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Text 4 Since October 1, it has been illegal for any business to discriminate against disabled p...
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Text4 Idon’tthinkthereisanythingwrongwithyourblood.Thekeytoyourproblemisthatlongnapafterdinner. Ifyoudidn’tsleepforhoursduringtheearlypartoftheeveningyouwouldbemorereadytosleepatbedtime.Ifyoudidn’tnapafterdinneryouwouldnotwanttostayupsolateandyouwouldnotfeeltheneedtotakeasleepingpill.Thepillisstillworkinginyoursystemwhenyougetupinthemorning.Thishelpsaccountforthefactthatyoufeeltiredallday. Youshouldgetoutofthehabitofsleepingduringtheevening.Rightafteryoureveningmealengageinsomesortofphysicalactivity--asportsuchasbowlingperhaps.Orgettogetherwithfriendsforaneveningofcardsandconversation.Thengotobedatyourusualtimeoralittleearlierandyoushouldbeabletogetagoodnight’srestwithouttakingapill. IfyoucangetintothehabitofspendingyoureveningsthiswayIamsureyouwillfeellesstiredduringtheday.Atfirstitmaybehardforyoutogotosleepwithouttakingapill.Ifsogetupandwatchtelevisionordosomejobsaroundyourhouseuntilyoufeelsleepy.Ifyoufallasleepandthenwakeupafewhourslatergetupbutdonettakeasleepingpill.Readawhileorlistentotheradioandmakeyourselfafewhours’sleepthatnightyouwillfeelbetterinthemorningthanyouusuallyfeelaftertakingapill.Thenextnightyouwillbereadytosleepatanearlierhour. Themostimportantthingistoavoidtakingthatnaprightafterdinnerandavoidtakingpills. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueifyouwanttogetoutofthehabitofsleepingduringtheevening
Text4 Idon’tthinkthereisanythingwrongwithyourblood.Thekeytoyourproblemisthatlongnapafterdinner. Ifyoudidn’tsleepforhoursduringtheearlypartoftheeveningyouwouldbemorereadytosleepatbedtime.Ifyoudidn’tnapafterdinneryouwouldnotwanttostayupsolateandyouwouldnotfeeltheneedtotakeasleepingpill.Thepillisstillworkinginyoursystemwhenyougetupinthemorning.Thishelpsaccountforthefactthatyoufeeltiredallday. Youshouldgetoutofthehabitofsleepingduringtheevening.Rightafteryoureveningmealengageinsomesortofphysicalactivity--asportsuchasbowlingperhaps.Orgettogetherwithfriendsforaneveningofcardsandconversation.Thengotobedatyourusualtimeoralittleearlierandyoushouldbeabletogetagoodnight’srestwithouttakingapill. IfyoucangetintothehabitofspendingyoureveningsthiswayIamsureyouwillfeellesstiredduringtheday.Atfirstitmaybehardforyoutogotosleepwithouttakingapill.Ifsogetupandwatchtelevisionordosomejobsaroundyourhouseuntilyoufeelsleepy.Ifyoufallasleepandthenwakeupafewhourslatergetupbutdonettakeasleepingpill.Readawhileorlistentotheradioandmakeyourselfafewhours’sleepthatnightyouwillfeelbetterinthemorningthanyouusuallyfeelaftertakingapill.Thenextnightyouwillbereadytosleepatanearlierhour. Themostimportantthingistoavoidtakingthatnaprightafterdinnerandavoidtakingpills. Accordingtothewriteritisdifficultforyoutogotosleepif
Text4 AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlycourteousandhelpfulmostAmericanswereto’them.TobefairthisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadiansandshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereareofcourseexceptions.Small-mindedofficialsrudewaitersandill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment. Foralongperiodoftimeand{nmanypartsofthecountryatravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourceofdiversionandbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingaloneifhungryinjuredorilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement..Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylifeifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomedayrememberyoumightbeinthesamesituation. Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.YettheoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUSespeciallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails."IwasjusttravelingthroughgottalkingwiththisAmericanandprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing."SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommonbutarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition. AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Andofcoursespeakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto"translate"culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexamplewhen.anAmericanusestheword"friend"theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitorslanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.YetbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers. Thetraditionofhospitalitytostrangers
Text3 Inafamilywheretherolesofmenandwomenarenotsharplyseparatedandwheremanyhouseholdtasksaresharedtoagreaterorlesserextentnotionsofmalesuperiorityarehardtomaintain.Thepatternofsharingintasksandindecisionsmakesforequalityandthisinturnleadstofurthersharing.Insuchahomethegrowingboyandgirllearntoacceptthatequalitymoreeasilythandidtheirparentsandtopreparemorefullyforparticipationinaworldcharacterizedbycooperationratherthanbythe"battleofthesexes". Iftheprocessgoestoofarandman’sroleisregardedaslessimportant--andthathashappenedinsomecases--weareasbadlyofasbeforeonlyinreverse. ItistimetoreassesstheroleofthemanintheAmericanfamily.Wearegettingalittletiredof"momism"母析崇拜butwedon’twanttoexchangeitfora"neo-popism新父亲崇拜" Whatweneedratheristherecognitionthatbringingupchildreninvolvesapartnershipofequals.Therearesignsthatpsychiatristspsychologistssocialworkersmadspecialistsonthefamilyarebecomingmoreawareofthepartmenplayandthattheyhavedecidedthatwomenshouldnotreceiveallthecreditoralltheblame.Wehavealmostgivenupsayingthatawoman’splaceisthehome.Wearebeginninghowevertoanalyzemen’splaceinthehomeandtoinsistthathedoeshaveaplaceinit.Noristhatplaceirrelevanttothehealthydevelopmentofthechild. Thefamilyisacooperativeenterpriseforwhichitisdifficulttolaydownrulesbecauseeachfamilyneedstoworkoutitsownwaysforsolvingitsownproblems. Excessiveauthoritarianismhasunhappyconsequenceswhetheritwearsskirtsortrousersandtheidealofequalrightsandequalresponsibilitiesisconnectednotonlywithahealthydemocracybutalsowithahealthyfamily. Wemaysafelyconcludefromthepassagethat
