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Back in 1979, a fat, unhealthy property developer, Mel Zuckerman, and his exercise-fanatic wife, ...
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在Windows操作系统中支持FAT32文件系统一个文件的物理结构是用文件分配表FAT来表示的在FA
Underabigtree_______halfasleep.
did sit a fat man
a fat man sat
did a fat man sit
sat a fat man
IntheUnitedStates30percentoftheadultpopulationhasa
IntheUnitedStates30percentoftheadultpopulationhasa
IntheUnitedStates30percentoftheadult成年人populationh
IntheUnitedStates30percentofthepeoplehaveaweightpr
Windows98支持的FAT文件系统有FAT12FAT16和FAT32其中FAT12和FAT16的
1024
512
256
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Somepeoplewouldhaveyoubelievethatbeingfatisthewors
分区采用32位的文件分配表
FAT
FAT32
FAT64
NTFS
在Windows操作系统中支持FAT32文件系统一个文件的物理结构是用文件分配表FAT来表示的在FA
IntheUnitedStates30percentofthepeoplehaveaweightpr
命令Convert的目的是
将FAT转换为FAT32
将FAT32转换为NTFS
将NTFS转换为FAT32
将FAT32转换为FAT
Windows98支持的FAT文件系统有FAT12FAT16和FAT32其中FAT12和FAT16的
1024
512
256
224
FAT文件系统包括FAT8FAT12FAT16和FAT32四种
在windows操作系统中支持FAT32文件系统一个文件的物理结构是用文件分配表FAT来表示的在FA
IntheUnitedStates30percentofthepeoplehaveaweightpr
IntheUnitedStates30percentofthepeoplehaveaweightpr
IntheUnitedStates30%ofthegrown-uppopulationhasawei
Underabigtree________halfasleep.
did sat a fat man
a fat man sat
did a fat man sat
sat a fat man
在Windows操作系统中支持FAT32文件系统一个文件的物理结构是用文件分配表FAT来表示的在FA
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Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.2
In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid$989forayear’ssupplyoffood.In1972thefamilypaid$1311.Thatwasapriceincreaseofnearlyone-third.Everyfamilyhashadthissortofexperience.Everyoneagreesthatthecostoffeedingafamilyhasrisensharply.Butthereislessagreementwhenreasonsfortherisearebeingdiscussed.WhoisreallyresponsibleManyblamethefarmerswhoproducethevegetablesfruitmeateggsandcheesethatstoresofferforsale.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturethefarmer’sshareofthe$1311spentbythefamilyin1972was$521.Thiswas31percentmorethanthefarmerhadreceivedin1959. 41____________.Theyparticularlyblamethosewhoprocessthefarmproductsaftertheproductsleavethefarm.Theseincludetruckdriversmeatpackersmanufacturersofpackagesandotherfoodcontainersandtheownersofstoreswherefoodissold. 42____________. Ofthe$1311familyfoodbillin1972middlemenreceived$790whichwas33percentmorethantheyhadreceivedin1959.Itappearsthatthemiddlemen’sprofithasincreasedmorethanfarmer’s.Butsomeeconomistsclaimthatthemiddlemen’sactualprofitwasverylow.AccordingtoeconomistsattheFirstNationalCityBanktheprofitformeatpackersandfoodstoresamountedtolessthanonepercent.Duringthesameperiodallothermanufacturersweremakingaprofitofmorethan5percent.Bycomparisonwithothermembersoftheeconomicsystembothfarmersandmiddlemenhaveprofitedsurprisinglylittlefromtheriseinfoodprices. 43____________.Vegetablesandchickencostmorewhentheyhavebeencutintopiecesbysomeoneotherthantheonewhobuysit.Afamilyshouldexpecttopaymorewhenseveral"TVdinners"aretakenhomefromthestore.Thesearefullycookedmealsconsistingofmeatvegetablesandsometimesdesertallarrangedonametaldish.Thedishisputintotheovenandheatedwhilethehousewifeisdoingsomethingelse.Suchaconveniencecostsmoney.44____________. Economistsremindusthatmanymodernhousewiveshavejobsoutsidethehome.Theyearnmoneythathelpstopaythefamilyfoodbills.Thehousewifenaturallyhaslesstimeandenergyforcookingafteraday’swork.Shewantstobuymanykindsoffoodthatcanbeputonherfamily’stableeasilyandquickly.Itappearsthattheanswertothequestionofrisingpricesisnotasimpleone.Producersconsumersandmiddlemenallsharetheresponsibilityforthesharpriseinfoodcosts.45. [A]Economistsdonotagreeonsomeofthepredictions.Theyalsodonotagreeonthevalueofdifferentdecisions.Someeconomistssupportaparticulardecisionwhileotherscriticizelt. [B]Howeversomeeconomistsbelievethatcontrolscanhavenegativeeffectsoveralongperiodoftime.Incitieswithrentcontrolthecitygovernmentsetsthemaximumrentthatalandlordcanchargeforanapartment. [C]WhothenisactuallyresponsibleforthesizeofthebillahousewifemustpaybeforeshecarriesthefoodhomefromthestoreTheeconomistsatFirstNationalCityBankhaveananswertogivehousewivesbutmanypeoplewillnotlikeit.Theseeconomistsblamethehousewifeherselfforthejumpinfoodprices.Theysaythatfoodcostsmorenowbecausewomendon’twanttospendmuchtimeinthekitchen.Womenprefertobuyfoodwhichhasalreadybeenpreparedbeforeitreachesthemarket. [D]"Ifthehousewifewantsallofthese"theeconomistssay"thatisherprivilegebutshemustbepreparedtopayfortheservicesofthosewhomakeherworkeasier." [E]Theyareamongthe"middlemen"whostandbetweenthefarmerandthepeoplewhobuyandeatthefood.Aremiddlementheonestoblameforrisingfoodprices [F]Thusaseconomistspointout"Someofthebasicreasonsforwideningfoodpricespreadsareeasilytraceabletotheincreasinguseofconveniencefoodswhichtransfermuchofthetimeandworkofmealpreparationfromthekitchentothefoodprocessor’splant." [G]Butfarmersclaimthatthisincreasewasverysmallcomparedtotheincreaseintheircostofliving.Farmerstendtoblameothersforthesharpriseinfoodprices. 43
