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Jack S. Kilby, an electrical engineer whose invention of the integrated circuit gave rise to the ...
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RomeJune13—AlawthatimposesstrictrulesonassistedfertilitywillremainonthebooksafterthefailureonMondayofahard-foughtreferendumthatrubbedintooneofItaly’ssorestspots:therelationshipbetweenchurchandstate. 46ThefightleadinguptotwodaysofvotingonSundayandMondaymobilizedthenation’spoliticalandreligiousestablishmentslikefewothersastheleadershipoftheRomanCatholicChurch—includingthenewpopeBenedictXVI—urgedItalianstoboycottthereferendum. Intheendtheoutcomewasnotevenclose.Only26percentofasmanyas50millioneligibleItaliansvotedmeaningthatthereferendumautomaticallyfailedwiththevotesuncountedinitsattempttorepealfourcrucialsectionsofarestrictivefertilitylawpassedlastyear.Forthereferendumtobevalid50percentofeligiblevotershadtotakepart. 47Theresultswouldseemanimmediatevictoryforthechurchandfortheyoungpapacy教皇权利ofBenedictinaEuropewherechurchinfluencehasdeclinedsignificantlyinrecentdecades.SimilarreferendumsinItalyondivorceandabortioninthe1970’sand80’spassedoverwhelminglydespitechurchoppositionandItaliansnowseemlikelytodebatewhetherapathyorareverseinsecularisminthehomeoftheRomanCatholicChurchdefeatedthisreferendum. "TheresultsoftodaymeanthatItalyismaybemoresimilartoTexasthantoMassachusetts’saidRoccoButtiglioneItaly’scultureministerandafriendofPopeBenedict."Italianswantademocracywithvalues—atvalueshumanlife—andthatiswhytheyrejectedthisreferendum." Forthechurchtheresultsseemedespeciallyimportantsincethereferendumconcernedissuescentraltochurchteachingsonvalues.48Thefertilitylawpassedhereunderchurchlobbyinglastyeardefineslifeasbeginningatconceptionandbansmostexperimentationonhumanembryos胚胎. "I’mstruckbythematurityoftheItalianpeople’CardinalCamilloRuinipresidentoftheItalianbishops’conferencetoldreportersaccordingtoReuters.CardinalRuiniatopVaticanofficialandcloseaidetoBenedictregularlyurgedItalianstoabstainfromthereferendum. 49Concedingaheavydefeat.thepoliticalforcesthatsupportedthereferendumcharacterizedtheresultsasablowtothewallsbetweenchurchandstate.TheywarnedthatthechurchwouldnextsetitssightsonItaly’sabortionlaw. "Thereisaproblemoftheclimateoftheatmosphereinthiscountry"EmmaBoninoaleaderoftheRadicalPartywhospearheadedthefightforlegalizedabortionintheearly1980’stoldreporters."Itisnotsecularandit’sveryworrying." 50ButsomeexpertscautionedagainstreadingtoomuchintotheresultsnotingthatItalyisaparticularnationwherechurchandstateareentwinedlikenowhereelse;thatabattleoverabortionwouldbemuchmoredifficult;thatasimilarfightseemedunlikelytogaingroundelsewhereinEurope. Concedingaheavydefeat.thepoliticalforcesthatsupportedthereferendumcharacterizedtheresultsasablowtothewallsbetweenchurchandstate.
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionhasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantstopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. 9
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionhasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantstopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. 11
Text3 TheInlandRevenueonThursdayaccusedtheBritishfilmindustryofabusinggovernmentaidwitheveryproductionofrecentyearsdeliberatelyover-claimingtaxrelief. Revenueofficialscalledinabout20membersofthefilmindustryandwarnedthemofsevereconsequencesifthe"exploitation"oftax-reliefschemesdidnotimmediatelystop. Themovewhichaffectstheincludinglow-tohigh-budgetfilm-makersandfinanciersisithelatestinaseriesofattemptsbytheRevenuetoclampdownontaxloopholesinanattempt toraisemoremoneyfortheExchequer. ButthefilmindustryrespondedonThursdaynightsayingtheRevenuecoulddriveproductionsoverseasandwouldconfuseinvestors. Aseriesoftaxreliefschemesintroducedin1997enablesthoseinvolvedinthefinancingofqualifyingBritish-madefilmstoclaimthecostsofproductionagainstfutureincome.Theschemeshavebecomepopularwithinvestorsseekingataxshelterwithanestimated￡400minvestedintheschemesin1997risingtoabout￡2bnlastyear. ButtheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasexploitingrulesontaxreliefby"double-dipping"thatisbyclaimingreliefmorethanonceagainstasinglepieceofexpenditure.WhilenotillegaltheRevenuesaidtheindustrywas"notplayingfair".Itsaiddouble-dippingwas"againstthespirit"oflegislationdesignedtoencourageinvestmentintheBritishfilmindustry. TheRevenuesaidthepracticeofdouble-dippingwas"virtuallyuniversal"with"everyqualifyingfilmithadseenfinancedonthebasisofdouble-dipping".Itwarneditwould"takeallstepstocountersuchabuseincludingwherenecessaryadvisingministersonintroducinglegislationtoputmattersbeyonddoubt". "BoththeRevenueandthegovernmentarebecomingincreasinglyexasperatedattheextenttowhichsomepartsoftheindustryareexploitingthefilmreliefs"theRevenuesaid."ThegovernmentremainscommittedtoencouragingfilmproductionintheUKthroughuseofthereliefsinthewayinwhichthelegislationallows—butthisdoesnotextendtodeliberateexploitationofthosereliefs." LargefilmfinancierssaidonThursdaynightthattheRevenue’sactioncouldunderminegrowthprospectsfortheBritishfilmindustry. PeterJamesmanagingdirectorofMovisionEntertainmentwhichhasproduced16British-madefilmsinrecentyearsincludingthesoon-to-bereleased"MerchantofVenice"saidwhiletheeffectoftheRevenue’sclampdownwouldnotbe"devastating"itcoulddrivemanyindependentfilm-makersoverseas. IndustryobserverssaidonThursdaytheRevenue’smovewaslikelytoconfuseinvestorswhohavebeenaccustomedtothebenefitsofdouble-dipping. TheRevenue'slastresortinsolvingtheproblemseemstobe
