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差分方程yt+1-yt=t2’的通解为______．
九数是指方田粟米差分少广均输方程赢不足旁要
一阶常系数差分方程yt+1-2yt=2t的通解为______
已知yt=3et是差分方程yt+1+ayt-1=et的一个特解则a=______．
差分方程yt+1+5yt=18t2+6t+3的通解是______．
差分方程yt+1-4yt=20·4t满足y0=3的特解为______．
差分方程yt+1-2y=3t-42t的通解是______．
差分方程yx+1+2yx=5x2的通解为______．
数字滤波器分为哪几种类型用差分方程来描述时有什么不同它们各有什么特性
运用三次曲线方程拟合趋势延伸法预测模型时时间序列的必须为常数
一阶差分
二阶差分
三阶差分
一阶差分的对数
控制系统的数学模型在时域中常用的类型有
微分方程
差分方程
结构图
状态方程
用来体现经济变量与时间的变化关系的经济数学的内容为
几何代数
线性代数
多元微分方法
采用微分方程或差分方程
用来体现经济变量与时间的变化关系的经济数学的内容为
几何代数
线性代数
多元微分方法
采用微分方程或差分方程
差分方程yx+1+2yx=5x2的通解为______.
差分方程yx=1-3yx=2·3x的通解为______．
差分方程2yt+1-6yt=5·3t满足y0=0的特解为______
常系数差分方程表示的系统必为线性移不变系统
差分方程yt+1+5yt-3t2+t=0的通解为______．
不稳态导热采用有限差分方法求解温度场关于差分方程下列说法错误的是
显式差分格式是温度对时间的一阶导数采用向前差分获得，具有稳定性条件
隐式差分格式是温度对时间的一阶导数采用向后差分获得，没有稳定性条件
显式差分格式中温度对位置的二阶导数采用中心差分格式获得
隐式差分格式是温度对位置的二阶导数采用向后差分获得
一阶差分方程yt+1-yt=t的通解为yt=______．
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KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo-andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalyssisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmunesystem [B]Howandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIVcropup [C]Whatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapy [D]HowdoesHIVsubverttheimmunesystem [E]IntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbestopped[ F]WhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesofcancerandinfections Inthe20yearssincethefirstcasesofAIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviraldiseasethananyother. YetPeterPiotwhodirectstheUnitedNationsAIDSprogramandStefanoVellaofRomepresidentoftheInternationalAIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldproveusefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases. Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthatremain: 41.__________. Along-standingbeliefisthatcancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmunesystem.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmorepronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposi’ssarcomsbutnottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates.ThispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthetypethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancerstodevelop. 42.__________. WhenHIVistransmittedsexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthathappensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbyaseriesofdifferentkindsofcells. EventuallyHIVtravelsthroughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhatisnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody’sCD-4cellsthatareneededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents. 43.__________. AlthoughHIVkillstheimmunecellssenttokillthevirusthereiswidespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeillwithAIDS.Soscientistsask.CantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsibleforthatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressiontoAIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirstplace 44.__________. Intheoryearlytreatmentshouldofferthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.ButthenewdrugsdonotcompletelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhavedangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschangedtocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbedeferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening. Isavaccinepossible Thereislittlequestionthataneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehasreachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegreeofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareasoftheworlddiffergenetically.ItisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfromonetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstothertypes. 45.__________. Withoutmoreincisivefocusedbehavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobalepidemic. 45
