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Jack S. Kilby, an electrical engineer whose invention of the integrated circuit gave rise to the ...
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JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
Directions: Readthefollowingtenetcarefullyand
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
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Directions: Readthefollowingtenetcarefullyand
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TheInlandRevenueonThursdayaccusedtheBritishfilmindustryofabusinggovernmentaidwitheveryproductionofrecentyearsdeliberatelyover-claimingtaxrelief.Revenueofficialscalledinabout20membersofthefilmindustryandwarnedthemofsevereconsequencesiftheexploitationoftax-reliefschemesdidnotimmediatelystop.Themovewhichaffectstheincludinglowtohigh-budgetfilm-makersandfinanciersisthelatestinaseriesofattemptsbytheRevenuetoclampdownontaxloopholesinanattempttoraisemoremoneyfortheExchequerButthefilmindustryrespondedonThursdaynightsayingtheRevenuecoulddriveproductionsoverseasandwouldconfuseinvestors.Aseriesoftaxreliefschemesintroducedin1997enablesthoseinvolvedinthefinancingofqualifyingBritish-madefilmstoclaimthecostsofproductionagainstfutureincome.TheschemeshaveBecomepopularwithinvestorsseekingataxshelterwithanestimated￡400minvestedintheschemesin1997risingtoabout￡2bnlastyear.ButtheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasexploitingrulesontaxreliefbydoubledippingthatisbyclaimingreliefmorethanonceagainstasinglepieceofexpenditure.WhilenotillegaltheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasnotplayingfair.Itsaiddouble-dippingwasagainstthespiritoflegislationdesignedtoencourageinvestmentintheBritishfilmindustry.TheRevenuesaidthepracticeofdoubledippingwasvirtuallyuniversalwitheveryqualifyingfilmithadseenfinancedonthebasisofdoubledipping.Itwarneditwouldtakeallstepstocountersuchabuseincludingwherenecessaryadvisingministersonintroducinglegislationtoputmattersbeyonddoubt.BoththeRevenueandthegovernmentarebecomingincreasinglyexasperatedattheextenttowhichsomepartsoftheindustryareexploitingthefilmreliefstheRevenuesaid.ThegovernmentremainscommittedtoencouragingfilmproductionintheUKthroughuseofthereliefsinthewayinwhichthelegislationallows--butthisdoesnotextendtodeliberateexploitationofthosereliefs.LargefilmfinancierssaidonThursdaynightthattheRevenue’sactioncouldunderminegrowthprospectsfortheBritishfilmindustry.PeterJamesmanagingdirectorofMovisionEntertainmentwhichhasproduced16British-madefilmsinrecentyearsincludingthesoon-to-bereleasedMerchantofVenicesaidwhiletheeffectoftheRevenue’sclampdownwouldnotBedevastatingitcoulddrivemanyindependentfilm-makersoverseas.IndustryobserverssaidonThursdaytheRevenue’smovewaslikelytoconfuseinvestorswhohavebeenaccustomedtothebenefitsofdouble-dipping.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext
StephenM.SalandchairmanoftheStateSenateEducationCommitteeisaconservativeupstateRepublicanandStevenSanderschairmanoftheAssemblyEducationCommitteeisaliberalNewYorkCityDemocrat.Butwhenitcomestoeducationtheyhavemuchincommon.NeitherisafanofthefederalNoChildLeftBehindLawanditsextensivetestingmandates.Bothsaythatstandardizedtestsaretoodominantinpublicschoolstoday. ThathasattimesputthetwoeducationchairmeninconflictwiththestateeducationcommissionerRichardP.Mills.46Duringhis10yeartenureDr.MillshasturnedNewYorkintooneofthemosttest-drivenpublicsystemsinthenationrequiringstudentstopassfivestateteststograduate. 47Formonthsnowthelegislativeleadersandthecommissionerhavebeenlockedinalittle-noticedfightoverthefutureof28smallalternativepublichighschoolsafightthatmaywellbethefinalstandforopponentsofstandardizedtestinginNewYork. SenatorSalandandAssemblymanSandersaredoingtheirbesttoprotecttheseschoolsinNewYorkCityUrbanAcademyManhattanInternationalIthacaLehmanAlternativeandRochesterSchoolWithoutWallsandhelpthemretaintheirdistinctiveeducationalapproach.48InsteadofthestandardsurveycoursesinglobalstudiesAmericanhistorybiologyandchemistrypeggedtostateteststheseschoolsfavorcoursesthatgointomoredepthonnarrowertopics.AtUrbanAcademytherearecoursesinMiddleEastconflictsworldreligionspost-CivilWarReconstructionandmicrobiology. Inthemid-1990’stheformereducationcommissionerThomasSobolgrantedthese28consortiumschoolsserving16000studentsabout1percentofNewYork’shighschoolpopulationanexemptionfrommoststatetests.ThatpermittedamoreinnovativecurriculumandstudentswereevaluatedviaaportfoliosystemthatreliesonresearchpapersandscienceprojectsreviewedbyoutsideexpertslikeDavidS.ThaleraRockefellerUniversitymicrobiologyprofessorandEricFoneraColumbiahistoryprofessor. TheGatesFoundationwhichhasgivenhundredsofmillionsofdollarstostartsmallhighschoolsnationwideissoimpressedwiththeseschoolsanditregularlysendseducatorstoNewYorktoseehowthey’rerun. ButthetestingexemptionfortheseschoolsisabouttoexpireandCommissionerMillsdoesnotwantitrenewed.Hebelievesthatallstudentswithoutexceptionshouldtakeeverytest. RecentlySenatorSalanddefiedthecommissioner.HeshepherdedabillthroughtheRepublicancontrolledSenatethatpassed50to10andwouldcontinuetheseschools’waiversforfouryears.49SenatorSaland’sbilldoesrequirethatstudentspassthestateEnglishandmathteststograduatelettingthestategaugethealternativeschools’performanceversusmainstreamschools. OntheSenatefloorSenatorSa[andnotedthatwhile61percentofconsortiumstudentsqualifiedforfreelunchesandthreequarterswereblackorHispanic88percentwentontocollegecomparedwith70percentatmainstreamschoolsthatgivestatetests.50HesaidthatthedropoutratewashalftherateatmainstreamschoolsandthatontheonestatewidetestthesestudentstookregularlyEnglishtheyscoredanaverageof77outdoingmainstreamstudentsby5points. SenatorSaland’sbilldoesrequirethatstudentspassthestateEnglishandmathteststograduatelettingthestategaugethealternativeschools’performanceversusmainstreamschools.