In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid$989forayear’ssupplyoffood.In1972thefamilypaid$1311.Thatwasapriceincreaseofnearlyone-third.Everyfamilyhashadthissortofexperience.Everyoneagreesthatthecostoffeedingafamilyhasrisensharply.Butthereislessagreementwhenreasonsfortherisearebeingdiscussed.WhoisreallyresponsibleManyblamethefarmerswhoproducethevegetablesfruitmeateggsandcheesethatstoresofferforsale.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturethefarmer’sshareofthe$1311spentbythefamilyin1972was$521.Thiswas31percentmorethanthefarmerhadreceivedin1959. 41____________.Theyparticularlyblamethosewhoprocessthefarmproductsaftertheproductsleavethefarm.Theseincludetruckdriversmeatpackersmanufacturersofpackagesandotherfoodcontainersandtheownersofstoreswherefoodissold. 42____________. Ofthe$1311familyfoodbillin1972middlemenreceived$790whichwas33percentmorethantheyhadreceivedin1959.Itappearsthatthemiddlemen’sprofithasincreasedmorethanfarmer’s.Butsomeeconomistsclaimthatthemiddlemen’sactualprofitwasverylow.AccordingtoeconomistsattheFirstNationalCityBanktheprofitformeatpackersandfoodstoresamountedtolessthanonepercent.Duringthesameperiodallothermanufacturersweremakingaprofitofmorethan5percent.Bycomparisonwithothermembersoftheeconomicsystembothfarmersandmiddlemenhaveprofitedsurprisinglylittlefromtheriseinfoodprices. 43____________.Vegetablesandchickencostmorewhentheyhavebeencutintopiecesbysomeoneotherthantheonewhobuysit.Afamilyshouldexpecttopaymorewhenseveral"TVdinners"aretakenhomefromthestore.Thesearefullycookedmealsconsistingofmeatvegetablesandsometimesdesertallarrangedonametaldish.Thedishisputintotheovenandheatedwhilethehousewifeisdoingsomethingelse.Suchaconveniencecostsmoney.44____________. Economistsremindusthatmanymodernhousewiveshavejobsoutsidethehome.Theyearnmoneythathelpstopaythefamilyfoodbills.Thehousewifenaturallyhaslesstimeandenergyforcookingafteraday’swork.Shewantstobuymanykindsoffoodthatcanbeputonherfamily’stableeasilyandquickly.Itappearsthattheanswertothequestionofrisingpricesisnotasimpleone.Producersconsumersandmiddlemenallsharetheresponsibilityforthesharpriseinfoodcosts.45. [A]Economistsdonotagreeonsomeofthepredictions.Theyalsodonotagreeonthevalueofdifferentdecisions.Someeconomistssupportaparticulardecisionwhileotherscriticizelt. [B]Howeversomeeconomistsbelievethatcontrolscanhavenegativeeffectsoveralongperiodoftime.Incitieswithrentcontrolthecitygovernmentsetsthemaximumrentthatalandlordcanchargeforanapartment. [C]WhothenisactuallyresponsibleforthesizeofthebillahousewifemustpaybeforeshecarriesthefoodhomefromthestoreTheeconomistsatFirstNationalCityBankhaveananswertogivehousewivesbutmanypeoplewillnotlikeit.Theseeconomistsblamethehousewifeherselfforthejumpinfoodprices.Theysaythatfoodcostsmorenowbecausewomendon’twanttospendmuchtimeinthekitchen.Womenprefertobuyfoodwhichhasalreadybeenpreparedbeforeitreachesthemarket. [D]"Ifthehousewifewantsallofthese"theeconomistssay"thatisherprivilegebutshemustbepreparedtopayfortheservicesofthosewhomakeherworkeasier." [E]Theyareamongthe"middlemen"whostandbetweenthefarmerandthepeoplewhobuyandeatthefood.Aremiddlementheonestoblameforrisingfoodprices [F]Thusaseconomistspointout"Someofthebasicreasonsforwideningfoodpricespreadsareeasilytraceabletotheincreasinguseofconveniencefoodswhichtransfermuchofthetimeandworkofmealpreparationfromthekitchentothefoodprocessor’splant." [G]Butfarmersclaimthatthisincreasewasverysmallcomparedtotheincreaseintheircostofliving.Farmerstendtoblameothersforthesharpriseinfoodprices. 41
