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Text4 SinceOctober1ithasbeenillegalforanybusinesstodiscriminateagainstdisabledpeopleeitherduringtherecruitmentprocessoratworkanddisabilityrightscampaignerssaysthatemployersmustmakebetteruseofnewtechnologytohelpthemfulfiltheirnewobligations. AmendmentstotheDisabilityDiscriminationActDDArequireallBusinessesnotjustthosewithmorethan15employeesaspreviouslytomake"reasonableadjustments"toworkplacestoaccommodatethedisabled.Suchadjustmentsincludebuyingnewequipmentormodifyingexistingsystemssothatdisabledpeoplecanusethem. Butmanyemployersarefailingtoinvestigatepotentiallyusefulchangesorupgradestosystems.TheyarealsofailingtoclaimgenerousAccesstoWorkgrantsfromtheGovernmentdesignedtocover’thecostofadaptingorre-equippingaworkplaceextratrainingorhiringhumanassistantslikesignlanguageinterpreters. RuthLoehlaseniorICTdevelopmentofficerattheRoyalNationalInstitutefortheBlindsays:"Thetechnologyisthereandthefundingisthere.Butmanyemployersandemployeesdon’tknowwhat’savailable.It’spatchyacrossthecountry."AccesstoWorkgrantscancoverupto100percentofthecostofneworadaptedequipmentsaysMs.Loebl."Youshouldn’thavetopayanymoretoemployablindperson." LynneNelsonemploymentcoordinatorfortheRoyalNationalInstitutefortheDeafagrees:"Technologyisverymuchunderused.Employersarenotawareofwhat’savailableandthey’remorereactivethanproactive." Complyingwiththeactcouldbeaseasyasrearranginganofficesothatthelightisbetterforadeafpersontolipread.Attheotherendofthescaleitcouldmeaninvestinginacuttingedgemessagingsystemwhichcombinescomputersandphonesconvertingtextmessagesintovoicemessagesforblindorpartiallysightedemployeesandincorporatingvoicerecognitionsoftwareforpeopleunabletouseaconventionalkeyboardandmouse. Changingfontsizesandshapesandusingdifferentbackgroundcolourscanallhelptomakecomputer-screendisplaysmorelegibleandaccessibleforvisuallyimpairedusers.Screenmagnifierprogrammesareavailabletoenlargetext.Screenreadersoftwarewillreadoutthecontentofemailboxesorwebsites. Commercialwebsitesnowincorporatealt.tagsphrasesorsentenceswhichdescribeimagesonsitestoblindandpartiallysightedusersthroughscreenreaders.Butsomesitesstillcarryimagesdescribedsimplyas"corporatelogo"or"image".AsurveybytheDisabilityRightsCommissionearlierthisyearfoundthat81percentofwebsiteswereinaccessibleordifficulttouseoftenbecauseofbadlywordedalt.tagsorbecausethesoftwarewasblockingattemptstochangefontsorcolours. TheadjustmentsthatemployercanmakeforthedisabledpeoplemayNOTinclude
Text1 OptimationLtd.apolymerpackagingandconvertingspecialistisonesmallcompanythatissuffering.Itshighlyspecialisedengineeringworkisingreatdemandbutalackofqualifiedstaffhashinderedgrowth. "Wehaveanumberofpotentialclientsawaitingavisittodiscussnewprojectsbutwearetieduponexistingordersbecauseweareshortofthenecessaryskillsontheshopfloor"HelenMitchellthecompany’sfoundersays. AndaccordingtoAliceTeaguetheeducationandtrainingofficerattheFederationofSmallBusinessesMs.Mitchell’sexperienceisnotunique.Manysmallbusinessessufferskillshortages--particularlythoseatthetechnicalcraftlevelsuchasengineeringandconstructioncompanies. "Smallcompaniestendtobemorevulnerabletoskillshortagesbecausetheyareunabletoofferthesamepayorbenefitsaslargercompaniessotheystruggleintherecruitmentmarket." ThisisborneoutbytheexperiencesofOptimation."Lastyearwelostoneofourbestengineerstoarivalcompanywhoofferedhimabetterpackage.Beingabletoaffordthesalariessuchskillsdemandisdifficultforus"Ms.Mitchellsays. Thegovernment-fundedLearningandSkillsCouncilLSCsaysthatapprenticeshipsofferasolutiontotheskillshortageproblem."Byaddressingskillsgapsdirectlyapprenticeshipscanmakebusinessessmallorlargemoreproductiveandcompetitive"StephenGardnertheLSC’sdirectorofworkedbasedlearningsays."Apprenticeshipsallowbusinessestodevelopthespecialistskillstheyneedforthelatesttechnologyandworkingpracticesintheirsector." Thereare160differentapprenticeshipsavailableacross80differentindustrysectors.Theyareopentobusinessesofallsizesandofferwork-basedtrainingprogrammesfor16to24-year-olds.ThetrainingisruninconjunctionwiththeSectorSkillsCounciltoensureindustryspecificskillsaretaught. BusinessesareresponsibleforthewagesofapprenticesbuttheLSCcontributesbetween￡1500and￡10000towardsthecostofthetrainingdependingontheindustrysector. Slack＆ParrLtd.amanufacturerofprecisionequipmentfortheaerospaceindustryisonesmallcompanythathasbenefitedfromthescheme.Morethan50percentoftheKegworth-basedcompany’semployeesstartedasapprentices. "Weopenedanon-sitetrainingcentretoensureapprenticesbenefitedfromthehighestqualityoftraining"RichardHallsworththemanagingdirectorsays."Sixteenofourformerapprenticesarenowinmanagementpositions.Theschemeworksforusbecauseithelpskeepcostlyexternalrecruitmenttoaminimum." ButMs.TeagueoftheFSBwarnsthatapprenticeshipsmightnotsuitallsmallbusinesses. Theapprenticeshipschemeoffersvaluablevocationaltrainingbutoftensmallcompaniesdon’thavesufficienttimeorresourcestodevotetotheapprentice.Inthepasttherehasalsobeenaproblemofpoorqualitycandidatesandlowcompletionrates. "Butsomeoftheseproblemsarebeingaddressed.IknowtheLearningandSkillsCouncilislookingathowsmallbusinessesmightbeabletoshareapprenticesandsolessentherisk.Completionratesalsoseemtobeimprovingsotheschemeiscertainlyworthinvestigating." Thetextischieflyconcernedwith
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions.-HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. 8
WhatmakesacitygoodforbusinessEmployersusuallylistaskilledworkforcegoodtransportlinkslowpropertycostsandgoodcommunicationsnetworksastoppriorities. 46Ascomputerandtelephonenetworksbecomeincreasinglysophisticatedbusinessesnolongerhavetobetiedtooneplaceorrunalltheiroperationsononesite.Mostofthecountrynowhasaccesstobroadband. InsurancegiantNorwichUnionisonecompanywhichnowoperatesfrom1200sitesnationwidealllinkedupthroughasinglenetwork.47CallcentrescanoperateaseasilyfromLiverpoolasfromLondonandemployeescanbescatteredacrossthecountryworkingfromhomeandkeepingintouchwiththeofficeviae-mailandvoicemessagingsystems.Businessesareglobalratherthanlocal. RelocatingbusinessesarewelcomedwithopenarmsbyregionaldevelopmentagenciesRDAssetuptoco-ordinatestrategicplanningchannelfundingandworkwithlocalorganisationstobringinnewbusinesses.48"Weareaboutsupportingexistingbusinessesandjobsbutwealsowanttobringnewemployersintoareasandencourageorganicgrowthandentrepreneurs"saysaspokesmanfortheNationalSecretariatofRegionalDevelopmentAgencies. RDAsarealsohelpingtotackleproblemsholdingsomecitiesback.49Unskilledorelderlyworkforceslackoftechnologicalknowledgepoorfacilitiesinadequateinfrastructureandgapsinbroadbandavailabilitycanallcombinetoputbusinessesoffrelocating. OncurrentformthebestplaceintheUKtodobusinessisLeedsaccordingtospecialistresearchconsultancyOMISwhichadvisescompaniesonrelocation.50OMIS’slatestBritain’sBestCitiesreportgivesLeedshighmarksforitsskilledandeducatedworkforceavailabilityofofficespaceandregeneratedcitycentrefullofnewshopsandrestaurants. Ascomputerandtelephonenetworksbecomeincreasinglysophisticatedbusinessesnolongerhavetobetiedtooneplaceorrunalltheiroperationsononesite.