Soonafterhisappointmentassecretary-generaloftheUnitedNationsin1997KofiAnnanlamentedthathewasbeingaccusedoffailingtoreformtheworldbodyinsixweeks.ButwhatareyoucomplainingaboutaskedtheRussianambassador.You’vehadmoretimethanGod.AhMr.AnnanquippedbackbutGodhadonebigadvantage.HeworkedalonewithoutaGeneralAssemblyaSecurityCounciland[all]thecommittees.RecountingthatanecdotetojournalistsinNewYorkthisweekMr.AnnansoughttoexplainwhyadraftdeclarationonUNreformandtacklingworldpovertyduetobeendorsedbysome150headsofstateandgovernmentataworldsummitinthecityonSeptember14th-16thhadturnedintosuchapaleshadowoftheproposalsthathehimselfhadputforwardinMarch.With191memberstateshesighedit’snoteasytogetanagreement.MostcountriesputtheblameontheUnitedStatesintheformofitsabrasivenewambassadorJohnBoltonforinsistingattheendofAugustonhundredsoflast-minuteamendmentsandaline-by-linerenegotiationofatextmostothershadthoughtwasalmostsettled.Butagroupofmiddle-incomedevelopingnationsincludingPakistanCubaIranEgyptSyriaandVenezuelaalsocameupwithplentyoflast-minutechangesoftheirown.Theriskofhavingnodocumentatallandthusnothingfortheworld’sleaderstocometoNewYorkforwasavertedonlybymarathonall-nightandall-weekendtalks.The35-pagefinaldocumentisnotwhollydevoidofsubstance.ItcallsforthecreationofaPeacebuildingCommissiontosupervisethereconstructionofcountriesafterwars;thereplacementofthediscreditedUNCommissiononHumanRightsbyasupposedlytougherHumanRightsCouncil;therecognitionofanewresponsibilitytoprotectpeoplesfromgenocideandotheratrocitieswhennationalauthoritiesfailtotakeactionincludingifnecessarybyforce;andanearlyreformoftheSecurityCouncil.Althoughmuchpareddownalltheseproposalshaveatleastsurvived.Othershavenot.Eithertheyprovedsocontentiousthattheywereomittedaltogethersuchasthesectionsondisarmamentandnon-proliferationandtheInternationalCriminalCourtortheywerewatereddowntolittlemorethanemptyplatitudes.Theimportantsectiononcollectivesecurityandtheuseofforcenolongerevenmentionsthevexedissueofpre-emptivestrikes;meanwhilethesectiononterrorismcondemnsitinallitsformsandmanifestationscommittedbywhomeverwhereverandforwhateverpurposesbutfailstoprovidethecleardefinitiontheAmericanswanted.BothMr.AnnanandmoresurprisinglyGeorgeBushhaveneverthelesssoughttoputagoodfaceonthingswithMr.AnnandescribingthesummitdocumentasanimportantstepforwardandMr.BushsayingtheUNhadtakenthefirststepstowardsreform.Mr.AnnanandMr.Boltonaredeterminedtogoalotfurther.ItisnowuptotheGeneralAssemblytofleshoutthedocument’sskeletonproposalsandproposenewones.Butitschancesofsuccessappearslim.AccordingtothelastparagraphtheGeneralAssembly______.
JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBobWoodward.OneofthefoundersofWiredmagazinehehashungaroundGoogleforsolongthathehascometobeascloseasanyoutsidercantoactuallybeinganinsider.CertainlyGoogle’sfoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageanditschiefexecutiveEricSchmidtbelievethatitissafertotalktoMr.Battellethannottodoso.TheresultisahighlyreadableaccountofGoogle’sastonishingrise-thesteepestincorporatehistory-fromitsoriginsinStanfordUniversitytoitscontroversialstockmarketdebutanditscurrentstruggletobecomeagrown-upcompanywhilestayingtruetoitsyouthfullybrashmottoDon’tbeevil.Mr.BattellemakesthereaderwarmtoGoogle’srulingtriumvirate-theirclevernessandtheirgoodintentions-andfearfortheirfutureastheytakeontheworld.Googleisoneofthemostinterestingcompaniesaroundatthemoment.IthasadecentshotatdisplacingMicrosoftasthenextgreatnear-monopolyoftheinformationage.Itsambition-toorganisealltheworld’sinformationnotjusttheinformationontheworldwideweb-isepicanditscommercialpowerisfrighteningBeyondthisGoogleisinterestingforthesamereasonthatsecretivedictatorshipsandHollywoodcelebritiesareinteresting-forbeingopaquecolourfulandsimplyitself.ThebookdisappointsonlywhenMr.Battellebeginstryingtoexplainthewiderrelevanceofinternetsearchanditspossiblefuturedevelopment.ThereisalottosayonthissubjectbutMr.Battelleishurriedandoverlychattyproducinglaundrylistsofgeekyconceptswithoutreallyhavingthoughtanyofthemthroughproperly.Thisisnotafatalflaw.Readonlythemiddlechaptersandyouhaveagreatbook.Thetextseemstobe______.
