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ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.
Text1 In1957adoctorinSingaporenoticed thathospitalsweretreatinganunusualnumberofinfluenza-likecases. Influenzaissometimescalledfluorabadcold.Hetooksamplesfromthe throatsofpatientsinhishospitalandwasabletofindthevirusofthis influenza.Therearethreemaintypesoftheinfluenzavirus. ThemostimportantofthesearetypesAandBeachofthemhavingseveral sub-groups.Withtheinstrumentsatthehospitalthedoctorrecognizedthatthe outbreakwasduetoavirusgroupAbuthedidnotknowthesub-group.He reportedtheoutbreaktotheWorldHealthOrganizationinGeneva.W.H.O. publishedtheimportantnewsalongsidereportsofasimilaroutbreakinHong Kongwhereabout15%—20%ofthepopulationhadbecomeill.As soonastheLondondoctorsreceivedthepackageofthroatsamplestheybegan thestandardtests.Theyfoundthatbyreproducingitselfatveryhighspeed thevirushadmultipliedmorethanamilliontimeswithintwodays.Continuing theircarefulteststhedoctorscheckedtheeffectofdrugsusedagainstall theknownsub-groupsofvirustypeA.Noneofthemgaveanyprotection.This thenwassomethingnew:anewinfluenzavirusagainstwhichthepeopleofthe worldhadnoreadyhelpwhatsoever.Havingisolatedthevirusthey wereworkingwiththetwodoctorsnowdroppeditintothenosesofsome speciallyselectedanimalswhichcontactinfluenzainthesamewayashuman beingsdo.Inashorttimetheusualsignsofthediseaseappeared.These experimentsrevealedthatthenewvirusspreadeasilybutthatitwasnota killer.ScientistslikethegeneralpubliccalleditsimplyAsian flu.Thefirstdiscoveryofthevirushoweverwasmadein Chinabeforethediseasehadappearedinothercountries.Variousreportsshowed thattheinfluenzaoutbreakstartedinChinaprobablyinFebruaryof1957.By themiddleofMarchithadspreadalloverChina.TheviruswasfoundbyChinese doctorsearlyinMarch.ButChinawasnotamemberoftheWorldHealth Organizationandthereforedidnotreportoutbreaksofdiseasetoit.Notuntil twomonthslaterwhentravelerscarriedthevirusintoHongKongfromwhereit spreadtoSingaporedidthenewsoftheoutbreakreachtherestoftheworld. Bythistimeitwasstartedonitswayaroundtheworld. ThereafterWHO’sWeeklyReportsdescribedthesteadyspreadofthisvirus outbreakwhichwithinfourmonthssweptthroughevery continent.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseof work.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend 2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950the UShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Today it4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployees log2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand 16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employed American7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlywork schedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeople areworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff— holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe 1990s.AsCorporationshave11stiffer competitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12 employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s 13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeople togetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wages havebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeor extrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernment estimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywant tocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearningless money.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.The governmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20 asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhours possible.
Scienceandpoliticsareinextricablylinked.Atascientific conferenceonclimatechangeheldthisweekinCopenhagenfourenvironmental expertsannouncedthatsealevelsappeartoberisingalmosttwiceasrapidlyas hadbeenforecastbytheUnitedNationsjusttwoyearsago.46Thewarning isaimedatpoliticianswhowillmeetinthesamecityinDecembertodiscuss thesamesubjectandperhapstothrashoutaninternationalagreementto counterit.Thereasonfortherapidchangeinthepredicted riseinsealevelsisarapidincreaseintheinformationavailable.47In 2007whentheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeconvenedbytheUNmade itspredictionthatsealevelswouldrisebybetween18cmand59cmby2100a lackofknowledgeabouthowthepolaricecapswerebehavingwasbehindmuchof theuncertainty.Sincethentheyhavebeencloselymonitoredandthe resultsaredisturbing.BoththeGreenlandandtheAntarcticcapshavebeen meltingatanacceleratingrate.Indeedscientistsnowreckonthatsealevels willrisebybetween50eraand100eraby2100unlessactionistakentocurb climatechange.48KonradSteffenaprofessorofthe UniversityofColoradotoldtheconferencethatthissheetismeltingnotonly becauseitiswarmerbutalsobecausewaterseepingthroughitscrevicesis breakingitupwhoseeffecthadbeenneglectedintheearlierreport.The impactofthemeltingicehasbeenmeasuredbyJohnChurchoftheCentrefor AustralianWeatherandClimateResearch.Hetoldtheconferencethatsatellite andground-basedsystemsshowedthatsealevelshavebeenrisingmorerapidly since1993.Heisconcernedthatmoreclimatechangecouldcauseafurther accelerationinthisrate.StefanofthePotsdamInstitutefor ClimateImpactResearchtoldtheconferencethatbasedonpastexperienceI expectthatsea-levelrisewillaccelerateastheplanetgetshotter.49He wassupportedinthisviewbythefourthexpertEricRignotoftheUniversity ofCaliforniawhocalledfortheworld’sleaderstoslashtheemissionof carbondioxideandothergreenhousegases.Advance negotiationsontheUNClimateChangeConferenceareduetobegininBonnin justoverafortnight’stime.Thescientistshopethattheirstartlingwarnings willchangetheoutcomeofthatpre-meetingmeeting.50Withmuchstillto argueovertheyhopethataclearscientificleadwillbothhelptonarrowthe roomfordisagreementandgalvanizethedesiretogetatreatyagreed.