Text4 Untilrecentlythecommonfactorinallthescienceusedtofigureoutifapieceofartwasforgedwasthatitwasconcernedwiththemediumoftheartworkratherthantheartitself.MattersofstyleandformwerelefttoarthistorianswhocouldmakeeruditebutqualitativejudgmentsaboutwhetherapaintingwasreallygoodenoughtobesayaLeonardo.Butthisischanging.Apaperinthisweek’sProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesbyHanyFaridandhiscolleaguesatDartmouthCollegeinNewHampshireusesstatisticaltechniquestoexamineartitself—themessagenotthemedium. Dr.Faridemployedatechniquecalledwaveletanalysistoexamine13drawingsthathadatonetimeoranotherbeenattributedtoPieterBruegeltheEldera16th-centuryFlemishpainter.HealsolookedatPerugino’s"MadonnawithChild"a15th-centuryItalianmasterpiecelodgedinthecollege’sHoodMuseumofArt.HeconcludedinagreementwitharthistoriansthateightoftheputativeBruegelsareauthenticwhiletheotherfiveareimitations.Inthecaseof"MadonnawithChild"heanalysedthesixfacesinthepaintingMarytheinfantJesusandseveralsaintsandfoundthatthreeofthemwereprobablydonebythesamepainterwhiletheotherthreewereeachdonebyadifferenthand.TheviewthatfourdifferentpaintersworkedonthecanvasishesaysconsistentwiththeviewofsomearthistoriansthatPerugino’sapprenticesdidmuchoftheworkalthoughthereisnoclearconsensusamongarthistorians. Asscepticswilldoubtlesspointoutthisisasmallnumberofimages.FurthermoreDr.Faridknewbeforeperformingtheanalysiswhatresultsheexpected.Butheisthefirsttoacknowledgethatitisearlydaysforhismethodology.Hehopestostudymanymorepaintings.BylookingatlargenumbersofpaintingsthatareuniversallybelievedtobeauthenticDr.Faridhopestobeabletoexaminedoubtfulcaseswithconfidenceinthefuture EvenwiththeBruegels—realandimitation—thoughDr.Farid’sresultsarepersuasive. istrickytodescribeexactlywhatitisthatdistinguishestherealonesfromtheimitationsbutDr.Fetidsaysthatitcanbethoughtofasthenatureoftheartist’sbrushstroke.UnlikesomeanalysesofJacksonPollock’sworkthathavebeendoneoverthepastfewyearsbyRichardTayloroftheUniversityofOregonDr.Faridsayshistechniquecouldinprinciplebeusedforanyartist. WhatDr.Fariddidwastoconverteachworkofartintoasetofmathematicalfunctions.Theseso-calledwaveletsdescribeparticularpartsoftheimageasaseriesofpeaksandtroughsofvariableheightandwavelength.Byexpressinganimagethiswayitispossibletocompressthatimagewhilelosingverylittleinformation.Thesumsofthewaveletsfromdifferentimagescanthenbecompared.OncehedidthisDr.FaridfoundthatthetypesofwaveletsusedtoexpressauthenticBruegelswerenoticeablydifferentfromthoseusedtoexpresstheimitations.ThePeruginowasanalysedbytreatingthesixfacesasdistinctpaintings.Itseemsthatcuratorsmaysoonbeabletoaddanotherweapontotheiranti-forgeryarsenal. Wecaninferfromthetextthat
StephenM.SalandchairmanoftheStateSenateEducationCommitteeisaconservativeupstateRepublicanandStevenSanderschairmanoftheAssemblyEducationCommitteeisaliberalNewYorkCityDemocrat.Butwhenitcomestoeducationtheyhavemuchincommon.NeitherisafanofthefederalNoChildLeftBehindLawanditsextensivetestingmandates.Bothsaythatstandardizedtestsaretoodominantinpublicschoolstoday. ThathasattimesputthetwoeducationchairmeninconflictwiththestateeducationcommissionerRichardP.Mills.46Duringhis10-yeartenureDr.MillshasturnedNewYorkintooneofthemosttest-drivenpublicsystemsinthenationrequiringstudentstopassfivestateteststograduate. 47Formonthsnowthelegislativeleadersandthecommissionerhavebeenlockedinalittle-noticedfightoverthefutureof28smallalternativepublichighschoolsafightthatmaywellbethefinalstandforopponentsofstandardizedtestinginNewYork. SenatorSalandandAssemblymanSandersaredoingtheirbesttoprotecttheseschoolsinNewYorkCityUrbanAcademyManhattanInternationalIthacaLehmanAlternativeandRochesterSchoolWithoutWallsandhelpthemretaintheirdistinctiveeducationalapproach.48InsteadofthestandardsurveycoursesinglobalstudiesAmericanhistorybiologyandchemistrypeggedtostateteststheseschoolsfavorcoursesthatgointomoredepthonnarrowertopics.AtUrbanAcademytherearecoursesinMiddleEastconflictsworldreligionspost-CivilWarReconstructionandmicrobiology. Inthemid-1990’stheformereducationcommissionerThomasSobolgrantedthese28consortiumschoolsserving16000studentsabout1percentofNewYork’shighschoolpopulationanexemptionfrommoststatetests.ThatpermittedamoreinnovativecurriculumandstudentswereevaluatedviaaportfoliosystemthatreliesonresearchpapersandscienceprojectsreviewedbyoutsideexpertslikeDavidS.ThaleraRockefellerUniversitymicrobiologyprofessorandEricFoneraColumbiahistoryprofessor. TheGatesFoundationwhichhasgivenhundredsofmillionsofdollarstostartsmallhighschoolsnationwideissoimpressedwiththeseschoolsanditregularlysendseducatorstoNewYorktoseehowthey’rerun. ButthetestingexemptionfortheseschoolsisabouttoexpireandCommissionerMillsdoesnotwantitrenewed.Hebelievesthatallstudentswithoutexceptionshouldtakeeverytest. RecentlySenatorSalanddefiedthecommissioner.HeshepherdedabillthroughtheRepublican-controlledSenatethatpassed50to10andwouldcontinuetheseschools’waiversforfouryears.49SenatorSaland’sbilldoesrequirethatstudentspassthestateEnglishandmathteststograduatelettingthestategaugethealternativeschools’performanceversusmainstreamschools. OntheSenatefloorSenatorSalandnotedthatwhile61percentofconsortiumstudentsqualifiedforfreelunchesandthree-quarterswereblackorHispanic88percentwentontocollegecomparedwith70percentatmainstreamschoolsthatgivestatetests.50HesaidthatthedropoutratewashalftherateatmainstreamschoolsandthatontheonestatewidetestthesestudentstookregularlyEnglishtheyscoredanaverageof77outdoingmainstreamstudentsby5points. 49
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionhasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantstopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. 15
Text1 Untilrecentlythemainvillainsofthepiecehadseemedtobetheteachers’unionswhohaveopposedanysortofreformoraccountability.Nowtheyfacecompetitionfromanunexpectedlydestructiveforce:thecourt.FiftyyearsagoitwasthejudgeswhoforcedtheschoolstodesegregatethroughBrownv.BoardofEducation1954.Nowthecourtshavemovedfrombroadprinciplestomicromanagementtellingschoolshowmuchmoneytospendandwhere—rightdowntothecorrectcomputerortextbook