中华苏维埃共和国中央执行委员会公布的法律规定在法院未设立之前临时司法机构是
JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBobWoodward.OneofthefoundersofWiredmagazinehehashungaroundGoogleforsolongthathehascometobeascloseasanyoutsidercantoactuallybeinganinsider.CertainlyGoogle’sfoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageanditschiefexecutiveEricSchmidtbelievethatitissafertotalktoMr.Battellethannottodoso.TheresultisahighlyreadableaccountofGoogle’sastonishingrise-thesteepestincorporatehistory-fromitsoriginsinStanfordUniversitytoitscontroversialstockmarketdebutanditscurrentstruggletobecomeagrown-upcompanywhilestayingtruetoitsyouthfullybrashmottoDon’tbeevil.Mr.BattellemakesthereaderwarmtoGoogle’srulingtriumvirate-theirclevernessandtheirgoodintentions-andfearfortheirfutureastheytakeontheworld.Googleisoneofthemostinterestingcompaniesaroundatthemoment.IthasadecentshotatdisplacingMicrosoftasthenextgreatnear-monopolyoftheinformationage.Itsambition-toorganisealltheworld’sinformationnotjusttheinformationontheworldwideweb-isepicanditscommercialpowerisfrighteningBeyondthisGoogleisinterestingforthesamereasonthatsecretivedictatorshipsandHollywoodcelebritiesareinteresting-forbeingopaquecolourfulandsimplyitself.ThebookdisappointsonlywhenMr.Battellebeginstryingtoexplainthewiderrelevanceofinternetsearchanditspossiblefuturedevelopment.ThereisalottosayonthissubjectbutMr.Battelleishurriedandoverlychattyproducinglaundrylistsofgeekyconceptswithoutreallyhavingthoughtanyofthemthroughproperly.Thisisnotafatalflaw.Readonlythemiddlechaptersandyouhaveagreatbook.TheworkbyJohnBattellewouldbeperfectedifappropriateconsiderationisgivento______.
我国__副__是由选举产生的
暂行新刑律颁布于
我国国家最高行政机关对行政法规所作的解释属于
Soonafterhisappointmentassecretary-generaloftheUnitedNationsin1997KofiAnnanlamentedthathewasbeingaccusedoffailingtoreformtheworldbodyinsixweeks.ButwhatareyoucomplainingaboutaskedtheRussianambassador.You’vehadmoretimethanGod.AhMr.AnnanquippedbackbutGodhadonebigadvantage.HeworkedalonewithoutaGeneralAssemblyaSecurityCounciland[all]thecommittees.RecountingthatanecdotetojournalistsinNewYorkthisweekMr.AnnansoughttoexplainwhyadraftdeclarationonUNreformandtacklingworldpovertyduetobeendorsedbysome150headsofstateandgovernmentataworldsummitinthecityonSeptember14th-16thhadturnedintosuchapaleshadowoftheproposalsthathehimselfhadputforwardinMarch.With191memberstateshesighedit’snoteasytogetanagreement.MostcountriesputtheblameontheUnitedStatesintheformofitsabrasivenewambassadorJohnBoltonforinsistingattheendofAugustonhundredsoflast-minuteamendmentsandaline-by-linerenegotiationofatextmostothershadthoughtwasalmostsettled.Butagroupofmiddle-incomedevelopingnationsincludingPakistanCubaIranEgyptSyriaandVenezuelaalsocameupwithplentyoflast-minutechangesoftheirown.Theriskofhavingnodocumentatallandthusnothingfortheworld’sleaderstocometoNewYorkforwasavertedonlybymarathonall-nightandall-weekendtalks.The35-pagefinaldocumentisnotwhollydevoidofsubstance.ItcallsforthecreationofaPeacebuildingCommissiontosupervisethereconstructionofcountriesafterwars;thereplacementofthediscreditedUNCommissiononHumanRightsbyasupposedlytougherHumanRightsCouncil;therecognitionofanewresponsibilitytoprotectpeoplesfromgenocideandotheratrocitieswhennationalauthoritiesfailtotakeactionincludingifnecessarybyforce;andanearlyreformoftheSecurityCouncil.Althoughmuchpareddownalltheseproposalshaveatleastsurvived.Othershavenot.Eithertheyprovedsocontentiousthattheywereomittedaltogethersuchasthesectionsondisarmamentandnon-proliferationandtheInternationalCriminalCourtortheywerewatereddowntolittlemorethanemptyplatitudes.Theimportantsectiononcollectivesecurityandtheuseofforcenolongerevenmentionsthevexedissueofpre-emptivestrikes;meanwhilethesectiononterrorismcondemnsitinallitsformsandmanifestationscommittedbywhomeverwhereverandforwhateverpurposesbutfailstoprovidethecleardefinitiontheAmericanswanted.BothMr.AnnanandmoresurprisinglyGeorgeBushhaveneverthelesssoughttoputagoodfaceonthingswithMr.AnnandescribingthesummitdocumentasanimportantstepforwardandMr.BushsayingtheUNhadtakenthefirststepstowardsreform.Mr.AnnanandMr.Boltonaredeterminedtogoalotfurther.ItisnowuptotheGeneralAssemblytofleshoutthedocument’sskeletonproposalsandproposenewones.Butitschancesofsuccessappearslim.Whohaverecentlylistenedtothestoryinthefirstparagraphofthetext
Intheearly1800sgroupsofEnglishworkerswreckedmachinesthattheyfeltthreatenedtheirjobs.46Theywerecalled"Luddites"afteroneoftheirleadersatermthatisnowusedforanyonewhoputsupresistancetonewtechnologies.47Theoddthingaboutnanotechnology’sLudditesisthattheyhavestartedresistingbeforethetechnologyhasreallyestablisheditself. Aspeoplestarttobuyproductsinvolvingnanotechnologyfromodour-resistantshirtstowindowglassthatrepelsdirttheywillrealisethatmanyofthesenewthingsareusefulandharmless.Andasawarenessofnanotechnologygrowstheywillbegintounderstandthatitcoversarangeofdifferentwaysofdoingthingssomeofwhichcarrysomeriskandothersdonot.Asaresultthetechnology’sdetractorswillprobablybecomemorenuancedintheircomplaints. Nanotechnologyhasthepotentialtocauseanindustrialupheavaljustaselectricitydidinitstime.48Likeelectricitythoughithassomanyandsuchdiverseapplicationsthatitisunlikelytoarriveinonehugewaveasnanotechnology’scriticsfear.Insteadtherewillbeaseriesofsmallerwaves.49Manyoftheinnovationsthetechnologymaybringarealongwayoffleavingplentyoftimetoprepare. Nanotechnologylikeanynewdiscoveryoffersbothrisksandrewards.Therewillundoubtedlybesomeneedtocontrolitsexploitationtominimizetherisksbuttherearealsostrongargumentsforallowingtheunfetteredpursuitofknowledgewithoutitinnovationcannotflourish. Twentyyearsagonobodycouldhaveforeseenthattheinventionofanewmicroscopewouldlauncharemarkablenewtechnologyperhapsarevolution.50Scientistsshouldbeallowedtoworkwithaslittlehindranceaspossibletogainabetterunderstandingoftheobjectoftheirstudy-howeverlargeorsmall. Manyoftheinnovationsthetechnologymaybringarealongwayoffleavingplentyoftimetoprepare.