Foryearspediatriciansdidn’tworrymuchabouttreating hypertensionintheirpatients.Afterallkidsgrowsofastit’shardkeeping upwiththeirshoessizeletalonetheirbloodpressure.Surehypertensionin adultsplacesthematgreaterriskofheartattackandstroke.Butnobodylikes theideaofstartingyoungstersonblood-pressuremedicinetheycouldwindup takingtherestoftheirlives.Whoknowswhatpreviouslyunheard-ofside effectscouldcropupafterfiveorsixdecadesofdailyuse Therationalehasbeen:kidsgrowoutofsomanythings;maybethey’ll growoutofthistoo.41．Nowthoughcomeswordthathighblood pressurecanbedestructiveeveninchildhood.42．Whoismostat riskBoysaremorethangirlsespeciallyboyswhoare overweight.Theirheartworkssohardtoforcebloodthroughextralayersoffat thatitswallsgrowdenser.Thenafterdecadesofstrainingitgrowstoobig topumpbloodverywell.43．Howcanyoutellifyoursarelike the670000Americanchildrenages10to18withhighbloodpressure It’snotthesortofthingyoucancatchbyputtingyourchild’sarmina cuffatthefreemonitoringstationinyourlocalgrocery.Youshouldhavea testdonebyadoctorwhowillconsultspecialtablesthatindicatethenormal rangeofbloodpressureforaparticularchild’sageheightandsex. 44．Abouthalfthecasesofhypertensionstemdirectlyfromkidsbeing overweight.45．HowcanyoudoYoucankeepyour childrenfromjoiningtheirranksbyclearingthejunkfoodfromyourpantryand hookingyoukids—theearlierthebetter—onhealthyattractivesnakeslike fruitstryfreezingsomegrapes/orcarrotstickswithsalsa.Notonlywill theyloweryourchildren’sbloodpressure:Thesefoodswillalsoboosttheir immunesystemandunclogtheirplumbing.[A]Andtheproblemis likelytogrow.Overthepast30yearstheproportionofchildrenintheU.S. whoareoverweighthasdoubledfrom5%to11%or4.7millionkids. [B]AccordingtoarecentreportinthejournalCirculation19of30 childrenwithhighbloodpressuredevelopedadangerousthickeningoftheheart musclethatinadultsatleasthasbeenlinkedtoheartfailure.Nooneknows ifthispatternholdstrueforyoungerpatientsaswellsaysDr.Stephen DanielsapediatriccardiologistwholedthestudyatChildren’sHospital MedicalCenterinCincinnatiOhio.Butit’sworrisome.[C] Feedyourchildrennutritiousfoodsthreetimesadaytokeephisimmunesystem healthy.Makesurethemealsincludeallthefoodgroupstoensuretheyare gettingplentyofvitamins.[D]Fortunatelytheabnormal thickeningcanbespottedbyultrasound.Andinmostcasegettingthatblood pressureundercontrol—throughweightlossandexerciseorasalastresort drugtreatment—allowstheoverworkedmuscletoshrinktonormal size.[E]Ifthedoctorfindsanabnormalresulthewillrepeat thetestoveraperiodofmonthstomakesurethereadingisn’tafake.He’ll alsocheckwhetherotherconditionslikekidneydiseasecouldbethesource ofthetroublebecausehypertensionishardtobedetected.TheNationalHeart LungandBloodInstituterecommendsannualblood-pressurechecksforeverychild overage3.[F]Highbloodpressureisn’tjustanissuefor adults;keepingkidsbloodpressurelevelsinahealthyrangeisalsoimportant. InanewstudyreportedinHypertensionresearchersfoundthatincreased exercisedurationamongkidsleadstolowerbloodpressurelevelshoweverthe samecannotbesaidforincreasedintensity.[G]Meanwhilemake sureyourkidsspendmoretimeontheplaygroundthanwiththeirPlayStation. Eveniftheydon’tshedapoundvigorousexercisewillhelpkeeptheirblood vesselsniceandwideloweringtheirbloodpressure.Andofcoursethey’llbe morelikelytoeatlightandexerciseifyousetagoodexample.
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseof work.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend 2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950the UShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Today it4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployees log2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand 16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employed American7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlywork schedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeople areworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff— holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe 1990s.AsCorporationshave11stiffer competitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12 employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s 13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeople togetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wages havebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeor extrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernment estimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywant tocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearningless money.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.The governmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20 asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhours possible.
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseof work.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend 2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950the UShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Today it4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployees log2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand 16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employed American7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlywork schedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeople areworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff— holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe 1990s.AsCorporationshave11stiffer competitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12 employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s 13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeople togetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wages havebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeor extrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernment estimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywant tocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearningless money.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.The governmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20 asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhours possible.
ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.
