首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Eric Hansen writes about travel as a participating enthusiast rather than a mere observer. (46)It...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答集》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenthu
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenthu
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
热门试题
更多
Text4 Dreamsaresaidtobethewindowtothemind.Throughthestudyofdreamswecancatchglimpsesintowhatoursubconsciousmindsarethinkingorwhatistroublingusatourdeepestlevels.Notalldreamsmethesamehowevereitherincontentorinmeaning.Inthisrespectthestudyofbaddreamsnightmarescanyieldinterestingobservationsinregardtothemindandstatusofthedreamer.Indeednightmaresappeartohavebeenthesubjectoffarmorestudiesthanmorepleasantdreamsiffornootherreasonthatwhilepleasantdreamsareeasilyforgottenuponawakeningnightmarestendtolingerinourmindsissufficienttodemandattention. Thesourcesofourdreamsaremostcommonlyattributedtofactorsinourwakinglives.Whetheritbeemotionalchallengesstressintheworkplacerelationshipproblemsoramyriadofotherpossiblefactorsthethoughtsandfeelingscreatedinourwakingenvironmentsarebelievedtodirectlyinfluencethecontentofourdreams.Aparticulardramaticortraumaticexperienceduringthedaywouldnodoubtbeencounteredagaininsomeformoranotherduringthenight. Justasimportantasactualeventsinthedeterminationofthecontentofourdreamsarethepreexistingbeliefsthatwehold.Ifweencountersomekindofphenomenainourdreamsitisverylikelythatwealreadybelievedinthepossibilityofthephenomenabeforethedream.Forexampleifsomeonedreamsofbeingabductedbyaliensit’sverylikelythatbeforethedreamhealreadybelievedintheexistenceofaliens.Totheextentthatdreamsaredirectreflectionsofourmindstheywillreflectaccuratelywhatwebelieveandholdtobetrue. Thewaythatweactindreamsbearsconsiderationaswell.Oftentimesourbehaviorinourdreamsreflectshiddendesiresforthattypeofbehaviorinourwakinglives.Someonewhodreamsofrevengemayactuallydesirerevengeinreallifeandlikewisesomeonewhodreamsofadventurenightafternightmaybeexperiencinghismindplayingoutadesireformoreexcitementinhiseverydaylife. Whiletheitemsencounteredinourdreamsareofgreatimportanceintheanalysisofdreamsitmustberecognizedandunderstoodthatthesameitemintwodifferentdreamscaneasilyhaveentirelydifferentmeaningsforthetwodreamers.Forexampleahomeinthedreamsofanavidequestriancansignifycomfortandrelaxationwhereasthesamehomeinthedreamsofahuntercanrepresentexcitementandchallenge. Thelastsentenceofthetext'givesanexampleofhorsesencounteredindreamsoftwodifferentpeopleinorderto
Text2 Thegoodnewsmadeheadlinesnationwide:Deathsfromseveralkindsofcancerhavedeclinedsignificantlyinrecentyears.Butthenewshastobebittersweetformanycancerpatientsandtheirfamilies.Everyyearmorethan500000peopleintheUnitedStatesstilldieofcancer.Infactmorethanhalfofallpatientsdiagnosedwithcancerwilldieoftheirdiseasewithinafewyears.Andwhileit’struesurvivalislongertodaythaninthepastthequalityoflifeforthesepatientsisoftengreatlydiminished.Cancer--manyofthetreatmentsusedtofightit--causespainnauseafatigueandanxietythatroutinelygoundertreatedoruntreated. Inthenation’ssingle-mindedfocusoncuringcancerwehaveinadvertentlydevaluedthecriticalneedforpalliativecarewhichfocusesonalleviatingphysicalandpsychologicalsymptomsoverthecourseofthedisease.Nothingwouldhaveagreaterimpactonthedailylivesofcancerpatientsandtheirfamiliesthangoodsymptomcontrolandsupportivetherapy.YettheNationalCancerInstituteNCIthefederalgovernment’sleaderincancerresearchandtrainingspentlessthanIpercentofits1999budgetonanyaspectofresearchortraininginpalliativecare. Thenationneedstogetseriousaboutreducingneedlesssuffering.NCIshouldcommittoandfundresearchaimedatimprovingsymptomcontrolandpalliativecare.NCIalsocoulddesignate"centersofexcellence"amongthecancercentersitrecognizes.Togetthatdesignationcenterswoulddeliverinnovativetop-qualitypalliativecaretoallsegmentsofthepopulationsthecentersserve;trainprofessionalsinmedicinenursingpsychologysocialworkandotherdisciplinestoprovidepalliativedare;andconductresearch. Insurancecoverageforpalliativeandhospicecarealsocontributestotheproblembyforcingpeopletochoosebetweenactivetreatmentorhospicecare.This"either/or"approachdoesnotreadilyallowthesetwotypesofessentialcaretobeintegrated.TheMedicare’hospicebenefitisdesignedspecificallyforpeopleinthefinalstagesofillnessandallowsenrollmentonlyifpatientsareexpectedtosurvivesixmonthsorless.Thebenefitexcludespatientsfromseekingbothpalliativecareandpotentiallylife-extendingtreatment. Thatmakeshospiceenrollmentanobviousdeterrentformanypatients.Andhospiceswhichmayhavethemostskilledpractitionersandthemostexperienceinadministeringpalliativecarecannotoffertheirservicestopeoplewhocouldreallybenefitbutstillarepursuingactivetreatment. Itisinnatelyhumantocomfortandprovidecaretothosesufferingfromcancerparticularlythoseclosetodeath.Yetwhatseemsself-evidentatanindividualpersonallevelhasnotguidedpolicyatthelevelofinstitutionsinthiscountry.Deathisinevitablebutseveresufferingisnot.Toofferhopeforalonglifeofthehighestpossiblequalityandtodeliverthe’bestqualitycancercarefromdiagnosistodeathourpublicinstitutionsneedtomovetowardpoliciesthatvalueandpromotepalliativecare. Hospicesoffercancerpatients