Twenty-fourstatesarecurrentlystuckinvariouscourtcasestodowithfinancingschoolsystemsandanother21haveonlyrecentlysettledvarioussuits.Mostwillstartagainsoon.Onlyfivestateshaveavoidedlitigationentirely. NothingexemplifiesthepowerofthecourtsbetterthananIl-year-oldcasethatisduetobesettledsortofinNewYorkCitythehomeofAmerica’sbiggestschoolsystemwith1.lmstudentsandabudgetnearing$13billion.AttheendofthismonththreeelderlymembersoftheNewYorkbarservingasjudicialrefereesareduetoruleinacasebroughtbytheCampaignforFiscalEquityaleftishadvocacygroupagainstthestateofNewYork:theywilldecidehowmuchmoremustbespenttoprovideeveryNewYorkCitypupilwitha"soundbasic"education. Rareisthepoliticianwillingtoarguethatmoremoneyforschoolsisabadthing.ButarethecourtsdoinganygoodTwosuspicionsarise.Firstjudgesaremakingalazyassumptionthatmoremoneymeansbetterschools.Astheinternationalresultsshowthelinkbetween"inputs"and"outputs"isvague—somethingwelldocumentedbyamongothersthelateSenatorDanielPatrickMoynihanofNewYork.Secondthecourtsaremuddlinganalreadymuddledsystem.Overtimetheyhavegenerallymadeithardertogetridofdisruptivepupilsandbadteachers. Thecurrentcasecouldbeevenworse.Thecourtshavealreadysaidthatinordertodeterminethenecessaryspendingtheymayconsidereverythingfromclasssizetotheavailabilityofcomputerstextbooksandevenpencils.Thisdegreeofinterventionisallthemorescandalousbecausethecourtshaveweirdlydecidedtoignoreanothersetof"inputs"—thearchaicworkpracticesofschoolteachersandjanitors.DavidSchoenbrodandRossSandlerofNewYorkLawSchoolreckonthedemandsofthecourtwillsimplyunderminereformandtransformanexpensivefailureintoamoreexpensiveone. Andofcoursethelitigationneverends.Kentuckyforexampleisstillincourt16yearsafterthefirstdecision.AlawsuitfirstfiledagainstNewJerseyforitsfundingofschoolsin1981was"decided"fouryearslater—butithasreturnedtothecourtninetimessinceincludingearlythisyearwitheachdecisionpushingthecourtdeeperintothemanagementofthestate’sschools.Badjudgesareevenhardertobootoutofschoolthanbadpupils. WhatdoesthelawsuitfiledagainstNewJerseyindicate
Text1 Untilrecentlythemainvillainsofthepiecehadseemedtobetheteachers’unionswhohaveopposedanysortofreformoraccountability.Nowtheyfacecompetitionfromanunexpectedlydestructiveforce:thecourt.FiftyyearsagoitwasthejudgeswhoforcedtheschoolstodesegregatethroughBrownv.BoardofEducation1954.Nowthecourtshavemovedfrombroadprinciplestomicromanagementtellingschoolshowmuchmoneytospendandwhere—rightdowntothecorrectcomputerortextbook Twenty-fourstatesarecurrentlystuckinvariouscourtcasestodowithfinancingschoolsystemsandanother21haveonlyrecentlysettledvarioussuits.Mostwillstartagainsoon.Onlyfivestateshaveavoidedlitigationentirely. NothingexemplifiesthepowerofthecourtsbetterthananIl-year-oldcasethatisduetobesettledsortofinNewYorkCitythehomeofAmerica’sbiggestschoolsystemwith1.lmstudentsandabudgetnearing$13billion.AttheendofthismonththreeelderlymembersoftheNewYorkbarservingasjudicialrefereesareduetoruleinacasebroughtbytheCampaignforFiscalEquityaleftishadvocacygroupagainstthestateofNewYork:theywilldecidehowmuchmoremustbespenttoprovideeveryNewYorkCitypupilwitha"soundbasic"education. Rareisthepoliticianwillingtoarguethatmoremoneyforschoolsisabadthing.ButarethecourtsdoinganygoodTwosuspicionsarise.Firstjudgesaremakingalazyassumptionthatmoremoneymeansbetterschools.Astheinternationalresultsshowthelinkbetween"inputs"and"outputs"isvague—somethingwelldocumentedbyamongothersthelateSenatorDanielPatrickMoynihanofNewYork.Secondthecourtsaremuddlinganalreadymuddledsystem.Overtimetheyhavegenerallymadeithardertogetridofdisruptivepupilsandbadteachers. Thecurrentcasecouldbeevenworse.Thecourtshavealreadysaidthatinordertodeterminethenecessaryspendingtheymayconsidereverythingfromclasssizetotheavailabilityofcomputerstextbooksandevenpencils.Thisdegreeofinterventionisallthemorescandalousbecausethecourtshaveweirdlydecidedtoignoreanothersetof"inputs"—thearchaicworkpracticesofschoolteachersandjanitors.DavidSchoenbrodandRossSandlerofNewYorkLawSchoolreckonthedemandsofthecourtwillsimplyunderminereformandtransformanexpensivefailureintoamoreexpensiveone. Andofcoursethelitigationneverends.Kentuckyforexampleisstillincourt16yearsafterthefirstdecision.AlawsuitfirstfiledagainstNewJerseyforitsfundingofschoolsin1981was"decided"fouryearslater—butithasreturnedtothecourtninetimessinceincludingearlythisyearwitheachdecisionpushingthecourtdeeperintothemanagementofthestate’sschools.Badjudgesareevenhardertobootoutofschoolthanbadpupils. Thethirdparagraphisintendedmainlyto
A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols—likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties—likeabiologicalorganism.’ B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27—July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhile workingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations.’ F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowshowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete~it’sadynamicalsystem.’ G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween—youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword"Spiveysaid. Order: 45
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionhasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantstopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. 7
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionhasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantstopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. 19
Text2 InrecentyearsMicrosofthasfocusedonthreebigtasksbuildingrobustsecurityintoitssoftwareresolvingnumerousantitrustcomplaintsagainstitandupgradingitsWindowsoperatingsystem.Thesethreetasksarenowstartingtocollide. OnAugust27ththefirmsaidthatthesuccessortoitsWindowsXPoperatingsystemcode-namedLonghornwillgoonsalein2007withoutoneofitsmostimpressivefeatures:atechniquetointegrateelaboratesearchcapabilitiesintonearlyalldesktopapplications.OnthebrightsideLonghornwillcontainadvancesinrenderingimagesandenablingdifferentcomputingplatformstoexchangedatadirectlybetweenapplications.ItisabigsetbackforMicrosoftwhichconsiderssearchtechnologyapillarofitsfuturegrowth—notleastasitcompetesagainstGoogle. Thefirm’sfocusonsecurity—championedby]BillGateshimself—tookresourcesawayfromLonghornadmitsGregSullivanaleadproductmanagerintheWindowsclientdivision.ProgrammershavebeenfixingWindowsXPratherthanworkingonLonghorn.Inmid-AugustMicrosoftreleasedServicePack2ahugesetoffreesoftwarepatchesandenhancementstomakeWindowsXPmoresecure.Thoughsomeofthefixesturnedouttohavevulnerabilitiesoftheirownthepatcheshavemostlybeenwelcomed.Microsoft’sdecisiontoforgonewfeaturesinreturnforbettersecurityisonethatmostcomputeruserswillprobablyapplaud. YetironicallyasMicrosoftslowlyimprovesthesecurityofitsproducts—byforinstanceincorporatingfirewalltechnologyanti-virussystemsandspamfilters—itsactionsincreasinglystarttoresemblethosethatinthepasthavegotthefirmintotroublewithregulators.Issecuritysoftwarean"adjacentsoftwaremarket"inwhichcaseMicrosoftmaybeleveragingitsdominanceoftheoperatingsystemintoitIntegratingsecurityproductsintoWindowsmightbeconsidered"bundling"whichwithregardtowebbrowsingsoexcitedAmerica’strustbustersinthe1990s.Andbuildingsecuritydirectlyintotheoperatingsystemseemsalotlike"commingling"softwarecodeonwhichbasistheEuropeanCommissionruledearlierthisyearthatMicrosoftabuseditsmarketpowerthroughtheWindowsMediaPlayer.MicrosoftisappealingagainstthatdecisionandonSeptember30thitwillargueforasuspensionofthecommission’sremediessuchastherequirementthatitlicenseitscodetorivals. JustlastmonththeEuropeanUnion’scompetitiondirectoratebegananinvestigationintoMicrosoftandTimeWarneralargemediafirmonthegroundsthattheirproposedjointacquisitionofContentGuardasoftwarefirmwhoseproductsprotectdigitalmediafilesmightprovideMicrosoftwithunduemarketpoweroverdigitalmediastandards.ThecommissionwillrulebyJanuary2005.Microsoftitseemsinsecurityaselsewhereisgoingtohavetogetusedtobeingpunishedforitssuccess.ItsWindowsmonopolyletsitenjoyexcessiveprofits—buttheresultingmonoculturemakesitanobvioustargetforvirusesandregulatorsalike. WhichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtotheregulatorsParA．4Line4
A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols—likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties—likeabiologicalorganism.’ B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27—July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhile workingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations.’ F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowshowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete~it’sadynamicalsystem.’ G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween—youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword"Spiveysaid. Order: 41
AnyonepayingattentiontothedebateoverSocialSecurityhasheardalitanyofdates.There’s2018whentheprogramisexpectedtostarttakinginlessintaxesthanitpaysoutinbenefits.Andthere’s2042or2052bysomeestimateswhenitstrustfundissupposedtorunoutofmoney. 41______. ForyearsthegovernmenthascollectedmoreinSocialSecuritytaxesthanitneededtopaycurrentbenefits.ThoseexcesscollectionsarecreditedtotheSocialSecurityTrustFundostensiblytopayfutureretirees.Butthereisnoactualmoneyinthefund.InsteadthegovernmentspendsthemoneyforotherpurposesandissuesthefundIOUs. In2009theshellgamebeginstoend.TheamountbywhichSocialSecuritytaxesexceedbenefitsstartstoshrink.42______. Theproblemcouldhavebeenavoidedanditstillcouldbereduced. Iftherestofthebudgetwasingoodshape—andparticularlyifthegovernmenthadstayedonthepathitwasonfiveyearsagoofbuyingdownthenationaldebt—lawmakerscouldsimplyre-borrowthemoneytopaybenefitsTheycouldhavealeisurelydebateoverwhatifanythingelsetodo. 43______. Thisraisesaquestion:IfthebiggestimmediateproblemofSocialSecurityisthatitwillsoonmakethedeficitworsewouldn’titbebettertoaddresstheunderlyingdeficitInotherwords—astheBushadministrationembarksona60-day60-stoptourtopromoteSocialSecurityoverhaul—arewereallydebatingtherightproblem 44______. ThemoneythatbasbeenborrowedorisprojectedtobeborrowedinPresidentBush’stwotermsalonewouldcomeclosetosolvingSocialSecurity’ssolvencyproblemsforatleastthenext7’5years.TheOfficeofManagementandBudgetprojectscumulativeborrowingof$2.6trillion.TheSocialSecurityAdministrationestimatesthat$3.7trillionwouldshoreuptheprogramuntilatleast2080. 45______.ExplodingMedicareandMedicaidcoststhelossofrevenuebecauseoftherecenttaxcutsandlikelychangesinthealternativeminimumtaxAMTpresentableakoutlookoverthenext10years.MakingtheBushtaxcutspermanentandfixingtheAMTcouldleadtodeficitsofabout$650billionto$750billionbythemiddleofthenextdecade. A.By2018—soonerifprivateaccountsarecreated—theflowreverses.InsteadofspendingasurplusthegovernmentwillneedtobeginpayingoffitsIOUs.Absentlargetaxhikesorspendingcutsalreadyastronomicaldeficitswillskyrocket. B.ThebottomlineisthatWashingtonthroughprofligateborrowingandpoliciesthatlockinredinkforyearstocomeispassingtheburdentofuturegenerations.Andtheproblemisgettingworse. C.Butthemostimportantdatewillarrivesooner—in2009.That’swhenthecostofpayingbenefitstothefirstwaveofretiringbabyboomerswillbeginexposingtheaccountinggimmickrythatisthetruedriveroftheSocialSecurity"crisis.’TotheextentacrisisexistsitisnotreallyaboutSocialSecurity.Itisaboutdecadesofirresponsiblebudgetingthatthreatensfutureretirees. D.Asbadasthecurrentrecorddeficitslook$427billionthisyearalonetheylikelywillgetworseinthenextdecadeastheresultoffiscaltimebombshard-wiredintogovernmentspendingandtaxplans. E.LeftuncheckedchronicdeficitswillmorethanoffsetanygoodthatcomesoutofSocialSecurityreform.Deficitsmakethegovernmentmorebeholdentoitscreditorsmanyofthemforeign.Asthenationaldebtsurgessodoestheportionofthebudgetdedicatedtopayinginterestonthatdebt. F.Butthatisnotanoptiongiventhedirebudgetarysituation.SocialSecuritywillsoonbecomeadrainonagovernmentalreadyundertremendousfiscalstress.It’sthedifferencebetweenhavingazerobalanceonyourcreditcardandbeingatyourcreditlimit.Ifyou’remaxedoutyoulosetheflexibilitytotakeonnewdebttodealwithanexpense. G.ThisisnottosaySocialSecurityreform—withorwithouttheprivateaccountsproposedbyBush—isnotworthwhile.Butitisonlyoneofmanynecessarystepstoputthenationonasoundfiscalfootingandensurethatfuturegenerationswillhaveareasonablycomfortableretirement. 45