礼下不庶人刑不上大夫原文出于
军爵律的主要内容是
[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmunesystem [B]Howandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIVcropup [C]Whatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapy [D]HowdoesHIVsubverttheimmunesystem [E]IntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbestopped[ F]WhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesofcancerandinfections Inthe20yearssincethefirstcasesofAIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviraldiseasethananyother. YetPeterPiotwhodirectstheUnitedNationsAIDSprogramandStefanoVellaofRomepresidentoftheInternationalAIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldproveusefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases. Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthatremain: 41.__________. Along-standingbeliefisthatcancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmunesystem.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmorepronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposi’ssarcomsbutnottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates.ThispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthetypethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancerstodevelop. 42.__________. WhenHIVistransmittedsexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthathappensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbyaseriesofdifferentkindsofcells. EventuallyHIVtravelsthroughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhatisnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody’sCD-4cellsthatareneededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents. 43.__________. AlthoughHIVkillstheimmunecellssenttokillthevirusthereiswidespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeillwithAIDS.Soscientistsask.CantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsibleforthatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressiontoAIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirstplace 44.__________. Intheoryearlytreatmentshouldofferthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.ButthenewdrugsdonotcompletelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhavedangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschangedtocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbedeferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening. Isavaccinepossible Thereislittlequestionthataneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehasreachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegreeofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareasoftheworlddiffergenetically.ItisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfromonetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstothertypes. 45.__________. Withoutmoreincisivefocusedbehavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobalepidemic. 41
为加强法律的感化作用沈家本等提出设置
Intheearly1800sgroupsofEnglishworkerswreckedmachinesthattheyfeltthreatenedtheirjobs.46Theywerecalled"Luddites"afteroneoftheirleadersatermthatisnowusedforanyonewhoputsupresistancetonewtechnologies.47Theoddthingaboutnanotechnology’sLudditesisthattheyhavestartedresistingbeforethetechnologyhasreallyestablisheditself. Aspeoplestarttobuyproductsinvolvingnanotechnologyfromodour-resistantshirtstowindowglassthatrepelsdirttheywillrealisethatmanyofthesenewthingsareusefulandharmless.Andasawarenessofnanotechnologygrowstheywillbegintounderstandthatitcoversarangeofdifferentwaysofdoingthingssomeofwhichcarrysomeriskandothersdonot.Asaresultthetechnology’sdetractorswillprobablybecomemorenuancedintheircomplaints. Nanotechnologyhasthepotentialtocauseanindustrialupheavaljustaselectricitydidinitstime.48Likeelectricitythoughithassomanyandsuchdiverseapplicationsthatitisunlikelytoarriveinonehugewaveasnanotechnology’scriticsfear.Insteadtherewillbeaseriesofsmallerwaves.49Manyoftheinnovationsthetechnologymaybringarealongwayoffleavingplentyoftimetoprepare. Nanotechnologylikeanynewdiscoveryoffersbothrisksandrewards.Therewillundoubtedlybesomeneedtocontrolitsexploitationtominimizetherisksbuttherearealsostrongargumentsforallowingtheunfetteredpursuitofknowledgewithoutitinnovationcannotflourish. Twentyyearsagonobodycouldhaveforeseenthattheinventionofanewmicroscopewouldlauncharemarkablenewtechnologyperhapsarevolution.50Scientistsshouldbeallowedtoworkwithaslittlehindranceaspossibletogainabetterunderstandingoftheobjectoftheirstudy-howeverlargeorsmall. Theoddthingaboutnanotechnology’sLudditesisthattheyhavestartedresistingbeforethetechnologyhasreallyestablisheditself.