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencomments.butwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Text2 Thegoodnewsmadeheadlinesnationwide:Deathsfromseveralkindsofcancerhavedeclinedsignificantlyinrecentyears.Butthenewshastobebittersweetformanycancerpatientsandtheirfamilies.Everyyearmorethan500000peopleintheUnitedStatesstilldieofcancer.Infactmorethanhalfofallpatientsdiagnosedwithcancerwilldieoftheirdiseasewithinafewyears.Andwhileit’struesurvivalislongertodaythaninthepastthequalityoflifeforthesepatientsisoftengreatlydiminished.Cancer--manyofthetreatmentsusedtofightit--causespainnauseafatigueandanxietythatroutinelygoundertreatedoruntreated. Inthenation’ssingle-mindedfocusoncuringcancerwehaveinadvertentlydevaluedthecriticalneedforpalliativecarewhichfocusesonalleviatingphysicalandpsychologicalsymptomsoverthecourseofthedisease.Nothingwouldhaveagreaterimpactonthedailylivesofcancerpatientsandtheirfamiliesthangoodsymptomcontrolandsupportivetherapy.YettheNationalCancerInstituteNCIthefederalgovernment’sleaderincancerresearchandtrainingspentlessthanIpercentofits1999budgetonanyaspectofresearchortraininginpalliativecare. Thenationneedstogetseriousaboutreducingneedlesssuffering.NCIshouldcommittoandfundresearchaimedatimprovingsymptomcontrolandpalliativecare.NCIalsocoulddesignate"centersofexcellence"amongthecancercentersitrecognizes.Togetthatdesignationcenterswoulddeliverinnovativetop-qualitypalliativecaretoallsegmentsofthepopulationsthecentersserve;trainprofessionalsinmedicinenursingpsychologysocialworkandotherdisciplinestoprovidepalliativedare;andconductresearch. Insurancecoverageforpalliativeandhospicecarealsocontributestotheproblembyforcingpeopletochoosebetweenactivetreatmentorhospicecare.This"either/or"approachdoesnotreadilyallowthesetwotypesofessentialcaretobeintegrated.TheMedicare’hospicebenefitisdesignedspecificallyforpeopleinthefinalstagesofillnessandallowsenrollmentonlyifpatientsareexpectedtosurvivesixmonthsorless.Thebenefitexcludespatientsfromseekingbothpalliativecareandpotentiallylife-extendingtreatment. Thatmakeshospiceenrollmentanobviousdeterrentformanypatients.Andhospiceswhichmayhavethemostskilledpractitionersandthemostexperienceinadministeringpalliativecarecannotoffertheirservicestopeoplewhocouldreallybenefitbutstillarepursuingactivetreatment. Itisinnatelyhumantocomfortandprovidecaretothosesufferingfromcancerparticularlythoseclosetodeath.Yetwhatseemsself-evidentatanindividualpersonallevelhasnotguidedpolicyatthelevelofinstitutionsinthiscountry.Deathisinevitablebutseveresufferingisnot.Toofferhopeforalonglifeofthehighestpossiblequalityandtodeliverthe’bestqualitycancercarefromdiagnosistodeathourpublicinstitutionsneedtomovetowardpoliciesthatvalueandpromotepalliativecare. Themainproblemofinsurancecoverageforhospicecareandactivetreatmentisthat
America’sliberalandconservativeelitesdisagreeabouteverythingunderthesun.fromtheroleofGodintheconstitutiontoJohnBolton’stablemanners.Yetononeissuetheyareasone:thecountryisgoingtohellinahand-basket. 41.__________. ForliberalsAmericansaresufferingfromepidemicsof"traumas"and"syndromes".ThelefthasalwaysworriedabouttheeffectsofrapaciouscapitalismontheAmericanpsyche.ListentoMaryPipherabestsellingclinicalpsychologistongirls:"JustasplanesandshipsdisappearmysteriouslyintotheBermudaTrianglesodotheselvesofgirlsgodownindroves.Theycrashandburn"OrcompareWilliamPollak.aHarvardpsychologistonboys:"Ournationishometomillionsofboyswho...arecastouttoseainseparatelifeboatsandfeelthattheyaredrowninginisolationdepression.lonelinessanddespair."Halfanhourlisteningto"Oprah"orbrowsinginabookshopcouldproduceadozenequallydepressingthesesexpressedinequallydismalmetaphorsabouteverysortofAmerican. 42.__________. Thisliteratureisbuiltononehugeassumption:thatAmericansareafragilebunch.ForgetabouttheflintyPilgrimswhobuiltahyperpoweroutofawilderness.Today’sAmericansaresovulnerabletheyneedtobeshieldedfromcompetition.Intheirexcellentnewbook."OneNationUnderTherapy:HowtheHelpingCultureisErodingSelf-Reliance"St.Martin’sPress.ChristinaHoffSommersandSallySatel.oftheAmericanEnterpriseInstitutedetailtheriseofanever-proliferatingprofessionofgriefcounsellorstraumatherapistssyndromespecialistsstress-reducersandassorteddegree-bearingcharlatans. 43.__________. Thisbookhasnaturallygarneredfavourablereviewsfromfellowconservatives.Yettherightisequallypreytoitsownvarietyofcrisis-mongering.Conservativesblamesin.ratherthansyndromesandculturaldeclineratherthaneconomicdislocation.Butmanysharetheleft’ssenseofhumanvulnerabilityandasurprisingnumberhaveaweaknessforpsychobabble.ItisnoaccidentthatthemostpowerfulmanintheChristianright.JamesDobson.theheadofFocusontheFamilyisbothachildpsychologistandaveritablefountainofsocial’sciencestatistics. 44.__________. Forconservativesthefamilyisbeingbatteredbypopculturegayrightsandfeminism.RebeccaHagelinoftheHeritageFoundationarguesthatthanksinpantotheubiquityoftheporncultureAmericahasgone"starkravingmad"tousethesubtitleofhernewbook.Gloomyconservativegroupsissuetoe-curlingwarningsaboutthe"inexorablegripofhomosexuallust"and"feminism’sloveaffairwithabortionandlesbianism". 45.___________. IsthisreallytrueTakealookatmostoftherecentculturalindicatorsanditishardtoknowwheretostartwiththegoodnews.Theproportionofblackchildrenlivingwithmarriedparentsisincreasing.Theproportionofwomenwithinfantsinthe.workforcethewomenthatisnottheinfantsisdecliningmeaningthatmoremothersarestayingathome.Bothteenagepregnancyratesandteenageabortionrateshavedeclinedbyaboutathirdoverthepast15years.Forallthetalkof"hookingup"agrowingproportionofschoolchildrenarewaitingtohavesexuntiltheyareolder. Thegoodnewsisnotconfinedtosex.Childpovertyisdownsubstantiallyfromitshighin1993whateverhappenedtothe"disastrousconsequences"ofwelfarereform.Soisjuvenilecrime.Alcoholanddrugusearelower.TheideathatyoungAmericaistossingaboutonaseaofmiseryhardlytallieswithacademicevidencewhichshows73%ofteenagerstobe"hopefulandoptimisticinthinkingaboutthefuture"aHoratioAlgerstudyin2002-03amere7.5%ofcollegestudentsfeelingfrequentlydepressedUCLA.2003andtheteen-suicideratedownbyaquartertheCentresforDiseaseControl.2004. [A]TheliteratureassumesthatAmericansarevulnerable. [B]Theconservatives’opinionsofAmericans’psychologicalproblems [C]TheconservativesthinkthatAmericansarefragile. [D]Theliberals’opinionsabouttheAmericanpsyche [E]TheconservativesregardthesocialproblemsasthecauseoftheAmerican’spsychologicalproblems. [F]TherecentdataindicatesthatAmericanshaveanimprovementinmanysocialproblems. 45