Text2 Womenareonthewholemoreverbalthanmen.Theyaregoodatlanguageandverbalreasoningwhilementendtobeskilledattasksdemandingvisualspatialabilities.Infactalongwithaggressionthesearethemostcommonlyaccepteddifferencesbetweenthesexes. Wordsaretoolsforcommunicatingwithotherpeopleespeciallyinformationaboutpeople.Theyaremainlysocialtools.Visualandspatialabilitiesaregoodforimaginingandmanipulatingobjectsandforcommunicatinginformationaboutthem.ArethesetalentsprogrammedintothebrainInsomeofthenewestandmostcontroversialresearchinneurophysiologyithasbeensuggestedthatwhenitcomestothebrainmalesarespecialistswhilewomenaregeneralists. Butnooneknowswhatifanythingthismeansintermsoftheabilitiesofthetwosexes.Engineeringisbothvisualandspatialandit’struethattherearerelativelyfewwomenengineers.Butwomenbecomejustasskilledasmenatshootingarifleordrivingacartasksthatinvolvevisualspatialskills.Theyalsodoequallywellatprogrammingacomputerwhichisneithervisualnorspatial.Womendohoweverseemlesslikelytofallinlovewiththeobjectsthemselves.Weallknowmenforwhommachinesseemtobeextensionsoftheiridentity.Awomanismorelikelytoseehercarrifleorcomputerasausefultoolbutnotinitselffascinating. AllthefollowingtasksinvolvevisualspatialskillsEXCEPT
Text1 ShortlyafterdawnonFebruary17th2003theworld’smostambitiousroad-pricingexperimentwillstartinLondon.ThoughcordontollschemeshavebeenoperatinginNor-wayforyearsandSingaporehasanelectronicsystemnoonehasevertriedtochargemotoristsinacityofthesizeandcomplexityofLondon. Fordecadestransportplannershavebeendemandingthatmotoristsshouldpaydirectlyfortheuseofroads.Accordingtotheprofessionalsitistheonlywayofcivilizingcitiesandrestrainingthegrowthofinter-urbantraffic.Politicianshavemostlyturnedadeafearfearingthatchargingforsomethingwhatwaspreviouslyfreewasaquickroutetoelectoralsuicide.ButLondon’sinitiativesuggeststhatthepointwhereroadpricinghe-comesgenerallyacceptedasthemostefficientwaytorestraintrafficismuchnearerthanmostdriversrealize. ThemayorofLondonKenLivingstonehaspinnedhispoliticalreputationonthescheme’ssuccess.Ifitworkscitiesaroundtheworldwillrushtocopyit.Ifitfailshewillbejeeredfromofficewhenheseeksreelectionin2004.ButhowwillsuccessbejudgedThemayorclaimsthatcongestionchargingwillproduce￡130minnetannualrevenuesreducetrafficincentralLondonby15%andreducetrafficdelaysbyaboutaquarter.Unfortunatelytheseambitioustargetsareunlikelytobemet. Forastartthelowlevelatwhichthechargehasbeensetowesmoretopoliticsthantrafficplanning.Itsimpactmodestincomparisonwiththealreadyhigh￡4anhouron-streetparkingchargesintheareamaybelessthananticipated.Butmosttransportexpertsarecautiouslyoptimisticthatitwillhelpimprovethecapital’schaotictransportsystem.Asforthemayorhispoliticalprospectslookgood.ThosewhodrivecarsinthecenterofLondonduringthedayareatinyfractionofthemillionswhowalkorusepublictransporttogettowork. London’swillingnesstotaketheplungehasmovedcongestionchargingfromtherealmoftransportplannersintomainstreampolitics.Yetthelow-techsolutionithasadoptedhasbeenovertakenbymodernmicrowaveradiosystemsallowingcarstocommunicatewithroadsidechargingunits.ThenextgenerationoftechnologywilluseglobalpositioningsatellitesGPStotrackthepositionofvehicleswherevertheyareonasecond-to-secondbasis. Thebravenewworldofpayingasyougoisnotfaraway.Forthosewhodriveinruralareasthecostwillcomedown.Butformotoristswhospendmostoftheirtimeincongestedurbanareastravelisrightlygoingtobecomemuchmoreexpensive. Welearnfromthetextthattrafficplannersaremoreconcernedabout
Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmanisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleroleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorbutfromsillyerror. Ifthematterisonethatcanbesettledbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.46AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’tisafatalmistaketowhichweamallliable. Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.47Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowlittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.48Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies. Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.49Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantageisthatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhiconsidereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteam-boatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.50ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowingmoreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.
Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmanisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleroleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorbutfromsillyerror. Ifthematterisonethatcanbesettledbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.46AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’tisafatalmistaketowhichweamallliable. Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.47Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowlittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.48Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies. Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.49Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantageisthatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhiconsidereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteam-boatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.50ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowingmoreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.18