Foryearspediatriciansdidn’tworrymuchabouttreating hypertensionintheirpatients.Afterallkidsgrowsofastit’shardkeeping upwiththeirshoessizeletalonetheirbloodpressure.Surehypertensionin adultsplacesthematgreaterriskofheartattackandstroke.Butnobodylikes theideaofstartingyoungstersonblood-pressuremedicinetheycouldwindup takingtherestoftheirlives.Whoknowswhatpreviouslyunheard-ofside effectscouldcropupafterfiveorsixdecadesofdailyuse Therationalehasbeen:kidsgrowoutofsomanythings;maybethey’ll growoutofthistoo.41．Nowthoughcomeswordthathighblood pressurecanbedestructiveeveninchildhood.42．Whoismostat riskBoysaremorethangirlsespeciallyboyswhoare overweight.Theirheartworkssohardtoforcebloodthroughextralayersoffat thatitswallsgrowdenser.Thenafterdecadesofstrainingitgrowstoobig topumpbloodverywell.43．Howcanyoutellifyoursarelike the670000Americanchildrenages10to18withhighbloodpressure It’snotthesortofthingyoucancatchbyputtingyourchild’sarmina cuffatthefreemonitoringstationinyourlocalgrocery.Youshouldhavea testdonebyadoctorwhowillconsultspecialtablesthatindicatethenormal rangeofbloodpressureforaparticularchild’sageheightandsex. 44．Abouthalfthecasesofhypertensionstemdirectlyfromkidsbeing overweight.45．HowcanyoudoYoucankeepyour childrenfromjoiningtheirranksbyclearingthejunkfoodfromyourpantryand hookingyoukids—theearlierthebetter—onhealthyattractivesnakeslike fruitstryfreezingsomegrapes/orcarrotstickswithsalsa.Notonlywill theyloweryourchildren’sbloodpressure:Thesefoodswillalsoboosttheir immunesystemandunclogtheirplumbing.[A]Andtheproblemis likelytogrow.Overthepast30yearstheproportionofchildrenintheU.S. whoareoverweighthasdoubledfrom5%to11%or4.7millionkids. [B]AccordingtoarecentreportinthejournalCirculation19of30 childrenwithhighbloodpressuredevelopedadangerousthickeningoftheheart musclethatinadultsatleasthasbeenlinkedtoheartfailure.Nooneknows ifthispatternholdstrueforyoungerpatientsaswellsaysDr.Stephen DanielsapediatriccardiologistwholedthestudyatChildren’sHospital MedicalCenterinCincinnatiOhio.Butit’sworrisome.[C] Feedyourchildrennutritiousfoodsthreetimesadaytokeephisimmunesystem healthy.Makesurethemealsincludeallthefoodgroupstoensuretheyare gettingplentyofvitamins.[D]Fortunatelytheabnormal thickeningcanbespottedbyultrasound.Andinmostcasegettingthatblood pressureundercontrol—throughweightlossandexerciseorasalastresort drugtreatment—allowstheoverworkedmuscletoshrinktonormal size.[E]Ifthedoctorfindsanabnormalresulthewillrepeat thetestoveraperiodofmonthstomakesurethereadingisn’tafake.He’ll alsocheckwhetherotherconditionslikekidneydiseasecouldbethesource ofthetroublebecausehypertensionishardtobedetected.TheNationalHeart LungandBloodInstituterecommendsannualblood-pressurechecksforeverychild overage3.[F]Highbloodpressureisn’tjustanissuefor adults;keepingkidsbloodpressurelevelsinahealthyrangeisalsoimportant. InanewstudyreportedinHypertensionresearchersfoundthatincreased exercisedurationamongkidsleadstolowerbloodpressurelevelshoweverthe samecannotbesaidforincreasedintensity.[G]Meanwhilemake sureyourkidsspendmoretimeontheplaygroundthanwiththeirPlayStation. Eveniftheydon’tshedapoundvigorousexercisewillhelpkeeptheirblood vesselsniceandwideloweringtheirbloodpressure.Andofcoursethey’llbe morelikelytoeatlightandexerciseifyousetagoodexample.
Text4 Everycultureattemptstocreatea universeofdiscourseforitsmembersawayinwhichpeoplecaninterpret theirexperienceandconveyittooneanother.Withoutacommonsystemof codifyingsensationslifewouldbeabsurdandalleffortstosharemeanings doomedtofailure.Thisuniverseofdiscourse—oneofthemostpreciousofall culturallegacies—istransmittedtoeachgenerationinpartconsciouslyandin partunconsciously.Parentsandteachersgiveexplicitinstructioninitby praisingorcriticizingcertainwaysofdressingofthinkingofgesturingof respondingtotheactsofothers.Butthemostsignificantaspectsofany culturalcodemaybeconveyedimplicitlynotbyruleorlessonbutthrough modelingbehavior.Achildissurroundedbyotherswhothroughthemere consistencyoftheiractionsasmalesandfemalesmothersandfathers salesclerksandpolicemendisplaywhatisappropriatebehavior.Thusthe grammarofanycultureissentandreceivedlargelyunconsciouslymakingone’s ownculturalassumptionsandbiasesdifficulttorecognize.Theyseemso obviouslyrightthattheyrequirenoexplanation.InTheOpen andClosedMindMiltonRokeachposestheproblemofculturalunderstandingin itssimplestformbutonethatcanreadilydemonstratethecomplicationof communicationbetweencultures.ItiscalledtheDennyDoodlebugProblem. Readersaregivenalltherulesthatgovernthisculture:Dennyisananimal thatalwaysfacesNorthandcanmoveonlybyjumping;hecanjumplarge distancesorsmalldistancesbutcanchangedirectiononlyafterjumpingfour timesinanydirection;hecanjumpNorthSouthEastorWestbutnot diagonally.Uponconcludingajumphismasterplacessomefoodthreefeet directlywestofhim.SurveyingthesituationDennyconcludeshemustjumpfour timestoreachthefood.Nomoreorless.Andheisright.Allthereaderhasto doistoexplainthecircumstancesthatmakehisconclusioncorrect. Thelargemajorityofpeoplewhoattemptthisproblemfailtosolveit despitethefactthattheyaregivenalltherulesthatcontrolbehaviorinthis culture.IfthereisdifficultyingettinginsidethesimplisticworldofDenny Doodlebug—wheretheculturalcodehasalreadybeenbrokenandhandedtous— imaginethecomplexityofcomprehendingbehaviorinsocietieswhosecodeshave notyetbeendecipheredandwhereeventhosewhoobeythesecodesareonly vaguelyawareandcanrarelydescribetheunderlyingsourcesoftheirown actions.WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutculturalcodeisdiscussedinTheOpenandClosedMind
1Interpretthefollowingpictures. 2Predictthetendencyoftobaccoconsumptionandgiveyourreasons.