TheFrencharethemastersof"grandsprojets".46Theyhavethecruelnesnationalprideandwillingnesstospendthatareneededforgreatpublicworks.47TheBritishontheotherhandareusuallydismissedastoomeantroubledbyregulationsandlackinginvisiontobuildanythingworthwhile.Butoccasionallythebulldogtriumphs. Takeforexamplethatgrandestofgrandsprojetsthenationallibrary.TheBibliothequeNationaledeFrance.fast-trackedbyPresidentMitterrandwasplannedandbuiltinlessthanadecade.Withitsfour80-metre-highglasstowersdesignedtoresembleopenbooksthelibrarywashailedasawonderofdesignandconstructionwhenitopenedin1998.48Its11millionbooksprotectedbyautomaticclimatecontrolwereplannedtobeinstantlyaccessiblewiththehelpofcomputerisedautomaticloadingtrainsrunningonmilesoftrains.AllthisforFFr8billionpounds861millionwashailedasevidencethatthegloryofFrancewasaliveandwell. TheBritishLibrarywhichcostathirdlessbecameasymbolofnationalincompetence.Firstconceivedin1962it.ranintotroublefromthestart.49Afterthreedecadesofbittercontroversyplanningdelaysandmoneyproblemsthenewred-bricklibrarydesignedbyColinStJohnWilsonfinallyopenedforbusinessin1997.Thereviewsgivenitstroubledhistorywerepredictablymixed.ThePrinceofWaleswhohadunveiledthefoundationstonecompareditto"anacademyforsecretpolice". Matterslookdifferenttoday.TheBritishLibraryiswidelyacknowledgedasoneofLondon’sbestmodembuildingsatriumphofdesignoveradversity.Thosewhoworktheresingitspraises.TheBibliothequeNationalebycontrasthasbecomenotoriousforitspoordesignandevenworseconstruction.Itshightechnologysearchsystemhas.provedanightmare.Itsglassconstructionbakesbooksinsummer.Itsfreezingwintertemperatureshaveprovokedits3000stafftostrike.50ConditionsbecamesointolerablethatsoonafteritopenedseveralhundredfrustratedstudentsstormedareadingroomtramplinglibrarystaffunderfootDismissedbythreefamousFrenchprofessorsasa"sinisterfame"lagrandebibliothequeprovesthatvictorydoesnotalwaysgototheswiftest. 47
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencomments.butwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.15
DoanimalshaverightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulgroundclearingwaytostart.46Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.47Somephilosophersarguethatfightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeopleforinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoithowdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthat:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.48Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.49Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning---theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl--istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinmmrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutthemthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.50Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.
Text1 AssummerapproachesthereisgoodnewsandbadinourlatestInsiderAdvantagepoll.Withterrorisminthebackofourmindsandaterribleeconomyinthefrontofitonly17%ofAmericanadultssaytheyplantotravellessthissummerthaninthepast24%saytheywilltravelmoreandtherestsaynothinghaschangedthisvacationseasonfrompastones.That’sthegoodnewsbutthepollportendssomebadnewstooindicatingwhatmightbeadeep-seatedproblemintheUnitedStatestodayhardertofathomthanterroristkillersoremptywallets.Theonlyagegroupthathasmoreambitioustravelplansthaneveristhe18-29agegroupshowinga44%jumpinvacationplansoverlastyear.That’shardlygreatnewsforthetravelandhospitalityindustrywhichdesperatelyneedbiggerspendersontheroad. Beyondthatthewidedisparityintravelplansamongtheyoungerandoldersayssomethingaboutthejust-out-of-collegegeneration.WithoutimpugningtheworkethicofthemanyexceptionstotheroleIthinkit’ssafetosaythatanyonewithexperiencewiththeyoungerendoftheworkforcemusthavebeentakenabackbytheunrealisticexpectationsoftheyoungandtherestlessastheysetouttomaketheirfortunes.Theyallseemtoexpectasalarybasedontheirpersonalneedsnotontheircompany’sprofessionalones.Theywantnotonlyluxuriesbutalsoplentyoftimetoenjoythem. Oldpeoplelikemeareallthesameinourbittergrousingandofcoursethereareloadsofhard-workingyoungdoctors;lawyersbusiness-peopleandotherswhocontributetotheirownindividualandourcollectiveeconomicwell-beingbutthereseemstobemanymorewhodon’t.Theblamefortheirabsurdsenseofentitlementwithoutpersonalsacrificecanmostfairlybeputontheshouldersofthegenerationsthatimmediatelyprecedethem.Thisnationhaschangeditswayofthinkingaboutworkandrelaxation.Whatusedtobeaday’sholidayhasmorphedintoalongweekendthatstartsonThursdayandendsnextTuesday Ifinditunsurprisingthatyoungadultsplantotravelmorethaneverthisyearinspiteofthehardtimes.TheylooktobefollowingtheroadoflessproductivityinAmericaaroadfirstmappedbytheirprecedingeldersandnowbeingpavedbytheiroffspring.It’sgoodtoseeyoungpeopleventuringforthtoseetheworldtheyliveinafterallyouthisafleetingthingbutlet’sjusthopethatwhentheyfinallyreturnfromtheirtravelstheystillhaveajobtopayforit. Whatscenariodoestheauthorwishforyoungpeoplewhenarrivebackfromtheirtravels