Untilrecentlythecommonfactorinallthescienceusedtofigureoutifapieceofartwasforgedwasthatitwasconcernedwiththemediumoftheartworkratherthantheartitself.MattersofstyleandformwerelefttoarthistorianswhocouldmakeeruditebutqualitativejudgmentsaboutwhetherapaintingwasreallygoodenoughtobesayaLeonardo.Butthisischanging.Apaperinthisweek’sProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesbyHanyFaridandhiscolleaguesatDartmouthCollegeinNewHampshireusesstatisticaltechniquestoexamineartitself--themessagenotthemedium.Dr.Faridemployedatechniquecalledwaveletanalysistoexamine13drawingsthathadatonetimeoranotherbeenattributedtoPieterBruegeltheEldera16th-centuryFlemishpainter.HealsolookedatPerugino’sMadonnawithChilda15th-centuryItalian-masterpiecelodgedinthecollege’sHoodMuseumofArt.HeconcludedinagreementwitharthistoriansthateightoftheputativeBruegelsareauthenticwhiletheotherfiveareimitations.InthecaseofMadonnawithChildheanalysedthesixfacesinthepaintingMarytheinfantJesusandseveralsaintsandfoundthatthreeofthemwereprobablydonebythesamepainterwhiletheotherthreewereeachdonebyadifferenthand.TheviewthatfourdifferentpaintersworkedonthecanvasishesaysconsistentwiththeviewofsomearthistoriansthatPerugino’sapprenticesdidmuchoftheworkalthoughthereisnoclearconsensusamongarthistorians.Asscepticswilldoubtlesspointoutthisisasmallnumberofimages.FurthermoreDr.Faridknewbeforeperformingtheanalysiswhatresultsheexpected.Butheisthefirsttoacknowledgethatitisearlydaysforhismethodology.Hehopestostudymanymorepaintings.BylookingatlargenumbersofpaintingsthatareuniversallybelievedtobeauthenticDr.Faridhopestobeabletoexaminedoubtfulcaseswithconfidenceinthefuture.EvenwiththeBruegels--realandimitation--thoughDr.Farid’sresultsarepersuasive.ItistrickytodescribeexactlywhatitisthatdistinguishestherealonesfromtheimitationsbutDr.Faridsaysthatitcanbethoughtofasthenatureoftheartist’sbrushstroke.UnlikesomeanalysesofJacksonPollock’sworkthathavebeendoneoverthepastfewyearsbyRichardTayloroftheUniversityofOregonDr.Faridsayshistechniquecouldinprinciplebeusedforanyartist.WhatDr.Fariddidwastoconverteachworkofartintoasetofmathematicalfunctions.Theseso-calledwaveletsdescribeparticularpartsoftheimageasaseriesofpeaksandtroughsofvariableheightandwavelength.Byexpressinganimagethiswayitispossibletocompressthatimagewhilelosingverylittleinformation.Thesumsofthewaveletsfromdifferentimagescanthenbecompared.OncehedidthisDr.FaridfoundthatthetypesofwaveletsusedtoexpressauthenticBruegelswerenoticeablydifferentfromthoseusedtoexpresstheimitations.ThePeruginowasanalysedbytreatingthesixfacesasdistinctpaintings.Itseemsthatcuratorsmays6onbeabletoaddanotherweapontotheiranti-forgeryarsenal.WhydidDr.FaridexaminePerugino’sMadonnawithChild
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A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols--likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties--likeabiologicalorganism." B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27--July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhileworkingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations." F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowsbowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete;it’sadynamicalsystem." G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween--youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword’Spiveysaid. Order: 45
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionbasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantslopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.1
Untilrecentlythemainvillainsofthepiecehadseemedtobetheteachers’unionswhohaveopposedanysortofreformoraccountability.Nowtheyfacecompetitionfromanunexpectedlydestructiveforce:thecourt.FiftyyearsagoitwasthejudgeswhoforcedtheschoolstodesegregatethroughBrownv.BoardofEducation1954.Nowthecourtshavemovedfrombroadprinciplestomicromanagementtellingschoolshowmuchmoneytospendandwhere-rightdowntothecorrectcomputerortextbook.TwentyfourstatesarecurrentlyStuckinvariouscourtcasestodowithfinancingschoolsystemsandanother21haveonlyrecentlysettledvarioussuits.Mostwillstartagainsoon.Onlyfivestateshaveavoidedlitigationentirely.Nothingexemplifiesthepowerofthecourtsbetterthanan11-year-oldcasethatisduetobesettledsortofinNewYorkCitythehomeofAmerica’sbiggestschoolsystemwith1.lmstudentsandabudgetnearing$13billion.AttheendofthismonththreeelderlymembersoftheNewYorkbarservingasjudicialrefereesareduetoruleinacasebroughtBytheCampaignforFiscalEquityaleftishadvocacygroupagainstthestateofNewYork:theywilldecidehowmuchmoremustBespenttoprovideeveryNewYorkCitypupilwithasoundbasiceducation.Rareisthepoliticianwillingtoarguethatmoremoneyforschoolsisabadthing.ButarethecourtsdoinganygoodTwosuspicionsarise.Firstjudgesaremakingalazyassumptionthatmoremoneymeansbetterschools.Astheinternationalresultsshowthelinkbetweeninputsandoutputsisvague--somethingwelldocumentedbyamongothersthelateSenatorDanielPatrickMoynihanofNewYork.Secondthecourtsaremuddlinganalreadymuddledsystem.Overtimetheyhavegenerallymadeithardertogetridofdisruptivepupilsandbadteachers.Thecurrentcasecouldbeevenworse.Thecourtshavealreadysaidthatinordertodeterminethenecessaryspendingtheymayconsidereverythingfromclasssizetotheavailabilityofcomputerstextbooksandevenpencils.Thisdegreeofinterventionisallthemorescandalousbecausethecourtshaveweirdlydecidedtoignoreanothersetofinputs--thearchaicworkpracticesofschoolteachersandjanitors.DavidSchoenbrodandRossSandierofNewYorkLawSchoolreckonthedemandsofthecourtwillsimplyunderminereformandtransformanexpensivefailureintoamoreexpensiveone.Andofcoursethelitigationneverends.Kentuckyforexampleisstillincourt16yearsafterthefirstdecision.AlawsuitfirstfiledagainstNewJerseyforitsfundingofschoolsin1981wasdecidedfouryearslater--butithasreturnedtothecourtninetimessinceincludingearlythisyearwitheachdecisionpushingthecourtdeeperintothemanagementofthestate’sschools.Badiudgesareevenhardertobootoutofschoolthanbadpupils.WhatdoesthelawsuitfiledagainstNewJerseyindicate