Text1 Untilrecentlythemainvillainsofthepiecehadseemedtobetheteachers’unionswhohaveopposedanysortofreformoraccountability.Nowtheyfacecompetitionfromanunexpectedlydestructiveforce:thecourt.FiftyyearsagoitwasthejudgeswhoforcedtheschoolstodesegregatethroughBrownv.BoardofEducation1954.Nowthecourtshavemovedfrombroadprinciplestomicromanagementtellingschoolshowmuchmoneytospendandwhere—rightdowntothecorrectcomputerortextbook Twenty-fourstatesarecurrentlystuckinvariouscourtcasestodowithfinancingschoolsystemsandanother21haveonlyrecentlysettledvarioussuits.Mostwillstartagainsoon.Onlyfivestateshaveavoidedlitigationentirely. NothingexemplifiesthepowerofthecourtsbetterthananIl-year-oldcasethatisduetobesettledsortofinNewYorkCitythehomeofAmerica’sbiggestschoolsystemwith1.lmstudentsandabudgetnearing$13billion.AttheendofthismonththreeelderlymembersoftheNewYorkbarservingasjudicialrefereesareduetoruleinacasebroughtbytheCampaignforFiscalEquityaleftishadvocacygroupagainstthestateofNewYork:theywilldecidehowmuchmoremustbespenttoprovideeveryNewYorkCitypupilwitha"soundbasic"education. Rareisthepoliticianwillingtoarguethatmoremoneyforschoolsisabadthing.ButarethecourtsdoinganygoodTwosuspicionsarise.Firstjudgesaremakingalazyassumptionthatmoremoneymeansbetterschools.Astheinternationalresultsshowthelinkbetween"inputs"and"outputs"isvague—somethingwelldocumentedbyamongothersthelateSenatorDanielPatrickMoynihanofNewYork.Secondthecourtsaremuddlinganalreadymuddledsystem.Overtimetheyhavegenerallymadeithardertogetridofdisruptivepupilsandbadteachers. Thecurrentcasecouldbeevenworse.Thecourtshavealreadysaidthatinordertodeterminethenecessaryspendingtheymayconsidereverythingfromclasssizetotheavailabilityofcomputerstextbooksandevenpencils.Thisdegreeofinterventionisallthemorescandalousbecausethecourtshaveweirdlydecidedtoignoreanothersetof"inputs"—thearchaicworkpracticesofschoolteachersandjanitors.DavidSchoenbrodandRossSandlerofNewYorkLawSchoolreckonthedemandsofthecourtwillsimplyunderminereformandtransformanexpensivefailureintoamoreexpensiveone. Andofcoursethelitigationneverends.Kentuckyforexampleisstillincourt16yearsafterthefirstdecision.AlawsuitfirstfiledagainstNewJerseyforitsfundingofschoolsin1981was"decided"fouryearslater—butithasreturnedtothecourtninetimessinceincludingearlythisyearwitheachdecisionpushingthecourtdeeperintothemanagementofthestate’sschools.Badjudgesareevenhardertobootoutofschoolthanbadpupils. SenatorD.P.Moynihanwouldprobablyagreethat
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionhasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantstopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. 1
A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols—likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties—likeabiologicalorganism.’ B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27—July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhile workingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations.’ F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowshowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete~it’sadynamicalsystem.’ G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween—youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword"Spiveysaid. Order: 43
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionhasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantstopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. 3
StephenM.SalandchairmanoftheStateSenateEducationCommitteeisaconservativeupstateRepublicanandStevenSanderschairmanoftheAssemblyEducationCommitteeisaliberalNewYorkCityDemocrat.Butwhenitcomestoeducationtheyhavemuchincommon.NeitherisafanofthefederalNoChildLeftBehindLawanditsextensivetestingmandates.Bothsaythatstandardizedtestsaretoodominantinpublicschoolstoday. ThathasattimesputthetwoeducationchairmeninconflictwiththestateeducationcommissionerRichardP.Mills.46Duringhis10-yeartenureDr.MillshasturnedNewYorkintooneofthemosttest-drivenpublicsystemsinthenationrequiringstudentstopassfivestateteststograduate. 47Formonthsnowthelegislativeleadersandthecommissionerhavebeenlockedinalittle-noticedfightoverthefutureof28smallalternativepublichighschoolsafightthatmaywellbethefinalstandforopponentsofstandardizedtestinginNewYork. SenatorSalandandAssemblymanSandersaredoingtheirbesttoprotecttheseschoolsinNewYorkCityUrbanAcademyManhattanInternationalIthacaLehmanAlternativeandRochesterSchoolWithoutWallsandhelpthemretaintheirdistinctiveeducationalapproach.48InsteadofthestandardsurveycoursesinglobalstudiesAmericanhistorybiologyandchemistrypeggedtostateteststheseschoolsfavorcoursesthatgointomoredepthonnarrowertopics.AtUrbanAcademytherearecoursesinMiddleEastconflictsworldreligionspost-CivilWarReconstructionandmicrobiology. Inthemid-1990’stheformereducationcommissionerThomasSobolgrantedthese28consortiumschoolsserving16000studentsabout1percentofNewYork’shighschoolpopulationanexemptionfrommoststatetests.ThatpermittedamoreinnovativecurriculumandstudentswereevaluatedviaaportfoliosystemthatreliesonresearchpapersandscienceprojectsreviewedbyoutsideexpertslikeDavidS.ThaleraRockefellerUniversitymicrobiologyprofessorandEricFoneraColumbiahistoryprofessor. TheGatesFoundationwhichhasgivenhundredsofmillionsofdollarstostartsmallhighschoolsnationwideissoimpressedwiththeseschoolsanditregularlysendseducatorstoNewYorktoseehowthey’rerun. ButthetestingexemptionfortheseschoolsisabouttoexpireandCommissionerMillsdoesnotwantitrenewed.Hebelievesthatallstudentswithoutexceptionshouldtakeeverytest. RecentlySenatorSalanddefiedthecommissioner.HeshepherdedabillthroughtheRepublican-controlledSenatethatpassed50to10andwouldcontinuetheseschools’waiversforfouryears.49SenatorSaland’sbilldoesrequirethatstudentspassthestateEnglishandmathteststograduatelettingthestategaugethealternativeschools’performanceversusmainstreamschools. OntheSenatefloorSenatorSalandnotedthatwhile61percentofconsortiumstudentsqualifiedforfreelunchesandthree-quarterswereblackorHispanic88percentwentontocollegecomparedwith70percentatmainstreamschoolsthatgivestatetests.50HesaidthatthedropoutratewashalftherateatmainstreamschoolsandthatontheonestatewidetestthesestudentstookregularlyEnglishtheyscoredanaverageof77outdoingmainstreamstudentsby5points. 47
