofthiskindbutheretheexperimentnow twoyearsoldhasprovedoutstandinglysatisfactory.Fromthe archaeologists’pointofviewprisonersprovideasteadyforceofdisciplined laborthroughouttheentireseasonmentowhomitisaseriousday’sworkand nottherathercarefreeholidayjobthatittendstobefortheamateur archaeologist.Newcomersarecomparativelyfewandcansoonbeinitiatedby thosealreadytrainedinthework.Prisonersmayalsobemoreaccustomedto heavyworklikeshovelingandcartingsoilthanthemajorityofstudents.When Coventry’sKeeperofArchaeologywenttotheprisontoappealforhelphewas receivedcautiouslybythemenbutwhentheimportanceoftheworkwasfully understoodfarmorevolunteerswereforthcomingthancouldactuallybe employed.Whentheygottoworkonthesiteandtheireffortsproducedpottery andbuildingfoundationsinwhatuntillastyearhadbeenanordinaryfield theirenthusiasmgrewtilltheywouldsometimesworkthroughtheirlunchhour andteabreakandevencarryonintherainratherthansititoutinthehut. Thiswasundoubtedlybecausetheworkwasnotonlystrenuousbutabsorbingand calledforconsiderableintelligence.Themenworkedalwaysunderprofessional supervisionbutastheseasonwentontheyneededlessguidanceandknewwhen anexpertshouldbesummoned.Disciplinaryproblemswerenegligible:themen werecarefullyselectedfortheirgoodconductandworkingonapartylikethis wastoovaluableaprivilegetobethrownaway.TheKeeperof Archaeologysaidthatthiswasbyfarthemostsatisfactoryformoflaborthat hehadeverhadandthatithadproducedresultsinquantityandqualitythat couldnothavebeenachievedbyanyothermeans.Thevisittotheexcavationsitewas
假设抛一枚硬币正面向上的概率为Po如果你参加一次打赌在抛第j次时正面向上你将得到2j美元a当p=1/2时此次打赌的预期收益值是多少b假设你的预期效用函数为ux=lnx请描述这次博弈的效用得分之和并求出累计效用得分c令wo为能够给你带来参加这一博弈的效用得分相同的货币数量求解wo的值
Directions:Youwishtoimmigratetoacountrybutarenotsureabouttherequirementsandapplicationprocedure.Writealettertotheimmigrationofficerofthiscountryto 1introduceyourself 2askforconcretequestionsandexplainyourexpectationandthen 3showyourhopeforearlyreply. Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseof work.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend 2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950the UShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Today it4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployees log2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand 16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employed American7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlywork schedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeople areworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff— holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe 1990s.AsCorporationshave11stiffer competitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12 employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s 13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeople togetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wages havebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeor extrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernment estimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywant tocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearningless money.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.The governmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20 asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhours possible.
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