InrecentyearsMicrosofthasfocusedonthreebigtasks:buildingrobustsecurityintoitssoftwareresolvingnumerousantitrustcomplaintsagainstitandupgradingitsWindowsoperatingsystem.Thesethreetasksarenowstartingtocollide.OnAugust27ththefirmsaidthatthesuccessortoitsWindowsXPoperatingsystemcode-namedLonghornwillgoonsalein2007withoutoneofitsmostimpressivefeaturesatechniquetointegrateelaboratesearchcapabilitiesintonearlyalldesktopapplications.OnthebrightsideLonghornwillcontainadvancesinrenderingimagesandenablingdifferentcomputingplatformstoexchangedatadirectlybetweenapplications.ItisabigsetbackforMicrosoftwhichconsiderssearchtechnologyapillarofitsfuturegrowth-notleastasitcompetesagainstGoogle.Thefirm’sfocusonsecuritychampionedbyBillGateshimself--tookresourcesawayfromLonghornadmitsGregSullivanaleadproductmanagerintheWindowsclientdivision.ProgrammershavebeenfixingWindowsXPratherthanworkingonLonghorn.Inmid-AugustMicrosoftreleasedServicePack2ahugesetoffreesoftwarepatchesandenhancementstomakeWindowsXPmoresecure.Thoughsomeofthefixesturnedouttohavevulnerabilitiesoftheirownthepatcheshavemostlybeenwelcomed.Microsoft’sdecisiontoforgonewfeaturesinreturnforbettersecurityisonethatmostcomputeruserswillprobablyapplaud.YetironicallyasMicrosoftslowlyimprovesthesecurityofitsproducts---byforinstanceincorporatingfirewalltechnologyanti-virussystemsandspamfiltersitsactionsincreasinglystarttoresemblethosethatinthepasthavegotthefirmintotroublewithregulators.IssecuritysoftwareanadjacentsoftwaremarketinwhichcaseMicrosoftmaybeleveragingitsdominanceoftheoperatingsystemintoitIntegratingsecurityproductsintoWindowsmightbeconsideredbundlingwhichwithregardtowebbrowsingsoexcitedAmerica’strustbustersinthe1990s.AndbuildingsecuritydirectlyintotheoperatingsystemseemsalotlikecomminglingsoftwarecodeonwhichbasistheEuropeanCommissionruledearlierthisyearthatMicrosoftabuseditsmarketpowerthroughtheWindowsMediaPlayer.MicrosoftisappealingagainstthatdecisionandonSeptember30thitwillargueforasuspensionofthecommission’sremediessuchastherequirementthatitlicenseitscodetorivals.JustlastmonththeEuropeanUnion’scompetitiondirectoratebegananinvestigationintoMicrosoftandTimeWarneralargemediafirmonthegroundsthattheirproposedjointacquisitionofContentGuardasoftwarefirmwhoseproductsprotectdigitalmediafilesmightprovideMicrosoftwithunduemarketpoweroverdigitalmediastandards.ThecommissionwillrulebyJanuary2005.Microsoftitseemsinsecurityaselsewhereisgoingtohavetogetusedtobeingpunishedforitssuccess.ItsWindowsmonopolyletsitenjoyexcessiveprofitsbuttheresultingmonoculturemakesitanobvioustargetforvirusesandregulatorsalike.WhichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtotheregulatorsPar
A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols--likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties--likeabiologicalorganism." B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27--July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhileworkingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations." F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowsbowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete;it’sadynamicalsystem." G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween--youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword’Spiveysaid. Order: 43
AnyonepayingattentiontothedebateoverSocialSecurityhasheardalitanyofdates.There’s2018whentheprogramisexpectedtostarttakinginlessintaxesthanitpaysoutinbenefits.Andthere’s2042or2052bysomeestimateswhenitstrustfundissupposedtorunoutofmoney. 41___________________ ForyearsthegovernmenthascollectedmoreinSocialSecuritytaxesthanitneededtopaycurrentbenefitsThoseexcesscollectionsarecreditedtotheSocialSecurityTrustFundostensiblytopayfutureretirees.Butthereisnoactualmoneyinthefund.InsteadthegovernmentspendsthemoneyforotherpurposesandissuesthefundIOUs. In2009theshellgamebeginstoend.TheamountbywhichSocialSecuritytaxesexceedbenefitsstartstoshrink.42___________________ Theproblemcouldhavebeenavoidedanditstillcouldbereduced. Iftherestofthebudgetwasingoodshape--andparticularlyifthegovernmentbadstavedonthepathitwasonfiveyearsagoofbuyingdownthenationaldebt--lawmakerscouldsimplyre-borrowthemoneytopaybenefits.Theycouldhavealeisurelydebateoverwhatifanythingelsetodo. 43___________________ Thisraisesaquestion:IfthebiggestimmediateproblemofSocialSecurityisthatitwillsoonmakethedeficitworsewouldn’titbebettertoaddresstheunderlyingdeficitInotherwords--astheBushadministrationembarksona60day60stoptourtopromoteSocialSecurityoverhaul--arewereallydebatingtherightproblem 44___________________ ThemoneythathasbeenborrowedorisprojecedtobeborrowedinFresidentBush’stwotermsalonewouldcomeclosetosolvingSocialSecurity’ssolvencyproblemsforatleastthenext75years.TheOfficeofManagementandBudgetprojectscumulativeborrowingof$2.6trillion.TheSocialSecurityAdministrationestimatesthat$3.7trillionwouldshoreuptheprogramuntilatleast2080. 45___________________.ExplodingMedicareandMedicaidcoststhelossofrevenuebecauseoftherecenttaxcutsandlikelychangesinthealternativeminimumtaxAMTpresentableakoutlookoverthenext10years.MakingtheBushtaxcutspermanentandfixingtheAMTcouldleadtodeficitsofabout$650billionto$750billionbythemiddleofthenextdecade. A.By2018--soonerifprivateaccountsarecreated--theflowreverses.InsteadofspendingasurplusthegovernmentwillneedtobeginpayingoffitsIOUs.Absentlargetaxhikesorspendingcutsalreadyastronomicaldeficitswillskyrocket. B.ThebottomlineisthatWashingtonthroughprofligateborrowingandpoliciesthatlockinredinkforyearstocomeispassingtheburdentofuturegenerations.Andtheproblemisgettingworse. C.Butthemostimportantdatewillarrivesoonerin2009.That’swhenthecostofpayingbenefitstothefirstwaveofretiringbabyboomerswillbeginexposingtheaccountinggimmickrythatisthetruedriveroftheSocialSecurity"crisis."TotheextentacrisisexistsitisnotreallyaboutSocialSecurity.Itisaboutdecadesofirresponsiblebudgetingthatthreatensfutureretirees. D.Asbadasthecurrentrecorddeficitslook$427billionthisyearalonetheylikelywillgetworseinthenextdecadeastheresultoffiscaltimebombshard-wiredintogovernmentspendingandtaxplans. E.LeftuncheckedchronicdeficitswillmorethanoffsetanygoodthatcomesoutofSocialSecurityreform.Deficitsmakethegovernmentmorebeholdentoitscreditorsmanyofthemforeign.Asthenationaldebtsurgessodoestheportionofthebudgetdedicatedtopayinginterestonthatdebt. F.Butthatisnotanoptiongiventhedirebudgetarysituation.SocialSecuritywillsoonbecomeadrainonagovernmentalreadyundertremendousfiscalstress.It’sthedifferencebetweenhavingazerobalanceonyourcreditcardandbeingatyourcreditlimit.Ifyou’remaxedoutyoulosetheflexibilitytotakeonnewdebttodealwithanexpense. G.ThisisnottosaySocialSecurityreform--withorwithouttheprivateaccountsproposedbyBush--isnotworthwhile.Butitisonlyoneofmanynecessarystepstoputthenationonasoundfiscalfootingandensurethatfuturegenerationswillhaveareasonablycomfortableretirement. 47
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionbasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantslopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. SectionⅠReadthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.5.