Text3 TheInlandRevenueonThursdayaccusedtheBritishfilmindustryofabusinggovernmentaidwitheveryproductionofrecentyearsdeliberatelyover-claimingtaxrelief. Revenueofficialscalledinabout20membersofthefilmindustryandwarnedthemofsevereconsequencesifthe"exploitation"oftax-reliefschemesdidnotimmediatelystop. Themovewhichaffectstheincludinglow-tohigh-budgetfilm-makersandfinanciersisithelatestinaseriesofattemptsbytheRevenuetoclampdownontaxloopholesinanattempt toraisemoremoneyfortheExchequer. ButthefilmindustryrespondedonThursdaynightsayingtheRevenuecoulddriveproductionsoverseasandwouldconfuseinvestors. Aseriesoftaxreliefschemesintroducedin1997enablesthoseinvolvedinthefinancingofqualifyingBritish-madefilmstoclaimthecostsofproductionagainstfutureincome.Theschemeshavebecomepopularwithinvestorsseekingataxshelterwithanestimated￡400minvestedintheschemesin1997risingtoabout￡2bnlastyear. ButtheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasexploitingrulesontaxreliefby"double-dipping"thatisbyclaimingreliefmorethanonceagainstasinglepieceofexpenditure.WhilenotillegaltheRevenuesaidtheindustrywas"notplayingfair".Itsaiddouble-dippingwas"againstthespirit"oflegislationdesignedtoencourageinvestmentintheBritishfilmindustry. TheRevenuesaidthepracticeofdouble-dippingwas"virtuallyuniversal"with"everyqualifyingfilmithadseenfinancedonthebasisofdouble-dipping".Itwarneditwould"takeallstepstocountersuchabuseincludingwherenecessaryadvisingministersonintroducinglegislationtoputmattersbeyonddoubt". "BoththeRevenueandthegovernmentarebecomingincreasinglyexasperatedattheextenttowhichsomepartsoftheindustryareexploitingthefilmreliefs"theRevenuesaid."ThegovernmentremainscommittedtoencouragingfilmproductionintheUKthroughuseofthereliefsinthewayinwhichthelegislationallows—butthisdoesnotextendtodeliberateexploitationofthosereliefs." LargefilmfinancierssaidonThursdaynightthattheRevenue’sactioncouldunderminegrowthprospectsfortheBritishfilmindustry. PeterJamesmanagingdirectorofMovisionEntertainmentwhichhasproduced16British-madefilmsinrecentyearsincludingthesoon-to-bereleased"MerchantofVenice"saidwhiletheeffectoftheRevenue’sclampdownwouldnotbe"devastating"itcoulddrivemanyindependentfilm-makersoverseas. IndustryobserverssaidonThursdaytheRevenue’smovewaslikelytoconfuseinvestorswhohavebeenaccustomedtothebenefitsofdouble-dipping. Wecanlearnfromthefirstthreeparagraphsthat
AnyonepayingattentiontothedebateoverSocialSecurityhasheardalitanyofdates.There’s2018whentheprogramisexpectedtostarttakinginlessintaxesthanitpaysoutinbenefits.Andthere’s2042or2052bysomeestimateswhenitstrustfundissupposedtorunoutofmoney. 41______. ForyearsthegovernmenthascollectedmoreinSocialSecuritytaxesthanitneededtopaycurrentbenefits.ThoseexcesscollectionsarecreditedtotheSocialSecurityTrustFundostensiblytopayfutureretirees.Butthereisnoactualmoneyinthefund.InsteadthegovernmentspendsthemoneyforotherpurposesandissuesthefundIOUs. In2009theshellgamebeginstoend.TheamountbywhichSocialSecuritytaxesexceedbenefitsstartstoshrink.42______. Theproblemcouldhavebeenavoidedanditstillcouldbereduced. Iftherestofthebudgetwasingoodshape—andparticularlyifthegovernmenthadstayedonthepathitwasonfiveyearsagoofbuyingdownthenationaldebt—lawmakerscouldsimplyre-borrowthemoneytopaybenefitsTheycouldhavealeisurelydebateoverwhatifanythingelsetodo. 43______. Thisraisesaquestion:IfthebiggestimmediateproblemofSocialSecurityisthatitwillsoonmakethedeficitworsewouldn’titbebettertoaddresstheunderlyingdeficitInotherwords—astheBushadministrationembarksona60-day60-stoptourtopromoteSocialSecurityoverhaul—arewereallydebatingtherightproblem 44______. ThemoneythatbasbeenborrowedorisprojectedtobeborrowedinPresidentBush’stwotermsalonewouldcomeclosetosolvingSocialSecurity’ssolvencyproblemsforatleastthenext7’5years.TheOfficeofManagementandBudgetprojectscumulativeborrowingof$2.6trillion.TheSocialSecurityAdministrationestimatesthat$3.7trillionwouldshoreuptheprogramuntilatleast2080. 45______.ExplodingMedicareandMedicaidcoststhelossofrevenuebecauseoftherecenttaxcutsandlikelychangesinthealternativeminimumtaxAMTpresentableakoutlookoverthenext10years.MakingtheBushtaxcutspermanentandfixingtheAMTcouldleadtodeficitsofabout$650billionto$750billionbythemiddleofthenextdecade. A.By2018—soonerifprivateaccountsarecreated—theflowreverses.InsteadofspendingasurplusthegovernmentwillneedtobeginpayingoffitsIOUs.Absentlargetaxhikesorspendingcutsalreadyastronomicaldeficitswillskyrocket. B.ThebottomlineisthatWashingtonthroughprofligateborrowingandpoliciesthatlockinredinkforyearstocomeispassingtheburdentofuturegenerations.Andtheproblemisgettingworse. C.Butthemostimportantdatewillarrivesooner—in2009.That’swhenthecostofpayingbenefitstothefirstwaveofretiringbabyboomerswillbeginexposingtheaccountinggimmickrythatisthetruedriveroftheSocialSecurity"crisis.’TotheextentacrisisexistsitisnotreallyaboutSocialSecurity.Itisaboutdecadesofirresponsiblebudgetingthatthreatensfutureretirees. D.Asbadasthecurrentrecorddeficitslook$427billionthisyearalonetheylikelywillgetworseinthenextdecadeastheresultoffiscaltimebombshard-wiredintogovernmentspendingandtaxplans. E.LeftuncheckedchronicdeficitswillmorethanoffsetanygoodthatcomesoutofSocialSecurityreform.Deficitsmakethegovernmentmorebeholdentoitscreditorsmanyofthemforeign.Asthenationaldebtsurgessodoestheportionofthebudgetdedicatedtopayinginterestonthatdebt. F.Butthatisnotanoptiongiventhedirebudgetarysituation.SocialSecuritywillsoonbecomeadrainonagovernmentalreadyundertremendousfiscalstress.It’sthedifferencebetweenhavingazerobalanceonyourcreditcardandbeingatyourcreditlimit.Ifyou’remaxedoutyoulosetheflexibilitytotakeonnewdebttodealwithanexpense. G.ThisisnottosaySocialSecurityreform—withorwithouttheprivateaccountsproposedbyBush—isnotworthwhile.Butitisonlyoneofmanynecessarystepstoputthenationonasoundfiscalfootingandensurethatfuturegenerationswillhaveareasonablycomfortableretirement. 43