Text1 In1957adoctorinSingaporenoticed thathospitalsweretreatinganunusualnumberofinfluenza-likecases. Influenzaissometimescalledfluorabadcold.Hetooksamplesfromthe throatsofpatientsinhishospitalandwasabletofindthevirusofthis influenza.Therearethreemaintypesoftheinfluenzavirus. ThemostimportantofthesearetypesAandBeachofthemhavingseveral sub-groups.Withtheinstrumentsatthehospitalthedoctorrecognizedthatthe outbreakwasduetoavirusgroupAbuthedidnotknowthesub-group.He reportedtheoutbreaktotheWorldHealthOrganizationinGeneva.W.H.O. publishedtheimportantnewsalongsidereportsofasimilaroutbreakinHong Kongwhereabout15%—20%ofthepopulationhadbecomeill.As soonastheLondondoctorsreceivedthepackageofthroatsamplestheybegan thestandardtests.Theyfoundthatbyreproducingitselfatveryhighspeed thevirushadmultipliedmorethanamilliontimeswithintwodays.Continuing theircarefulteststhedoctorscheckedtheeffectofdrugsusedagainstall theknownsub-groupsofvirustypeA.Noneofthemgaveanyprotection.This thenwassomethingnew:anewinfluenzavirusagainstwhichthepeopleofthe worldhadnoreadyhelpwhatsoever.Havingisolatedthevirusthey wereworkingwiththetwodoctorsnowdroppeditintothenosesofsome speciallyselectedanimalswhichcontactinfluenzainthesamewayashuman beingsdo.Inashorttimetheusualsignsofthediseaseappeared.These experimentsrevealedthatthenewvirusspreadeasilybutthatitwasnota killer.ScientistslikethegeneralpubliccalleditsimplyAsian flu.Thefirstdiscoveryofthevirushoweverwasmadein Chinabeforethediseasehadappearedinothercountries.Variousreportsshowed thattheinfluenzaoutbreakstartedinChinaprobablyinFebruaryof1957.By themiddleofMarchithadspreadalloverChina.TheviruswasfoundbyChinese doctorsearlyinMarch.ButChinawasnotamemberoftheWorldHealth Organizationandthereforedidnotreportoutbreaksofdiseasetoit.Notuntil twomonthslaterwhentravelerscarriedthevirusintoHongKongfromwhereit spreadtoSingaporedidthenewsoftheoutbreakreachtherestoftheworld. Bythistimeitwasstartedonitswayaroundtheworld. ThereafterWHO’sWeeklyReportsdescribedthesteadyspreadofthisvirus outbreakwhichwithinfourmonthssweptthroughevery continent.TheSingaporedoctorfoundtheinfluenzawascausedby
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseof work.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend 2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950the UShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Today it4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployees log2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand 16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employed American7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlywork schedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeople areworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff— holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe 1990s.AsCorporationshave11stiffer competitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12 employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s 13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeople togetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wages havebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeor extrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernment estimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywant tocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearningless money.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.The governmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20 asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhours possible.
Foryearspediatriciansdidn’tworrymuchabouttreating hypertensionintheirpatients.Afterallkidsgrowsofastit’shardkeeping upwiththeirshoessizeletalonetheirbloodpressure.Surehypertensionin adultsplacesthematgreaterriskofheartattackandstroke.Butnobodylikes theideaofstartingyoungstersonblood-pressuremedicinetheycouldwindup takingtherestoftheirlives.Whoknowswhatpreviouslyunheard-ofside effectscouldcropupafterfiveorsixdecadesofdailyuse Therationalehasbeen:kidsgrowoutofsomanythings;maybethey’ll growoutofthistoo.41．Nowthoughcomeswordthathighblood pressurecanbedestructiveeveninchildhood.42．Whoismostat riskBoysaremorethangirlsespeciallyboyswhoare overweight.Theirheartworkssohardtoforcebloodthroughextralayersoffat thatitswallsgrowdenser.Thenafterdecadesofstrainingitgrowstoobig topumpbloodverywell.43．Howcanyoutellifyoursarelike the670000Americanchildrenages10to18withhighbloodpressure It’snotthesortofthingyoucancatchbyputtingyourchild’sarmina cuffatthefreemonitoringstationinyourlocalgrocery.Youshouldhavea testdonebyadoctorwhowillconsultspecialtablesthatindicatethenormal rangeofbloodpressureforaparticularchild’sageheightandsex. 44．Abouthalfthecasesofhypertensionstemdirectlyfromkidsbeing overweight.45．HowcanyoudoYoucankeepyour childrenfromjoiningtheirranksbyclearingthejunkfoodfromyourpantryand hookingyoukids—theearlierthebetter—onhealthyattractivesnakeslike fruitstryfreezingsomegrapes/orcarrotstickswithsalsa.Notonlywill theyloweryourchildren’sbloodpressure:Thesefoodswillalsoboosttheir immunesystemandunclogtheirplumbing.[A]Andtheproblemis likelytogrow.Overthepast30yearstheproportionofchildrenintheU.S. whoareoverweighthasdoubledfrom5%to11%or4.7millionkids. [B]AccordingtoarecentreportinthejournalCirculation19of30 childrenwithhighbloodpressuredevelopedadangerousthickeningoftheheart musclethatinadultsatleasthasbeenlinkedtoheartfailure.Nooneknows ifthispatternholdstrueforyoungerpatientsaswellsaysDr.Stephen DanielsapediatriccardiologistwholedthestudyatChildren’sHospital MedicalCenterinCincinnatiOhio.Butit’sworrisome.[C] Feedyourchildrennutritiousfoodsthreetimesadaytokeephisimmunesystem healthy.Makesurethemealsincludeallthefoodgroupstoensuretheyare gettingplentyofvitamins.[D]Fortunatelytheabnormal thickeningcanbespottedbyultrasound.Andinmostcasegettingthatblood pressureundercontrol—throughweightlossandexerciseorasalastresort drugtreatment—allowstheoverworkedmuscletoshrinktonormal size.[E]Ifthedoctorfindsanabnormalresulthewillrepeat thetestoveraperiodofmonthstomakesurethereadingisn’tafake.He’ll alsocheckwhetherotherconditionslikekidneydiseasecouldbethesource ofthetroublebecausehypertensionishardtobedetected.TheNationalHeart LungandBloodInstituterecommendsannualblood-pressurechecksforeverychild overage3.[F]Highbloodpressureisn’tjustanissuefor adults;keepingkidsbloodpressurelevelsinahealthyrangeisalsoimportant. InanewstudyreportedinHypertensionresearchersfoundthatincreased exercisedurationamongkidsleadstolowerbloodpressurelevelshoweverthe samecannotbesaidforincreasedintensity.[G]Meanwhilemake sureyourkidsspendmoretimeontheplaygroundthanwiththeirPlayStation. Eveniftheydon’tshedapoundvigorousexercisewillhelpkeeptheirblood vesselsniceandwideloweringtheirbloodpressure.Andofcoursethey’llbe morelikelytoeatlightandexerciseifyousetagoodexample.