Text4 Dreamsaresaidtobethewindowtothemind.Throughthestudyofdreamswecancatchglimpsesintowhatoursubconsciousmindsarethinkingorwhatistroublingusatourdeepestlevels.Notalldreamsmethesamehowevereitherincontentorinmeaning.Inthisrespectthestudyofbaddreamsnightmarescanyieldinterestingobservationsinregardtothemindandstatusofthedreamer.Indeednightmaresappeartohavebeenthesubjectoffarmorestudiesthanmorepleasantdreamsiffornootherreasonthatwhilepleasantdreamsareeasilyforgottenuponawakeningnightmarestendtolingerinourmindsissufficienttodemandattention. Thesourcesofourdreamsaremostcommonlyattributedtofactorsinourwakinglives.Whetheritbeemotionalchallengesstressintheworkplacerelationshipproblemsoramyriadofotherpossiblefactorsthethoughtsandfeelingscreatedinourwakingenvironmentsarebelievedtodirectlyinfluencethecontentofourdreams.Aparticulardramaticortraumaticexperienceduringthedaywouldnodoubtbeencounteredagaininsomeformoranotherduringthenight. Justasimportantasactualeventsinthedeterminationofthecontentofourdreamsarethepreexistingbeliefsthatwehold.Ifweencountersomekindofphenomenainourdreamsitisverylikelythatwealreadybelievedinthepossibilityofthephenomenabeforethedream.Forexampleifsomeonedreamsofbeingabductedbyaliensit’sverylikelythatbeforethedreamhealreadybelievedintheexistenceofaliens.Totheextentthatdreamsaredirectreflectionsofourmindstheywillreflectaccuratelywhatwebelieveandholdtobetrue. Thewaythatweactindreamsbearsconsiderationaswell.Oftentimesourbehaviorinourdreamsreflectshiddendesiresforthattypeofbehaviorinourwakinglives.Someonewhodreamsofrevengemayactuallydesirerevengeinreallifeandlikewisesomeonewhodreamsofadventurenightafternightmaybeexperiencinghismindplayingoutadesireformoreexcitementinhiseverydaylife. Whiletheitemsencounteredinourdreamsareofgreatimportanceintheanalysisofdreamsitmustberecognizedandunderstoodthatthesameitemintwodifferentdreamscaneasilyhaveentirelydifferentmeaningsforthetwodreamers.Forexampleahomeinthedreamsofanavidequestriancansignifycomfortandrelaxationwhereasthesamehomeinthedreamsofahuntercanrepresentexcitementandchallenge. Basedontheinformationprovidedinparagraph3ifamandreamedofbeinghitbyatrainitislikelythathe
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencomments.butwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Saygoodbyetotheworld’stropicalglaciersandicecaps.Manywillvanishwithin20years.WhenLonnieThompsonvisitedPeru’sQuelccayaicecapin1977hecouldn’thelpnoticingaschool-bus-sizeboulderthatwasupendedbyicepushingagainstit.Thompsonreturnedtothesamespotlastyearandtheboulderwasstilltherebutitwaslyingonitsside.Theicethatoncesupportedthemassiverockhadretreatedfarintothedistanceleavingbehindagiantlakeasitmeltedaway. FoeThompsonageologistwithOhioStateUniversity’sByrdPolarResearchCentertherolled-backrockwasanobvioussignofclimatechangeintheAndesMountains."Observingthatover25yearspersonallyreallybringsithome"hesays."Yourdon’thavetobeabelieveringlobalwarmingtoseewhat’shappening." 41.Thawedicecapsinthetropics. Quelccayaisthelargesticecapinthetropicsbutitisn’ttheonlyonethatismeltingaccordingtodecadesofresearchbyThompson’steam.NOtropicalglaciersarecurrentlyknowntobeadvancingandThompsonpredictsthatmanymountaintopswillbecompletelymeltedwithinthenext20years. 42.Situationinareasotherthanthetropics. Thephenomenonisn’tconfinedtothetropics.GlaciersinEuropeRussianewZealandtheUnitedStatesandelsewherearealsomelting. 43.Theworseningeffectsofglobalwarming. Formanyscientiststhewidespreadmelt-downisaclearsignthathumansareaffectingglottalclimateprimarilybyraisingthelevelsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere. 44.Recedingicecaps. That’snottosaythatglacierscurrentlyfoundoneverycontinentexceptAustraliahaven’tmeltedinthepastasaresultofnaturalvariability.Theseriversoficeexistinadelicatebalancebetweeninputsaccumulatingsnowandiceandoutputsmeltingand"calving"oflargechunksofice.Overtimethebalancecantiltineitherdirectioncausingglacierstoadvanceorretreat.What’sdifferentnowisthespeedatwhichthescaleshavetipped."We’vebeensurprisedathowrapidtherateofretreathasbeen"saysThompson.HisteambeganmappingoneofthemainglaciersflowingoutoftheQuelccayaicecapin1978usingsatelliteimagesandgroundsurveys. 45.Thinningicecores. Andits’notjustthemarginoftheicecapthatismelting.AtQaelccayaandMountKilimanjarotheresearchershavefoundthattheicefieldsarethinningaswell.BesidesmappingicecapsandglaciersThompsonandhiscolleagueshavetakencoresamplesfromQueleeayasince1976whentheiceatthedrillinglocationwas154metersthick. ThompsonandhiscolleagueshavealsodrilledicecoresfromotherlocationsinSouthAmericaAfricaandChina.Trappedwithineachofthesecoresisaclimaterecordspanningmorethan8000years.Itshowsthatthepast50yearsarethewarmestinhistory. The4-inch-thickicecoresarenowstoredinfreezersatOhioState.OnthefuturesaysThompsonthatmaybetheonlyplacetoseewhat’sleftoftheglaciersofAfricaandPeru. [A]ThelatestreportfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangepreparedbyhundredsofscientistsandapprovedbygovernmentdelegatesfrommorethan100nationsstates:"Thereisnewandstrongerevidencethatmostofthewarmingobservedoverthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities."ThereportreleasedinJanuarysaysthattheplanet’saveragesurfacetemperatureincreasedbyabout0.6℃duringthe20thcenturyandisprojectedtoincreaseanother1.4℃to5.8℃by2100.Thatrateofwarmingis"with-outprecedentduringatleastthelast10000years"saystheIPCC. [B]Alaska’smassiveBeringandColumbiaGlacierslocatedinnontropicalregionsforexamplehaverecededbymorethan10kilometersduringthepastcentury.AndastudybygeologistsattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderpredictsthatGlacierNationalParkinMontanaundertheinfluenceofmeltingwillloseallofitsglaciersby2070. [C]Forexampleabout97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffreshwaterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouseeconomically. [D]ForexampleAfrica’sMountKilimanjarointropicalareashaslost82percentofitsicefieldsinceitwasfirstmappedin1912.ThatyearKilimanjarohad12.1squarekilometersofice.Bylastyeartheicecoveredonly2.2squarekilometers.AtthecurrentrateofmeltingthesnowsofKilimanjarothatErnestHemingwaywroteaboutwillbegonewithin15yearsThompsonestimates."Butitprobablywillhappensoonerbecausetherateisspeedingup." [E]"Ifullyexpecttobeabletoreturnthereinadozenyearsorsoandseethemarksontherockwhereourdrillbitpunchedthroughtheice"saysThompson.Ifthathappensitwillmeanthatalayeroficemorethan500feetthickhasvanishedintothinair. [F]TheglacierQoriKaliswasthenretreatingby4.9metersperyear.EverytimethescientistsreturnedQoriKaliswasmeltingfaster.Between1998and2000itwasretreatingatarateof155metersperyearsmorethanafootperday32timesfasterthanin1978."Youcanalmostsitthereandwatchitmove"saysThompson. 42