RomeJune13—AlawthatimposesstrictrulesonassistedfertilitywillremainonthebooksafterthefailureonMondayofahard-foughtreferendumthatrubbedintooneofItaly’ssorestspots:therelationshipbetweenchurchandstate. 46ThefightleadinguptotwodaysofvotingonSundayandMondaymobilizedthenation’spoliticalandreligiousestablishmentslikefewothersastheleadershipoftheRomanCatholicChurch—includingthenewpopeBenedictXVI—urgedItalianstoboycottthereferendum. Intheendtheoutcomewasnotevenclose.Only26percentofasmanyas50millioneligibleItaliansvotedmeaningthatthereferendumautomaticallyfailedwiththevotesuncountedinitsattempttorepealfourcrucialsectionsofarestrictivefertilitylawpassedlastyear.Forthereferendumtobevalid50percentofeligiblevotershadtotakepart. 47Theresultswouldseemanimmediatevictoryforthechurchandfortheyoungpapacy教皇权利ofBenedictinaEuropewherechurchinfluencehasdeclinedsignificantlyinrecentdecades.SimilarreferendumsinItalyondivorceandabortioninthe1970’sand80’spassedoverwhelminglydespitechurchoppositionandItaliansnowseemlikelytodebatewhetherapathyorareverseinsecularisminthehomeoftheRomanCatholicChurchdefeatedthisreferendum. "TheresultsoftodaymeanthatItalyismaybemoresimilartoTexasthantoMassachusetts’saidRoccoButtiglioneItaly’scultureministerandafriendofPopeBenedict."Italianswantademocracywithvalues—atvalueshumanlife—andthatiswhytheyrejectedthisreferendum." Forthechurchtheresultsseemedespeciallyimportantsincethereferendumconcernedissuescentraltochurchteachingsonvalues.48Thefertilitylawpassedhereunderchurchlobbyinglastyeardefineslifeasbeginningatconceptionandbansmostexperimentationonhumanembryos胚胎. "I’mstruckbythematurityoftheItalianpeople’CardinalCamilloRuinipresidentoftheItalianbishops’conferencetoldreportersaccordingtoReuters.CardinalRuiniatopVaticanofficialandcloseaidetoBenedictregularlyurgedItalianstoabstainfromthereferendum. 49Concedingaheavydefeat.thepoliticalforcesthatsupportedthereferendumcharacterizedtheresultsasablowtothewallsbetweenchurchandstate.TheywarnedthatthechurchwouldnextsetitssightsonItaly’sabortionlaw. "Thereisaproblemoftheclimateoftheatmosphereinthiscountry"EmmaBoninoaleaderoftheRadicalPartywhospearheadedthefightforlegalizedabortionintheearly1980’stoldreporters."Itisnotsecularandit’sveryworrying." 50ButsomeexpertscautionedagainstreadingtoomuchintotheresultsnotingthatItalyisaparticularnationwherechurchandstateareentwinedlikenowhereelse;thatabattleoverabortionwouldbemuchmoredifficult;thatasimilarfightseemedunlikelytogaingroundelsewhereinEurope. Theresultswouldseemanimmediatevictoryforthechurchandfortheyoungpapacy教皇权利ofBenedictinaEuropewherechurchinfluencehasdeclinedsignificantlyinrecentdecades
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionhasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantstopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. 13
Text3 TheInlandRevenueonThursdayaccusedtheBritishfilmindustryofabusinggovernmentaidwitheveryproductionofrecentyearsdeliberatelyover-claimingtaxrelief. Revenueofficialscalledinabout20membersofthefilmindustryandwarnedthemofsevereconsequencesifthe"exploitation"oftax-reliefschemesdidnotimmediatelystop. Themovewhichaffectstheincludinglow-tohigh-budgetfilm-makersandfinanciersisithelatestinaseriesofattemptsbytheRevenuetoclampdownontaxloopholesinanattempt toraisemoremoneyfortheExchequer. ButthefilmindustryrespondedonThursdaynightsayingtheRevenuecoulddriveproductionsoverseasandwouldconfuseinvestors. Aseriesoftaxreliefschemesintroducedin1997enablesthoseinvolvedinthefinancingofqualifyingBritish-madefilmstoclaimthecostsofproductionagainstfutureincome.Theschemeshavebecomepopularwithinvestorsseekingataxshelterwithanestimated￡400minvestedintheschemesin1997risingtoabout￡2bnlastyear. ButtheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasexploitingrulesontaxreliefby"double-dipping"thatisbyclaimingreliefmorethanonceagainstasinglepieceofexpenditure.WhilenotillegaltheRevenuesaidtheindustrywas"notplayingfair".Itsaiddouble-dippingwas"againstthespirit"oflegislationdesignedtoencourageinvestmentintheBritishfilmindustry. TheRevenuesaidthepracticeofdouble-dippingwas"virtuallyuniversal"with"everyqualifyingfilmithadseenfinancedonthebasisofdouble-dipping".Itwarneditwould"takeallstepstocountersuchabuseincludingwherenecessaryadvisingministersonintroducinglegislationtoputmattersbeyonddoubt". "BoththeRevenueandthegovernmentarebecomingincreasinglyexasperatedattheextenttowhichsomepartsoftheindustryareexploitingthefilmreliefs"theRevenuesaid."ThegovernmentremainscommittedtoencouragingfilmproductionintheUKthroughuseofthereliefsinthewayinwhichthelegislationallows—butthisdoesnotextendtodeliberateexploitationofthosereliefs." LargefilmfinancierssaidonThursdaynightthattheRevenue’sactioncouldunderminegrowthprospectsfortheBritishfilmindustry. PeterJamesmanagingdirectorofMovisionEntertainmentwhichhasproduced16British-madefilmsinrecentyearsincludingthesoon-to-bereleased"MerchantofVenice"saidwhiletheeffectoftheRevenue’sclampdownwouldnotbe"devastating"itcoulddrivemanyindependentfilm-makersoverseas. IndustryobserverssaidonThursdaytheRevenue’smovewaslikelytoconfuseinvestorswhohavebeenaccustomedtothebenefitsofdouble-dipping. Whichof*thefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext
Text4 Untilrecentlythecommonfactorinallthescienceusedtofigureoutifapieceofartwasforgedwasthatitwasconcernedwiththemediumoftheartworkratherthantheartitself.MattersofstyleandformwerelefttoarthistorianswhocouldmakeeruditebutqualitativejudgmentsaboutwhetherapaintingwasreallygoodenoughtobesayaLeonardo.Butthisischanging.Apaperinthisweek’sProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesbyHanyFaridandhiscolleaguesatDartmouthCollegeinNewHampshireusesstatisticaltechniquestoexamineartitself—themessagenotthemedium. Dr.Faridemployedatechniquecalledwaveletanalysistoexamine13drawingsthathadatonetimeoranotherbeenattributedtoPieterBruegeltheEldera16th-centuryFlemishpainter.HealsolookedatPerugino’s"MadonnawithChild"a15th-centuryItalianmasterpiecelodgedinthecollege’sHoodMuseumofArt.HeconcludedinagreementwitharthistoriansthateightoftheputativeBruegelsareauthenticwhiletheotherfiveareimitations.Inthecaseof"MadonnawithChild"heanalysedthesixfacesinthepaintingMarytheinfantJesusandseveralsaintsandfoundthatthreeofthemwereprobablydonebythesamepainterwhiletheotherthreewereeachdonebyadifferenthand.TheviewthatfourdifferentpaintersworkedonthecanvasishesaysconsistentwiththeviewofsomearthistoriansthatPerugino’sapprenticesdidmuchoftheworkalthoughthereisnoclearconsensusamongarthistorians. Asscepticswilldoubtlesspointoutthisisasmallnumberofimages.FurthermoreDr.Faridknewbeforeperformingtheanalysiswhatresultsheexpected.Butheisthefirsttoacknowledgethatitisearlydaysforhismethodology.Hehopestostudymanymorepaintings.BylookingatlargenumbersofpaintingsthatareuniversallybelievedtobeauthenticDr.Faridhopestobeabletoexaminedoubtfulcaseswithconfidenceinthefuture