Text4 Everycultureattemptstocreatea universeofdiscourseforitsmembersawayinwhichpeoplecaninterpret theirexperienceandconveyittooneanother.Withoutacommonsystemof codifyingsensationslifewouldbeabsurdandalleffortstosharemeanings doomedtofailure.Thisuniverseofdiscourse—oneofthemostpreciousofall culturallegacies—istransmittedtoeachgenerationinpartconsciouslyandin partunconsciously.Parentsandteachersgiveexplicitinstructioninitby praisingorcriticizingcertainwaysofdressingofthinkingofgesturingof respondingtotheactsofothers.Butthemostsignificantaspectsofany culturalcodemaybeconveyedimplicitlynotbyruleorlessonbutthrough modelingbehavior.Achildissurroundedbyotherswhothroughthemere consistencyoftheiractionsasmalesandfemalesmothersandfathers salesclerksandpolicemendisplaywhatisappropriatebehavior.Thusthe grammarofanycultureissentandreceivedlargelyunconsciouslymakingone’s ownculturalassumptionsandbiasesdifficulttorecognize.Theyseemso obviouslyrightthattheyrequirenoexplanation.InTheOpen andClosedMindMiltonRokeachposestheproblemofculturalunderstandingin itssimplestformbutonethatcanreadilydemonstratethecomplicationof communicationbetweencultures.ItiscalledtheDennyDoodlebugProblem. Readersaregivenalltherulesthatgovernthisculture:Dennyisananimal thatalwaysfacesNorthandcanmoveonlybyjumping;hecanjumplarge distancesorsmalldistancesbutcanchangedirectiononlyafterjumpingfour timesinanydirection;hecanjumpNorthSouthEastorWestbutnot diagonally.Uponconcludingajumphismasterplacessomefoodthreefeet directlywestofhim.SurveyingthesituationDennyconcludeshemustjumpfour timestoreachthefood.Nomoreorless.Andheisright.Allthereaderhasto doistoexplainthecircumstancesthatmakehisconclusioncorrect. Thelargemajorityofpeoplewhoattemptthisproblemfailtosolveit despitethefactthattheyaregivenalltherulesthatcontrolbehaviorinthis culture.IfthereisdifficultyingettinginsidethesimplisticworldofDenny Doodlebug—wheretheculturalcodehasalreadybeenbrokenandhandedtous— imaginethecomplexityofcomprehendingbehaviorinsocietieswhosecodeshave notyetbeendecipheredandwhereeventhosewhoobeythesecodesareonly vaguelyawareandcanrarelydescribetheunderlyingsourcesoftheirown actions.Whatdoesthegrammarofanyculturerefertointhefirstparagraph
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseof work.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend 2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950the UShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Today it4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployees log2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand 16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employed American7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlywork schedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeople areworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff— holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe 1990s.AsCorporationshave11stiffer competitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12 employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s 13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeople togetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wages havebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeor extrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernment estimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywant tocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearningless money.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.The governmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20 asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhours possible.
ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.
Text2 TeachforAmericaTFAwasfoundedby WendyKoppin1990.Itisanon-profitorganisationthatrecruitstop-notch graduatesfromeliteinstitutionsandgetsthemtoteachfortwoyearsin strugglingstateschoolsinpoorareas.Ihadthoughtthe programmewasaboutgettingmorehigh-qualityteachers—butthatitappears isasecondarybenefit.Thisisaboutenlistingtheenergyofourcountry’s futureleadersinitslong-termeducationalneedsandeliminatinginequity Wendyexplains.It’sgreatifcorpsmembersasTFAcallsitsactiveteachers stayintheclassroom—andmanydoandrisequicklythroughthe ranks.Butthealumsasshecallsthosewhohavefinished theirtwo-yearteachingwhodon’tstayinschoolsoftengoontoleadinother fieldsmeaningthatincreasingnumbersofinfluentialpeopleinallwalksof lifelearnthatitispossibletoteachsuccessfullyinlow-incomecommunities andjustwhatittakes.Itmeansyourealisethatwecansolvethis problem.AsshecontinuestotalkIrealisethatTFAis—in thebestpossiblesense—acult.Ithasitsownlanguagecorpsmembers alumsrecruitsareinstilledWetellthemthatitcanbedonethatwe knowofhundredsthousandsofteachersattainingtremendoussuccessgo throughanordealEveryonehitsthewallinweekthreeintheclassroom emergetransformedbyprivilegedknowledgeOnceyouknowwhatweknow—that kidsinpoorurbanareascanexcel—youcanaccomplishdifferentthingsand canneverleavealumniformagrowingandinfluentialnetwork.Ihavenot seenthesamezealwhentalkingtothoseontheequivalentprogrammeinEngland TeachFirst.inwhichthemissionary-stylelanguageimportedfromAmericahad tobetoneddownbecauseitjustdidn’tsuittherestrainedEnglishstyle.But couldthatfavourbenecessaryforitssuccessChesteran alumtakesmetovisitthreeTFAcorpsmembersatamiddleschoolintheBronx. Theyareimpressiveyoungpeopleandtheirzealisevident.Twointendtostay inteaching;bothwanttoopencharterschools.OneaHispanicwomanis workingoutwithafriendhowtoeducatemigrantHispaniclabourersinTexas; theotherwouldliketoopenagreencharterbutinthemeantimehehas acceptedajobwiththeKIPPchartergroupinNewarkNewJersey. Allthreearetired.Theirclassroomsarenotmuchliketherestofthe schoolwheretheyworkandtheirheroiceffortsareonlysupportedbyChester andeachothernotbytheirco-workers.Thefirstyearwasunbelievablybad onetellsme.Somanyyearswithlowexpectationsmeantalotofresistance fromthekids.Eventuallytheysawthepowerandthegrowththeywerecapable of.TFAteachers