InrecentyearsMicrosofthasfocusedonthreebigtasks:buildingrobustsecurityintoitssoftwareresolvingnumerousantitrustcomplaintsagainstitandupgradingitsWindowsoperatingsystem.Thesethreetasksarenowstartingtocollide.OnAugust27ththefirmsaidthatthesuccessortoitsWindowsXPoperatingsystemcode-namedLonghornwillgoonsalein2007withoutoneofitsmostimpressivefeaturesatechniquetointegrateelaboratesearchcapabilitiesintonearlyalldesktopapplications.OnthebrightsideLonghornwillcontainadvancesinrenderingimagesandenablingdifferentcomputingplatformstoexchangedatadirectlybetweenapplications.ItisabigsetbackforMicrosoftwhichconsiderssearchtechnologyapillarofitsfuturegrowth-notleastasitcompetesagainstGoogle.Thefirm’sfocusonsecuritychampionedbyBillGateshimself--tookresourcesawayfromLonghornadmitsGregSullivanaleadproductmanagerintheWindowsclientdivision.ProgrammershavebeenfixingWindowsXPratherthanworkingonLonghorn.Inmid-AugustMicrosoftreleasedServicePack2ahugesetoffreesoftwarepatchesandenhancementstomakeWindowsXPmoresecure.Thoughsomeofthefixesturnedouttohavevulnerabilitiesoftheirownthepatcheshavemostlybeenwelcomed.Microsoft’sdecisiontoforgonewfeaturesinreturnforbettersecurityisonethatmostcomputeruserswillprobablyapplaud.YetironicallyasMicrosoftslowlyimprovesthesecurityofitsproducts---byforinstanceincorporatingfirewalltechnologyanti-virussystemsandspamfiltersitsactionsincreasinglystarttoresemblethosethatinthepasthavegotthefirmintotroublewithregulators.IssecuritysoftwareanadjacentsoftwaremarketinwhichcaseMicrosoftmaybeleveragingitsdominanceoftheoperatingsystemintoitIntegratingsecurityproductsintoWindowsmightbeconsideredbundlingwhichwithregardtowebbrowsingsoexcitedAmerica’strustbustersinthe1990s.AndbuildingsecuritydirectlyintotheoperatingsystemseemsalotlikecomminglingsoftwarecodeonwhichbasistheEuropeanCommissionruledearlierthisyearthatMicrosoftabuseditsmarketpowerthroughtheWindowsMediaPlayer.MicrosoftisappealingagainstthatdecisionandonSeptember30thitwillargueforasuspensionofthecommission’sremediessuchastherequirementthatitlicenseitscodetorivals.JustlastmonththeEuropeanUnion’scompetitiondirectoratebegananinvestigationintoMicrosoftandTimeWarneralargemediafirmonthegroundsthattheirproposedjointacquisitionofContentGuardasoftwarefirmwhoseproductsprotectdigitalmediafilesmightprovideMicrosoftwithunduemarketpoweroverdigitalmediastandards.ThecommissionwillrulebyJanuary2005.Microsoftitseemsinsecurityaselsewhereisgoingtohavetogetusedtobeingpunishedforitssuccess.ItsWindowsmonopolyletsitenjoyexcessiveprofitsbuttheresultingmonoculturemakesitanobvioustargetforvirusesandregulatorsalike.Itisimpliedinthethirdparagraphthat______.
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionbasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantslopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.11
Untilrecentlythecommonfactorinallthescienceusedtofigureoutifapieceofartwasforgedwasthatitwasconcernedwiththemediumoftheartworkratherthantheartitself.MattersofstyleandformwerelefttoarthistorianswhocouldmakeeruditebutqualitativejudgmentsaboutwhetherapaintingwasreallygoodenoughtobesayaLeonardo.Butthisischanging.Apaperinthisweek’sProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesbyHanyFaridandhiscolleaguesatDartmouthCollegeinNewHampshireusesstatisticaltechniquestoexamineartitself--themessagenotthemedium.Dr.Faridemployedatechniquecalledwaveletanalysistoexamine13drawingsthathadatonetimeoranotherbeenattributedtoPieterBruegeltheEldera16th-centuryFlemishpainter.HealsolookedatPerugino’sMadonnawithChilda15th-centuryItalian-masterpiecelodgedinthecollege’sHoodMuseumofArt.HeconcludedinagreementwitharthistoriansthateightoftheputativeBruegelsareauthenticwhiletheotherfiveareimitations.InthecaseofMadonnawithChildheanalysedthesixfacesinthepaintingMarytheinfantJesusandseveralsaintsandfoundthatthreeofthemwereprobablydonebythesamepainterwhiletheotherthreewereeachdonebyadifferenthand.TheviewthatfourdifferentpaintersworkedonthecanvasishesaysconsistentwiththeviewofsomearthistoriansthatPerugino’sapprenticesdidmuchoftheworkalthoughthereisnoclearconsensusamongarthistorians.Asscepticswilldoubtlesspointoutthisisasmallnumberofimages.FurthermoreDr.Faridknewbeforeperformingtheanalysiswhatresultsheexpected.Butheisthefirsttoacknowledgethatitisearlydaysforhismethodology.Hehopestostudymanymorepaintings.BylookingatlargenumbersofpaintingsthatareuniversallybelievedtobeauthenticDr.Faridhopestobeabletoexaminedoubtfulcaseswithconfidenceinthefuture.EvenwiththeBruegels--realandimitation--thoughDr.Farid’sresultsarepersuasive.ItistrickytodescribeexactlywhatitisthatdistinguishestherealonesfromtheimitationsbutDr.Faridsaysthatitcanbethoughtofasthenatureoftheartist’sbrushstroke.UnlikesomeanalysesofJacksonPollock’sworkthathavebeendoneoverthepastfewyearsbyRichardTayloroftheUniversityofOregonDr.Faridsayshistechniquecouldinprinciplebeusedforanyartist.WhatDr.Fariddidwastoconverteachworkofartintoasetofmathematicalfunctions.Theseso-calledwaveletsdescribeparticularpartsoftheimageasaseriesofpeaksandtroughsofvariableheightandwavelength.Byexpressinganimagethiswayitispossibletocompressthatimagewhilelosingverylittleinformation.Thesumsofthewaveletsfromdifferentimagescanthenbecompared.OncehedidthisDr.FaridfoundthatthetypesofwaveletsusedtoexpressauthenticBruegelswerenoticeablydifferentfromthoseusedtoexpresstheimitations.ThePeruginowasanalysedbytreatingthesixfacesasdistinctpaintings.Itseemsthatcuratorsmays6onbeabletoaddanotherweapontotheiranti-forgeryarsenal.Wecaninferfromthetextthat______.