September11th.2001drewthetransatlanticalliancetogether;butthemooddidnotlastandoverthefiveyearssinceithaspulledeverfurtherapart.ArecentpollfortheGermanMarshallFundshowsthat57%ofEuropeansregardAmericanleadershipinworldaffairsasundesirable.TheIraqwarismainlytoblame.Butthereisanotherandmoreintractablereasonforthegrowingdivision:God.EuropeansworrythatAmericanforeignpolicyunderGeorgeBushistooinfluencedbyreligion.TheholywarriorswhohijackedtheplanesonSeptember11threintroducedGodintointernationalaffairsinthemostdramaticofways.ItseemsthatGeorgeBushisreplyinginkindencouragingaclashofreligionsthatcouldspellglobalcatastrophe.DominiqueMoisiaspecialadviserattheFrenchInstituteforInternationalRelationsarguesthatthecombinationofreligionandnationalisminAmericaisfrightening.WefeelbetrayedbyGodandbynationalismwhichiswhywearebuildingtheEuropeanUnionasabarriertoreligiouswarfare.JosefBramloftheGermanInstituteforInternationalandSecurityAffairscomplainsthatinAmericareligiousattitudeshavemoreofaninfluenceonpoliticalchoicesthaninanyotherwesterndemocracy.ThenotionthatAmericaistooinfluencedbyreligionisnotconfinedtotheelites.ThreeinfiveFrenchpeopleandnearlyasmanyDutchthinkthatAmericansaretooreligious--andthatreligionskewswhatshouldbeseculardecisions.EuropeanswhothinkthatAmericaistooreligiousaremoreinclinedtoanti-Americanismthantheirfellowcountrymen.38%ofBritonshaveanunfavourableviewofAmericabutthatnumberrisesto50%amongpeoplewhoarewaryofAmericanreligiosity.IsAmericaengagedinafaith-basedforeignpolicyReligioncertainlyexertsagrowinginfluenceonitsactionsintheworldbutinwaysmoresubtleandcomplicatedthanEuropeansimagine.ItistruethatAmericaisundergoingareligiousrevival.HotreligionssuchasevangelicalProtestantismandhardlineCatholicismaregrowingrapidlywhilecoolmainlineversionsofChristianityaredeclining.ItisalsotruethattheRepublicanPartyisbeingreshapedbythisrevival.Self-identifiedevangelicalsprovidedalmost40%ofMr.Bushesvotein2004;ifyouaddinothertheologicalconservativessuchasMormonsandtraditionalCatholicsthatnumberrisescloserto60%.AllsixtopRepublicanleadersintheSenatehaveearned100%ratingsfromtheChristianCoalition.ItisalsotruethatMr.Bushfrequentlyusesreligiousrhetoricwhentalkingofforeignaffairs.OnSeptember12thhewasatitagaintellingagroupofconservativejournaliststhatheseesthewaronterrorasaconfrontationbetweengoodandevilandremarkingItseemstomethatthere’saThirdAwakeninginotherwordsanoutbreakofChristianevangelicalfervourofthesortthathassweptacrossAmericaatleasttwicebefore.AndChristianAmericaoverallistakingabiggerinterestinforeignpolicy.NewvoicesarebeingheardsuchasSamBrownbackaconservativesenatorfromKansaswhohasledthefightagainstgenocideinDarfurandRickWarrentheauthorofabestsellercalledThePurpose-DrivenLifewhoissending2000missionariestoRwanda.Finallyitistruethatreligiousfigureshavedonesomeprettyoutrageousthings.PatRobertsoncalledfortheassassinationofHugoChvezthepresidentofVenezuela.Lieutenant-GeneralWilliamJerryBoykindeputyunder-secretaryofdefenceforintelligencetouredthecountrytellingChristiangroupsthatradicalMuslimshateAmericabecausewe’reaChristiannationandtheenemyisaguynamedSatan.Heoftenworeuniform.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagree
Text4 SinceOctober1ithasbeenillegalforanybusinesstodiscriminateagainstdisabledpeopleeitherduringtherecruitmentprocessoratworkanddisabilityrightscampaignerssaysthatemployersmustmakebetteruseofnewtechnologytohelpthemfulfiltheirnewobligations. AmendmentstotheDisabilityDiscriminationActDDArequireallBusinessesnotjustthosewithmorethan15employeesaspreviouslytomake"reasonableadjustments"toworkplacestoaccommodatethedisabled.Suchadjustmentsincludebuyingnewequipmentormodifyingexistingsystemssothatdisabledpeoplecanusethem. Butmanyemployersarefailingtoinvestigatepotentiallyusefulchangesorupgradestosystems.TheyarealsofailingtoclaimgenerousAccesstoWorkgrantsfromtheGovernmentdesignedtocover’thecostofadaptingorre-equippingaworkplaceextratrainingorhiringhumanassistantslikesignlanguageinterpreters. RuthLoehlaseniorICTdevelopmentofficerattheRoyalNationalInstitutefortheBlindsays:"Thetechnologyisthereandthefundingisthere.Butmanyemployersandemployeesdon’tknowwhat’savailable.It’spatchyacrossthecountry."AccesstoWorkgrantscancoverupto100percentofthecostofneworadaptedequipmentsaysMs.Loebl."Youshouldn’thavetopayanymoretoemployablindperson." LynneNelsonemploymentcoordinatorfortheRoyalNationalInstitutefortheDeafagrees:"Technologyisverymuchunderused.Employersarenotawareofwhat’savailableandthey’remorereactivethanproactive." Complyingwiththeactcouldbeaseasyasrearranginganofficesothatthelightisbetterforadeafpersontolipread.Attheotherendofthescaleitcouldmeaninvestinginacuttingedgemessagingsystemwhichcombinescomputersandphonesconvertingtextmessagesintovoicemessagesforblindorpartiallysightedemployeesandincorporatingvoicerecognitionsoftwareforpeopleunabletouseaconventionalkeyboardandmouse. Changingfontsizesandshapesandusingdifferentbackgroundcolourscanallhelptomakecomputer-screendisplaysmorelegibleandaccessibleforvisuallyimpairedusers.Screenmagnifierprogrammesareavailabletoenlargetext.Screenreadersoftwarewillreadoutthecontentofemailboxesorwebsites. Commercialwebsitesnowincorporatealt.tagsphrasesorsentenceswhichdescribeimagesonsitestoblindandpartiallysightedusersthroughscreenreaders.Butsomesitesstillcarryimagesdescribedsimplyas"corporatelogo"or"image".AsurveybytheDisabilityRightsCommissionearlierthisyearfoundthat81percentofwebsiteswereinaccessibleordifficulttouseoftenbecauseofbadlywordedalt.tagsorbecausethesoftwarewasblockingattemptstochangefontsorcolours. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatmanyemployers
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions.-HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. 20
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions.-HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. 18
Text2 Thegovernment’schiefprosecutorhaslaunchedanoutspokenattackonplansbyDavidBlunkettthehomesecretarytotryterroristswithoutjuriesandinsecret. KenMacdonaldQCthedirectorofpublicprosecutionssaysinanarticleintoday’sSundayTimesthatplansfortrialswithoutjuriesofsometerrorsuspectswouldunderminepublicfaithinthecriminaljusticesystem.InhisattackonproposalsexpectedinBlunkett’sforthcomingdraftterrorismbilltolimittherighttojurytrialforAl-QaedaandotherIslamicterrorsuspectsMacdonaldsays:"Tobeeffectiveagainst...terrorismweneedtocallonlegislationthatisclearflexibleandproportionatetothethreat." Nobodywantstothrowoutthebabywiththebathwater;wedonotwanttofightterrorismbydestroyingpreciselythosethingsterrorismistryingtotakeawayfromus. "Openliberaldemocraciesfailiftheytrytoprotectthemselvesbybecomingilliberalclosedandrepressive." Macdonalsayshefavoursproposalsbyministerstoallowtelephone-tappingevidencefromMI5andpolicetobeusedinopencourt.Healsobelievesthat"minorplayers"interroristplotsshouldbeofferedsomeimmunityfromprosecutioninreturnforinformation. Butheemphasizes:"Changestothecriminaltrialprocesshavetobeapproachedwithgreatcautionandaclearhead." MacdonaldwhoasheadoftheCrownProsecutionServicehasoverallresponsibilityforchargingandprosecutingallterroristsuspectsinEnglandandWalessaysthatsomebasicrights"cannotbenegotiatedawayinafreeanddemocraticsociety". Socriminaltrialsmustremainroutinelyopenandtakeplacebeforeindependentandimpartialtribunals.InBritainpeoplehavegreataffectionfortrialbyjury...Publicfaithinpublicjusticewillnotsurviveabandonmentofthesefundamentalprinciples. Macdonaldwaitedtolaunchhisbroadsideuntilafterlastweek’sQueen’sspeechwhentheHomeOfficesaiddraconiannewcounter-terrorismmeasureswouldbecontainedinadraftbillexpectedtobepublishedinthenewyear. Thebillwouldallowforanti-terrorcourtswithoutjurieswhichareexpectedtohearevidenceinsecretbeforespecialsecurity-clearedjudges. Macdonald’sstrongcommentsamounttotheclearestsignalyetthatBlunkettwillfaceafiercebattlenotjustinparliamentbutinWhitehallovertheplans. OtherseniorlegalfiguresincludingLordWoolfthelordchiefjusticehavepreviouslycriticisedgovernmentplanstolimittrialbyjuryinordinarycriminaltrials.HoweverMacdonaldisthefirsttocomeoutagainstthenewproposalstolimittherighttoajurytrialinterrorismcases. Ifthebillforsecretterrortrialsispasseditmaybecarriedoutin
WhatmakesacitygoodforbusinessEmployersusuallylistaskilledworkforcegoodtransportlinkslowpropertycostsandgoodcommunicationsnetworksastoppriorities. 46Ascomputerandtelephonenetworksbecomeincreasinglysophisticatedbusinessesnolongerhavetobetiedtooneplaceorrunalltheiroperationsononesite.Mostofthecountrynowhasaccesstobroadband. InsurancegiantNorwichUnionisonecompanywhichnowoperatesfrom1200sitesnationwidealllinkedupthroughasinglenetwork.47CallcentrescanoperateaseasilyfromLiverpoolasfromLondonandemployeescanbescatteredacrossthecountryworkingfromhomeandkeepingintouchwiththeofficeviae-mailandvoicemessagingsystems.Businessesareglobalratherthanlocal. RelocatingbusinessesarewelcomedwithopenarmsbyregionaldevelopmentagenciesRDAssetuptoco-ordinatestrategicplanningchannelfundingandworkwithlocalorganisationstobringinnewbusinesses.48"Weareaboutsupportingexistingbusinessesandjobsbutwealsowanttobringnewemployersintoareasandencourageorganicgrowthandentrepreneurs"saysaspokesmanfortheNationalSecretariatofRegionalDevelopmentAgencies. RDAsarealsohelpingtotackleproblemsholdingsomecitiesback.49Unskilledorelderlyworkforceslackoftechnologicalknowledgepoorfacilitiesinadequateinfrastructureandgapsinbroadbandavailabilitycanallcombinetoputbusinessesoffrelocating. OncurrentformthebestplaceintheUKtodobusinessisLeedsaccordingtospecialistresearchconsultancyOMISwhichadvisescompaniesonrelocation.50OMIS’slatestBritain’sBestCitiesreportgivesLeedshighmarksforitsskilledandeducatedworkforceavailabilityofofficespaceandregeneratedcitycentrefullofnewshopsandrestaurants. OMIS’slatestBritain’sBestCitiesreportgivesLeedshighmarksforitsskilledandeducatedworkforceavailabilityofofficespaceandregeneratedcitycentrefullofnewshopsandrestaurants.