BroadlyspeakingtheEnglishmanisaquietshyreservedpersonwhoisfully1onlyamongpeopleheknowswell. Inthepresenceofstrangersorforeignersheoftenseemsinhibited2embarrassed.Youhaveonlyto3acommutertrainanymorningoreveningtoseethetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;noonespeaks.Infacttodosowouldseemmostusual.4thereishereanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthepersonimmediatelytheobjectof6. Itisawell-knownfactthattheEnglishhavea7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatgivenhalfachancetheywilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecauseEnglishweather9forecastandhenceisasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11Englishmencannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathermalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurate--astheweathermeninhis14.Theoverseasvisitorsmaybeexcusedforshowingsurpriseatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheEnglishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou".17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationWithanEnglishmanbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofEnglishmen. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
BroadlyspeakingtheEnglishmanisaquietshyreservedpersonwhoisfully1onlyamongpeopleheknowswell. Inthepresenceofstrangersorforeignersheoftenseemsinhibited2embarrassed.Youhaveonlyto3acommutertrainanymorningoreveningtoseethetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;noonespeaks.Infacttodosowouldseemmostusual.4thereishereanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthepersonimmediatelytheobjectof6. Itisawell-knownfactthattheEnglishhavea7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatgivenhalfachancetheywilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecauseEnglishweather9forecastandhenceisasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11Englishmencannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathermalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurate--astheweathermeninhis14.Theoverseasvisitorsmaybeexcusedforshowingsurpriseatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheEnglishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou".17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationWithanEnglishmanbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofEnglishmen. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Directions: A.Title:EXAMINATIONS B.Wordlimit:160-200words C.Timelimit:40minutes D.Youarerequiredtodevelopyouressayaccordingtothegiventopicsentenceofeachparagraph. 1.Testingstudentsbyexaminationshasalwaysbeenregardedastheonlyreliablemethodtomeasurestudents’level. 2.Teachersalwaysrelyontheresultsofexaminations. 3.Whetherthismethodisfairornottothestudentsneedstobestudiedfurther. 4.Howeveritisnoteasytoabolishexaminationsanditisevenmoredifficulttoimprovethem.
BroadlyspeakingtheEnglishmanisaquietshyreservedpersonwhoisfully1onlyamongpeopleheknowswell. Inthepresenceofstrangersorforeignersheoftenseemsinhibited2embarrassed.Youhaveonlyto3acommutertrainanymorningoreveningtoseethetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;noonespeaks.Infacttodosowouldseemmostusual.4thereishereanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthepersonimmediatelytheobjectof6. Itisawell-knownfactthattheEnglishhavea7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatgivenhalfachancetheywilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecauseEnglishweather9forecastandhenceisasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11Englishmencannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathermalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurate--astheweathermeninhis14.Theoverseasvisitorsmaybeexcusedforshowingsurpriseatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheEnglishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou".17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationWithanEnglishmanbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofEnglishmen. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Text2 Amysterious"blackcloud"approachestheearth--ourplanet’sweatherisseverelyaffected. ThroughouttherestofJuneandJulytemperaturesrosesteadilyallovertheEarth.IntheBritishIslesthetemperatureclimbedthroughtheeightiesintotheninetiesandmovedtowardsthehundredmark.Peoplecomplainedbuttherewasnoseriousdisaster. ThedeathnumberintheU.S.remainedquitesmallthankslargelytotheair-conditioningunitsthathadbeenfittedduringpreviousyearsandmonths.Temperaturesrosetothelimitofhumanendurancethroughoutthewholecountryandpeoplewereobligedtoremainindoorsforweeksonend.Occasionallyair-conditioningunitsfailedanditwasthenthatfatalitiesoccurred.Conditionswereutterlydesperatethroughoutthetropicsasmaybejudgedfromthefactthat7943speciesofplantsandanimalsbecametotallyextinct.Thesurvivalofmanhimselfwasonlypossiblebecauseofthecavesandcellarshewasabletodig.Nothingcouldbedonetoreducethehotairtemperature.Morethansevenhundredmillionpersonsareknowntohavelosttheirlives. Eventuallythetemperatureofthesurfacewatersofthesearosenotsofastastheairtemperatureitistruebutfastenoughtoproduceadangerousincreaseofhumidity. Itwasindeedthisincreasethatproducedthedisastrousconditionsjustremarked.MillionsofpeoplebetweenthelatitudesofCairoandtheCapeofGoodHopeweresubjectedtoachokingatmospherethatgrewdamperandhotterfromdaytoday.Allhumanmovementsceased.Therewasnothingtobedonebuttoliebreathingquicklyasadogdoesinhotweather. BythefourthweekofJulyconditionsinthetropicslaybalancedbetweenlifeandtotaldeath.Thenquitesuddenlyraincloudsappearedoverthewholeglobe.Thetemperaturedeclinedalittleduenodoubttothecloudsreflectingmoreofthesun’sradiationbackintospacebutconditionscouldnotbesaidtohaveimproved.WarmrainfelleverywhereevenasfavorableasIceland.Theinsectpopulationincreasedenormouslysincetheburninghotatmospherewasasfavorabletothemasitwasunfavorabletomanandmanyotheranimals. BythefourthweekofJulyconditionsinthetropicsweresuchthat
BroadlyspeakingtheEnglishmanisaquietshyreservedpersonwhoisfully1onlyamongpeopleheknowswell. Inthepresenceofstrangersorforeignersheoftenseemsinhibited2embarrassed.Youhaveonlyto3acommutertrainanymorningoreveningtoseethetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;noonespeaks.Infacttodosowouldseemmostusual.4thereishereanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthepersonimmediatelytheobjectof6. Itisawell-knownfactthattheEnglishhavea7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatgivenhalfachancetheywilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecauseEnglishweather9forecastandhenceisasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11Englishmencannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathermalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurate--astheweathermeninhis14.Theoverseasvisitorsmaybeexcusedforshowingsurpriseatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheEnglishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou".17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationWithanEnglishmanbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofEnglishmen. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