Text3 OurvisittotheexcavationofaRoman fortonahillnearCoventrywasofmorethanarchaeologicalinterest.The year’sdighadbeenafruitfuloneandhadassembledevidenceofapermanent militarycampmuchlargerthanhadatfirstbeenconjectured.Weweregreetedon thesitebyagroupofexcavatorssomeofthemfillinginatrenchthathad yieldedanalmostcompletepotthedaybeforeothersenjoyingthelast-day luxuryofacigaretteinthesunbutallhappytoexplainandtalkabouttheir work.Ifwehadnotalreadyknownitnothingwouldhavesuggestedthatthiswas apartyofprisonersfromthenearbyprison.Thisisnotthefirsttimethat prisonlaborhasbeenusedinworkofthiskindbutheretheexperimentnow twoyearsoldhasprovedoutstandinglysatisfactory.Fromthe archaeologists’pointofviewprisonersprovideasteadyforceofdisciplined laborthroughouttheentireseasonmentowhomitisaseriousday’sworkand nottherathercarefreeholidayjobthatittendstobefortheamateur archaeologist.Newcomersarecomparativelyfewandcansoonbeinitiatedby thosealreadytrainedinthework.Prisonersmayalsobemoreaccustomedto heavyworklikeshovelingandcartingsoilthanthemajorityofstudents.When Coventry’sKeeperofArchaeologywenttotheprisontoappealforhelphewas receivedcautiouslybythemenbutwhentheimportanceoftheworkwasfully understoodfarmorevolunteerswereforthcomingthancouldactuallybe employed.Whentheygottoworkonthesiteandtheireffortsproducedpottery andbuildingfoundationsinwhatuntillastyearhadbeenanordinaryfield theirenthusiasmgrewtilltheywouldsometimesworkthroughtheirlunchhour andteabreakandevencarryonintherainratherthansititoutinthehut. Thiswasundoubtedlybecausetheworkwasnotonlystrenuousbutabsorbingand calledforconsiderableintelligence.Themenworkedalwaysunderprofessional supervisionbutastheseasonwentontheyneededlessguidanceandknewwhen anexpertshouldbesummoned.Disciplinaryproblemswerenegligible:themen werecarefullyselectedfortheirgoodconductandworkingonapartylikethis wastoovaluableaprivilegetobethrownaway.TheKeeperof Archaeologysaidthatthiswasbyfarthemostsatisfactoryformoflaborthat hehadeverhadandthatithadproducedresultsinquantityandqualitythat couldnothavebeenachievedbyanyothermeans.AccordingtotheKeeperofArchaeologywhichofthefollowingistrue
ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.
Text2 TeachforAmericaTFAwasfoundedby WendyKoppin1990.Itisanon-profitorganisationthatrecruitstop-notch graduatesfromeliteinstitutionsandgetsthemtoteachfortwoyearsin strugglingstateschoolsinpoorareas.Ihadthoughtthe programmewasaboutgettingmorehigh-qualityteachers—butthatitappears isasecondarybenefit.Thisisaboutenlistingtheenergyofourcountry’s futureleadersinitslong-termeducationalneedsandeliminatinginequity Wendyexplains.It’sgreatifcorpsmembersasTFAcallsitsactiveteachers stayintheclassroom—andmanydoandrisequicklythroughthe ranks.Butthealumsasshecallsthosewhohavefinished theirtwo-yearteachingwhodon’tstayinschoolsoftengoontoleadinother fieldsmeaningthatincreasingnumbersofinfluentialpeopleinallwalksof lifelearnthatitispossibletoteachsuccessfullyinlow-incomecommunities andjustwhatittakes.Itmeansyourealisethatwecansolvethis problem.AsshecontinuestotalkIrealisethatTFAis—in thebestpossiblesense—acult.Ithasitsownlanguagecorpsmembers alumsrecruitsareinstilledWetellthemthatitcanbedonethatwe knowofhundredsthousandsofteachersattainingtremendoussuccessgo throughanordealEveryonehitsthewallinweekthreeintheclassroom emergetransformedbyprivilegedknowledgeOnceyouknowwhatweknow—that kidsinpoorurbanareascanexcel—youcanaccomplishdifferentthingsand canneverleavealumniformagrowingandinfluentialnetwork.Ihavenot seenthesamezealwhentalkingtothoseontheequivalentprogrammeinEngland TeachFirst.inwhichthemissionary-stylelanguageimportedfromAmericahad tobetoneddownbecauseitjustdidn’tsuittherestrainedEnglishstyle.But couldthatfavourbenecessaryforitssuccessChesteran alumtakesmetovisitthreeTFAcorpsmembersatamiddleschoolintheBronx. Theyareimpressiveyoungpeopleandtheirzealisevident.Twointendtostay inteaching;bothwanttoopencharterschools.OneaHispanicwomanis workingoutwithafriendhowtoeducatemigrantHispaniclabourersinTexas; theotherwouldliketoopenagreencharterbutinthemeantimehehas acceptedajobwiththeKIPPchartergroupinNewarkNewJersey. Allthreearetired.Theirclassroomsarenotmuchliketherestofthe schoolwheretheyworkandtheirheroiceffortsareonlysupportedbyChester andeachothernotbytheirco-workers.Thefirstyearwasunbelievablybad onetellsme.Somanyyearswithlowexpectationsmeantalotofresistance fromthekids.Eventuallytheysawthepowerandthegrowththeywerecapable of.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutTFA’scorpsmembersandalums