A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols--likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties--likeabiologicalorganism." B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27--July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhileworkingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations." F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowsbowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete;it’sadynamicalsystem." G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween--youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword’Spiveysaid. Order: 41
TheInlandRevenueonThursdayaccusedtheBritishfilmindustryofabusinggovernmentaidwitheveryproductionofrecentyearsdeliberatelyover-claimingtaxrelief.Revenueofficialscalledinabout20membersofthefilmindustryandwarnedthemofsevereconsequencesiftheexploitationoftax-reliefschemesdidnotimmediatelystop.Themovewhichaffectstheincludinglowtohigh-budgetfilm-makersandfinanciersisthelatestinaseriesofattemptsbytheRevenuetoclampdownontaxloopholesinanattempttoraisemoremoneyfortheExchequerButthefilmindustryrespondedonThursdaynightsayingtheRevenuecoulddriveproductionsoverseasandwouldconfuseinvestors.Aseriesoftaxreliefschemesintroducedin1997enablesthoseinvolvedinthefinancingofqualifyingBritish-madefilmstoclaimthecostsofproductionagainstfutureincome.TheschemeshaveBecomepopularwithinvestorsseekingataxshelterwithanestimated￡400minvestedintheschemesin1997risingtoabout￡2bnlastyear.ButtheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasexploitingrulesontaxreliefbydoubledippingthatisbyclaimingreliefmorethanonceagainstasinglepieceofexpenditure.WhilenotillegaltheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasnotplayingfair.Itsaiddouble-dippingwasagainstthespiritoflegislationdesignedtoencourageinvestmentintheBritishfilmindustry.TheRevenuesaidthepracticeofdoubledippingwasvirtuallyuniversalwitheveryqualifyingfilmithadseenfinancedonthebasisofdoubledipping.Itwarneditwouldtakeallstepstocountersuchabuseincludingwherenecessaryadvisingministersonintroducinglegislationtoputmattersbeyonddoubt.BoththeRevenueandthegovernmentarebecomingincreasinglyexasperatedattheextenttowhichsomepartsoftheindustryareexploitingthefilmreliefstheRevenuesaid.ThegovernmentremainscommittedtoencouragingfilmproductionintheUKthroughuseofthereliefsinthewayinwhichthelegislationallows--butthisdoesnotextendtodeliberateexploitationofthosereliefs.LargefilmfinancierssaidonThursdaynightthattheRevenue’sactioncouldunderminegrowthprospectsfortheBritishfilmindustry.PeterJamesmanagingdirectorofMovisionEntertainmentwhichhasproduced16British-madefilmsinrecentyearsincludingthesoon-to-bereleasedMerchantofVenicesaidwhiletheeffectoftheRevenue’sclampdownwouldnotBedevastatingitcoulddrivemanyindependentfilm-makersoverseas.IndustryobserverssaidonThursdaytheRevenue’smovewaslikelytoconfuseinvestorswhohavebeenaccustomedtothebenefitsofdouble-dipping.Wecanlearnfromthefirstthreeparagraphsthat______.
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionbasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantslopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.19
Directions:Youaresupposedtoputforwardsomerulesforjob-seekersandyoumayofferyoursuggestionsintermsofthefollowingpoints:1appearance2abilityandknowledgeand3confidence.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonAnswerSheet2.
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionbasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantslopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.17
Directions:Yoursonkickedhisballthroughyourneighbor’swindow.Writealettertotellyourneighbor1yourregretathearingthenews2yourintentiontocompensateforthedamage3yourapology.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonAnswerSheet2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdenotneedtowritetheaddress.
TheInlandRevenueonThursdayaccusedtheBritishfilmindustryofabusinggovernmentaidwitheveryproductionofrecentyearsdeliberatelyover-claimingtaxrelief.Revenueofficialscalledinabout20membersofthefilmindustryandwarnedthemofsevereconsequencesiftheexploitationoftax-reliefschemesdidnotimmediatelystop.Themovewhichaffectstheincludinglowtohigh-budgetfilm-makersandfinanciersisthelatestinaseriesofattemptsbytheRevenuetoclampdownontaxloopholesinanattempttoraisemoremoneyfortheExchequerButthefilmindustryrespondedonThursdaynightsayingtheRevenuecoulddriveproductionsoverseasandwouldconfuseinvestors.Aseriesoftaxreliefschemesintroducedin1997enablesthoseinvolvedinthefinancingofqualifyingBritish-madefilmstoclaimthecostsofproductionagainstfutureincome.TheschemeshaveBecomepopularwithinvestorsseekingataxshelterwithanestimated￡400minvestedintheschemesin1997risingtoabout￡2bnlastyear.ButtheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasexploitingrulesontaxreliefbydoubledippingthatisbyclaimingreliefmorethanonceagainstasinglepieceofexpenditure.WhilenotillegaltheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasnotplayingfair.Itsaiddouble-dippingwasagainstthespiritoflegislationdesignedtoencourageinvestmentintheBritishfilmindustry.TheRevenuesaidthepracticeofdoubledippingwasvirtuallyuniversalwitheveryqualifyingfilmithadseenfinancedonthebasisofdoubledipping.Itwarneditwouldtakeallstepstocountersuchabuseincludingwherenecessaryadvisingministersonintroducinglegislationtoputmattersbeyonddoubt.BoththeRevenueandthegovernmentarebecomingincreasinglyexasperatedattheextenttowhichsomepartsoftheindustryareexploitingthefilmreliefstheRevenuesaid.ThegovernmentremainscommittedtoencouragingfilmproductionintheUKthroughuseofthereliefsinthewayinwhichthelegislationallows--butthisdoesnotextendtodeliberateexploitationofthosereliefs.LargefilmfinancierssaidonThursdaynightthattheRevenue’sactioncouldunderminegrowthprospectsfortheBritishfilmindustry.PeterJamesmanagingdirectorofMovisionEntertainmentwhichhasproduced16British-madefilmsinrecentyearsincludingthesoon-to-bereleasedMerchantofVenicesaidwhiletheeffectoftheRevenue’sclampdownwouldnotBedevastatingitcoulddrivemanyindependentfilm-makersoverseas.IndustryobserverssaidonThursdaytheRevenue’smovewaslikelytoconfuseinvestorswhohavebeenaccustomedtothebenefitsofdouble-dipping.TheRevenue’slastresortinsolvingtheproblemseemstobe______.