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions.-HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. 12
Text4 SinceOctober1ithasbeenillegalforanybusinesstodiscriminateagainstdisabledpeopleeitherduringtherecruitmentprocessoratworkanddisabilityrightscampaignerssaysthatemployersmustmakebetteruseofnewtechnologytohelpthemfulfiltheirnewobligations. AmendmentstotheDisabilityDiscriminationActDDArequireallBusinessesnotjustthosewithmorethan15employeesaspreviouslytomake"reasonableadjustments"toworkplacestoaccommodatethedisabled.Suchadjustmentsincludebuyingnewequipmentormodifyingexistingsystemssothatdisabledpeoplecanusethem. Butmanyemployersarefailingtoinvestigatepotentiallyusefulchangesorupgradestosystems.TheyarealsofailingtoclaimgenerousAccesstoWorkgrantsfromtheGovernmentdesignedtocover’thecostofadaptingorre-equippingaworkplaceextratrainingorhiringhumanassistantslikesignlanguageinterpreters. RuthLoehlaseniorICTdevelopmentofficerattheRoyalNationalInstitutefortheBlindsays:"Thetechnologyisthereandthefundingisthere.Butmanyemployersandemployeesdon’tknowwhat’savailable.It’spatchyacrossthecountry."AccesstoWorkgrantscancoverupto100percentofthecostofneworadaptedequipmentsaysMs.Loebl."Youshouldn’thavetopayanymoretoemployablindperson." LynneNelsonemploymentcoordinatorfortheRoyalNationalInstitutefortheDeafagrees:"Technologyisverymuchunderused.Employersarenotawareofwhat’savailableandthey’remorereactivethanproactive." Complyingwiththeactcouldbeaseasyasrearranginganofficesothatthelightisbetterforadeafpersontolipread.Attheotherendofthescaleitcouldmeaninvestinginacuttingedgemessagingsystemwhichcombinescomputersandphonesconvertingtextmessagesintovoicemessagesforblindorpartiallysightedemployeesandincorporatingvoicerecognitionsoftwareforpeopleunabletouseaconventionalkeyboardandmouse. Changingfontsizesandshapesandusingdifferentbackgroundcolourscanallhelptomakecomputer-screendisplaysmorelegibleandaccessibleforvisuallyimpairedusers.Screenmagnifierprogrammesareavailabletoenlargetext.Screenreadersoftwarewillreadoutthecontentofemailboxesorwebsites. Commercialwebsitesnowincorporatealt.tagsphrasesorsentenceswhichdescribeimagesonsitestoblindandpartiallysightedusersthroughscreenreaders.Butsomesitesstillcarryimagesdescribedsimplyas"corporatelogo"or"image".AsurveybytheDisabilityRightsCommissionearlierthisyearfoundthat81percentofwebsiteswereinaccessibleordifficulttouseoftenbecauseofbadlywordedalt.tagsorbecausethesoftwarewasblockingattemptstochangefontsorcolours. Fromthebeginningofthetextwecanconcludethat
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions.-HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. 10
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions.-HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. 6
Text1 OptimationLtd.apolymerpackagingandconvertingspecialistisonesmallcompanythatissuffering.Itshighlyspecialisedengineeringworkisingreatdemandbutalackofqualifiedstaffhashinderedgrowth. "Wehaveanumberofpotentialclientsawaitingavisittodiscussnewprojectsbutwearetieduponexistingordersbecauseweareshortofthenecessaryskillsontheshopfloor"HelenMitchellthecompany’sfoundersays. AndaccordingtoAliceTeaguetheeducationandtrainingofficerattheFederationofSmallBusinessesMs.Mitchell’sexperienceisnotunique.Manysmallbusinessessufferskillshortages--particularlythoseatthetechnicalcraftlevelsuchasengineeringandconstructioncompanies. "Smallcompaniestendtobemorevulnerabletoskillshortagesbecausetheyareunabletoofferthesamepayorbenefitsaslargercompaniessotheystruggleintherecruitmentmarket." ThisisborneoutbytheexperiencesofOptimation."Lastyearwelostoneofourbestengineerstoarivalcompanywhoofferedhimabetterpackage.Beingabletoaffordthesalariessuchskillsdemandisdifficultforus"Ms.Mitchellsays. Thegovernment-fundedLearningandSkillsCouncilLSCsaysthatapprenticeshipsofferasolutiontotheskillshortageproblem."Byaddressingskillsgapsdirectlyapprenticeshipscanmakebusinessessmallorlargemoreproductiveandcompetitive"StephenGardnertheLSC’sdirectorofworkedbasedlearningsays."Apprenticeshipsallowbusinessestodevelopthespecialistskillstheyneedforthelatesttechnologyandworkingpracticesintheirsector." Thereare160differentapprenticeshipsavailableacross80differentindustrysectors.Theyareopentobusinessesofallsizesandofferwork-basedtrainingprogrammesfor16to24-year-olds.ThetrainingisruninconjunctionwiththeSectorSkillsCounciltoensureindustryspecificskillsaretaught. BusinessesareresponsibleforthewagesofapprenticesbuttheLSCcontributesbetween￡1500and￡10000towardsthecostofthetrainingdependingontheindustrysector. Slack＆ParrLtd.amanufacturerofprecisionequipmentfortheaerospaceindustryisonesmallcompanythathasbenefitedfromthescheme.Morethan50percentoftheKegworth-basedcompany’semployeesstartedasapprentices. "Weopenedanon-sitetrainingcentretoensureapprenticesbenefitedfromthehighestqualityoftraining"RichardHallsworththemanagingdirectorsays."Sixteenofourformerapprenticesarenowinmanagementpositions.Theschemeworksforusbecauseithelpskeepcostlyexternalrecruitmenttoaminimum." ButMs.TeagueoftheFSBwarnsthatapprenticeshipsmightnotsuitallsmallbusinesses. Theapprenticeshipschemeoffersvaluablevocationaltrainingbutoftensmallcompaniesdon’thavesufficienttimeorresourcestodevotetotheapprentice.Inthepasttherehasalsobeenaproblemofpoorqualitycandidatesandlowcompletionrates. "Butsomeoftheseproblemsarebeingaddressed.IknowtheLearningandSkillsCouncilislookingathowsmallbusinessesmightbeabletoshareapprenticesandsolessentherisk.Completionratesalsoseemtobeimprovingsotheschemeiscertainlyworthinvestigating." ApprenticeshipscanbringmanybenefitstosmallcompaniesEXCEPT
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayconcerninghonestyinthesocietyto 1describethepictures 2illustratepresentsituationandgivepossiblereasonsand 3suggestcountermeasures. Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions.-HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. 14
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions.-HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. 16