46Free-marketeconomyisaneconomicsysteminwhichindividualsratherthangovernmentmakethemajorityof.decisionsregardingeconomicactivitiesandtransactions.Iadividualsarefreetomakeeconomicdecisionsconcerningtheiremploymenthowtouseoraccumulatecapitalwhatexpenditurestomakeandwhethertousetheirresourcesnowortosavethemforlaterconsumption.Theprinciplesunderlyingfree-marketeconomiescanbetracedtothe18thcenturyBritisheconomistAdamSmith.47AccordingtoSmithindividualsactingintheirowneconomicself-interestwillmaximizetheeconomicsituationofsocietyasawholeasifguidedbyan"invisiblehand".Inafree-marketeconomythegovernment’sfunctionislimitedtoprovidingwhatareknownas"publicgoods"andperformingaregulatoryroleincertainsifuations. 48Publicgoodswhichincludedefenselawandorderandeducationhavetwocharacteristics;consumptionbyoneindividualdoesnotreducetheamountofthegoodsleftforothers;andthebenefitsthatanindividualreceivesdonotdepentlonthatperson’scontribution.Anexampleisalighthouse.Oneindividual’suseoflightprovidedbyalighthousedoesnotreducetheabilityofotherstouseit.inadditionthelighthouseownercannotrestrictindividualsfromusingthelight.49Thelatterillustratesthe"free-rider"phenomenonofpublicgoods--boththosewhohelpedpayforthelighthouseandthosewhodidnotwillenjoythesameamountoflight.The"free-rider"problemcanbeeliminatedifgovernmentscollecttaxesandthenprovidepublicgoods. Government’sroleinafree-marketeconomyalsoincludesprotectingprivatepropertyenforcingcontractsandregulatingcertaineconomicactivities.Governmentsgenerallyregulate"naturalmonopolies"suchasutilitiesorrailservice.Regulationisusedinplaceofcompetitiontopreventthesemonopoliesfrommakingexcessiveprofits.Governmentsmayalsorestricteconomicfreedomforthesakeofprotectingindividualrights.Examplesincludelawsthatrestrictchildlabororforbidthesaleofunsafegoods. Proponentsoffree-marketeconomiesbelievetheyprovideanumberofadvantages.Theyseefree-marketeconomiesalencouragingindividualresponsibilityfordecisionsandtheybelievethateconomicfreedomisessentialtopoliticalfreedom.Inadditionmanypeoplebelievethatfreemarketsaremoreefficientineconomicterms.50Freemarketsprovideincentivesbothtoindividualstoallocateresourcessuchaslaborandcapitalamongthemostproductiveusesandtofirmstoproducegoodsandservicesthatthepublicwantusingthemostefficientmeansofproduction. 48Publicgoodswhichincludedefenselawandorderandeducationhavetwocharacteristics;consumptionbyoneindividualdoesnotreducetheamountofthegoodsleftforothers;andthebenefitsthatanindividualreceivesdonotdepentlonthatperson’scontribution.
BroadlyspeakingtheEnglishmanisaquietshyreservedpersonwhoisfully1onlyamongpeopleheknowswell. Inthepresenceofstrangersorforeignersheoftenseemsinhibited2embarrassed.Youhaveonlyto3acommutertrainanymorningoreveningtoseethetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;noonespeaks.Infacttodosowouldseemmostusual.4thereishereanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthepersonimmediatelytheobjectof6. Itisawell-knownfactthattheEnglishhavea7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatgivenhalfachancetheywilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecauseEnglishweather9forecastandhenceisasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11Englishmencannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathermalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurate--astheweathermeninhis14.Theoverseasvisitorsmaybeexcusedforshowingsurpriseatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheEnglishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou".17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationWithanEnglishmanbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofEnglishmen. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Text2 Amysterious"blackcloud"approachestheearth--ourplanet’sweatherisseverelyaffected. ThroughouttherestofJuneandJulytemperaturesrosesteadilyallovertheEarth.IntheBritishIslesthetemperatureclimbedthroughtheeightiesintotheninetiesandmovedtowardsthehundredmark.Peoplecomplainedbuttherewasnoseriousdisaster. ThedeathnumberintheU.S.remainedquitesmallthankslargelytotheair-conditioningunitsthathadbeenfittedduringpreviousyearsandmonths.Temperaturesrosetothelimitofhumanendurancethroughoutthewholecountryandpeoplewereobligedtoremainindoorsforweeksonend.Occasionallyair-conditioningunitsfailedanditwasthenthatfatalitiesoccurred.Conditionswereutterlydesperatethroughoutthetropicsasmaybejudgedfromthefactthat7943speciesofplantsandanimalsbecametotallyextinct.Thesurvivalofmanhimselfwasonlypossiblebecauseofthecavesandcellarshewasabletodig.Nothingcouldbedonetoreducethehotairtemperature.Morethansevenhundredmillionpersonsareknowntohavelosttheirlives. Eventuallythetemperatureofthesurfacewatersofthesearosenotsofastastheairtemperatureitistruebutfastenoughtoproduceadangerousincreaseofhumidity. Itwasindeedthisincreasethatproducedthedisastrousconditionsjustremarked.MillionsofpeoplebetweenthelatitudesofCairoandtheCapeofGoodHopeweresubjectedtoachokingatmospherethatgrewdamperandhotterfromdaytoday.Allhumanmovementsceased.Therewasnothingtobedonebuttoliebreathingquicklyasadogdoesinhotweather. BythefourthweekofJulyconditionsinthetropicslaybalancedbetweenlifeandtotaldeath.Thenquitesuddenlyraincloudsappearedoverthewholeglobe.Thetemperaturedeclinedalittleduenodoubttothecloudsreflectingmoreofthesun’sradiationbackintospacebutconditionscouldnotbesaidtohaveimproved.WarmrainfelleverywhereevenasfavorableasIceland.Theinsectpopulationincreasedenormouslysincetheburninghotatmospherewasasfavorabletothemasitwasunfavorabletomanandmanyotheranimals. Theinsectpopulationincreaseddueto