I’matotalgeekallaroundsaysAngelaByrona27-year-oldcomputerprogrammerwhohasjustgraduatedfromNovaScotiaCommunityCollege.Andyetlikemanyotherstudentssheneverhadtheconfidencetoapproachanyofthevariousopen-sourcesoftwarecommunitiesontheinternet--distributedteamsofvolunteerswhocollaboratetobuildsoftwarethatisthenmadefreelyavailable.ButthankstoGoogletheworld’smostpopularsearchengineandoneofthebiggestproponentsofopen-sourcesoftwareMsByronspentthesummercontributingcodetoDrupalanopen-sourceprojectthatautomatesthemanagementofwebsites.It’sawesomeshesays.MsByronisoneof419studentsoutof8744whoappliedwhowereacceptedforGoogle’ssummerofcode.Whileitsoundslikeahyper-nerdysummercampthestudentsneitherwenttoGoogle’scampusinMountainViewCalifornianortowherevertheirmentorsatthe41participatingopen-sourceprojectshappenedtobelocated.InsteadGoogleactedasamatchmakerandsponsor.Eachoftheparticipatingopen-sourceprojectsreceived$500foreverystudentittookon;andeachstudentreceived$4500$500rightawayand$4000oncompletionoftheirwork.OhandaT-shirt.AllofthisistheideaofChrisDiBonaGoogle’sopen-sourcebosswhowasbrainstormingwithLarryPageandSergeyBrinGoogle’sfounderslastyear.Theyrealisedthatalotofprogrammingtalentgoestowasteeverysummerbecausestudentstakesummerjobsflippingburgerstomakemoneyandlettheircodingskillsdegrade.WewanttomakeitbetterforstudentsinthesummersaysMr.DiBonaaddingthatitalsohelpstheopen-sourcecommunityandthusindirectlyGooglewhichuseslotsofopen-sourcesoftwarebehindthescenes.PlussaysMr.DiBonaitdoesbecomeanopportunityforrecruiting.ElliotCohenastudentatBerkeleyspenthissummerwritingaBayesiannetworktoolboxforPythonanopen-sourceprogramminglanguage.I’maprettybigfanofGooglehesays.HehasaninterviewscheduledwithMicrosoftbutGoogleistheonlybigcompanythatIwouldworkathesays.Andifthatdoesn’tworkouthenowknowspeopleintheopen-sourcecommunityandit’salotlessintimidating./TheideaofChrisDiBonaaccordingtothetextisenrichedby______.