Text2 Thegovernment’schiefprosecutorhaslaunchedanoutspokenattackonplansbyDavidBlunkettthehomesecretarytotryterroristswithoutjuriesandinsecret. KenMacdonaldQCthedirectorofpublicprosecutionssaysinanarticleintoday’sSundayTimesthatplansfortrialswithoutjuriesofsometerrorsuspectswouldunderminepublicfaithinthecriminaljusticesystem.InhisattackonproposalsexpectedinBlunkett’sforthcomingdraftterrorismbilltolimittherighttojurytrialforAl-QaedaandotherIslamicterrorsuspectsMacdonaldsays:"Tobeeffectiveagainst...terrorismweneedtocallonlegislationthatisclearflexibleandproportionatetothethreat." Nobodywantstothrowoutthebabywiththebathwater;wedonotwanttofightterrorismbydestroyingpreciselythosethingsterrorismistryingtotakeawayfromus. "Openliberaldemocraciesfailiftheytrytoprotectthemselvesbybecomingilliberalclosedandrepressive." Macdonalsayshefavoursproposalsbyministerstoallowtelephone-tappingevidencefromMI5andpolicetobeusedinopencourt.Healsobelievesthat"minorplayers"interroristplotsshouldbeofferedsomeimmunityfromprosecutioninreturnforinformation. Butheemphasizes:"Changestothecriminaltrialprocesshavetobeapproachedwithgreatcautionandaclearhead." MacdonaldwhoasheadoftheCrownProsecutionServicehasoverallresponsibilityforchargingandprosecutingallterroristsuspectsinEnglandandWalessaysthatsomebasicrights"cannotbenegotiatedawayinafreeanddemocraticsociety". Socriminaltrialsmustremainroutinelyopenandtakeplacebeforeindependentandimpartialtribunals.InBritainpeoplehavegreataffectionfortrialbyjury...Publicfaithinpublicjusticewillnotsurviveabandonmentofthesefundamentalprinciples. Macdonaldwaitedtolaunchhisbroadsideuntilafterlastweek’sQueen’sspeechwhentheHomeOfficesaiddraconiannewcounter-terrorismmeasureswouldbecontainedinadraftbillexpectedtobepublishedinthenewyear. Thebillwouldallowforanti-terrorcourtswithoutjurieswhichareexpectedtohearevidenceinsecretbeforespecialsecurity-clearedjudges. Macdonald’sstrongcommentsamounttotheclearestsignalyetthatBlunkettwillfaceafiercebattlenotjustinparliamentbutinWhitehallovertheplans. OtherseniorlegalfiguresincludingLordWoolfthelordchiefjusticehavepreviouslycriticisedgovernmentplanstolimittrialbyjuryinordinarycriminaltrials.HoweverMacdonaldisthefirsttocomeoutagainstthenewproposalstolimittherighttoajurytrialinterrorismcases. Wecaninferfromthetextthat
Text2 Thegovernment’schiefprosecutorhaslaunchedanoutspokenattackonplansbyDavidBlunkettthehomesecretarytotryterroristswithoutjuriesandinsecret. KenMacdonaldQCthedirectorofpublicprosecutionssaysinanarticleintoday’sSundayTimesthatplansfortrialswithoutjuriesofsometerrorsuspectswouldunderminepublicfaithinthecriminaljusticesystem.InhisattackonproposalsexpectedinBlunkett’sforthcomingdraftterrorismbilltolimittherighttojurytrialforAl-QaedaandotherIslamicterrorsuspectsMacdonaldsays:"Tobeeffectiveagainst...terrorismweneedtocallonlegislationthatisclearflexibleandproportionatetothethreat." Nobodywantstothrowoutthebabywiththebathwater;wedonotwanttofightterrorismbydestroyingpreciselythosethingsterrorismistryingtotakeawayfromus. "Openliberaldemocraciesfailiftheytrytoprotectthemselvesbybecomingilliberalclosedandrepressive." Macdonalsayshefavoursproposalsbyministerstoallowtelephone-tappingevidencefromMI5andpolicetobeusedinopencourt.Healsobelievesthat"minorplayers"interroristplotsshouldbeofferedsomeimmunityfromprosecutioninreturnforinformation. Butheemphasizes:"Changestothecriminaltrialprocesshavetobeapproachedwithgreatcautionandaclearhead." MacdonaldwhoasheadoftheCrownProsecutionServicehasoverallresponsibilityforchargingandprosecutingallterroristsuspectsinEnglandandWalessaysthatsomebasicrights"cannotbenegotiatedawayinafreeanddemocraticsociety". Socriminaltrialsmustremainroutinelyopenandtakeplacebeforeindependentandimpartialtribunals.InBritainpeoplehavegreataffectionfortrialbyjury...Publicfaithinpublicjusticewillnotsurviveabandonmentofthesefundamentalprinciples. Macdonaldwaitedtolaunchhisbroadsideuntilafterlastweek’sQueen’sspeechwhentheHomeOfficesaiddraconiannewcounter-terrorismmeasureswouldbecontainedinadraftbillexpectedtobepublishedinthenewyear. Thebillwouldallowforanti-terrorcourtswithoutjurieswhichareexpectedtohearevidenceinsecretbeforespecialsecurity-clearedjudges. Macdonald’sstrongcommentsamounttotheclearestsignalyetthatBlunkettwillfaceafiercebattlenotjustinparliamentbutinWhitehallovertheplans. OtherseniorlegalfiguresincludingLordWoolfthelordchiefjusticehavepreviouslycriticisedgovernmentplanstolimittrialbyjuryinordinarycriminaltrials.HoweverMacdonaldisthefirsttocomeoutagainstthenewproposalstolimittherighttoajurytrialinterrorismcases. Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextisto
[A]Designyouwebpage [B]Priceyourproduct/service [C]Contactyourfamiliarpeople [D]Performasurvey [E]Marketyourproductonline [F]Findyourownproduct IfthereisonethingIhavelearnedtryingtomakemoneyonlineitisthis:youwillsucceedifyouhaveyourownuniqueproduct. Thismightbeyourowne-bookorevenatangibleproductthatyouthinkmightsellwellontheInternet.Asyouprobablyknowinformationiswhatsellsbestonline.DoYOUhaveuniqueinformationoraveryspecificareaofexpertiseEvenifyouanswer"yes"youmustalsoaskyourself:Isthereanonlinemarketformyproduct/serviceOtherwiseyoumaybeputtingforthalotoftimemoneyandeffortforlittlegain. Let’staketheseoneatatime: 41.______. Ihadahardtimewiththisone;Iwasnotreallyexpertatanything.Tomean"expert"isapersonwhoknowsasubjectsowellthathecanteachorpublishabookonthesubject.Therearemanysocalled"marketinggurus"ontheInternet.MostoftheseguyswerejustluckytohavetheforesighttoseetheInternetasaplacewheretheycouldsellproducts.IwishIhadstartedbackin1995or1996.Youwillnoticethatmostofthe"big"namesinonlinemarketingstartedbackthen.Timingiseverything. Askyourself:whatdoyouknowbetterthananyoneelseWhatcanyouofferonlinethatwouldbeofvaluetoaspecificgroupofcustomersCanyoumakethingswithyourhandsorwithtoolsCanyouwritewellWhatdidyoudointheofflineworldCananyofthisexpertisebetranslatedtotheInternetAsmentionedaboveinformationisthebest-sellingonlineitemtoday.Itwillprobablyremainthiswayfortheforeseeablefuture. 42.______. Hopefullyyoualreadyhavenewslettersubscribersorsomesortofopt-inlist.Ifsoyoucansimplysendasurveytoeachoneofthem.Makeitverysimplejustyesornoanswers.Ideallyjusthavethembeabletoclickononelinkfor"yes"andanotherlinkfor"no".Trynottoaskmorethanfivequestions.Keepyourlanguagesimple.AlotofmynewslettersubscribersarenotfromtheUnitedStates. IfyouarejuststartingoutyoumayhavetofindanE-zinethatrelatestoyourproductorservice.Ifyouareluckyyouwillgetenoughresponsestocometoalogicalconclusion.Youneedatleast25thisisveryminimum.Ifyoudon’tgetatleastthismanytryanotherE-zine.Onceyouhaveallyourresponsestogetherthrowoutanywidelydivergentanswers. 43.