BroadlyspeakingtheEnglishmanisaquietshyreservedpersonwhoisfully1onlyamongpeopleheknowswell. Inthepresenceofstrangersorforeignersheoftenseemsinhibited2embarrassed.Youhaveonlyto3acommutertrainanymorningoreveningtoseethetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;noonespeaks.Infacttodosowouldseemmostusual.4thereishereanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthepersonimmediatelytheobjectof6. Itisawell-knownfactthattheEnglishhavea7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatgivenhalfachancetheywilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecauseEnglishweather9forecastandhenceisasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11Englishmencannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathermalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurate--astheweathermeninhis14.Theoverseasvisitorsmaybeexcusedforshowingsurpriseatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheEnglishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou".17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationWithanEnglishmanbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofEnglishmen. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Text4 AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlycourteousandhelpfulmostAmericanswereto’them.TobefairthisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadiansandshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereareofcourseexceptions.Small-mindedofficialsrudewaitersandill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment. Foralongperiodoftimeand{nmanypartsofthecountryatravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourceofdiversionandbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingaloneifhungryinjuredorilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement..Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylifeifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomedayrememberyoumightbeinthesamesituation. Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.YettheoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUSespeciallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails."IwasjusttravelingthroughgottalkingwiththisAmericanandprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing."SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommonbutarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition. AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Andofcoursespeakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto"translate"culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexamplewhen.anAmericanusestheword"friend"theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitorslanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.YetbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers. Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld
Text3 Inafamilywheretherolesofmenandwomenarenotsharplyseparatedandwheremanyhouseholdtasksaresharedtoagreaterorlesserextentnotionsofmalesuperiorityarehardtomaintain.Thepatternofsharingintasksandindecisionsmakesforequalityandthisinturnleadstofurthersharing.Insuchahomethegrowingboyandgirllearntoacceptthatequalitymoreeasilythandidtheirparentsandtopreparemorefullyforparticipationinaworldcharacterizedbycooperationratherthanbythe"battleofthesexes". Iftheprocessgoestoofarandman’sroleisregardedaslessimportant--andthathashappenedinsomecases--weareasbadlyofasbeforeonlyinreverse. ItistimetoreassesstheroleofthemanintheAmericanfamily.Wearegettingalittletiredof"momism"母析崇拜butwedon’twanttoexchangeitfora"neo-popism新父亲崇拜" Whatweneedratheristherecognitionthatbringingupchildreninvolvesapartnershipofequals.Therearesignsthatpsychiatristspsychologistssocialworkersmadspecialistsonthefamilyarebecomingmoreawareofthepartmenplayandthattheyhavedecidedthatwomenshouldnotreceiveallthecreditoralltheblame.Wehavealmostgivenupsayingthatawoman’splaceisthehome.Wearebeginninghowevertoanalyzemen’splaceinthehomeandtoinsistthathedoeshaveaplaceinit.Noristhatplaceirrelevanttothehealthydevelopmentofthechild. Thefamilyisacooperativeenterpriseforwhichitisdifficulttolaydownrulesbecauseeachfamilyneedstoworkoutitsownwaysforsolvingitsownproblems. Excessiveauthoritarianismhasunhappyconsequenceswhetheritwearsskirtsortrousersandtheidealofequalrightsandequalresponsibilitiesisconnectednotonlywithahealthydemocracybutalsowithahealthyfamily. Whowillbenefitmostfromafamilypatternofsharingintasksanddecisions
46Free-marketeconomyisaneconomicsysteminwhichindividualsratherthangovernmentmakethemajorityof.decisionsregardingeconomicactivitiesandtransactions.Iadividualsarefreetomakeeconomicdecisionsconcerningtheiremploymenthowtouseoraccumulatecapitalwhatexpenditurestomakeandwhethertousetheirresourcesnowortosavethemforlaterconsumption.Theprinciplesunderlyingfree-marketeconomiescanbetracedtothe18thcenturyBritisheconomistAdamSmith.47AccordingtoSmithindividualsactingintheirowneconomicself-interestwillmaximizetheeconomicsituationofsocietyasawholeasifguidedbyan"invisiblehand".Inafree-marketeconomythegovernment’sfunctionislimitedtoprovidingwhatareknownas"publicgoods"andperformingaregulatoryroleincertainsifuations. 48Publicgoodswhichincludedefenselawandorderandeducationhavetwocharacteristics;consumptionbyoneindividualdoesnotreducetheamountofthegoodsleftforothers;andthebenefitsthatanindividualreceivesdonotdepentlonthatperson’scontribution.Anexampleisalighthouse.Oneindividual’suseoflightprovidedbyalighthousedoesnotreducetheabilityofotherstouseit.inadditionthelighthouseownercannotrestrictindividualsfromusingthelight.49Thelatterillustratesthe"free-rider"phenomenonofpublicgoods--boththosewhohelpedpayforthelighthouseandthosewhodidnotwillenjoythesameamountoflight.The"free-rider"problemcanbeeliminatedifgovernmentscollecttaxesandthenprovidepublicgoods. Government’sroleinafree-marketeconomyalsoincludesprotectingprivatepropertyenforcingcontractsandregulatingcertaineconomicactivities.Governmentsgenerallyregulate"naturalmonopolies"suchasutilitiesorrailservice.Regulationisusedinplaceofcompetitiontopreventthesemonopoliesfrommakingexcessiveprofits.Governmentsmayalsorestricteconomicfreedomforthesakeofprotectingindividualrights.Examplesincludelawsthatrestrictchildlabororforbidthesaleofunsafegoods. Proponentsoffree-marketeconomiesbelievetheyprovideanumberofadvantages.Theyseefree-marketeconomiesalencouragingindividualresponsibilityfordecisionsandtheybelievethateconomicfreedomisessentialtopoliticalfreedom.Inadditionmanypeoplebelievethatfreemarketsaremoreefficientineconomicterms.50Freemarketsprovideincentivesbothtoindividualstoallocateresourcessuchaslaborandcapitalamongthemostproductiveusesandtofirmstoproducegoodsandservicesthatthepublicwantusingthemostefficientmeansofproduction. 46Free-marketeconomyisaneconomicsysteminwhichindividualsratherthangovernmentmakethemajorityof.decisionsregardingeconomicactivitiesandtransactions.