[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmunesystem [B]Howandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIVcropup [C]Whatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapy [D]HowdoesHIVsubverttheimmunesystem [E]IntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbestopped[ F]WhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesofcancerandinfections Inthe20yearssincethefirstcasesofAIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviraldiseasethananyother. YetPeterPiotwhodirectstheUnitedNationsAIDSprogramandStefanoVellaofRomepresidentoftheInternationalAIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldproveusefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases. Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthatremain: 41.__________. Along-standingbeliefisthatcancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmunesystem.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmorepronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposi’ssarcomsbutnottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates.ThispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthetypethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancerstodevelop. 42.__________. WhenHIVistransmittedsexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthathappensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbyaseriesofdifferentkindsofcells. EventuallyHIVtravelsthroughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhatisnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody’sCD-4cellsthatareneededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents. 43.__________. AlthoughHIVkillstheimmunecellssenttokillthevirusthereiswidespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeillwithAIDS.Soscientistsask.CantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsibleforthatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressiontoAIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirstplace 44.__________. Intheoryearlytreatmentshouldofferthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.ButthenewdrugsdonotcompletelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhavedangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschangedtocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbedeferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening. Isavaccinepossible Thereislittlequestionthataneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehasreachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegreeofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareasoftheworlddiffergenetically.ItisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfromonetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstothertypes. 45.__________. Withoutmoreincisivefocusedbehavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobalepidemic. 43
Directions:WritealettertoMr.TerryThompsonrecommendingaChineseuniversityforhimtostudyinChina.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Soonafterhisappointmentassecretary-generaloftheUnitedNationsin1997KofiAnnanlamentedthathewasbeingaccusedoffailingtoreformtheworldbodyinsixweeks.ButwhatareyoucomplainingaboutaskedtheRussianambassador.You’vehadmoretimethanGod.AhMr.AnnanquippedbackbutGodhadonebigadvantage.HeworkedalonewithoutaGeneralAssemblyaSecurityCounciland[all]thecommittees.RecountingthatanecdotetojournalistsinNewYorkthisweekMr.AnnansoughttoexplainwhyadraftdeclarationonUNreformandtacklingworldpovertyduetobeendorsedbysome150headsofstateandgovernmentataworldsummitinthecityonSeptember14th-16thhadturnedintosuchapaleshadowoftheproposalsthathehimselfhadputforwardinMarch.With191memberstateshesighedit’snoteasytogetanagreement.MostcountriesputtheblameontheUnitedStatesintheformofitsabrasivenewambassadorJohnBoltonforinsistingattheendofAugustonhundredsoflast-minuteamendmentsandaline-by-linerenegotiationofatextmostothershadthoughtwasalmostsettled.Butagroupofmiddle-incomedevelopingnationsincludingPakistanCubaIranEgyptSyriaandVenezuelaalsocameupwithplentyoflast-minutechangesoftheirown.Theriskofhavingnodocumentatallandthusnothingfortheworld’sleaderstocometoNewYorkforwasavertedonlybymarathonall-nightandall-weekendtalks.The35-pagefinaldocumentisnotwhollydevoidofsubstance.ItcallsforthecreationofaPeacebuildingCommissiontosupervisethereconstructionofcountriesafterwars;thereplacementofthediscreditedUNCommissiononHumanRightsbyasupposedlytougherHumanRightsCouncil;therecognitionofanewresponsibilitytoprotectpeoplesfromgenocideandotheratrocitieswhennationalauthoritiesfailtotakeactionincludingifnecessarybyforce;andanearlyreformoftheSecurityCouncil.Althoughmuchpareddownalltheseproposalshaveatleastsurvived.Othershavenot.Eithertheyprovedsocontentiousthattheywereomittedaltogethersuchasthesectionsondisarmamentandnon-proliferationandtheInternationalCriminalCourtortheywerewatereddowntolittlemorethanemptyplatitudes.Theimportantsectiononcollectivesecurityandtheuseofforcenolongerevenmentionsthevexedissueofpre-emptivestrikes;meanwhilethesectiononterrorismcondemnsitinallitsformsandmanifestationscommittedbywhomeverwhereverandforwhateverpurposesbutfailstoprovidethecleardefinitiontheAmericanswanted.BothMr.AnnanandmoresurprisinglyGeorgeBushhaveneverthelesssoughttoputagoodfaceonthingswithMr.AnnandescribingthesummitdocumentasanimportantstepforwardandMr.BushsayingtheUNhadtakenthefirststepstowardsreform.Mr.AnnanandMr.Boltonaredeterminedtogoalotfurther.ItisnowuptotheGeneralAssemblytofleshoutthedocument’sskeletonproposalsandproposenewones.Butitschancesofsuccessappearslim.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheUNfinaldocumentis______.