______. Ifyouaskhowmuchpeoplewouldbewillingtopayforyourproductsandmostanswerintherangeof＄50～＄60thenthisisarangeyoucantrust.Youmustthrowoutthetwoguyswillingtopay＄80and＄100aswellasthethreepersonswhowouldonlypay＄25＄30and＄35.WiththesefivedivergentopinionsIamassumingyouhaveatleast20personswillingtopay＄50～＄60foryourproduct/service. 44.______. Nowit’stimetothinkaboutyourwebpagedesign.IfyouarenotartisticatallIwouldurgeyoutohireareasonablypricedwebsitedesigner.Thesaying"firstimpressionsareimportant"isevenmoreimportantontheInternet.Myownsiteshavebeenveryplainandunexcitingandhadthat"home-made"lookaboutthem.Doyourselfafavorandhireaprofessionalwhenyouareready. 45.______. Thinkhowbesttodothis.It’snotjustsearchengines.LookforspecificE-zineswhosesubscribersmightbeinterestedinyourproducts.ForexampleifyouareofferingdollhousesforsalethatyoumakeadvertiseindollhouseE-zinesanddollhousewebsites.Youwillfindyourmost"likelytobuy"customersintheseplaces. Andofcoursedifferentpeoplehavedifferentwaystodobusiness.AlloftheabovearejustmysuggestionsresultingfrommyownexperienceandIhopeyoucangetsomethingusefulfromthem.Atlastwishallofyouronlinebusinessmakesatisfyingprogressandgoonsmoothlyasyouexpected. 42
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions.-HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. 4
[A]Designyouwebpage [B]Priceyourproduct/service [C]Contactyourfamiliarpeople [D]Performasurvey [E]Marketyourproductonline [F]Findyourownproduct IfthereisonethingIhavelearnedtryingtomakemoneyonlineitisthis:youwillsucceedifyouhaveyourownuniqueproduct. Thismightbeyourowne-bookorevenatangibleproductthatyouthinkmightsellwellontheInternet.Asyouprobablyknowinformationiswhatsellsbestonline.DoYOUhaveuniqueinformationoraveryspecificareaofexpertiseEvenifyouanswer"yes"youmustalsoaskyourself:Isthereanonlinemarketformyproduct/serviceOtherwiseyoumaybeputtingforthalotoftimemoneyandeffortforlittlegain. Let’staketheseoneatatime: 41.______. Ihadahardtimewiththisone;Iwasnotreallyexpertatanything.Tomean"expert"isapersonwhoknowsasubjectsowellthathecanteachorpublishabookonthesubject.Therearemanysocalled"marketinggurus"ontheInternet.MostoftheseguyswerejustluckytohavetheforesighttoseetheInternetasaplacewheretheycouldsellproducts.IwishIhadstartedbackin1995or1996.Youwillnoticethatmostofthe"big"namesinonlinemarketingstartedbackthen.Timingiseverything. Askyourself:whatdoyouknowbetterthananyoneelseWhatcanyouofferonlinethatwouldbeofvaluetoaspecificgroupofcustomersCanyoumakethingswithyourhandsorwithtoolsCanyouwritewellWhatdidyoudointheofflineworldCananyofthisexpertisebetranslatedtotheInternetAsmentionedaboveinformationisthebest-sellingonlineitemtoday.Itwillprobablyremainthiswayfortheforeseeablefuture. 42.______. Hopefullyyoualreadyhavenewslettersubscribersorsomesortofopt-inlist.Ifsoyoucansimplysendasurveytoeachoneofthem.Makeitverysimplejustyesornoanswers.Ideallyjusthavethembeabletoclickononelinkfor"yes"andanotherlinkfor"no".Trynottoaskmorethanfivequestions.Keepyourlanguagesimple.AlotofmynewslettersubscribersarenotfromtheUnitedStates. IfyouarejuststartingoutyoumayhavetofindanE-zinethatrelatestoyourproductorservice.Ifyouareluckyyouwillgetenoughresponsestocometoalogicalconclusion.Youneedatleast25thisisveryminimum.Ifyoudon’tgetatleastthismanytryanotherE-zine.Onceyouhaveallyourresponsestogetherthrowoutanywidelydivergentanswers. 43.______. Ifyouaskhowmuchpeoplewouldbewillingtopayforyourproductsandmostanswerintherangeof＄50～＄60thenthisisarangeyoucantrust.Youmustthrowoutthetwoguyswillingtopay＄80and＄100aswellasthethreepersonswhowouldonlypay＄25＄30and＄35.WiththesefivedivergentopinionsIamassumingyouhaveatleast20personswillingtopay＄50～＄60foryourproduct/service. 44.______. Nowit’stimetothinkaboutyourwebpagedesign.IfyouarenotartisticatallIwouldurgeyoutohireareasonablypricedwebsitedesigner.Thesaying"firstimpressionsareimportant"isevenmoreimportantontheInternet.Myownsiteshavebeenveryplainandunexcitingandhadthat"home-made"lookaboutthem.Doyourselfafavorandhireaprofessionalwhenyouareready. 45.______. Thinkhowbesttodothis.It’snotjustsearchengines.LookforspecificE-zineswhosesubscribersmightbeinterestedinyourproducts.ForexampleifyouareofferingdollhousesforsalethatyoumakeadvertiseindollhouseE-zinesanddollhousewebsites.Youwillfindyourmost"likelytobuy"customersintheseplaces. Andofcoursedifferentpeoplehavedifferentwaystodobusiness.AlloftheabovearejustmysuggestionsresultingfrommyownexperienceandIhopeyoucangetsomethingusefulfromthem.Atlastwishallofyouronlinebusinessmakesatisfyingprogressandgoonsmoothlyasyouexpected. 44
Softmoneyisthehugeunlimitedcontributionsfromcorporationslaborunionandwealthyindividualsthatpoliticalpartiesraiseandspendoncampaignattackadsandother1designedtoinfluenceelections.Thesoftmoneysystemunderminescampaignfinancelaws2limitcontributionsand3thesourcesoffundsthatcanbespentonfederalcampaigns.Itprovidescorporationslaborunionsandwealthyindividualsawaytocircumventfederalelectionlawsand4campaignswithtensofmillionsofspecialinterestdollars5corporationsandunionshavebeen6fromcontributingorspendingtheirtreasuryfindstoinfluencefederalelectionssince1907and19477.Individualscancontributetofederal8throughpartiesandcandidatesbutonlyin9amounts. TheDemocraticandRepublicanparties10＄262millionin11moneyforthe1996elections.Thepartiesraisesoftmoneyunderthe12thatitwillbeusedforgeneralpartybuildingactivities.13softmoneypaysforcampaignadsinthewayasissuediscussionpoliticalresearchpollingfundraisingandgetoutthe-voteeffortsallofwhichaffectthe14offederalelections. Softmoneywasthesourceofthe1996politicalfund-raisingscandals15thesellingoftheLincolnbedroomWhiteHousecoffeesandtheinfluxofforeignmoneyintothe16campaign. TheMcCain-Feingoldbill17thesoftmoneysystembyprohibitingcandidatesandnationalpoliticalpartiesfromraisingsoftmoneyandbyprohibitingstatepoliticalpartiesfrom18softmoneyonactivitieswhichaffectfederalelections.Inother19thecurrentpracticeofraisingunlimitedsoftmoneycontributionsfromcorporationsunionsandwealthyindividualsandthenchannelingthismoneyintofederalelectionswouldend.Thenationalpartieswouldbe20toraisealloftheirfundsunderthelimitsandrestrictionsinthelaw. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points18