Text2 Womenareonthewholemoreverbalthanmen.Theyaregoodatlanguageandverbalreasoningwhilementendtobeskilledattasksdemandingvisualspatialabilities.Infactalongwithaggressionthesearethemostcommonlyaccepteddifferencesbetweenthesexes. Wordsaretoolsforcommunicatingwithotherpeopleespeciallyinformationaboutpeople.Theyaremainlysocialtools.Visualandspatialabilitiesaregoodforimaginingandmanipulatingobjectsandforcommunicatinginformationaboutthem.ArethesetalentsprogrammedintothebrainInsomeofthenewestandmostcontroversialresearchinneurophysiologyithasbeensuggestedthatwhenitcomestothebrainmalesarespecialistswhilewomenaregeneralists. Butnooneknowswhatifanythingthismeansintermsoftheabilitiesofthetwosexes.Engineeringisbothvisualandspatialandit’struethattherearerelativelyfewwomenengineers.Butwomenbecomejustasskilledasmenatshootingarifleordrivingacartasksthatinvolvevisualspatialskills.Theyalsodoequallywellatprogrammingacomputerwhichisneithervisualnorspatial.Womendohoweverseemlesslikelytofallinlovewiththeobjectsthemselves.Weallknowmenforwhommachinesseemtobeextensionsoftheiridentity.Awomanismorelikelytoseehercarrifleorcomputerasausefultoolbutnotinitselffascinating. Accordingtothepassagewomenareusuallygoodat
Text4 Duringthe1990sboomDellComputer’scustomersgothookedonspeed.Mostwerewillingtopayapremiumtohavetheircomputersshippedbyovernightairexpress.Buttodaytheequationhasflipped.Customersprizecostsavingsoverspeed."NowmostofourcomputersintheU.S.areshippedontheground--andwecanstillreachjustabouteveryonewithintwodays"saysFredMontoyaDell’svice-presidentforworldwidelogistics. Expressairshippingisn’tinadeathspiral.Butrecession-spookedconsumersandmanufacturersarelesswillingtopayforovernightdeliverywhichisthreetofivetimesmoreexpensivethangroundshipping.Evenwhentheypaysatisfactionisnotguaranteed.AfterSeptember11thsecurityscrutinyofairfreightcanresultinlongdelays-whichmeansroadsmayactuallybefaster.That’sanotherreasonwhythenumberofpackagesshippedbyairdomesticallyfell7.6%in2001.Andevenwiththerecoveryunderwayair-expressvolumeisforecasttoreboundbyjust3%thisyear."There’samassmigrationfromairtotrucks"saysJerryLevymarketingdirectorforairshipperBaxGlobalInc. Theindustry’sgiantsarereadytorollwiththechange.InthepastseveralyearsFe-dExandUPShaverebuilttheirgroundnetworksasaseriesofregionalhubsabletodelivermostpackagesovernightwithina700-mileradius."Nowwecanmoveapackageinthemostexpedientway-groundorairoracombinationofboth"saysTomWeidemeyerUPS’chiefoperatingofficerandpresidentofitsairlineunit.Newtechnologies--includingbarcodingsatellitetrackingonlinebillingandstatus--areeasingthetransition.Evenimpatientcustomersarewillingtodowithoutovernightdelivery"iftheyknowwhenashipmentwillarrive"notesBrianClancyaprincipalatindustryconsultantMerge-GlobalInc. ThegroundingofsomuchfreightissolidifyingtheleadofUPSandFedEx."We’reabletokeepbusinessinthefamilythatwemighthavelost"saysWilliamMargaritisFedEx’scorporatevice-presidentforworldwidecommunications.Hiscompanyhasinvested$700millioninanewground-deliverynetworkwhiledeferringthedeliveryof123aircraft.AndstrictnewsecurityrequirementshaveforcedthepassengerairlinestostopcarryingpackagesfortheU.S.PostalServicenotesRichardLungdirectorofrevenuemanagementatUnitedAirlinesInc.’scargounit.Andsmallshipperswhetherairortrucklackthecapitaltobuildhybridnetworks."Wegotcaughtwithourpantsdown"saysLevyofBaxGlobalwhichaddedaground-deliveryunitin2000.Slowandsteadyreallydoeswintherace. Wecanlearnfromthebeginningofthetextthat