Text1 TeadrinkingwascommoninChinafornearlyonethousandyearsbeforeanyoneinEuropehadeverheardabouttea.PeopleinBritainweremuchslowerinfindingoutwhatteawaslikemainlybecauseteawasveryexpensive.ItcouldnotbeboughtinshopsandeventhosepeoplewhocouldaffordtohaveitsentfromHollanddidsoonlybecauseitwasafashionablecuriosity.Someofthemwerenotsurehowtouseit.Theythoughtitwasavegetableandtriedcookingtheleaves. Thentheyservedthemmixedwithbutterandsalt.Theysoondiscoveredtheirmistakebutmanypeopleusedtospreadtheusedtealeavesonbreadandgivethemtotheirchildrenassandwiches. TearemainedscarceandveryexpensiveinEnglanduntiltheshipsoftheEastIndiaCompanybegantobringitdirectfromChinaearlyintheseventeenthcentury.Duringthenextfewyearssomuchteacameintothecountrythatthepricefellandmanypeoplecouldaffordtobuyit. AtthesametimepeopleontheContinentwerebecomingmoreandmorefondoftea.UntilthenteahadbeendrunkwithoutmilkinitbutonedayafamousFrenchladynamedMadamedeSevignedecidedtoseewhatteatastedlikewhenmilkwasadded.ShefounditsopleasantthatshewouldneveragaindrinkitwithoutmilkBecauseshewassuchagreatladyherfriendsthoughttheymustcopyeverythingshedidsotheyalsodranktheirteawithmilkinit. SlowlythishabitspreaduntilitreachedEnglandandtodayonlyveryfewBritonsdrinkteawithoutmilk. Atfristteawasusuallydrunkafterdinnerintheevening.Nooneeverthoughtofdrinkingteaintheafternoonuntiladuchessfoundthatacupofteaandapieceofcakeatthreeorfouro’clockstoppedhergetting"asinkingfeeling"asshecalledit.Sheinvitedherfriendstohavethisnewmealwithherandsotea-timewasborn. PeopleinEuropebegantodrinkteawithmilkbecause
ConventionalwisdominthethirtysomethingeradeclaresthattheAmericanmarriageisinserioustrouble:asky-highdivorceratenewstressesandtensionsinthesexwarsandeasyopportunitiesforextramaritaladventures.NotsoaccordingtoanewsurveyconductedbyGallupforPsychologyTodayandtwonationalTVprogramsKingWorld’sInsideEditionandABC’sHOME.AlthoughsomeexpertsquestionitsaccuracythepollindicatesAmericansaresurprisingandhappilymonogamous.41______ Thepoll’sfindingswillappearinPsychologyToday’sMarchissuealongwithananalysiswrittenbythemagazine’seditorinchiefTGeorgeHarrisandtheorchestratorofthesurveyFatherAndrewGreeley.42______ConsideringthewidespreadpublicitygiventomaritalcheatingGreeleyadmitsthatthesurveyresultswere"somethingofasurprise.""Peoplemaytalkmorethantheyactuallydo."SaysthecelibateRomanCatholicpriestwhoplanstoexpandhisresearchintoabooktentativelycalledFaithfulAttraction."Boastingaboutone’ssexualachievementisnothingnew.Notmanypeopleboastaboutbeingvirtuous."AddsHarris:"Thesecretsideofsexisfaithfulness." 43______.Fouroffivesaidtheywouldwedthesamepersonagaingiventhechance.Threeoutoffourdescribedtheirspousesasphysicallyattractive.Accordingtothepollthethreekeyfactorsinmakingamarriagehappyarecommunicationcooperation-inchildrearingandhouseworkandhavingaromanticimageofone’spartner.Some20%ormoresaidtheyoccasionallyindulgedinsucheroticactivitiesastakingshowerswiththeirspousesmakingloveoutdoorsandwatchingX-ratedvideostogether.BymodeststatisticalmarginsCatholicsappeartobemoresexuallyadventurousthanProtestants. HarrisandGreeleyarguethatthenationmaybeexperiencinganegativebacklashtothesexualrevolution.Theynoteforexamplethat51%ofwomenunder35regrettedhavinghadapremaritalsexualencounterthoughonly16%ofmenfeltthatway.44______ 45______SaysJuneReinischdirectoroftheKinseyInstituteinBloomingtonInd.:“Weestimatethatapproximately37%ofmarriedmenand29%ofmarriedwomenhaveatleastoneextramaritalaffair.”AsurveyconductedbyLillianRubinasociologistatQueensCollegeinNewYorkCityshowsa40%infidelityrateforspouses.GreeleyandHarrishavetwoexplanationsforthedisparitybetweentheirpoll’sresultsandtheconventionalwisdom:1mostsexualsurveysareeitherobsoleteorunscientific;2peoplearevictimsofwhattheauthorscall"pluralisticignorance."Translation:erroneousbeliefssharedbysomeindividualsaboutotherpeople.EventheenchantedspousesintheP.T.Polldidnotbelievetheircommitmenttofidelitywaswidelyshared. A.GreeleyaprofessorofsociologyattheUniversityofArizonaisprobablybestknownaswhatSpmagazinemightcallanun-bosomydirty-bookwriter;hispopnovelsTheCardinalSins;St.Valentine’sNightregularlymakethebestsellercharts. B.Communicationseemstobethefirstofallkeyfactorsinmakingamarriagesmoothsince therearesomepossiblemeansforpeopletodaytoerasemisunderstandings. C.Therearesomesharpchallengestothepoll’sroseateviewofAmericanwedlock. D.Nearlytwo-thirdsofthepoll’s657randomlyselectedrespondentswhowerequeriedbytelephoneshortlybeforeChristmassaidtheywere"veryhappy"intheirmarriage. E:Lackofsexeducationforyoungpeopleisalsooneofthereasonsforhighdivorcerate. F.Thesurvey90%ofhusbandsandwivessaidtheyhadneverbeenunfaithfultotheirspousesandmostgavehighapprovalratingstotheirmates. G.MeanwhileaccordingtoanotherpollthepercentageofAmericanswhodisapprovedofextramaritalsexrosefrom84%in1973to91%in1988. 42
Text3 WhoknowsbetterthanyourcustomerswhereyouroperationscanbeimprovedTodayprogressivefirmsincreasinglyrelyonadvisorycouncilstosuggestimprovementsrecommendactionandofferfeedbackonprogramsandpolicies.Infactmanycompaniesfeelthatthisformofcommunicationisvitaltothecontinuousimprovementoftheirbusinessoperations. Acouncilamongotherthingsimprovescommunicationandspursimprovementofoperations.Rememberthatthesecrettosuccessisdialogue--the.exchangeofideasandopinions.Focusonproblemsyourcustomershave.Spelloutyourgoalsandobjectives. Eachmeetingshouldhaveaspecificobjectivetoaccomplish.Determinethemeeting’sfrequency.Ifyouwanttoimplementastrategicplananannualmeetingmaybeenough.Ifyouwanttofocusonoperationalissuesmoremeetingsmaybeneeded. Agoodcouncilwillhavenomorethan12peoplewithhalfofthemembersfromyourcompanyandhalfyourcustomers.Itshouldalsohavediversityinitsmembership.Membersshouldservefromonetothreeyears-rotationofmembershipwillensurethecouncildoesn’tbecomestale. Findanapproximatemeetingsitewhetherit’sin-houseoroffsitewheretherewillbenointerruptions.Youshouldpayforalltheexpensesrelatedtothemeeting--rememberthecouncilmembersareprovidingyourcompanywithaservice.Treatthemasyourguestsandyourexperts. Ifyouhaveafixedbeginningandendingtimetoyourmeetingsticktoit..Whenstructuringthemeetingrememberthe80720problem-solvingrule.Structurethemeetingsothat20percentofthetimeisspentidentifyingordiscussingaproblemand80percentofthetimeisspentdesigningasolution. Oftenitishelpfultohaveapersonactastimekeeperandannouncewhentheagendatimeforaparticularitemhasexpired.Howeverduringthemeetingbeflexible.Thefacilitatorcanallow.thegrouptodecidewhethertomoveontothenextitemorextendthediscussion.Asyougoalonglooktonarrowthedifferencesamongmembersandformaconsensus. Asthemeetingclosessummarizewhatwasaccomplishedcheckingforagreementandcommitmentamongthemembers.Makeadetailedlistofthefollow-upitemswhohasresponsibilityforeachitemandatimelineforcompletion. Theresultsfromreallylisteningtoandlearningfromyourcustomersinawell-runadvisorycouncilcanpayhugedividends. Whoshouldpayfortheexpensesofthemeetingsandwhy