Text1 In1957adoctorinSingaporenoticed thathospitalsweretreatinganunusualnumberofinfluenza-likecases. Influenzaissometimescalledfluorabadcold.Hetooksamplesfromthe throatsofpatientsinhishospitalandwasabletofindthevirusofthis influenza.Therearethreemaintypesoftheinfluenzavirus. ThemostimportantofthesearetypesAandBeachofthemhavingseveral sub-groups.Withtheinstrumentsatthehospitalthedoctorrecognizedthatthe outbreakwasduetoavirusgroupAbuthedidnotknowthesub-group.He reportedtheoutbreaktotheWorldHealthOrganizationinGeneva.W.H.O. publishedtheimportantnewsalongsidereportsofasimilaroutbreakinHong Kongwhereabout15%—20%ofthepopulationhadbecomeill.As soonastheLondondoctorsreceivedthepackageofthroatsamplestheybegan thestandardtests.Theyfoundthatbyreproducingitselfatveryhighspeed thevirushadmultipliedmorethanamilliontimeswithintwodays.Continuing theircarefulteststhedoctorscheckedtheeffectofdrugsusedagainstall theknownsub-groupsofvirustypeA.Noneofthemgaveanyprotection.This thenwassomethingnew:anewinfluenzavirusagainstwhichthepeopleofthe worldhadnoreadyhelpwhatsoever.Havingisolatedthevirusthey wereworkingwiththetwodoctorsnowdroppeditintothenosesofsome speciallyselectedanimalswhichcontactinfluenzainthesamewayashuman beingsdo.Inashorttimetheusualsignsofthediseaseappeared.These experimentsrevealedthatthenewvirusspreadeasilybutthatitwasnota killer.ScientistslikethegeneralpubliccalleditsimplyAsian flu.Thefirstdiscoveryofthevirushoweverwasmadein Chinabeforethediseasehadappearedinothercountries.Variousreportsshowed thattheinfluenzaoutbreakstartedinChinaprobablyinFebruaryof1957.By themiddleofMarchithadspreadalloverChina.TheviruswasfoundbyChinese doctorsearlyinMarch.ButChinawasnotamemberoftheWorldHealth Organizationandthereforedidnotreportoutbreaksofdiseasetoit.Notuntil twomonthslaterwhentravelerscarriedthevirusintoHongKongfromwhereit spreadtoSingaporedidthenewsoftheoutbreakreachtherestoftheworld. Bythistimeitwasstartedonitswayaroundtheworld. ThereafterWHO’sWeeklyReportsdescribedthesteadyspreadofthisvirus outbreakwhichwithinfourmonthssweptthroughevery continent.Londondoctorsconsidered
Text3 OurvisittotheexcavationofaRoman fortonahillnearCoventrywasofmorethanarchaeologicalinterest.The year’sdighadbeenafruitfuloneandhadassembledevidenceofapermanent militarycampmuchlargerthanhadatfirstbeenconjectured.Weweregreetedon thesitebyagroupofexcavatorssomeofthemfillinginatrenchthathad yieldedanalmostcompletepotthedaybeforeothersenjoyingthelast-day luxuryofacigaretteinthesunbutallhappytoexplainandtalkabouttheir work.Ifwehadnotalreadyknownitnothingwouldhavesuggestedthatthiswas apartyofprisonersfromthenearbyprison.Thisisnotthefirsttimethat prisonlaborhasbeenusedinworkofthiskindbutheretheexperimentnow twoyearsoldhasprovedoutstandinglysatisfactory.Fromthe archaeologists’pointofviewprisonersprovideasteadyforceofdisciplined laborthroughouttheentireseasonmentowhomitisaseriousday’sworkand nottherathercarefreeholidayjobthatittendstobefortheamateur archaeologist.Newcomersarecomparativelyfewandcansoonbeinitiatedby thosealreadytrainedinthework.Prisonersmayalsobemoreaccustomedto heavyworklikeshovelingandcartingsoilthanthemajorityofstudents.When Coventry’sKeeperofArchaeologywenttotheprisontoappealforhelphewas receivedcautiouslybythemenbutwhentheimportanceoftheworkwasfully understoodfarmorevolunteerswereforthcomingthancouldactuallybe employed.Whentheygottoworkonthesiteandtheireffortsproducedpottery andbuildingfoundationsinwhatuntillastyearhadbeenanordinaryfield theirenthusiasmgrewtilltheywouldsometimesworkthroughtheirlunchhour andteabreakandevencarryonintherainratherthansititoutinthehut. Thiswasundoubtedlybecausetheworkwasnotonlystrenuousbutabsorbingand calledforconsiderableintelligence.Themenworkedalwaysunderprofessional supervisionbutastheseasonwentontheyneededlessguidanceandknewwhen anexpertshouldbesummoned.Disciplinaryproblemswerenegligible:themen werecarefullyselectedfortheirgoodconductandworkingonapartylikethis wastoovaluableaprivilegetobethrownaway.TheKeeperof Archaeologysaidthatthiswasbyfarthemostsatisfactoryformoflaborthat hehadeverhadandthatithadproducedresultsinquantityandqualitythat couldnothavebeenachievedbyanyothermeans.Howdidprisonersdemonstratetheirattitudetowork
Scienceandpoliticsareinextricablylinked.Atascientific conferenceonclimatechangeheldthisweekinCopenhagenfourenvironmental expertsannouncedthatsealevelsappeartoberisingalmosttwiceasrapidlyas hadbeenforecastbytheUnitedNationsjusttwoyearsago.46Thewarning isaimedatpoliticianswhowillmeetinthesamecityinDecembertodiscuss thesamesubjectandperhapstothrashoutaninternationalagreementto counterit.Thereasonfortherapidchangeinthepredicted riseinsealevelsisarapidincreaseintheinformationavailable.47In 2007whentheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeconvenedbytheUNmade itspredictionthatsealevelswouldrisebybetween18cmand59cmby2100a lackofknowledgeabouthowthepolaricecapswerebehavingwasbehindmuchof theuncertainty.Sincethentheyhavebeencloselymonitoredandthe resultsaredisturbing.BoththeGreenlandandtheAntarcticcapshavebeen meltingatanacceleratingrate.Indeedscientistsnowreckonthatsealevels willrisebybetween50eraand100eraby2100unlessactionistakentocurb climatechange.48KonradSteffenaprofessorofthe UniversityofColoradotoldtheconferencethatthissheetismeltingnotonly becauseitiswarmerbutalsobecausewaterseepingthroughitscrevicesis breakingitupwhoseeffecthadbeenneglectedintheearlierreport.The impactofthemeltingicehasbeenmeasuredbyJohnChurchoftheCentrefor AustralianWeatherandClimateResearch.Hetoldtheconferencethatsatellite andground-basedsystemsshowedthatsealevelshavebeenrisingmorerapidly since1993.Heisconcernedthatmoreclimatechangecouldcauseafurther accelerationinthisrate.StefanofthePotsdamInstitutefor ClimateImpactResearchtoldtheconferencethatbasedonpastexperienceI expectthatsea-levelrisewillaccelerateastheplanetgetshotter.49He wassupportedinthisviewbythefourthexpertEricRignotoftheUniversity ofCaliforniawhocalledfortheworld’sleaderstoslashtheemissionof carbondioxideandothergreenhousegases.Advance negotiationsontheUNClimateChangeConferenceareduetobegininBonnin justoverafortnight’stime.Thescientistshopethattheirstartlingwarnings willchangetheoutcomeofthatpre-meetingmeeting.50Withmuchstillto argueovertheyhopethataclearscientificleadwillbothhelptonarrowthe roomfordisagreementandgalvanizethedesiretogetatreatyagreed.