Text4 Duringthe1990sboomDellComputer’scustomersgothookedonspeed.Mostwerewillingtopayapremiumtohavetheircomputersshippedbyovernightairexpress.Buttodaytheequationhasflipped.Customersprizecostsavingsoverspeed."NowmostofourcomputersintheU.S.areshippedontheground--andwecanstillreachjustabouteveryonewithintwodays"saysFredMontoyaDell’svice-presidentforworldwidelogistics. Expressairshippingisn’tinadeathspiral.Butrecession-spookedconsumersandmanufacturersarelesswillingtopayforovernightdeliverywhichisthreetofivetimesmoreexpensivethangroundshipping.Evenwhentheypaysatisfactionisnotguaranteed.AfterSeptember11thsecurityscrutinyofairfreightcanresultinlongdelays-whichmeansroadsmayactuallybefaster.That’sanotherreasonwhythenumberofpackagesshippedbyairdomesticallyfell7.6%in2001.Andevenwiththerecoveryunderwayair-expressvolumeisforecasttoreboundbyjust3%thisyear."There’samassmigrationfromairtotrucks"saysJerryLevymarketingdirectorforairshipperBaxGlobalInc. Theindustry’sgiantsarereadytorollwiththechange.InthepastseveralyearsFe-dExandUPShaverebuilttheirgroundnetworksasaseriesofregionalhubsabletodelivermostpackagesovernightwithina700-mileradius."Nowwecanmoveapackageinthemostexpedientway-groundorairoracombinationofboth"saysTomWeidemeyerUPS’chiefoperatingofficerandpresidentofitsairlineunit.Newtechnologies--includingbarcodingsatellitetrackingonlinebillingandstatus--areeasingthetransition.Evenimpatientcustomersarewillingtodowithoutovernightdelivery"iftheyknowwhenashipmentwillarrive"notesBrianClancyaprincipalatindustryconsultantMerge-GlobalInc. ThegroundingofsomuchfreightissolidifyingtheleadofUPSandFedEx."We’reabletokeepbusinessinthefamilythatwemighthavelost"saysWilliamMargaritisFedEx’scorporatevice-presidentforworldwidecommunications.Hiscompanyhasinvested$700millioninanewground-deliverynetworkwhiledeferringthedeliveryof123aircraft.AndstrictnewsecurityrequirementshaveforcedthepassengerairlinestostopcarryingpackagesfortheU.S.PostalServicenotesRichardLungdirectorofrevenuemanagementatUnitedAirlinesInc.’scargounit.Andsmallshipperswhetherairortrucklackthecapitaltobuildhybridnetworks."Wegotcaughtwithourpantsdown"saysLevyofBaxGlobalwhichaddedaground-deliveryunitin2000.Slowandsteadyreallydoeswintherace. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage
Text3 Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritainwhichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2003.TheNationalHealthServiceNHSwhichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxesisreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2007totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP--thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld’sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000. TheLaborgovernment’sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreformhealthcareforthe21stcentury.Ratheritconcludedthatshortageofmoneynottheformoffinancingorprovisionwasthemainproblem.In2002GordonBrownthepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequerusedareviewoftheNHS’sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare. AlanMilburnthehealthministerhasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.Howeverthesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients. AsaresultthereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffortproductivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall. Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistoryarguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.Firstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsafterthesecondworldwar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupplycoststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditureoftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectationsNowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspectivethegovernment’splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritaintheoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2003. Thebasicproblemofhealth-caresystemsinBritainaspointedoutbythewriterseemstoliein
Text2 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewallsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofLondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel--andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. Thebesttitleforthispassagemaybe
Text1 ShortlyafterdawnonFebruary17th2003theworld’smostambitiousroad-pricingexperimentwillstartinLondon.ThoughcordontollschemeshavebeenoperatinginNor-wayforyearsandSingaporehasanelectronicsystemnoonehasevertriedtochargemotoristsinacityofthesizeandcomplexityofLondon. Fordecadestransportplannershavebeendemandingthatmotoristsshouldpaydirectlyfortheuseofroads.Accordingtotheprofessionalsitistheonlywayofcivilizingcitiesandrestrainingthegrowthofinter-urbantraffic.Politicianshavemostlyturnedadeafearfearingthatchargingforsomethingwhatwaspreviouslyfreewasaquickroutetoelectoralsuicide.ButLondon’sinitiativesuggeststhatthepointwhereroadpricinghe-comesgenerallyacceptedasthemostefficientwaytorestraintrafficismuchnearerthanmostdriversrealize. ThemayorofLondonKenLivingstonehaspinnedhispoliticalreputationonthescheme’ssuccess.Ifitworkscitiesaroundtheworldwillrushtocopyit.Ifitfailshewillbejeeredfromofficewhenheseeksreelectionin2004.ButhowwillsuccessbejudgedThemayorclaimsthatcongestionchargingwillproduce￡130minnetannualrevenuesreducetrafficincentralLondonby15%andreducetrafficdelaysbyaboutaquarter.Unfortunatelytheseambitioustargetsareunlikelytobemet. Forastartthelowlevelatwhichthechargehasbeensetowesmoretopoliticsthantrafficplanning.Itsimpactmodestincomparisonwiththealreadyhigh￡4anhouron-streetparkingchargesintheareamaybelessthananticipated.Butmosttransportexpertsarecautiouslyoptimisticthatitwillhelpimprovethecapital’schaotictransportsystem.Asforthemayorhispoliticalprospectslookgood.ThosewhodrivecarsinthecenterofLondonduringthedayareatinyfractionofthemillionswhowalkorusepublictransporttogettowork. London’swillingnesstotaketheplungehasmovedcongestionchargingfromtherealmoftransportplannersintomainstreampolitics.Yetthelow-techsolutionithasadoptedhasbeenovertakenbymodernmicrowaveradiosystemsallowingcarstocommunicatewithroadsidechargingunits.ThenextgenerationoftechnologywilluseglobalpositioningsatellitesGPStotrackthepositionofvehicleswherevertheyareonasecond-to-secondbasis. Thebravenewworldofpayingasyougoisnotfaraway.Forthosewhodriveinruralareasthecostwillcomedown.Butformotoristswhospendmostoftheirtimeincongestedurbanareastravelisrightlygoingtobecomemuchmoreexpensive. Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthatintheworldtheschemeoftollingsystemsis
Text3 Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritainwhichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2003.TheNationalHealthServiceNHSwhichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxesisreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2007totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP--thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld’sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000. TheLaborgovernment’sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreformhealthcareforthe21stcentury.Ratheritconcludedthatshortageofmoneynottheformoffinancingorprovisionwasthemainproblem.In2002GordonBrownthepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequerusedareviewoftheNHS’sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare. AlanMilburnthehealthministerhasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.Howeverthesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients. AsaresultthereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffortproductivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall. Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistoryarguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.Firstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsafterthesecondworldwar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupplycoststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditureoftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectationsNowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspectivethegovernment’splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritaintheoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2003. IncontrasttoBritainFranceisfundingtheirmedicalcare
In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid$989forayear’ssupplyoffood.In1972thefamilypaid$1311.Thatwasapriceincreaseofnearlyone-third.Everyfamilyhashadthissortofexperience.Everyoneagreesthatthecostoffeedingafamilyhasrisensharply.Butthereislessagreementwhenreasonsfortherisearebeingdiscussed.WhoisreallyresponsibleManyblamethefarmerswhoproducethevegetablesfruitmeateggsandcheesethatstoresofferforsale.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturethefarmer’sshareofthe$1311spentbythefamilyin1972was$521.Thiswas31percentmorethanthefarmerhadreceivedin1959. 41____________.Theyparticularlyblamethosewhoprocessthefarmproductsaftertheproductsleavethefarm.Theseincludetruckdriversmeatpackersmanufacturersofpackagesandotherfoodcontainersandtheownersofstoreswherefoodissold. 42____________. Ofthe$1311familyfoodbillin1972middlemenreceived$790whichwas33percentmorethantheyhadreceivedin1959.Itappearsthatthemiddlemen’sprofithasincreasedmorethanfarmer’s.Butsomeeconomistsclaimthatthemiddlemen’sactualprofitwasverylow.AccordingtoeconomistsattheFirstNationalCityBanktheprofitformeatpackersandfoodstoresamountedtolessthanonepercent.Duringthesameperiodallothermanufacturersweremakingaprofitofmorethan5percent.Bycomparisonwithothermembersoftheeconomicsystembothfarmersandmiddlemenhaveprofitedsurprisinglylittlefromtheriseinfoodprices. 