清朝朝审审理的案件主要是
编敕作为一种重要的法律形式形成于
下列选项中只能由国家所有的是
我国现行刑法对溯及力问题采取的原则是
JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBobWoodward.OneofthefoundersofWiredmagazinehehashungaroundGoogleforsolongthathehascometobeascloseasanyoutsidercantoactuallybeinganinsider.CertainlyGoogle’sfoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageanditschiefexecutiveEricSchmidtbelievethatitissafertotalktoMr.Battellethannottodoso.TheresultisahighlyreadableaccountofGoogle’sastonishingrise-thesteepestincorporatehistory-fromitsoriginsinStanfordUniversitytoitscontroversialstockmarketdebutanditscurrentstruggletobecomeagrown-upcompanywhilestayingtruetoitsyouthfullybrashmottoDon’tbeevil.Mr.BattellemakesthereaderwarmtoGoogle’srulingtriumvirate-theirclevernessandtheirgoodintentions-andfearfortheirfutureastheytakeontheworld.Googleisoneofthemostinterestingcompaniesaroundatthemoment.IthasadecentshotatdisplacingMicrosoftasthenextgreatnear-monopolyoftheinformationage.Itsambition-toorganisealltheworld’sinformationnotjusttheinformationontheworldwideweb-isepicanditscommercialpowerisfrighteningBeyondthisGoogleisinterestingforthesamereasonthatsecretivedictatorshipsandHollywoodcelebritiesareinteresting-forbeingopaquecolourfulandsimplyitself.ThebookdisappointsonlywhenMr.Battellebeginstryingtoexplainthewiderrelevanceofinternetsearchanditspossiblefuturedevelopment.ThereisalottosayonthissubjectbutMr.Battelleishurriedandoverlychattyproducinglaundrylistsofgeekyconceptswithoutreallyhavingthoughtanyofthemthroughproperly.Thisisnotafatalflaw.Readonlythemiddlechaptersandyouhaveagreatbook.Thephrasewarmtointhelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans______.
Thetermdisruptivetechnologyispopularbutiswidelymisused.Itrefersnotsimplytoaclevernewtechnologybuttoonethatunderminesanexistingtechnology-andwhichthereforemakeslifeverydifficultforthemanybusinesseswhichdependontheexistingwayofdoingthings.Twentyyearsagothepersonalcomputerwasaclassicexample.Itsweptasideanoldermainframe-basedstyleofcomputingandeventuallybroughtIBMoneoftheworld’smightiestfirmsatthetimetoitsknees.Thisweekhasbeenacoming-outpartyofsortsforanotherdisruptivetechnologyvoiceoverinternetprotocolVOIPwhichpromisestobeevenmoredisruptiveandofevengreaterbenefittoconsumersthanpersonalcomputers.VOIP’sleadingproponentisSkypeasmallfirmwhosesoftwareallowspeopletomakefreecallstootherSkypeusersovertheinternetandverycheapcallstotraditionaltelephones-allofwhichspellstroubleforincumbenttelecomsoperators.OnSeptember12theBaytheleadingonlineauction-houseannouncedthatitwasbuyingSkypefor$2.6billionplusanadditional$1.5billionifSkypehitscertainperformancetargetsincomingyears.Thisseemsavastsumtopayforacompanythathasonly$60minrevenuesandhasyettoturnaprofit.YeteBaywasnottheonlycompanyinterestedinbuyingSkype.MicrosoftYahoo!NewsCorporationandGooglewereallsaidtohavealsoconsideredtheidea.PerhapseBayratherlikesomeover-excitedbidderinoneofitsownauctionshaspaidtoomuch.ThecompanysaysitplanstouseSkype’stechnologytomakeiteasierforbuyersandsellerstocommunicateandtooffernewclicktocalladvertisementsbutmanyanalystsarescepticalthateBayisthebestownerofSkype.WhateverthemeritsofthedealhoweverthefussoverSkypeinrecentweekshashighlightedthesignificanceofVOIPandtheenormousthreatitposestoincumbenttelecomsoperators.FortheriseofSkypeandotherVOIPservicesmeansnothinglessthanthedeathofthetraditionaltelephonebusinessestablishedoveracenturyago.Skypeismerelythemostvisiblemanifestationofadramaticshiftinthetelecomsindustryasvoicecallingbecomesjustanotherdataservicedeliveredviahigh-speedinternetconnections.Skypewhichhasover54musershasreceivedthemostattentionbutotherfirmsroutingcallspartiallyorentirelyovertheinternethavealsosignedupmillionsofcustomers.Accordingtothetextmanyanalysts’attitudetowardthepossessionofSkypebyeBayis______.
I’matotalgeekallaroundsaysAngelaByrona27-year-oldcomputerprogrammerwhohasjustgraduatedfromNovaScotiaCommunityCollege.Andyetlikemanyotherstudentssheneverhadtheconfidencetoapproachanyofthevariousopen-sourcesoftwarecommunitiesontheinternet--distributedteamsofvolunteerswhocollaboratetobuildsoftwarethatisthenmadefreelyavailable.ButthankstoGoogletheworld’smostpopularsearchengineandoneofthebiggestproponentsofopen-sourcesoftwareMsByronspentthesummercontributingcodetoDrupalanopen-sourceprojectthatautomatesthemanagementofwebsites.It’sawesomeshesays.MsByronisoneof419studentsoutof8744whoappliedwhowereacceptedforGoogle’ssummerofcode.Whileitsoundslikeahyper-nerdysummercampthestudentsneitherwenttoGoogle’scampusinMountainViewCalifornianortowherevertheirmentorsatthe41participatingopen-sourceprojectshappenedtobelocated.InsteadGoogleactedasamatchmakerandsponsor.Eachoftheparticipatingopen-sourceprojectsreceived$500foreverystudentittookon;andeachstudentreceived$4500$500rightawayand$4000oncompletionoftheirwork.OhandaT-shirt.AllofthisistheideaofChrisDiBonaGoogle’sopen-sourcebosswhowasbrainstormingwithLarryPageandSergeyBrinGoogle’sfounderslastyear.Theyrealisedthatalotofprogrammingtalentgoestowasteeverysummerbecausestudentstakesummerjobsflippingburgerstomakemoneyandlettheircodingskillsdegrade.WewanttomakeitbetterforstudentsinthesummersaysMr.DiBonaaddingthatitalsohelpstheopen-sourcecommunityandthusindirectlyGooglewhichuseslotsofopen-sourcesoftwarebehindthescenes.PlussaysMr.DiBonaitdoesbecomeanopportunityforrecruiting.ElliotCohenastudentatBerkeleyspenthissummerwritingaBayesiannetworktoolboxforPythonanopen-sourceprogramminglanguage.I’maprettybigfanofGooglehesays.HehasaninterviewscheduledwithMicrosoftbutGoogleistheonlybigcompanythatIwouldworkathesays.Andifthatdoesn’tworkouthenowknowspeopleintheopen-sourcecommunityandit’salotlessintimidating./ItcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthattheparticipantsofGoogle’ssummerofcodehave______.
Thetermdisruptivetechnologyispopularbutiswidelymisused.Itrefersnotsimplytoaclevernewtechnologybuttoonethatunderminesanexistingtechnology-andwhichthereforemakeslifeverydifficultforthemanybusinesseswhichdependontheexistingwayofdoingthings.Twentyyearsagothepersonalcomputerwasaclassicexample.Itsweptasideanoldermainframe-basedstyleofcomputingandeventuallybroughtIBMoneoftheworld’smightiestfirmsatthetimetoitsknees.Thisweekhasbeenacoming-outpartyofsortsforanotherdisruptivetechnologyvoiceoverinternetprotocolVOIPwhichpromisestobeevenmoredisruptiveandofevengreaterbenefittoconsumersthanpersonalcomputers.VOIP’sleadingproponentisSkypeasmallfirmwhosesoftwareallowspeopletomakefreecallstootherSkypeusersovertheinternetandverycheapcallstotraditionaltelephones-allofwhichspellstroubleforincumbenttelecomsoperators.OnSeptember12theBaytheleadingonlineauction-houseannouncedthatitwasbuyingSkypefor$2.6billionplusanadditional$1.5billionifSkypehitscertainperformancetargetsincomingyears.Thisseemsavastsumtopayforacompanythathasonly$60minrevenuesandhasyettoturnaprofit.YeteBaywasnottheonlycompanyinterestedinbuyingSkype.MicrosoftYahoo!NewsCorporationandGooglewereallsaidtohavealsoconsideredtheidea.PerhapseBayratherlikesomeover-excitedbidderinoneofitsownauctionshaspaidtoomuch.ThecompanysaysitplanstouseSkype’stechnologytomakeiteasierforbuyersandsellerstocommunicateandtooffernewclicktocalladvertisementsbutmanyanalystsarescepticalthateBayisthebestownerofSkype.WhateverthemeritsofthedealhoweverthefussoverSkypeinrecentweekshashighlightedthesignificanceofVOIPandtheenormousthreatitposestoincumbenttelecomsoperators.FortheriseofSkypeandotherVOIPservicesmeansnothinglessthanthedeathofthetraditionaltelephonebusinessestablishedoveracenturyago.Skypeismerelythemostvisiblemanifestationofadramaticshiftinthetelecomsindustryasvoicecallingbecomesjustanotherdataservicedeliveredviahigh-speedinternetconnections.Skypewhichhasover54musershasreceivedthemostattentionbutotherfirmsroutingcallspartiallyorentirelyovertheinternethavealsosignedupmillionsofcustomers.Thephrasebrought...toitskneesinthefirstparagraphmostprobablydenotes______.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo-andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalyssisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
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