BroadlyspeakingtheEnglishmanisaquietshyreservedpersonwhoisfully1onlyamongpeopleheknowswell. Inthepresenceofstrangersorforeignersheoftenseemsinhibited2embarrassed.Youhaveonlyto3acommutertrainanymorningoreveningtoseethetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;noonespeaks.Infacttodosowouldseemmostusual.4thereishereanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthepersonimmediatelytheobjectof6. Itisawell-knownfactthattheEnglishhavea7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatgivenhalfachancetheywilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecauseEnglishweather9forecastandhenceisasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11Englishmencannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathermalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurate--astheweathermeninhis14.Theoverseasvisitorsmaybeexcusedforshowingsurpriseatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheEnglishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou".17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationWithanEnglishmanbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofEnglishmen. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
BroadlyspeakingtheEnglishmanisaquietshyreservedpersonwhoisfully1onlyamongpeopleheknowswell. Inthepresenceofstrangersorforeignersheoftenseemsinhibited2embarrassed.Youhaveonlyto3acommutertrainanymorningoreveningtoseethetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;noonespeaks.Infacttodosowouldseemmostusual.4thereishereanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthepersonimmediatelytheobjectof6. Itisawell-knownfactthattheEnglishhavea7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatgivenhalfachancetheywilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecauseEnglishweather9forecastandhenceisasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11Englishmencannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathermalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurate--astheweathermeninhis14.Theoverseasvisitorsmaybeexcusedforshowingsurpriseatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheEnglishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou".17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationWithanEnglishmanbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofEnglishmen. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
BroadlyspeakingtheEnglishmanisaquietshyreservedpersonwhoisfully1onlyamongpeopleheknowswell. Inthepresenceofstrangersorforeignersheoftenseemsinhibited2embarrassed.Youhaveonlyto3acommutertrainanymorningoreveningtoseethetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;noonespeaks.Infacttodosowouldseemmostusual.4thereishereanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthepersonimmediatelytheobjectof6. Itisawell-knownfactthattheEnglishhavea7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatgivenhalfachancetheywilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecauseEnglishweather9forecastandhenceisasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11Englishmencannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathermalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurate--astheweathermeninhis14.Theoverseasvisitorsmaybeexcusedforshowingsurpriseatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheEnglishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou".17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationWithanEnglishmanbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofEnglishmen. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
46Free-marketeconomyisaneconomicsysteminwhichindividualsratherthangovernmentmakethemajorityof.decisionsregardingeconomicactivitiesandtransactions.Iadividualsarefreetomakeeconomicdecisionsconcerningtheiremploymenthowtouseoraccumulatecapitalwhatexpenditurestomakeandwhethertousetheirresourcesnowortosavethemforlaterconsumption.Theprinciplesunderlyingfree-marketeconomiescanbetracedtothe18thcenturyBritisheconomistAdamSmith.47AccordingtoSmithindividualsactingintheirowneconomicself-interestwillmaximizetheeconomicsituationofsocietyasawholeasifguidedbyan"invisiblehand".Inafree-marketeconomythegovernment’sfunctionislimitedtoprovidingwhatareknownas"publicgoods"andperformingaregulatoryroleincertainsifuations. 48Publicgoodswhichincludedefenselawandorderandeducationhavetwocharacteristics;consumptionbyoneindividualdoesnotreducetheamountofthegoodsleftforothers;andthebenefitsthatanindividualreceivesdonotdepentlonthatperson’scontribution.Anexampleisalighthouse.Oneindividual’suseoflightprovidedbyalighthousedoesnotreducetheabilityofotherstouseit.inadditionthelighthouseownercannotrestrictindividualsfromusingthelight.49Thelatterillustratesthe"free-rider"phenomenonofpublicgoods--boththosewhohelpedpayforthelighthouseandthosewhodidnotwillenjoythesameamountoflight.The"free-rider"problemcanbeeliminatedifgovernmentscollecttaxesandthenprovidepublicgoods. Government’sroleinafree-marketeconomyalsoincludesprotectingprivatepropertyenforcingcontractsandregulatingcertaineconomicactivities.Governmentsgenerallyregulate"naturalmonopolies"suchasutilitiesorrailservice.Regulationisusedinplaceofcompetitiontopreventthesemonopoliesfrommakingexcessiveprofits.Governmentsmayalsorestricteconomicfreedomforthesakeofprotectingindividualrights.Examplesincludelawsthatrestrictchildlabororforbidthesaleofunsafegoods. Proponentsoffree-marketeconomiesbelievetheyprovideanumberofadvantages.Theyseefree-marketeconomiesalencouragingindividualresponsibilityfordecisionsandtheybelievethateconomicfreedomisessentialtopoliticalfreedom.Inadditionmanypeoplebelievethatfreemarketsaremoreefficientineconomicterms.50Freemarketsprovideincentivesbothtoindividualstoallocateresourcessuchaslaborandcapitalamongthemostproductiveusesandtofirmstoproducegoodsandservicesthatthepublicwantusingthemostefficientmeansofproduction. 50Freemarketsprovideincentivesbothtoindividualstoallocateresourcessuchaslaborandcapitalamongthemostproductiveusesandtofirmstoproducegoodsandservicesthatthepublicwantusingthemostefficientmeansofproduction.