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencomments.butwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Directions: Yourfamilyisgoingtospendthesummerholidayinotherplace.Youwanttoentrustyourpuppytooneofyourfriends.Writealettertohimincludingsuchpoints:1thepurposeofwritingtheletter;2whyyouentrusthimotherthansomeoneelse:3yourthanks.Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Text3 WhentheFederalCommunicationsCommissionproposedgivinglow-powerradiostationslicensesontheFMdialtheyknewthey’dgetflakfrombigbroadcasting.TheNationalAssociationofBroadcastersNABafterall’spendsmillionsofdollarseveryyearlobbyingtokeepeverybodyelseofftheradiospectrum—evenlocallymanagednoncommercialstationsthatbroadcastonlywithinafour-mileradius.SureenoughwhentheFCCproposeditsnewregulationstheNABbeganscreamingaboutalltheterriblethingsthosetinyradiotransmitterscoulddotothebigoneswhosesignalsare500timesasstrongandwhosereachisnearly20timesasfar. Itwasaprettythinargument.Sothininfactthatforawhileifappearedtheproposedregulationsmightsurvivethelobbyingonslaught.AndthentheFCCanditsalliesranintoamostunlikelyopponentonewiththemoralauthoritytodorealdamagetotheircause:NationalPublicRadio.OnemighteasilyassumethatNPRwouldlookoutforthepublicinterest.AfterallNPRwasbornfromthePublicBroadcastingActof1967whichcalledforitto"encouragethedevelopmentofprogrammingthatinvolvescreativerisksandthataddressestheneedsofunservedandunderservedaudiences"whilecreating"programsofhighqualitydiversitycreativityexcellenceandinnovationwhichareobtainedfromdiversesources."Thecharterinotherwordsdescribesexactlythekindofprogramminglow-powerradiomightprovideparticularlyinruralorheavilyimmigrantcommunitieswherelocallyorientedprogrammingcouldbemoreusefulthannationallysyndicatedshows.Butthewell-meaningleftiesatNPRdidn’tseelow-powerradioasapotentialallyorkindredspirit.Theysawitjustasthebigbroadcastersdid--asathreat--andtriedtosquashitinmuchthesameway. Theymayhavesucceeded.NPR’slobbyingsupportedalast-minuteriderinDecember’sSenateappropriationsbillwhicheventuallybecamelaw.Thisamendmentseverelyhandicapsthelow-powerradioinitiative.Specificallyitlimitsthelicensingoflow-powerradiotojustninetestmarketsenforcingrestrictionsthateffectivelykeepitoutofurbanareasandothermajormarkets.Italsomandatestestingtodeterminetheeconomicimpactonestablishedbroadcasters.AndthoughJohnMcCainhasvowedtocontinuethefightforlowpowerfornowatleastNPRhaswontheday. Theprimarymotivationbehindopeningtheairwavestolow-powerradiowastoundothedamagewroughtbytheTelecommunicationsActof1996.Thatlawwassupposedtoincreasecompetitiononthe.airwaves.Insteaditconsolidatedcontrolofradiostationsinthehandsofafewlargenationalcompaniesthatsyndicateprogramsorevenwholebroadcaststotheiraffiliatesthussqueezingoutlocalprogramming.ByallowingsmallnoncommercialstationstobreakintothespectrumtheFCChopedtoreintroducelocalmaterialinplaceswhereithasallbutvanished.InitsapplicationprocesstheFCCprivilegedlocalcontentandcommunityinvolvement--forexampleassigningspectrumspacetostationsinprimarilyLatinoareasthatbroadcastfamily-planninginformationinSpanish.Partoftheapplicationaskedaspiringbroadcastershowtheirstationswouldservetheirneighborhoods. Theforemostmotivationbehindthelow-powerradioinitiativewasto
Text2 Thegoodnewsmadeheadlinesnationwide:Deathsfromseveralkindsofcancerhavedeclinedsignificantlyinrecentyears.Butthenewshastobebittersweetformanycancerpatientsandtheirfamilies.Everyyearmorethan500000peopleintheUnitedStatesstilldieofcancer.Infactmorethanhalfofallpatientsdiagnosedwithcancerwilldieoftheirdiseasewithinafewyears.Andwhileit’struesurvivalislongertodaythaninthepastthequalityoflifeforthesepatientsisoftengreatlydiminished.Cancer--manyofthetreatmentsusedtofightit--causespainnauseafatigueandanxietythatroutinelygoundertreatedoruntreated. Inthenation’ssingle-mindedfocusoncuringcancerwehaveinadvertentlydevaluedthecriticalneedforpalliativecarewhichfocusesonalleviatingphysicalandpsychologicalsymptomsoverthecourseofthedisease.Nothingwouldhaveagreaterimpactonthedailylivesofcancerpatientsandtheirfamiliesthangoodsymptomcontrolandsupportivetherapy.YettheNationalCancerInstituteNCIthefederalgovernment’sleaderincancerresearchandtrainingspentlessthanIpercentofits1999budgetonanyaspectofresearchortraininginpalliativecare. Thenationneedstogetseriousaboutreducingneedlesssuffering.NCIshouldcommittoandfundresearchaimedatimprovingsymptomcontrolandpalliativecare.NCIalsocoulddesignate"centersofexcellence"amongthecancercentersitrecognizes.Togetthatdesignationcenterswoulddeliverinnovativetop-qualitypalliativecaretoallsegmentsofthepopulationsthecentersserve;trainprofessionalsinmedicinenursingpsychologysocialworkandotherdisciplinestoprovidepalliativedare;andconductresearch. Insurancecoverageforpalliativeandhospicecarealsocontributestotheproblembyforcingpeopletochoosebetweenactivetreatmentorhospicecare.This"either/or"approachdoesnotreadilyallowthesetwotypesofessentialcaretobeintegrated.TheMedicare’hospicebenefitisdesignedspecificallyforpeopleinthefinalstagesofillnessandallowsenrollmentonlyifpatientsareexpectedtosurvivesixmonthsorless.Thebenefitexcludespatientsfromseekingbothpalliativecareandpotentiallylife-extendingtreatment. Thatmakeshospiceenrollmentanobviousdeterrentformanypatients.Andhospiceswhichmayhavethemostskilledpractitionersandthemostexperienceinadministeringpalliativecarecannotoffertheirservicestopeoplewhocouldreallybenefitbutstillarepursuingactivetreatment. Itisinnatelyhumantocomfortandprovidecaretothosesufferingfromcancerparticularlythoseclosetodeath.Yetwhatseemsself-evidentatanindividualpersonallevelhasnotguidedpolicyatthelevelofinstitutionsinthiscountry.Deathisinevitablebutseveresufferingisnot.Toofferhopeforalonglifeofthehighestpossiblequalityandtodeliverthe’bestqualitycancercarefromdiagnosistodeathourpublicinstitutionsneedtomovetowardpoliciesthatvalueandpromotepalliativecare. Accordingtotheauthorresearchonpalliativecareforcancer
Text4 Dreamsaresaidtobethewindowtothemind.Throughthestudyofdreamswecancatchglimpsesintowhatoursubconsciousmindsarethinkingorwhatistroublingusatourdeepestlevels.Notalldreamsmethesamehowevereitherincontentorinmeaning.Inthisrespectthestudyofbaddreamsnightmarescanyieldinterestingobservationsinregardtothemindandstatusofthedreamer.Indeednightmaresappeartohavebeenthesubjectoffarmorestudiesthanmorepleasantdreamsiffornootherreasonthatwhilepleasantdreamsareeasilyforgottenuponawakeningnightmarestendtolingerinourmindsissufficienttodemandattention. Thesourcesofourdreamsaremostcommonlyattributedtofactorsinourwakinglives.Whetheritbeemotionalchallengesstressintheworkplacerelationshipproblemsoramyriadofotherpossiblefactorsthethoughtsandfeelingscreatedinourwakingenvironmentsarebelievedtodirectlyinfluencethecontentofourdreams.Aparticulardramaticortraumaticexperienceduringthedaywouldnodoubtbeencounteredagaininsomeformoranotherduringthenight. Justasimportantasactualeventsinthedeterminationofthecontentofourdreamsarethepreexistingbeliefsthatwehold.Ifweencountersomekindofphenomenainourdreamsitisverylikelythatwealreadybelievedinthepossibilityofthephenomenabeforethedream.Forexampleifsomeonedreamsofbeingabductedbyaliensit’sverylikelythatbeforethedreamhealreadybelievedintheexistenceofaliens.Totheextentthatdreamsaredirectreflectionsofourmindstheywillreflectaccuratelywhatwebelieveandholdtobetrue. Thewaythatweactindreamsbearsconsiderationaswell.Oftentimesourbehaviorinourdreamsreflectshiddendesiresforthattypeofbehaviorinourwakinglives.Someonewhodreamsofrevengemayactuallydesirerevengeinreallifeandlikewisesomeonewhodreamsofadventurenightafternightmaybeexperiencinghismindplayingoutadesireformoreexcitementinhiseverydaylife. Whiletheitemsencounteredinourdreamsareofgreatimportanceintheanalysisofdreamsitmustberecognizedandunderstoodthatthesameitemintwodifferentdreamscaneasilyhaveentirelydifferentmeaningsforthetwodreamers.Forexampleahomeinthedreamsofanavidequestriancansignifycomfortandrelaxationwhereasthesamehomeinthedreamsofahuntercanrepresentexcitementandchallenge. Themainpointofthetextisthat
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencomments.butwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.21
Text1 AssummerapproachesthereisgoodnewsandbadinourlatestInsiderAdvantagepoll.Withterrorisminthebackofourmindsandaterribleeconomyinthefrontofitonly17%ofAmericanadultssaytheyplantotravellessthissummerthaninthepast24%saytheywilltravelmoreandtherestsaynothinghaschangedthisvacationseasonfrompastones.That’sthegoodnewsbutthepollportendssomebadnewstooindicatingwhatmightbeadeep-seatedproblemintheUnitedStatestodayhardertofathomthanterroristkillersoremptywallets.Theonlyagegroupthathasmoreambitioustravelplansthaneveristhe18-29agegroupshowinga44%jumpinvacationplansoverlastyear.That’shardlygreatnewsforthetravelandhospitalityindustrywhichdesperatelyneedbiggerspendersontheroad. Beyondthatthewidedisparityintravelplansamongtheyoungerandoldersayssomethingaboutthejust-out-of-collegegeneration.WithoutimpugningtheworkethicofthemanyexceptionstotheroleIthinkit’ssafetosaythatanyonewithexperiencewiththeyoungerendoftheworkforcemusthavebeentakenabackbytheunrealisticexpectationsoftheyoungandtherestlessastheysetouttomaketheirfortunes.Theyallseemtoexpectasalarybasedontheirpersonalneedsnotontheircompany’sprofessionalones.Theywantnotonlyluxuriesbutalsoplentyoftimetoenjoythem. Oldpeoplelikemeareallthesameinourbittergrousingandofcoursethereareloadsofhard-workingyoungdoctors;lawyersbusiness-peopleandotherswhocontributetotheirownindividualandourcollectiveeconomicwell-beingbutthereseemstobemanymorewhodon’t.Theblamefortheirabsurdsenseofentitlementwithoutpersonalsacrificecanmostfairlybeputontheshouldersofthegenerationsthatimmediatelyprecedethem.Thisnationhaschangeditswayofthinkingaboutworkandrelaxation.Whatusedtobeaday’sholidayhasmorphedintoalongweekendthatstartsonThursdayandendsnextTuesday Ifinditunsurprisingthatyoungadultsplantotravelmorethaneverthisyearinspiteofthehardtimes.TheylooktobefollowingtheroadoflessproductivityinAmericaaroadfirstmappedbytheirprecedingeldersandnowbeingpavedbytheiroffspring.It’sgoodtoseeyoungpeopleventuringforthtoseetheworldtheyliveinafterallyouthisafleetingthingbutlet’sjusthopethatwhentheyfinallyreturnfromtheirtravelstheystillhaveajobtopayforit. TheunderlinedwordentitlementinthetextPara.3probablymeans
DoanimalshaverightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulgroundclearingwaytostart.46Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.47Somephilosophersarguethatfightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeopleforinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoithowdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthat:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.48Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.49Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning---theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl--istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinmmrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutthemthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.50Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththe
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencomments.butwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Text3 WhentheFederalCommunicationsCommissionproposedgivinglow-powerradiostationslicensesontheFMdialtheyknewthey’dgetflakfrombigbroadcasting.TheNationalAssociationofBroadcastersNABafterall’spendsmillionsofdollarseveryyearlobbyingtokeepeverybodyelseofftheradiospectrum—evenlocallymanagednoncommercialstationsthatbroadcastonlywithinafour-mileradius.SureenoughwhentheFCCproposeditsnewregulationstheNABbeganscreamingaboutalltheterriblethingsthosetinyradiotransmitterscoulddotothebigoneswhosesignalsare500timesasstrongandwhosereachisnearly20timesasfar. Itwasaprettythinargument.Sothininfactthatforawhileifappearedtheproposedregulationsmightsurvivethelobbyingonslaught.AndthentheFCCanditsalliesranintoamostunlikelyopponentonewiththemoralauthoritytodorealdamagetotheircause:NationalPublicRadio.OnemighteasilyassumethatNPRwouldlookoutforthepublicinterest.AfterallNPRwasbornfromthePublicBroadcastingActof1967whichcalledforitto"encouragethedevelopmentofprogrammingthatinvolvescreativerisksandthataddressestheneedsofunservedandunderservedaudiences"whilecreating"programsofhighqualitydiversitycreativityexcellenceandinnovationwhichareobtainedfromdiversesources."Thecharterinotherwordsdescribesexactlythekindofprogramminglow-powerradiomightprovideparticularlyinruralorheavilyimmigrantcommunitieswherelocallyorientedprogrammingcouldbemoreusefulthannationallysyndicatedshows.Butthewell-meaningleftiesatNPRdidn’tseelow-powerradioasapotentialallyorkindredspirit.Theysawitjustasthebigbroadcastersdid--asathreat--andtriedtosquashitinmuchthesameway. Theymayhavesucceeded.NPR’slobbyingsupportedalast-minuteriderinDecember’sSenateappropriationsbillwhicheventuallybecamelaw.Thisamendmentseverelyhandicapsthelow-powerradioinitiative.Specificallyitlimitsthelicensingoflow-powerradiotojustninetestmarketsenforcingrestrictionsthateffectivelykeepitoutofurbanareasandothermajormarkets.Italsomandatestestingtodeterminetheeconomicimpactonestablishedbroadcasters.AndthoughJohnMcCainhasvowedtocontinuethefightforlowpowerfornowatleastNPRhaswontheday. Theprimarymotivationbehindopeningtheairwavestolow-powerradiowastoundothedamagewroughtbytheTelecommunicationsActof1996.Thatlawwassupposedtoincreasecompetitiononthe.airwaves.Insteaditconsolidatedcontrolofradiostationsinthehandsofafewlargenationalcompaniesthatsyndicateprogramsorevenwholebroadcaststotheiraffiliatesthussqueezingoutlocalprogramming.ByallowingsmallnoncommercialstationstobreakintothespectrumtheFCChopedtoreintroducelocalmaterialinplaceswhereithasallbutvanished.InitsapplicationprocesstheFCCprivilegedlocalcontentandcommunityinvolvement--forexampleassigningspectrumspacetostationsinprimarilyLatinoareasthatbroadcastfamily-planninginformationinSpanish.Partoftheapplicationaskedaspiringbroadcastershowtheirstationswouldservetheirneighborhoods. TheunderlinedwordflakPara.1mostlikelymeans
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencomments.butwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Saygoodbyetotheworld’stropicalglaciersandicecaps.Manywillvanishwithin20years.WhenLonnieThompsonvisitedPeru’sQuelccayaicecapin1977hecouldn’thelpnoticingaschool-bus-sizeboulderthatwasupendedbyicepushingagainstit.Thompsonreturnedtothesamespotlastyearandtheboulderwasstilltherebutitwaslyingonitsside.Theicethatoncesupportedthemassiverockhadretreatedfarintothedistanceleavingbehindagiantlakeasitmeltedaway. FoeThompsonageologistwithOhioStateUniversity’sByrdPolarResearchCentertherolled-backrockwasanobvioussignofclimatechangeintheAndesMountains."Observingthatover25yearspersonallyreallybringsithome"hesays."Yourdon’thavetobeabelieveringlobalwarmingtoseewhat’shappening." 41.Thawedicecapsinthetropics. Quelccayaisthelargesticecapinthetropicsbutitisn’ttheonlyonethatismeltingaccordingtodecadesofresearchbyThompson’steam.NOtropicalglaciersarecurrentlyknowntobeadvancingandThompsonpredictsthatmanymountaintopswillbecompletelymeltedwithinthenext20years. 42.Situationinareasotherthanthetropics. Thephenomenonisn’tconfinedtothetropics.GlaciersinEuropeRussianewZealandtheUnitedStatesandelsewherearealsomelting. 43.Theworseningeffectsofglobalwarming. Formanyscientiststhewidespreadmelt-downisaclearsignthathumansareaffectingglottalclimateprimarilybyraisingthelevelsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere. 44.Recedingicecaps. That’snottosaythatglacierscurrentlyfoundoneverycontinentexceptAustraliahaven’tmeltedinthepastasaresultofnaturalvariability.Theseriversoficeexistinadelicatebalancebetweeninputsaccumulatingsnowandiceandoutputsmeltingand"calving"oflargechunksofice.Overtimethebalancecantiltineitherdirectioncausingglacierstoadvanceorretreat.What’sdifferentnowisthespeedatwhichthescaleshavetipped."We’vebeensurprisedathowrapidtherateofretreathasbeen"saysThompson.HisteambeganmappingoneofthemainglaciersflowingoutoftheQuelccayaicecapin1978usingsatelliteimagesandgroundsurveys. 