EvenwiththeBruegels—realandimitation—thoughDr.Farid’sresultsarepersuasive. istrickytodescribeexactlywhatitisthatdistinguishestherealonesfromtheimitationsbutDr.Fetidsaysthatitcanbethoughtofasthenatureoftheartist’sbrushstroke.UnlikesomeanalysesofJacksonPollock’sworkthathavebeendoneoverthepastfewyearsbyRichardTayloroftheUniversityofOregonDr.Faridsayshistechniquecouldinprinciplebeusedforanyartist. WhatDr.Fariddidwastoconverteachworkofartintoasetofmathematicalfunctions.Theseso-calledwaveletsdescribeparticularpartsoftheimageasaseriesofpeaksandtroughsofvariableheightandwavelength.Byexpressinganimagethiswayitispossibletocompressthatimagewhilelosingverylittleinformation.Thesumsofthewaveletsfromdifferentimagescanthenbecompared.OncehedidthisDr.FaridfoundthatthetypesofwaveletsusedtoexpressauthenticBruegelswerenoticeablydifferentfromthoseusedtoexpresstheimitations.ThePeruginowasanalysedbytreatingthesixfacesasdistinctpaintings.Itseemsthatcuratorsmaysoonbeabletoaddanotherweapontotheiranti-forgeryarsenal. WhydidDr.FetidexaminePerugino'sMadonnawithChild
Directions:YouandyourfriendjustarrivedhomefromatriparrangedbyatravelagencynamedHappyTours.YouaremostunsatisfiedwiththeserviceandarrangementofthetravelagencyandyoudecidetowritealetterofcomplainttotheManagerofHappyTours.Imaginesomedetailsofthistrip.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionhasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantstopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. 5
"WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factorthatbuzzthatyougetinLondonParisorNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsienLoongSingapore’sprimeminister1hisgovernment’sdecisionto2gamblinginthecountry3twolargeVegas-stylecasinos.WhetherthecasinoswillindeedhelptotransformSingapore’sstaidimageremainstobeseen.Butthedecisionhasalready4anuncharacteristicbuzzamongthecountry’snormally5citizens. Thegovernmenthascontemplatedandrejected6casinosseveraltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas7Singapore’seconomicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikeanunnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslamtwoofthecountry’smainreligions8ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhastraditionallyhadstrongandoften9ideasabouthowitscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecentlyforexampleitrefusedto10homosexualstothecivilservice.Italsousedto11chewinggumwhichitconsidersapublicnuisance. Nowadays12Singapore’selectronicsindustrythemainstayoftheeconomyisstrugglingtocopewithcheapcompetitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthisyearoutput13by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothegovernmentwantstopromotetourismandotherservicesto14forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing. MerrillLynchaninvestmentbank15thetwoproposedcasinoscould16inasmuchas$4billionintheinitialinvestmentalone.17itsestimatestheywouldhaveannualrevenuesof18$3.6billionandpayatleast$600millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernmentforitspartthinkstheintegrated19asitcoylycallsthecasinoswould20asmanyas35000jobs. 17
Text2 InrecentyearsMicrosofthasfocusedonthreebigtasksbuildingrobustsecurityintoitssoftwareresolvingnumerousantitrustcomplaintsagainstitandupgradingitsWindowsoperatingsystem.Thesethreetasksarenowstartingtocollide. OnAugust27ththefirmsaidthatthesuccessortoitsWindowsXPoperatingsystemcode-namedLonghornwillgoonsalein2007withoutoneofitsmostimpressivefeatures:atechniquetointegrateelaboratesearchcapabilitiesintonearlyalldesktopapplications.OnthebrightsideLonghornwillcontainadvancesinrenderingimagesandenablingdifferentcomputingplatformstoexchangedatadirectlybetweenapplications.ItisabigsetbackforMicrosoftwhichconsiderssearchtechnologyapillarofitsfuturegrowth—notleastasitcompetesagainstGoogle. Thefirm’sfocusonsecurity—championedby]BillGateshimself—tookresourcesawayfromLonghornadmitsGregSullivanaleadproductmanagerintheWindowsclientdivision.ProgrammershavebeenfixingWindowsXPratherthanworkingonLonghorn.Inmid-AugustMicrosoftreleasedServicePack2ahugesetoffreesoftwarepatchesandenhancementstomakeWindowsXPmoresecure.Thoughsomeofthefixesturnedouttohavevulnerabilitiesoftheirownthepatcheshavemostlybeenwelcomed.Microsoft’sdecisiontoforgonewfeaturesinreturnforbettersecurityisonethatmostcomputeruserswillprobablyapplaud. YetironicallyasMicrosoftslowlyimprovesthesecurityofitsproducts—byforinstanceincorporatingfirewalltechnologyanti-virussystemsandspamfilters—itsactionsincreasinglystarttoresemblethosethatinthepasthavegotthefirmintotroublewithregulators.Issecuritysoftwarean"adjacentsoftwaremarket"inwhichcaseMicrosoftmaybeleveragingitsdominanceoftheoperatingsystemintoitIntegratingsecurityproductsintoWindowsmightbeconsidered"bundling"whichwithregardtowebbrowsingsoexcitedAmerica’strustbustersinthe1990s.Andbuildingsecuritydirectlyintotheoperatingsystemseemsalotlike"commingling"softwarecodeonwhichbasistheEuropeanCommissionruledearlierthisyearthatMicrosoftabuseditsmarketpowerthroughtheWindowsMediaPlayer.MicrosoftisappealingagainstthatdecisionandonSeptember30thitwillargueforasuspensionofthecommission’sremediessuchastherequirementthatitlicenseitscodetorivals. JustlastmonththeEuropeanUnion’scompetitiondirectoratebegananinvestigationintoMicrosoftandTimeWarneralargemediafirmonthegroundsthattheirproposedjointacquisitionofContentGuardasoftwarefirmwhoseproductsprotectdigitalmediafilesmightprovideMicrosoftwithunduemarketpoweroverdigitalmediastandards.ThecommissionwillrulebyJanuary2005.Microsoftitseemsinsecurityaselsewhereisgoingtohavetogetusedtobeingpunishedforitssuccess.ItsWindowsmonopolyletsitenjoyexcessiveprofits—buttheresultingmonoculturemakesitanobvioustargetforvirusesandregulatorsalike. ThatMicrosoft'sthreetasksarecollidingisreflectedinthefactthat
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