Text4 Idon’tthinkthereisanythingwrongwithyourblood.Thekeytoyourproblemisthatlongnapafterdinner. Ifyoudidn’tsleepforhoursduringtheearlypartoftheeveningyouwouldbemorereadytosleepatbedtime.Ifyoudidn’tnapafterdinneryouwouldnotwanttostayupsolateandyouwouldnotfeeltheneedtotakeasleepingpill.Thepillisstillworkinginyoursystemwhenyougetupinthemorning.Thishelpsaccountforthefactthatyoufeeltiredallday. Youshouldgetoutofthehabitofsleepingduringtheevening.Rightafteryoureveningmealengageinsomesortofphysicalactivity--asportsuchasbowlingperhaps.Orgettogetherwithfriendsforaneveningofcardsandconversation.Thengotobedatyourusualtimeoralittleearlierandyoushouldbeabletogetagoodnight’srestwithouttakingapill. IfyoucangetintothehabitofspendingyoureveningsthiswayIamsureyouwillfeellesstiredduringtheday.Atfirstitmaybehardforyoutogotosleepwithouttakingapill.Ifsogetupandwatchtelevisionordosomejobsaroundyourhouseuntilyoufeelsleepy.Ifyoufallasleepandthenwakeupafewhourslatergetupbutdonettakeasleepingpill.Readawhileorlistentotheradioandmakeyourselfafewhours’sleepthatnightyouwillfeelbetterinthemorningthanyouusuallyfeelaftertakingapill.Thenextnightyouwillbereadytosleepatanearlierhour. Themostimportantthingistoavoidtakingthatnaprightafterdinnerandavoidtakingpills. Youfeeltiredalldayprobablybecause
Text4 AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlycourteousandhelpfulmostAmericanswereto’them.TobefairthisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadiansandshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereareofcourseexceptions.Small-mindedofficialsrudewaitersandill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment. Foralongperiodoftimeand{nmanypartsofthecountryatravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourceofdiversionandbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingaloneifhungryinjuredorilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement..Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylifeifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomedayrememberyoumightbeinthesamesituation. Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.YettheoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUSespeciallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails."IwasjusttravelingthroughgottalkingwiththisAmericanandprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing."SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommonbutarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition. AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Andofcoursespeakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto"translate"culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexamplewhen.anAmericanusestheword"friend"theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitorslanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.YetbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers. ThewordsuperficialPara．4Line6mightmean
Text2 Amysterious"blackcloud"approachestheearth--ourplanet’sweatherisseverelyaffected. ThroughouttherestofJuneandJulytemperaturesrosesteadilyallovertheEarth.IntheBritishIslesthetemperatureclimbedthroughtheeightiesintotheninetiesandmovedtowardsthehundredmark.Peoplecomplainedbuttherewasnoseriousdisaster. ThedeathnumberintheU.S.remainedquitesmallthankslargelytotheair-conditioningunitsthathadbeenfittedduringpreviousyearsandmonths.Temperaturesrosetothelimitofhumanendurancethroughoutthewholecountryandpeoplewereobligedtoremainindoorsforweeksonend.Occasionallyair-conditioningunitsfailedanditwasthenthatfatalitiesoccurred.Conditionswereutterlydesperatethroughoutthetropicsasmaybejudgedfromthefactthat7943speciesofplantsandanimalsbecametotallyextinct.Thesurvivalofmanhimselfwasonlypossiblebecauseofthecavesandcellarshewasabletodig.Nothingcouldbedonetoreducethehotairtemperature.Morethansevenhundredmillionpersonsareknowntohavelosttheirlives. Eventuallythetemperatureofthesurfacewatersofthesearosenotsofastastheairtemperatureitistruebutfastenoughtoproduceadangerousincreaseofhumidity. Itwasindeedthisincreasethatproducedthedisastrousconditionsjustremarked.MillionsofpeoplebetweenthelatitudesofCairoandtheCapeofGoodHopeweresubjectedtoachokingatmospherethatgrewdamperandhotterfromdaytoday.Allhumanmovementsceased.Therewasnothingtobedonebuttoliebreathingquicklyasadogdoesinhotweather. BythefourthweekofJulyconditionsinthetropicslaybalancedbetweenlifeandtotaldeath.Thenquitesuddenlyraincloudsappearedoverthewholeglobe.Thetemperaturedeclinedalittleduenodoubttothecloudsreflectingmoreofthesun’sradiationbackintospacebutconditionscouldnotbesaidtohaveimproved.WarmrainfelleverywhereevenasfavorableasIceland.Theinsectpopulationincreasedenormouslysincetheburninghotatmospherewasasfavorabletothemasitwasunfavorabletomanandmanyotheranimals. IntheBritishIslesthetemperature
BroadlyspeakingtheEnglishmanisaquietshyreservedpersonwhoisfully1onlyamongpeopleheknowswell. Inthepresenceofstrangersorforeignersheoftenseemsinhibited2embarrassed.Youhaveonlyto3acommutertrainanymorningoreveningtoseethetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;noonespeaks.Infacttodosowouldseemmostusual.4thereishereanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthepersonimmediatelytheobjectof6. Itisawell-knownfactthattheEnglishhavea7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatgivenhalfachancetheywilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecauseEnglishweather9forecastandhenceisasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11Englishmencannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathermalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurate--astheweathermeninhis14.Theoverseasvisitorsmaybeexcusedforshowingsurpriseatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheEnglishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou".17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationWithanEnglishmanbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofEnglishmen. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