45.Thinningicecores. Andits’notjustthemarginoftheicecapthatismelting.AtQaelccayaandMountKilimanjarotheresearchershavefoundthattheicefieldsarethinningaswell.BesidesmappingicecapsandglaciersThompsonandhiscolleagueshavetakencoresamplesfromQueleeayasince1976whentheiceatthedrillinglocationwas154metersthick. ThompsonandhiscolleagueshavealsodrilledicecoresfromotherlocationsinSouthAmericaAfricaandChina.Trappedwithineachofthesecoresisaclimaterecordspanningmorethan8000years.Itshowsthatthepast50yearsarethewarmestinhistory. The4-inch-thickicecoresarenowstoredinfreezersatOhioState.OnthefuturesaysThompsonthatmaybetheonlyplacetoseewhat’sleftoftheglaciersofAfricaandPeru. [A]ThelatestreportfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangepreparedbyhundredsofscientistsandapprovedbygovernmentdelegatesfrommorethan100nationsstates:"Thereisnewandstrongerevidencethatmostofthewarmingobservedoverthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities."ThereportreleasedinJanuarysaysthattheplanet’saveragesurfacetemperatureincreasedbyabout0.6℃duringthe20thcenturyandisprojectedtoincreaseanother1.4℃to5.8℃by2100.Thatrateofwarmingis"with-outprecedentduringatleastthelast10000years"saystheIPCC. [B]Alaska’smassiveBeringandColumbiaGlacierslocatedinnontropicalregionsforexamplehaverecededbymorethan10kilometersduringthepastcentury.AndastudybygeologistsattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderpredictsthatGlacierNationalParkinMontanaundertheinfluenceofmeltingwillloseallofitsglaciersby2070. [C]Forexampleabout97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffreshwaterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouseeconomically. [D]ForexampleAfrica’sMountKilimanjarointropicalareashaslost82percentofitsicefieldsinceitwasfirstmappedin1912.ThatyearKilimanjarohad12.1squarekilometersofice.Bylastyeartheicecoveredonly2.2squarekilometers.AtthecurrentrateofmeltingthesnowsofKilimanjarothatErnestHemingwaywroteaboutwillbegonewithin15yearsThompsonestimates."Butitprobablywillhappensoonerbecausetherateisspeedingup." [E]"Ifullyexpecttobeabletoreturnthereinadozenyearsorsoandseethemarksontherockwhereourdrillbitpunchedthroughtheice"saysThompson.Ifthathappensitwillmeanthatalayeroficemorethan500feetthickhasvanishedintothinair. [F]TheglacierQoriKaliswasthenretreatingby4.9metersperyear.EverytimethescientistsreturnedQoriKaliswasmeltingfaster.Between1998and2000itwasretreatingatarateof155metersperyearsmorethanafootperday32timesfasterthanin1978."Youcanalmostsitthereandwatchitmove"saysThompson. 44
DoanimalshaverightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulgroundclearingwaytostart.46Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.47Somephilosophersarguethatfightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeopleforinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoithowdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthat:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.48Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.49Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning---theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl--istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinmmrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutthemthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.50Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencomments.butwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencomments.butwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencomments.butwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.3
TheFrencharethemastersof"grandsprojets".46Theyhavethecruelnesnationalprideandwillingnesstospendthatareneededforgreatpublicworks.47TheBritishontheotherhandareusuallydismissedastoomeantroubledbyregulationsandlackinginvisiontobuildanythingworthwhile.Butoccasionallythebulldogtriumphs. Takeforexamplethatgrandestofgrandsprojetsthenationallibrary.TheBibliothequeNationaledeFrance.fast-trackedbyPresidentMitterrandwasplannedandbuiltinlessthanadecade.Withitsfour80-metre-highglasstowersdesignedtoresembleopenbooksthelibrarywashailedasawonderofdesignandconstructionwhenitopenedin1998.48Its11millionbooksprotectedbyautomaticclimatecontrolwereplannedtobeinstantlyaccessiblewiththehelpofcomputerisedautomaticloadingtrainsrunningonmilesoftrains.AllthisforFFr8billionpounds861millionwashailedasevidencethatthegloryofFrancewasaliveandwell. TheBritishLibrarywhichcostathirdlessbecameasymbolofnationalincompetence.Firstconceivedin1962it.ranintotroublefromthestart.49Afterthreedecadesofbittercontroversyplanningdelaysandmoneyproblemsthenewred-bricklibrarydesignedbyColinStJohnWilsonfinallyopenedforbusinessin1997.Thereviewsgivenitstroubledhistorywerepredictablymixed.ThePrinceofWaleswhohadunveiledthefoundationstonecompareditto"anacademyforsecretpolice". Matterslookdifferenttoday.TheBritishLibraryiswidelyacknowledgedasoneofLondon’sbestmodembuildingsatriumphofdesignoveradversity.Thosewhoworktheresingitspraises.TheBibliothequeNationalebycontrasthasbecomenotoriousforitspoordesignandevenworseconstruction.Itshightechnologysearchsystemhas.provedanightmare.Itsglassconstructionbakesbooksinsummer.Itsfreezingwintertemperatureshaveprovokedits3000stafftostrike.50ConditionsbecamesointolerablethatsoonafteritopenedseveralhundredfrustratedstudentsstormedareadingroomtramplinglibrarystaffunderfootDismissedbythreefamousFrenchprofessorsasa"sinisterfame"lagrandebibliothequeprovesthatvictorydoesnotalwaysgototheswiftest. 49
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencomments.butwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
热门题库
更多
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
湘公网安备 43130202000226号