Americansuffersfromanoverdoseof work.1whotheyareorwhattheydotheyspend 2timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarⅡ.In1950the UShadfewerworkinghoursthananyother3country.Today it4everycountrybutJapanwhereindustrialemployees log2155hoursayearcompared51951intheUSand 16036Westemployees.Between1969and1989employed American7anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlywork schedules.Thework-week8atabout40hoursbutpeople areworkingmoreweekseachyear.9paidtimeoff— holidaysvacationssickleave—1015percentinthe 1990s.AsCorporationshave11stiffer competitionandslowergrowthinproductivitytheywould12 employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s 13theprofessionalandmanagerialranksleavingfewerpeople togetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations14wages havebeenreducedworkershaveaddedhours15overtimeor extrajobsto16theirlivingstandard.TheGovernment estimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeopleholdasecondjob. Forthefirsttimelarge17ofpeoplesaytheywant tocut18onworkinghoursevenifitmeansearningless money.Butmostemployersare19toletthemdoso.The governmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional20 asaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhours possible.
Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo’s17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury. Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscriticsbutnolonger.AsfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattackedantiscienceinseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity. DefendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchasTheFlightfromScienceandReasonheldinNewYorkCityin1995andScienceintheAgeofMisinformationwhichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo. Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience’’sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview. Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch. FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberwhosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalUtopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest. Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrtichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarmingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth. Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless.Theterm’’antiscience’’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science.Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened. Paragraphs2and3arewrittento____________.
Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo’s17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury. Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscriticsbutnolonger.AsfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattackedantiscienceinseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity. DefendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchasTheFlightfromScienceandReasonheldinNewYorkCityin1995andScienceintheAgeofMisinformationwhichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo. Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience’’sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview. Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch. FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberwhosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalUtopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest. Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrtichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarmingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth. Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless.Theterm’’antiscience’’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science.Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened. Theauthor’’sattitudetowardtheissueofsciencevs.antiscienceis____________.
Text3 OurvisittotheexcavationofaRoman fortonahillnearCoventrywasofmorethanarchaeologicalinterest.The year’sdighadbeenafruitfuloneandhadassembledevidenceofapermanent militarycampmuchlargerthanhadatfirstbeenconjectured.Weweregreetedon thesitebyagroupofexcavatorssomeofthemfillinginatrenchthathad yieldedanalmostcompletepotthedaybeforeothersenjoyingthelast-day luxuryofacigaretteinthesunbutallhappytoexplainandtalkabouttheir work.Ifwehadnotalreadyknownitnothingwouldhavesuggestedthatthiswas apartyofprisonersfromthenearbyprison.Thisisnotthefirsttimethat prisonlaborhasbeenusedinworkofthiskindbutheretheexperimentnow twoyearsoldhasprovedoutstandinglysatisfactory.Fromthe archaeologists’pointofviewprisonersprovideasteadyforceofdisciplined laborthroughouttheentireseasonmentowhomitisaseriousday’sworkand nottherathercarefreeholidayjobthatittendstobefortheamateur archaeologist.Newcomersarecomparativelyfewandcansoonbeinitiatedby thosealreadytrainedinthework.Prisonersmayalsobemoreaccustomedto heavyworklikeshovelingandcartingsoilthanthemajorityofstudents.When Coventry’sKeeperofArchaeologywenttotheprisontoappealforhelphewas receivedcautiouslybythemenbutwhentheimportanceoftheworkwasfully understoodfarmorevolunteerswereforthcomingthancouldactuallybe employed.Whentheygottoworkonthesiteandtheireffortsproducedpottery andbuildingfoundationsinwhatuntillastyearhadbeenanordinaryfield theirenthusiasmgrewtilltheywouldsometimesworkthroughtheirlunchhour andteabreakandevencarryonintherainratherthansititoutinthehut. Thiswasundoubtedlybecausetheworkwasnotonlystrenuousbutabsorbingand calledforconsiderableintelligence.Themenworkedalwaysunderprofessional supervisionbutastheseasonwentontheyneededlessguidanceandknewwhen anexpertshouldbesummoned.Disciplinaryproblemswerenegligible:themen werecarefullyselectedfortheirgoodconductandworkingonapartylikethis wastoovaluableaprivilegetobethrownaway.TheKeeperof Archaeologysaidthatthiswasbyfarthemostsatisfactoryformoflaborthat hehadeverhadandthatithadproducedresultsinquantityandqualitythat couldnothavebeenachievedbyanyothermeans.Thevisittotheexcavationsitewas
Directions:Youwishtoimmigratetoacountrybutarenotsureabouttherequirementsandapplicationprocedure.Writealettertotheimmigrationofficerofthiscountryto 1introduceyourself 2askforconcretequestionsandexplainyourexpectationandthen 3showyourhopeforearlyreply. Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.
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