ConventionalwisdominthethirtysomethingeradeclaresthattheAmericanmarriageisinserioustrouble:asky-highdivorceratenewstressesandtensionsinthesexwarsandeasyopportunitiesforextramaritaladventures.NotsoaccordingtoanewsurveyconductedbyGallupforPsychologyTodayandtwonationalTVprogramsKingWorld’sInsideEditionandABC’sHOME.AlthoughsomeexpertsquestionitsaccuracythepollindicatesAmericansaresurprisingandhappilymonogamous.41______ Thepoll’sfindingswillappearinPsychologyToday’sMarchissuealongwithananalysiswrittenbythemagazine’seditorinchiefTGeorgeHarrisandtheorchestratorofthesurveyFatherAndrewGreeley.42______ConsideringthewidespreadpublicitygiventomaritalcheatingGreeleyadmitsthatthesurveyresultswere"somethingofasurprise.""Peoplemaytalkmorethantheyactuallydo."SaysthecelibateRomanCatholicpriestwhoplanstoexpandhisresearchintoabooktentativelycalledFaithfulAttraction."Boastingaboutone’ssexualachievementisnothingnew.Notmanypeopleboastaboutbeingvirtuous."AddsHarris:"Thesecretsideofsexisfaithfulness." 43______.Fouroffivesaidtheywouldwedthesamepersonagaingiventhechance.Threeoutoffourdescribedtheirspousesasphysicallyattractive.Accordingtothepollthethreekeyfactorsinmakingamarriagehappyarecommunicationcooperation-inchildrearingandhouseworkandhavingaromanticimageofone’spartner.Some20%ormoresaidtheyoccasionallyindulgedinsucheroticactivitiesastakingshowerswiththeirspousesmakingloveoutdoorsandwatchingX-ratedvideostogether.BymodeststatisticalmarginsCatholicsappeartobemoresexuallyadventurousthanProtestants. HarrisandGreeleyarguethatthenationmaybeexperiencinganegativebacklashtothesexualrevolution.Theynoteforexamplethat51%ofwomenunder35regrettedhavinghadapremaritalsexualencounterthoughonly16%ofmenfeltthatway.44______ 45______SaysJuneReinischdirectoroftheKinseyInstituteinBloomingtonInd.:“Weestimatethatapproximately37%ofmarriedmenand29%ofmarriedwomenhaveatleastoneextramaritalaffair.”AsurveyconductedbyLillianRubinasociologistatQueensCollegeinNewYorkCityshowsa40%infidelityrateforspouses.GreeleyandHarrishavetwoexplanationsforthedisparitybetweentheirpoll’sresultsandtheconventionalwisdom:1mostsexualsurveysareeitherobsoleteorunscientific;2peoplearevictimsofwhattheauthorscall"pluralisticignorance."Translation:erroneousbeliefssharedbysomeindividualsaboutotherpeople.EventheenchantedspousesintheP.T.Polldidnotbelievetheircommitmenttofidelitywaswidelyshared. A.GreeleyaprofessorofsociologyattheUniversityofArizonaisprobablybestknownaswhatSpmagazinemightcallanun-bosomydirty-bookwriter;hispopnovelsTheCardinalSins;St.Valentine’sNightregularlymakethebestsellercharts. B.Communicationseemstobethefirstofallkeyfactorsinmakingamarriagesmoothsince therearesomepossiblemeansforpeopletodaytoerasemisunderstandings. C.Therearesomesharpchallengestothepoll’sroseateviewofAmericanwedlock. D.Nearlytwo-thirdsofthepoll’s657randomlyselectedrespondentswhowerequeriedbytelephoneshortlybeforeChristmassaidtheywere"veryhappy"intheirmarriage. E:Lackofsexeducationforyoungpeopleisalsooneofthereasonsforhighdivorcerate. F.Thesurvey90%ofhusbandsandwivessaidtheyhadneverbeenunfaithfultotheirspousesandmostgavehighapprovalratingstotheirmates. G.MeanwhileaccordingtoanotherpollthepercentageofAmericanswhodisapprovedofextramaritalsexrosefrom84%in1973to91%in1988. 44
Text1 TeadrinkingwascommoninChinafornearlyonethousandyearsbeforeanyoneinEuropehadeverheardabouttea.PeopleinBritainweremuchslowerinfindingoutwhatteawaslikemainlybecauseteawasveryexpensive.ItcouldnotbeboughtinshopsandeventhosepeoplewhocouldaffordtohaveitsentfromHollanddidsoonlybecauseitwasafashionablecuriosity.Someofthemwerenotsurehowtouseit.Theythoughtitwasavegetableandtriedcookingtheleaves. Thentheyservedthemmixedwithbutterandsalt.Theysoondiscoveredtheirmistakebutmanypeopleusedtospreadtheusedtealeavesonbreadandgivethemtotheirchildrenassandwiches. TearemainedscarceandveryexpensiveinEnglanduntiltheshipsoftheEastIndiaCompanybegantobringitdirectfromChinaearlyintheseventeenthcentury.Duringthenextfewyearssomuchteacameintothecountrythatthepricefellandmanypeoplecouldaffordtobuyit. AtthesametimepeopleontheContinentwerebecomingmoreandmorefondoftea.UntilthenteahadbeendrunkwithoutmilkinitbutonedayafamousFrenchladynamedMadamedeSevignedecidedtoseewhatteatastedlikewhenmilkwasadded.ShefounditsopleasantthatshewouldneveragaindrinkitwithoutmilkBecauseshewassuchagreatladyherfriendsthoughttheymustcopyeverythingshedidsotheyalsodranktheirteawithmilkinit. SlowlythishabitspreaduntilitreachedEnglandandtodayonlyveryfewBritonsdrinkteawithoutmilk. Atfristteawasusuallydrunkafterdinnerintheevening.Nooneeverthoughtofdrinkingteaintheafternoonuntiladuchessfoundthatacupofteaandapieceofcakeatthreeorfouro’clockstoppedhergetting"asinkingfeeling"asshecalledit.Sheinvitedherfriendstohavethisnewmealwithherandsotea-timewasborn. WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheintroductionofteaintoBritain
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