43____________.Vegetablesandchickencostmorewhentheyhavebeencutintopiecesbysomeoneotherthantheonewhobuysit.Afamilyshouldexpecttopaymorewhenseveral"TVdinners"aretakenhomefromthestore.Thesearefullycookedmealsconsistingofmeatvegetablesandsometimesdesertallarrangedonametaldish.Thedishisputintotheovenandheatedwhilethehousewifeisdoingsomethingelse.Suchaconveniencecostsmoney.44____________. Economistsremindusthatmanymodernhousewiveshavejobsoutsidethehome.Theyearnmoneythathelpstopaythefamilyfoodbills.Thehousewifenaturallyhaslesstimeandenergyforcookingafteraday’swork.Shewantstobuymanykindsoffoodthatcanbeputonherfamily’stableeasilyandquickly.Itappearsthattheanswertothequestionofrisingpricesisnotasimpleone.Producersconsumersandmiddlemenallsharetheresponsibilityforthesharpriseinfoodcosts.45. [A]Economistsdonotagreeonsomeofthepredictions.Theyalsodonotagreeonthevalueofdifferentdecisions.Someeconomistssupportaparticulardecisionwhileotherscriticizelt. [B]Howeversomeeconomistsbelievethatcontrolscanhavenegativeeffectsoveralongperiodoftime.Incitieswithrentcontrolthecitygovernmentsetsthemaximumrentthatalandlordcanchargeforanapartment. [C]WhothenisactuallyresponsibleforthesizeofthebillahousewifemustpaybeforeshecarriesthefoodhomefromthestoreTheeconomistsatFirstNationalCityBankhaveananswertogivehousewivesbutmanypeoplewillnotlikeit.Theseeconomistsblamethehousewifeherselfforthejumpinfoodprices.Theysaythatfoodcostsmorenowbecausewomendon’twanttospendmuchtimeinthekitchen.Womenprefertobuyfoodwhichhasalreadybeenpreparedbeforeitreachesthemarket. [D]"Ifthehousewifewantsallofthese"theeconomistssay"thatisherprivilegebutshemustbepreparedtopayfortheservicesofthosewhomakeherworkeasier." [E]Theyareamongthe"middlemen"whostandbetweenthefarmerandthepeoplewhobuyandeatthefood.Aremiddlementheonestoblameforrisingfoodprices [F]Thusaseconomistspointout"Someofthebasicreasonsforwideningfoodpricespreadsareeasilytraceabletotheincreasinguseofconveniencefoodswhichtransfermuchofthetimeandworkofmealpreparationfromthekitchentothefoodprocessor’splant." [G]Butfarmersclaimthatthisincreasewasverysmallcomparedtotheincreaseintheircostofliving.Farmerstendtoblameothersforthesharpriseinfoodprices. 45
Text2 Womenareonthewholemoreverbalthanmen.Theyaregoodatlanguageandverbalreasoningwhilementendtobeskilledattasksdemandingvisualspatialabilities.Infactalongwithaggressionthesearethemostcommonlyaccepteddifferencesbetweenthesexes. Wordsaretoolsforcommunicatingwithotherpeopleespeciallyinformationaboutpeople.Theyaremainlysocialtools.Visualandspatialabilitiesaregoodforimaginingandmanipulatingobjectsandforcommunicatinginformationaboutthem.ArethesetalentsprogrammedintothebrainInsomeofthenewestandmostcontroversialresearchinneurophysiologyithasbeensuggestedthatwhenitcomestothebrainmalesarespecialistswhilewomenaregeneralists. Butnooneknowswhatifanythingthismeansintermsoftheabilitiesofthetwosexes.Engineeringisbothvisualandspatialandit’struethattherearerelativelyfewwomenengineers.Butwomenbecomejustasskilledasmenatshootingarifleordrivingacartasksthatinvolvevisualspatialskills.Theyalsodoequallywellatprogrammingacomputerwhichisneithervisualnorspatial.Womendohoweverseemlesslikelytofallinlovewiththeobjectsthemselves.Weallknowmenforwhommachinesseemtobeextensionsoftheiridentity.Awomanismorelikelytoseehercarrifleorcomputerasausefultoolbutnotinitselffascinating. Thewordacceptedinthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphroughlymeans
Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmanisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleroleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorbutfromsillyerror. Ifthematterisonethatcanbesettledbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.46AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’tisafatalmistaketowhichweamallliable. Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.47Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowlittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.48Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies. Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.49Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantageisthatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhiconsidereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteam-boatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.50ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowingmoreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies.