AnyonepayingattentiontothedebateoverSocialSecurityhasheardalitanyofdates.There’s2018whentheprogramisexpectedtostarttakinginlessintaxesthanitpaysoutinbenefits.Andthere’s2042or2052bysomeestimateswhenitstrustfundissupposedtorunoutofmoney. 41___________________ ForyearsthegovernmenthascollectedmoreinSocialSecuritytaxesthanitneededtopaycurrentbenefitsThoseexcesscollectionsarecreditedtotheSocialSecurityTrustFundostensiblytopayfutureretirees.Butthereisnoactualmoneyinthefund.InsteadthegovernmentspendsthemoneyforotherpurposesandissuesthefundIOUs. In2009theshellgamebeginstoend.TheamountbywhichSocialSecuritytaxesexceedbenefitsstartstoshrink.42___________________ Theproblemcouldhavebeenavoidedanditstillcouldbereduced. Iftherestofthebudgetwasingoodshape--andparticularlyifthegovernmentbadstavedonthepathitwasonfiveyearsagoofbuyingdownthenationaldebt--lawmakerscouldsimplyre-borrowthemoneytopaybenefits.Theycouldhavealeisurelydebateoverwhatifanythingelsetodo. 43___________________ Thisraisesaquestion:IfthebiggestimmediateproblemofSocialSecurityisthatitwillsoonmakethedeficitworsewouldn’titbebettertoaddresstheunderlyingdeficitInotherwords--astheBushadministrationembarksona60day60stoptourtopromoteSocialSecurityoverhaul--arewereallydebatingtherightproblem 44___________________ ThemoneythathasbeenborrowedorisprojecedtobeborrowedinFresidentBush’stwotermsalonewouldcomeclosetosolvingSocialSecurity’ssolvencyproblemsforatleastthenext75years.TheOfficeofManagementandBudgetprojectscumulativeborrowingof$2.6trillion.TheSocialSecurityAdministrationestimatesthat$3.7trillionwouldshoreuptheprogramuntilatleast2080. 45___________________.ExplodingMedicareandMedicaidcoststhelossofrevenuebecauseoftherecenttaxcutsandlikelychangesinthealternativeminimumtaxAMTpresentableakoutlookoverthenext10years.MakingtheBushtaxcutspermanentandfixingtheAMTcouldleadtodeficitsofabout$650billionto$750billionbythemiddleofthenextdecade. A.By2018--soonerifprivateaccountsarecreated--theflowreverses.InsteadofspendingasurplusthegovernmentwillneedtobeginpayingoffitsIOUs.Absentlargetaxhikesorspendingcutsalreadyastronomicaldeficitswillskyrocket. B.ThebottomlineisthatWashingtonthroughprofligateborrowingandpoliciesthatlockinredinkforyearstocomeispassingtheburdentofuturegenerations.Andtheproblemisgettingworse. C.Butthemostimportantdatewillarrivesoonerin2009.That’swhenthecostofpayingbenefitstothefirstwaveofretiringbabyboomerswillbeginexposingtheaccountinggimmickrythatisthetruedriveroftheSocialSecurity"crisis."TotheextentacrisisexistsitisnotreallyaboutSocialSecurity.Itisaboutdecadesofirresponsiblebudgetingthatthreatensfutureretirees. D.Asbadasthecurrentrecorddeficitslook$427billionthisyearalonetheylikelywillgetworseinthenextdecadeastheresultoffiscaltimebombshard-wiredintogovernmentspendingandtaxplans. E.LeftuncheckedchronicdeficitswillmorethanoffsetanygoodthatcomesoutofSocialSecurityreform.Deficitsmakethegovernmentmorebeholdentoitscreditorsmanyofthemforeign.Asthenationaldebtsurgessodoestheportionofthebudgetdedicatedtopayinginterestonthatdebt. F.Butthatisnotanoptiongiventhedirebudgetarysituation.SocialSecuritywillsoonbecomeadrainonagovernmentalreadyundertremendousfiscalstress.It’sthedifferencebetweenhavingazerobalanceonyourcreditcardandbeingatyourcreditlimit.Ifyou’remaxedoutyoulosetheflexibilitytotakeonnewdebttodealwithanexpense. G.ThisisnottosaySocialSecurityreform--withorwithouttheprivateaccountsproposedbyBush--isnotworthwhile.Butitisonlyoneofmanynecessarystepstoputthenationonasoundfiscalfootingandensurethatfuturegenerationswillhaveareasonablycomfortableretirement. 49
AnyonepayingattentiontothedebateoverSocialSecurityhasheardalitanyofdates.There’s2018whentheprogramisexpectedtostarttakinginlessintaxesthanitpaysoutinbenefits.Andthere’s2042or2052bysomeestimateswhenitstrustfundissupposedtorunoutofmoney. 41___________________ ForyearsthegovernmenthascollectedmoreinSocialSecuritytaxesthanitneededtopaycurrentbenefitsThoseexcesscollectionsarecreditedtotheSocialSecurityTrustFundostensiblytopayfutureretirees.Butthereisnoactualmoneyinthefund.InsteadthegovernmentspendsthemoneyforotherpurposesandissuesthefundIOUs. In2009theshellgamebeginstoend.TheamountbywhichSocialSecuritytaxesexceedbenefitsstartstoshrink.42___________________ Theproblemcouldhavebeenavoidedanditstillcouldbereduced. Iftherestofthebudgetwasingoodshape--andparticularlyifthegovernmentbadstavedonthepathitwasonfiveyearsagoofbuyingdownthenationaldebt--lawmakerscouldsimplyre-borrowthemoneytopaybenefits.Theycouldhavealeisurelydebateoverwhatifanythingelsetodo. 43___________________ Thisraisesaquestion:IfthebiggestimmediateproblemofSocialSecurityisthatitwillsoonmakethedeficitworsewouldn’titbebettertoaddresstheunderlyingdeficitInotherwords--astheBushadministrationembarksona60day60stoptourtopromoteSocialSecurityoverhaul--arewereallydebatingtherightproblem 44___________________ ThemoneythathasbeenborrowedorisprojecedtobeborrowedinFresidentBush’stwotermsalonewouldcomeclosetosolvingSocialSecurity’ssolvencyproblemsforatleastthenext75years.TheOfficeofManagementandBudgetprojectscumulativeborrowingof$2.6trillion.TheSocialSecurityAdministrationestimatesthat$3.7trillionwouldshoreuptheprogramuntilatleast2080. 