WhatmakesacitygoodforbusinessEmployersusuallylistaskilledworkforcegoodtransportlinkslowpropertycostsandgoodcommunicationsnetworksastoppriorities. 46Ascomputerandtelephonenetworksbecomeincreasinglysophisticatedbusinessesnolongerhavetobetiedtooneplaceorrunalltheiroperationsononesite.Mostofthecountrynowhasaccesstobroadband. InsurancegiantNorwichUnionisonecompanywhichnowoperatesfrom1200sitesnationwidealllinkedupthroughasinglenetwork.47CallcentrescanoperateaseasilyfromLiverpoolasfromLondonandemployeescanbescatteredacrossthecountryworkingfromhomeandkeepingintouchwiththeofficeviae-mailandvoicemessagingsystems.Businessesareglobalratherthanlocal. RelocatingbusinessesarewelcomedwithopenarmsbyregionaldevelopmentagenciesRDAssetuptoco-ordinatestrategicplanningchannelfundingandworkwithlocalorganisationstobringinnewbusinesses.48"Weareaboutsupportingexistingbusinessesandjobsbutwealsowanttobringnewemployersintoareasandencourageorganicgrowthandentrepreneurs"saysaspokesmanfortheNationalSecretariatofRegionalDevelopmentAgencies. RDAsarealsohelpingtotackleproblemsholdingsomecitiesback.49Unskilledorelderlyworkforceslackoftechnologicalknowledgepoorfacilitiesinadequateinfrastructureandgapsinbroadbandavailabilitycanallcombinetoputbusinessesoffrelocating. OncurrentformthebestplaceintheUKtodobusinessisLeedsaccordingtospecialistresearchconsultancyOMISwhichadvisescompaniesonrelocation.50OMIS’slatestBritain’sBestCitiesreportgivesLeedshighmarksforitsskilledandeducatedworkforceavailabilityofofficespaceandregeneratedcitycentrefullofnewshopsandrestaurants. Weareaboutsupportingexistingbusinessesandjobsbutwealsowanttobringnewemployersintoareasandencourageorganicgrowthandentrepreneurs
Softmoneyisthehugeunlimitedcontributionsfromcorporationslaborunionandwealthyindividualsthatpoliticalpartiesraiseandspendoncampaignattackadsandother1designedtoinfluenceelections.Thesoftmoneysystemunderminescampaignfinancelaws2limitcontributionsand3thesourcesoffundsthatcanbespentonfederalcampaigns.Itprovidescorporationslaborunionsandwealthyindividualsawaytocircumventfederalelectionlawsand4campaignswithtensofmillionsofspecialinterestdollars5corporationsandunionshavebeen6fromcontributingorspendingtheirtreasuryfindstoinfluencefederalelectionssince1907and19477.Individualscancontributetofederal8throughpartiesandcandidatesbutonlyin9amounts. TheDemocraticandRepublicanparties10＄262millionin11moneyforthe1996elections.Thepartiesraisesoftmoneyunderthe12thatitwillbeusedforgeneralpartybuildingactivities.13softmoneypaysforcampaignadsinthewayasissuediscussionpoliticalresearchpollingfundraisingandgetoutthe-voteeffortsallofwhichaffectthe14offederalelections. Softmoneywasthesourceofthe1996politicalfund-raisingscandals15thesellingoftheLincolnbedroomWhiteHousecoffeesandtheinfluxofforeignmoneyintothe16campaign. TheMcCain-Feingoldbill17thesoftmoneysystembyprohibitingcandidatesandnationalpoliticalpartiesfromraisingsoftmoneyandbyprohibitingstatepoliticalpartiesfrom18softmoneyonactivitieswhichaffectfederalelections.Inother19thecurrentpracticeofraisingunlimitedsoftmoneycontributionsfromcorporationsunionsandwealthyindividualsandthenchannelingthismoneyintofederalelectionswouldend.Thenationalpartieswouldbe20toraisealloftheirfundsunderthelimitsandrestrictionsinthelaw. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points20
September11th.2001drewthetransatlanticalliancetogether;butthemooddidnotlastandoverthefiveyearssinceithaspulledeverfurtherapart.ArecentpollfortheGermanMarshallFundshowsthat57%ofEuropeansregardAmericanleadershipinworldaffairsasundesirable.TheIraqwarismainlytoblame.Butthereisanotherandmoreintractablereasonforthegrowingdivision:God.EuropeansworrythatAmericanforeignpolicyunderGeorgeBushistooinfluencedbyreligion.TheholywarriorswhohijackedtheplanesonSeptember11threintroducedGodintointernationalaffairsinthemostdramaticofways.ItseemsthatGeorgeBushisreplyinginkindencouragingaclashofreligionsthatcouldspellglobalcatastrophe.DominiqueMoisiaspecialadviserattheFrenchInstituteforInternationalRelationsarguesthatthecombinationofreligionandnationalisminAmericaisfrightening.WefeelbetrayedbyGodandbynationalismwhichiswhywearebuildingtheEuropeanUnionasabarriertoreligiouswarfare.JosefBramloftheGermanInstituteforInternationalandSecurityAffairscomplainsthatinAmericareligiousattitudeshavemoreofaninfluenceonpoliticalchoicesthaninanyotherwesterndemocracy.ThenotionthatAmericaistooinfluencedbyreligionisnotconfinedtotheelites.ThreeinfiveFrenchpeopleandnearlyasmanyDutchthinkthatAmericansaretooreligious--andthatreligionskewswhatshouldbeseculardecisions.EuropeanswhothinkthatAmericaistooreligiousaremoreinclinedtoanti-Americanismthantheirfellowcountrymen.38%ofBritonshaveanunfavourableviewofAmericabutthatnumberrisesto50%amongpeoplewhoarewaryofAmericanreligiosity.IsAmericaengagedinafaith-basedforeignpolicyReligioncertainlyexertsagrowinginfluenceonitsactionsintheworldbutinwaysmoresubtleandcomplicatedthanEuropeansimagine.ItistruethatAmericaisundergoingareligiousrevival.HotreligionssuchasevangelicalProtestantismandhardlineCatholicismaregrowingrapidlywhilecoolmainlineversionsofChristianityaredeclining.ItisalsotruethattheRepublicanPartyisbeingreshapedbythisrevival.Self-identifiedevangelicalsprovidedalmost40%ofMr.Bushesvotein2004;ifyouaddinothertheologicalconservativessuchasMormonsandtraditionalCatholicsthatnumberrisescloserto60%.AllsixtopRepublicanleadersintheSenatehaveearned100%ratingsfromtheChristianCoalition.ItisalsotruethatMr.Bushfrequentlyusesreligiousrhetoricwhentalkingofforeignaffairs.OnSeptember12thhewasatitagaintellingagroupofconservativejournaliststhatheseesthewaronterrorasaconfrontationbetweengoodandevilandremarkingItseemstomethatthere’saThirdAwakeninginotherwordsanoutbreakofChristianevangelicalfervourofthesortthathassweptacrossAmericaatleasttwicebefore.AndChristianAmericaoverallistakingabiggerinterestinforeignpolicy.NewvoicesarebeingheardsuchasSamBrownbackaconservativesenatorfromKansaswhohasledthefightagainstgenocideinDarfurandRickWarrentheauthorofabestsellercalledThePurpose-DrivenLifewhoissending2000missionariestoRwanda.Finallyitistruethatreligiousfigureshavedonesomeprettyoutrageousthings.PatRobertsoncalledfortheassassinationofHugoChvezthepresidentofVenezuela.Lieutenant-GeneralWilliamJerryBoykindeputyunder-secretaryofdefenceforintelligencetouredthecountrytellingChristiangroupsthatradicalMuslimshateAmericabecausewe’reaChristiannationandtheenemyisaguynamedSatan.Heoftenworeuniform.Thephraseinkindinthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphmostprobablydenotes______.