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.20
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.16
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.8
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.4
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepicture 2deducethepurposeofthepainterofthepicture 3giveyoursuggestionsastohowtocooperateinharmony. Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.14
Text2 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewallsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofLondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel--andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. WhenthewritersaysthattheLondonBridgeTowerwouldnotstandinManhattanhemeans
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.12
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.6
Thesimpleperceptionofnaturalformsisadelight.46Theinfluenceoftheformsandactionsinnatureissoneedfultomanthatinitslowestfunctionsitseemstolieontheconfinesofcommodityandbeauty.Tothebodyandmindwhichhavebeencrampedbynoxiousworkorcompanynatureismedicinalandrestorestheirtone.Thetradesmantheattorneycomesoutofthedinandcraftofthestreetandseestheskyandthewoodsandisamanagain.Intheireternalcalmhefindshimself.Thehealthoftheeyeseemstodemandahorizon.Wearenevertiredsolongaswecanseefarenough. 47ButinotherhoursNaturesatisfiesthesoulpurelybyitslovelinessandwithoutanymixtureofcorporealbenefit.Iseethespectacleofmorningfromthehilltopoveragainstmyhousefromdaybreaktosunrisewithemotionswhichanangelmightshare.Thelongslenderbarsofcloudfloatlikefishesintheseaofcrimsonlight.48FromtheearthasashoreIlookoutintothatsilentsea.Iseemtoshareitsrapidtransformations;theactiveenchantmentreachesmydust;andIdilateandconspirewiththemorningwind.HowdoesNaturedeifyuswithafewandcheapelements!GivemehealthandadayandIwillmakethepompofemperorsridiculous.ThedawnismyAssyria;thesunsetandmoonrisemyPaphosandunimaginablerealmoffaerie;broadnoonshallbemyEnglandofthesensesandtheunderstanding;thenightshallbemyGermanyofmysticphilosophyaddreams. NotlessexcellentexceptforourlesssusceptibilityintheafternoonwasthecharmlasteveningofaJanuarysunset.49Thewesterncloudsdividedandsubdividedthemselvesintopinkflakesmodulatedwithtintsofunspeakablesoftnessandtheairhassomuchlifeandsweetnessthatitwasapaintocomewithindoors.WhatwasitthatnaturewouldsayWastherenomeaninginthelivereposeofthevalleybehindthemillandwhichHomerorShakespearecouldnotreformformeinwords50Theleaflesstreesbecomespiresofflameinthesunset;withthebluecastfortheirbackgroundandthestarsofthedeadcalicesofflowersandeverywitheredstemandstubblerimedwithfrostcontributesomethingtothemutemusic. ButinotherhoursNaturesatisfiesthesoulpurelybyitslovelinessandwithoutanymixtureofcorporealbenefit.Iseethespectacleofmorningfromthehilltopoveragainstmyhousefromdaybreaktosunrisewithemotionswhichanangelmightshare
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.10
Text3 Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritainwhichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2003.TheNationalHealthServiceNHSwhichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxesisreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2007totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP--thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld’sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000. TheLaborgovernment’sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreformhealthcareforthe21stcentury.Ratheritconcludedthatshortageofmoneynottheformoffinancingorprovisionwasthemainproblem.In2002GordonBrownthepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequerusedareviewoftheNHS’sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare. AlanMilburnthehealthministerhasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.Howeverthesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients. AsaresultthereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffortproductivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall. Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistoryarguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.Firstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsafterthesecondworldwar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupplycoststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditureoftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectationsNowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspectivethegovernment’splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritaintheoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2003. TheviewsofAlanMilburnandDavidCulteronthereformsofhealth-caresystemsare
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