45___________________.ExplodingMedicareandMedicaidcoststhelossofrevenuebecauseoftherecenttaxcutsandlikelychangesinthealternativeminimumtaxAMTpresentableakoutlookoverthenext10years.MakingtheBushtaxcutspermanentandfixingtheAMTcouldleadtodeficitsofabout$650billionto$750billionbythemiddleofthenextdecade. A.By2018--soonerifprivateaccountsarecreated--theflowreverses.InsteadofspendingasurplusthegovernmentwillneedtobeginpayingoffitsIOUs.Absentlargetaxhikesorspendingcutsalreadyastronomicaldeficitswillskyrocket. B.ThebottomlineisthatWashingtonthroughprofligateborrowingandpoliciesthatlockinredinkforyearstocomeispassingtheburdentofuturegenerations.Andtheproblemisgettingworse. C.Butthemostimportantdatewillarrivesoonerin2009.That’swhenthecostofpayingbenefitstothefirstwaveofretiringbabyboomerswillbeginexposingtheaccountinggimmickrythatisthetruedriveroftheSocialSecurity"crisis."TotheextentacrisisexistsitisnotreallyaboutSocialSecurity.Itisaboutdecadesofirresponsiblebudgetingthatthreatensfutureretirees. D.Asbadasthecurrentrecorddeficitslook$427billionthisyearalonetheylikelywillgetworseinthenextdecadeastheresultoffiscaltimebombshard-wiredintogovernmentspendingandtaxplans. E.LeftuncheckedchronicdeficitswillmorethanoffsetanygoodthatcomesoutofSocialSecurityreform.Deficitsmakethegovernmentmorebeholdentoitscreditorsmanyofthemforeign.Asthenationaldebtsurgessodoestheportionofthebudgetdedicatedtopayinginterestonthatdebt. F.Butthatisnotanoptiongiventhedirebudgetarysituation.SocialSecuritywillsoonbecomeadrainonagovernmentalreadyundertremendousfiscalstress.It’sthedifferencebetweenhavingazerobalanceonyourcreditcardandbeingatyourcreditlimit.Ifyou’remaxedoutyoulosetheflexibilitytotakeonnewdebttodealwithanexpense. G.ThisisnottosaySocialSecurityreform--withorwithouttheprivateaccountsproposedbyBush--isnotworthwhile.Butitisonlyoneofmanynecessarystepstoputthenationonasoundfiscalfootingandensurethatfuturegenerationswillhaveareasonablycomfortableretirement. 45
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionbasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantslopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.15
Untilrecentlythemainvillainsofthepiecehadseemedtobetheteachers’unionswhohaveopposedanysortofreformoraccountability.Nowtheyfacecompetitionfromanunexpectedlydestructiveforce:thecourt.FiftyyearsagoitwasthejudgeswhoforcedtheschoolstodesegregatethroughBrownv.BoardofEducation1954.Nowthecourtshavemovedfrombroadprinciplestomicromanagementtellingschoolshowmuchmoneytospendandwhere-rightdowntothecorrectcomputerortextbook.TwentyfourstatesarecurrentlyStuckinvariouscourtcasestodowithfinancingschoolsystemsandanother21haveonlyrecentlysettledvarioussuits.Mostwillstartagainsoon.Onlyfivestateshaveavoidedlitigationentirely.Nothingexemplifiesthepowerofthecourtsbetterthanan11-year-oldcasethatisduetobesettledsortofinNewYorkCitythehomeofAmerica’sbiggestschoolsystemwith1.lmstudentsandabudgetnearing$13billion.AttheendofthismonththreeelderlymembersoftheNewYorkbarservingasjudicialrefereesareduetoruleinacasebroughtBytheCampaignforFiscalEquityaleftishadvocacygroupagainstthestateofNewYork:theywilldecidehowmuchmoremustBespenttoprovideeveryNewYorkCitypupilwithasoundbasiceducation.Rareisthepoliticianwillingtoarguethatmoremoneyforschoolsisabadthing.ButarethecourtsdoinganygoodTwosuspicionsarise.Firstjudgesaremakingalazyassumptionthatmoremoneymeansbetterschools.Astheinternationalresultsshowthelinkbetweeninputsandoutputsisvague--somethingwelldocumentedbyamongothersthelateSenatorDanielPatrickMoynihanofNewYork.Secondthecourtsaremuddlinganalreadymuddledsystem.Overtimetheyhavegenerallymadeithardertogetridofdisruptivepupilsandbadteachers.Thecurrentcasecouldbeevenworse.Thecourtshavealreadysaidthatinordertodeterminethenecessaryspendingtheymayconsidereverythingfromclasssizetotheavailabilityofcomputerstextbooksandevenpencils.Thisdegreeofinterventionisallthemorescandalousbecausethecourtshaveweirdlydecidedtoignoreanothersetofinputs--thearchaicworkpracticesofschoolteachersandjanitors.DavidSchoenbrodandRossSandierofNewYorkLawSchoolreckonthedemandsofthecourtwillsimplyunderminereformandtransformanexpensivefailureintoamoreexpensiveone.Andofcoursethelitigationneverends.Kentuckyforexampleisstillincourt16yearsafterthefirstdecision.AlawsuitfirstfiledagainstNewJerseyforitsfundingofschoolsin1981wasdecidedfouryearslater--butithasreturnedtothecourtninetimessinceincludingearlythisyearwitheachdecisionpushingthecourtdeeperintothemanagementofthestate’sschools.Badiudgesareevenhardertobootoutofschoolthanbadpupils.SenatorD.P.Moynihanwouldprobablyagreethat______.