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions.-HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. 2
Text3 RogerMichelldescribeshispotentnewfilmas"athrilleraboutlove".AdaptedfromIanMcEwan’snovelEnduringLovestarsDanielCraigasJoeapeevishandsplendidlyirritatingsocialanthropologistandRhysIfansasthescruffypuppy-likeGodbothererwhoafteranaccidentwithahot-airballoonbecomesobsessedwithhim. "AssoonasRhys’charactersays’Let’ssitdownandpray’"chucklesthedirector"youknowthere’sbadnewsahead.Inthebookheisamorehappy-clappyevangelistbutwetoneditdown." AlthoughclearlydrawntosucheccentriccharactersMichellhimselfisthoroughlydown-to-earth."I’moneofthoseboringpeoplewhoknewwhatIwantedtodofromanearlyage"heexplains."Istartedactingasachildbutwascompletelyhopelesssostarteddirectinglittleplaysinschool." Hewentontodirectaround15playswhilereadingEnglishatCambridgedirectedhisfirstprofessionalplayinapubinBrightonandthenassistedbothJohnOsborneandSamuelBeekettattheRoyalCourtTheatre.By1985hewastheresidentdirectoroftheRoyalShakespeareCompanybutmovedtoTVintheearly1990swhenhetookchargeofHanifKureishi’slandmarkseriesTheBuddhaofSuburbia. Michell’stelevisioncareercontinuedtoflourishwithagloriouslyrestraineddramatisationofJaneAusten’sPersuasionandanadaptationofhisRoyalCourtsuccessMyNightWithReg.Thatledtohisbigbreak."ThescriptforNottingHilljustploppedthroughmyletterboxonemorning;MyNightWithReghadapparentlypromptedthemtooffermethejob." NottingHillalertedHollywoodtoMichell’sabilitytogetthebestoutofacast."IloveactorsandspendalotoftimewiththemworkingandhangingoutandIdoproperrehearsalsbecauseIhaveatheatrebackground."Michell’snextprojectChangingLanesproducedBenAffleck’sbestperformanceandplayedbigattheAmericanboxofflee. WithHollywoodathisfeetMichellsurprisedmanypeoplebyreturningtoLondontomakeTheMotheranexplicittwistonMay-DecembersexualrelationswrittenbyhisoldfriendKureishiandstarringCraig.Whydidhedoit"Ijustcouldn’tseeacigar-chompingstudioexecutivesaying’YesIwanttodoafilmaboutanoldwomanbeingtuppedbyaveryyoungman!’SoIcameheretodoit.ButapartfromthatI’mEnglish.IwanttoliveinLondonwithmykidsandtellEuropeanstories.IfeeloddaboutAmericaatthemomentbecauseofwhatthey’redoingaroundtheworldandwouldmuchprefertomakethefilmsIwanttomakehere." Whereverhegoesthoughhismostfamousfilmwillcontinuetohaunthim."BythedirectorofNottingHill"screamstheposterforEnduringLove.Howdoesthatfeel"Ican’tberesponsibleforthepostersbutI’msurealotoftheaudiencewillbeabittakenaback"reflectsMichell."They’llbeasking:’WherearethejokesWhere’sHughGrant’Idohopethey’renottoodisappointed." ThesloganontheposterforEnduringLoveindicatesthat
Text3 RogerMichelldescribeshispotentnewfilmas"athrilleraboutlove".AdaptedfromIanMcEwan’snovelEnduringLovestarsDanielCraigasJoeapeevishandsplendidlyirritatingsocialanthropologistandRhysIfansasthescruffypuppy-likeGodbothererwhoafteranaccidentwithahot-airballoonbecomesobsessedwithhim. "AssoonasRhys’charactersays’Let’ssitdownandpray’"chucklesthedirector"youknowthere’sbadnewsahead.Inthebookheisamorehappy-clappyevangelistbutwetoneditdown." AlthoughclearlydrawntosucheccentriccharactersMichellhimselfisthoroughlydown-to-earth."I’moneofthoseboringpeoplewhoknewwhatIwantedtodofromanearlyage"heexplains."Istartedactingasachildbutwascompletelyhopelesssostarteddirectinglittleplaysinschool." Hewentontodirectaround15playswhilereadingEnglishatCambridgedirectedhisfirstprofessionalplayinapubinBrightonandthenassistedbothJohnOsborneandSamuelBeekettattheRoyalCourtTheatre.By1985hewastheresidentdirectoroftheRoyalShakespeareCompanybutmovedtoTVintheearly1990swhenhetookchargeofHanifKureishi’slandmarkseriesTheBuddhaofSuburbia. Michell’stelevisioncareercontinuedtoflourishwithagloriouslyrestraineddramatisationofJaneAusten’sPersuasionandanadaptationofhisRoyalCourtsuccessMyNightWithReg.Thatledtohisbigbreak."ThescriptforNottingHilljustploppedthroughmyletterboxonemorning;MyNightWithReghadapparentlypromptedthemtooffermethejob." NottingHillalertedHollywoodtoMichell’sabilitytogetthebestoutofacast."IloveactorsandspendalotoftimewiththemworkingandhangingoutandIdoproperrehearsalsbecauseIhaveatheatrebackground."Michell’snextprojectChangingLanesproducedBenAffleck’sbestperformanceandplayedbigattheAmericanboxofflee. WithHollywoodathisfeetMichellsurprisedmanypeoplebyreturningtoLondontomakeTheMotheranexplicittwistonMay-DecembersexualrelationswrittenbyhisoldfriendKureishiandstarringCraig.Whydidhedoit"Ijustcouldn’tseeacigar-chompingstudioexecutivesaying’YesIwanttodoafilmaboutanoldwomanbeingtuppedbyaveryyoungman!’SoIcameheretodoit.ButapartfromthatI’mEnglish.IwanttoliveinLondonwithmykidsandtellEuropeanstories.IfeeloddaboutAmericaatthemomentbecauseofwhatthey’redoingaroundtheworldandwouldmuchprefertomakethefilmsIwanttomakehere." Whereverhegoesthoughhismostfamousfilmwillcontinuetohaunthim."BythedirectorofNottingHill"screamstheposterforEnduringLove.Howdoesthatfeel"Ican’tberesponsibleforthepostersbutI’msurealotoftheaudiencewillbeabittakenaback"reflectsMichell."They’llbeasking:’WherearethejokesWhere’sHughGrant’Idohopethey’renottoodisappointed." WecaninferfromtheexperienceofMichellthat
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