StephenM.SalandchairmanoftheStateSenateEducationCommitteeisaconservativeupstateRepublicanandStevenSanderschairmanoftheAssemblyEducationCommitteeisaliberalNewYorkCityDemocrat.Butwhenitcomestoeducationtheyhavemuchincommon.NeitherisafanofthefederalNoChildLeftBehindLawanditsextensivetestingmandates.Bothsaythatstandardizedtestsaretoodominantinpublicschoolstoday. ThathasattimesputthetwoeducationchairmeninconflictwiththestateeducationcommissionerRichardP.Mills.46Duringhis10yeartenureDr.MillshasturnedNewYorkintooneofthemosttest-drivenpublicsystemsinthenationrequiringstudentstopassfivestateteststograduate. 47Formonthsnowthelegislativeleadersandthecommissionerhavebeenlockedinalittle-noticedfightoverthefutureof28smallalternativepublichighschoolsafightthatmaywellbethefinalstandforopponentsofstandardizedtestinginNewYork. SenatorSalandandAssemblymanSandersaredoingtheirbesttoprotecttheseschoolsinNewYorkCityUrbanAcademyManhattanInternationalIthacaLehmanAlternativeandRochesterSchoolWithoutWallsandhelpthemretaintheirdistinctiveeducationalapproach.48InsteadofthestandardsurveycoursesinglobalstudiesAmericanhistorybiologyandchemistrypeggedtostateteststheseschoolsfavorcoursesthatgointomoredepthonnarrowertopics.AtUrbanAcademytherearecoursesinMiddleEastconflictsworldreligionspost-CivilWarReconstructionandmicrobiology. Inthemid-1990’stheformereducationcommissionerThomasSobolgrantedthese28consortiumschoolsserving16000studentsabout1percentofNewYork’shighschoolpopulationanexemptionfrommoststatetests.ThatpermittedamoreinnovativecurriculumandstudentswereevaluatedviaaportfoliosystemthatreliesonresearchpapersandscienceprojectsreviewedbyoutsideexpertslikeDavidS.ThaleraRockefellerUniversitymicrobiologyprofessorandEricFoneraColumbiahistoryprofessor. TheGatesFoundationwhichhasgivenhundredsofmillionsofdollarstostartsmallhighschoolsnationwideissoimpressedwiththeseschoolsanditregularlysendseducatorstoNewYorktoseehowthey’rerun. ButthetestingexemptionfortheseschoolsisabouttoexpireandCommissionerMillsdoesnotwantitrenewed.Hebelievesthatallstudentswithoutexceptionshouldtakeeverytest. RecentlySenatorSalanddefiedthecommissioner.HeshepherdedabillthroughtheRepublicancontrolledSenatethatpassed50to10andwouldcontinuetheseschools’waiversforfouryears.49SenatorSaland’sbilldoesrequirethatstudentspassthestateEnglishandmathteststograduatelettingthestategaugethealternativeschools’performanceversusmainstreamschools. OntheSenatefloorSenatorSa[andnotedthatwhile61percentofconsortiumstudentsqualifiedforfreelunchesandthreequarterswereblackorHispanic88percentwentontocollegecomparedwith70percentatmainstreamschoolsthatgivestatetests.50HesaidthatthedropoutratewashalftherateatmainstreamschoolsandthatontheonestatewidetestthesestudentstookregularlyEnglishtheyscoredanaverageof77outdoingmainstreamstudentsby5points. Formonthsnowthelegislativeleadersandthecommissionerhavebeenlockedinalittle-noticedfightoverthefutureof28smallalternativepublichighschoolsafightthatmaywellbethefinalstandforopponentsofstandardizedtestinginNewYork.
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionbasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantslopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.3
Untilrecentlythemainvillainsofthepiecehadseemedtobetheteachers’unionswhohaveopposedanysortofreformoraccountability.Nowtheyfacecompetitionfromanunexpectedlydestructiveforce:thecourt.FiftyyearsagoitwasthejudgeswhoforcedtheschoolstodesegregatethroughBrownv.BoardofEducation1954.Nowthecourtshavemovedfrombroadprinciplestomicromanagementtellingschoolshowmuchmoneytospendandwhere-rightdowntothecorrectcomputerortextbook.TwentyfourstatesarecurrentlyStuckinvariouscourtcasestodowithfinancingschoolsystemsandanother21haveonlyrecentlysettledvarioussuits.Mostwillstartagainsoon.Onlyfivestateshaveavoidedlitigationentirely.Nothingexemplifiesthepowerofthecourtsbetterthanan11-year-oldcasethatisduetobesettledsortofinNewYorkCitythehomeofAmerica’sbiggestschoolsystemwith1.lmstudentsandabudgetnearing$13billion.AttheendofthismonththreeelderlymembersoftheNewYorkbarservingasjudicialrefereesareduetoruleinacasebroughtBytheCampaignforFiscalEquityaleftishadvocacygroupagainstthestateofNewYork:theywilldecidehowmuchmoremustBespenttoprovideeveryNewYorkCitypupilwithasoundbasiceducation.Rareisthepoliticianwillingtoarguethatmoremoneyforschoolsisabadthing.ButarethecourtsdoinganygoodTwosuspicionsarise.Firstjudgesaremakingalazyassumptionthatmoremoneymeansbetterschools.Astheinternationalresultsshowthelinkbetweeninputsandoutputsisvague--somethingwelldocumentedbyamongothersthelateSenatorDanielPatrickMoynihanofNewYork.Secondthecourtsaremuddlinganalreadymuddledsystem.Overtimetheyhavegenerallymadeithardertogetridofdisruptivepupilsandbadteachers.Thecurrentcasecouldbeevenworse.Thecourtshavealreadysaidthatinordertodeterminethenecessaryspendingtheymayconsidereverythingfromclasssizetotheavailabilityofcomputerstextbooksandevenpencils.Thisdegreeofinterventionisallthemorescandalousbecausethecourtshaveweirdlydecidedtoignoreanothersetofinputs--thearchaicworkpracticesofschoolteachersandjanitors.DavidSchoenbrodandRossSandierofNewYorkLawSchoolreckonthedemandsofthecourtwillsimplyunderminereformandtransformanexpensivefailureintoamoreexpensiveone.Andofcoursethelitigationneverends.Kentuckyforexampleisstillincourt16yearsafterthefirstdecision.AlawsuitfirstfiledagainstNewJerseyforitsfundingofschoolsin1981wasdecidedfouryearslater--butithasreturnedtothecourtninetimessinceincludingearlythisyearwitheachdecisionpushingthecourtdeeperintothemanagementofthestate’sschools.Badiudgesareevenhardertobootoutofschoolthanbadpupils.Theauthorseemstobelievethat______.
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