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一个页式虚拟存储系统，其并发进程数固定为4个。最近测试了它的CPU利用率和用于页面交换的磁盘的利用率，得到的结果就是下列3组数据中的1组。针对每一组数据，说明系统发生了什么事情增加并发进程数能提升CP...
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采用内存移动技术来集中空闲块提高主存利用率的技术一般用于中
固定分区存储系统
页式存储系统
段页式存储系统
动态分区系统
在请求页式虚拟存储系统中假设系统为某个进程分配了4个物理页框页面的引用串号为012452343014
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一个页式虚拟存储系统其并发进程数固定为4个最近测试了它的CPU利用率和用于页面交换的磁盘的利用率得到
[说明]目前大多数操作系统都采用虚拟存储技术这样可在较小的可用内存中执行较大的用户程序可在内存中容纳
在一个采用请求调页的虚拟存储系统中存放在外存上的程序代码调入内存的时机是
在进程创建填写进程表时
在进程创建分配内存时
在进程被调度占用处理机执行时
在每次产生缺页中断时
虚拟存储系统的页式管理每个页都是一个
等长模块
等长页面
逻辑实体
模块实体
[说明]目前大多数操作系统都采用虚拟存储技术这样可在较小的可用内存中执行较大的用户程序可在内存中容纳
在请求页式虚拟存储系统中假设系统为某个进程分配了4个物理页框页面的引用串号为012452343014
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有一个虚拟存储系统分配给某个进程3页内存假设开始时内存为空页面访问序列是232152453252若采
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一个页式虚拟存储系统其并发进程数固定为4个最近测试了它的CPU利用率和用于页面交换的磁盘的利用率得到
在一个虚拟存储系统中分配给某个进程3页内存开始时这3页内存为空页面访问序列是123421562123
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有一个虚拟存储系统分配给某个进程3页内存假设开始时内存为空页面访问序列是232152453252若采
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下列哪一个是虚拟存储技术引入的前提
页式存储管理
页面淘汰算法选择不合理
程序的局部性原理
分配给进程的物理页面数太少
在请求页式虚拟存储系统中假设系统为某个进程分配了4个物理页框页面的引用串号为012452343014
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在一个采用请求页式存储管理的虚拟存储系统中不是页表中的必要项是
读、写和运行保护位
引用参考位
修改位
优先级位
有一个虚拟存储系统配合某个进程3页内存假设开始时内存为空页面访问序列是321032132104若采用
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在页式虚拟存储系统中选择页面调度算法时应尽量注意减少或避免________现象的发生
在一个虚拟存储系统中分配给某个进程3页内存开始时这3页内存为空页面访问序列是123421562123
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在一个采用请求页式存储管理的虚拟存储系统中下列参数项不属于页表中的必要项是______
读、写和运行保护位
引用参考位
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优先级位
在段页式虚拟存储系统中不同进程之间是如何实现程序共享的
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TheaverageAmericandrinksagallonofsodaaweekwhichdeliversroughly1000caloriesandnonutrition.TheaverageAmericanisalsooverweightorobese.Couldchangingoneofthosethingshelpchangetheother Agrowingnumberofofficialsthinksowhichaccountsforaspateofproposednewtaxesonsodaasawaytodiscourageconsumptionwhileatthesametimeraisingmoneytofundotherobesity-fightinginitiatives.Some20statesandcitiesfromNewMexicotoBaltimorecontemplatedsodataxesthisspring. Thereactionagainstthemhasbeenswiftandfierce.InMarchscoresofsoda-companyemployeessportingPepsiCokeand7-UpgearswarmedtheKansasstatesenatetofightaproposalthatwouldhaveaddedapennyintaxforeachteaspoonofsugarinanonjuicedrink.Thatwouldhaveincreasedthepriceofa12-oz.sodabyabout10 andgeneratedsome$90millioninrevenueayear."Ithoughtthisisawisechoice"saysstatesenatorJohnVratilwholikecounterpartsacrossthecountryhasbeenstrugglingtoaddressbotharecession-inducedbudgetgapandrisingpublic-healthcostsstemmingfromobesity.InsteadhegotanearfulabouthowasodataxwouldkilljobsburdenthepoorandconstituteanunwelcomegovernmentintrusionintotheAmericandiet. GovernmentinvolvementinwhatAmericanseatisnothingnew.ButwhytaxsodaandnotsayicecreampizzaorOreos—orforthatmatterthevideogamesthatdiscouragekidsfromgoingoutsidetorunaroundWashingtoncity-councilmemberMaryChehsaysit’sbecausesodaiswherescientistshaveobservedtheclearestlinktoexcesspounds.WhenChehsetouttofundherHealthySchoolsActwhichwouldraisefoodandphysical-educationstandardsatschoolsinD.C.whereabout40%ofkidsareoverweightorobese—shedidn’tknowshe’dwindupgoingaftersoda.Butthedataoverwhelmedher:TheamountofsodathetypicalAmericandrinkshasgrownbyroughly500%overthepast60yearsandofthe250to300caloriesadayAmericanshaveonaverageaddedtotheirdietssincethelate1970snearlyhalfhavecomefromsugareddrinks."Idon’twanttoprescribetaxesforallsortsofdietarychoices"saysCheh"butifweweregoingtoonlytargetonethingtomakeamaterialdifferencesodawouldbeit." Thetougherquestioniswhetherincreasingthepriceofsodawouldinfactreducethenumberofcaloriespeopleconsume.Someresearchindicatestheanswerisyes.Otherresearchleavesroomfordoubt.Thoughstudiesdoshowthata10%increaseinthepriceofsodaleadspeopletopurchaseabout10%lessofitthatdoesn’tnecessarilymeanfolksaren’tmakingupforthosecalorieselsewhere. HowdopeoplefeelaboutsodataxesInApriltheQuinnipiacUniversityPollingInstituteaskedresidentsofNewYorkStateiftheysupportedoropposeda"fattax"onnondietsugaredsoda.Thirty-onepercentwereinfavorand66%wereopposed.Yetwhenaskediftheywouldsupportsuchataxifthemoneyraisedwereusedtofundhealthcarepeoplechangedtheiropinionsdramaticallywith48%infavorandjust49%opposed. AccordingtoParagraph4scientistschosesodafortaxationbecause
在存储管理中采用覆盖与交换技术的目的是
ThisfallthePewResearchCenterinassociationwithTIMEconductedanationwidepollexploringthecontoursofmodernmarriageandthenewAmericanfamily.Andofallthetransformationsourfamilystructureshaveundergoneinthepast50yearsperhapsthemostprofoundisthemarriagedifferentialthathasopenedbetweentherichandthepoor.In1960themedianhouseholdincomeofmarriedadultswas12%higherthanthatofsingleadultsafteradjustingforhouseholdsize.By2008thisgaphadgrownto41%.Inotherwordsthericherandmoreeducatedyouarethemorelikelyyouaretomarryortobemarried—orconverselyifyou’remarriedyou’remorelikelytobewelloff. TobeginthequestionofwhythewealthdisparitybetweenthemarriedandtheunmarriedhasgrownsomuchitmightbeusefultotakealookatthebriefbutillustrativemarriageofgolferGregNormanandtennisstarChrisEvertwhomarriedinJune2008anddivorced15monthslater.Fromallreportstheirunionhadmanyoftheclassichallmarksofmodernpartnerships.Thebrideandgroomhadroughlyequalsuccessintheircareers.Beingwealthysportyandblondtheyhadsimilarinterests. Thisistypicalofthewaymanymarriagesstart.Americansareincreasinglymarryingpeoplewhoareonthesamesocioeconomicandeducationallevel.Sincemorewomenthanmenhavegraduatedfromcollegeforseveraldecadesit’smorelikelythanitusedtobethatamalecollegegraduatewillmeetfallinlovewithwedandsharethesalaryofawomanwithadegree.Women’sadvancesineducationhaveroughlyparalleledthegrowthoftheknowledgeeconomysothesliceofthefamilybaconshebringshomewillbesubstantial. Onthefaceofitthismightexplainwhyfewerpeoplearemarried.Theywanttofinishcollegefirst.In2010themedianageofmengettinghitchedforthefirsttimeis28.2andforwomenit’s26.1.It’sgoneupaboutayeareverydecadesincethe’60s. Buthere’stherub.Inthepasttwodecadespeoplewithonlyahighschooleducationstartedtogetmarriedevenlaterthancollegegraduates.In1990morehigh-school-educatedcouplesthancollegegraduateshadmadeittothealtarbyage30.By2007itwastheotherwayaround.WhathasbroughtabouttheswitchIt’snotanydisparityindesire.AccordingtothePewsurvey46%ofcollegegraduateswanttogetmarriedand44%ofthelesseducateddo. Promisingpubliclytobesomeone’spartnerforlifeusedtobesomethingpeopledidtolaythefoundationoftheirindependentlife.Itwasthedeclarationofadulthood.Nowit’smoreofafinishingtouchthelastbrickintheedificesociologistsbelieve.Marriageisthecapstoneforboththecollege-educatedandthelesswelleducated"saysJohnsHopkins’Cherlin."Thecollege-educatedwaituntilthey’refinishedwiththeireducationandtheircareersarelaunched.Thelesseducatedwaituntiltheyfeelcomfortablefinancially."Butthatcomfortkeepsgettingmoreelusive."Thelossofdecent-payingjobsthatahigh-school-educatedmanorwomancouldgetmakesitdifficultforthemtogetandstaymarried"saysCherlin.Astheknowledgeeconomyhasovertakenthemanufacturingeconomycouplesinwhichbothpartners’jobopportunitiesaredisappearingaredoublydisadvantaged.Sotheywaittogetmarried. WhichofthefollowingphrasesisNOTthesynonymofgetmarried
[A]SharetheResponsibility [B]KeepYourReceipts [C]CutBadHabits [D]BalanceYourCheckbook [E]RemainFlexible [F]PayDownDebt [G]FocusonSavings Youhaveabigexpensecomingup.Youneedabettercarorabiggerhomeoryouwanttogobacktocollege.WhatdoyoudoBorrowborrowborrow——rightWellmaybenot.Ifyou’vecreatedabudgetyouknowexactlyhowmuchmoneyyouhavecominginandhowmuchisgoingout.Youcanmakesomeplansconcerningthatbigexpense.Butifyoudon’thaveabudgetplanyouprobablydon’thaveaverygoodpictureofyourfinancesandyoumaybetemptedtoborrowmoremoneyratherthansqueezingallyoucanfromyourincome.It’sdefinitelybetterinthelongrun——foryouandforyourmoney——tohaveabudget. 41.______ Bynowyou’vesetupyourbudget.Youknowhowmuchmoneyyouhave.Butyoucouldstillusesomehelpstayingonbudget.Herearesometipsthatcanhelpyousticktoyourbudgetandgetaheadonthatmajorpurchase.Determinetheamountofyourbudgetthatyoucanaffordtosaveeachmonth.Haveitdirect-depositedtoyoursavingsaccountortoyourmutualfund.Whereveryoudecidetokeepyoursavingsmakesureyouputmoneyintoiteverymonth.Thatsavingswillmakeabigdifferenceforyoulater. 42.______ Whetherit’salcoholortobaccoifyouusemuchofeitheryouknowhowexpensivebadhabitscanbe.Stopsmokinganddrinkingandputthebeer/cigarettemoneytowardyourotherexpenses.You’llseeyourbillscomedown——andfeelyourhealthimprove——innotime.You’llalsosaveonhealthcareexpensesdowntheroadandyoumaybecomeeligibleforlowerinsurancepremiums. 43.______ Makesureyou’renottheonlymemberofyourhouseholdconcernedaboutyourbudget.Ifyou’reworkinghardtosavemoneybutyourspouseisoutspendingyouintodebtyou’refightingalosingbattle.Sitdowntogetherandmakeaplantodeterminehowmuchspendingmoneyyoushouldeachhave.Thencheckineveryweektoseehowwellyou’redoing.Iftheentirefamilysharestheresponsibilityforthebudgeteveryonecancutbackjustalittleandmakeabigdifference.Onepersonshouldn’thavetoshouldertheentireburdenalone. 44.______ Ifyouhavecreditcarddebtyoumayfeellikeit’sgoingtotakeforevertopayitoff.Butyoucangetaheadbychoosingonecard——ideallytheonewiththehighestinterestrate——andpayingasmuchasyoucanoniteverymonth.Ifyouhaveothercardspaytheminimumbalanceonthoseuntilyou’vepaidoffthefirstcard.Thenchoosethenextcardandpayextraonitwhileyoupayminimumsontheothers.Ifyoupayonlytheminimumsonallyourcardsyou’llbepayingalotmoreininterestthanyoumayrealize. 45.______ Youprobablymonitoredyourexpensesforseveralweekstomakeabudget.Oncethebudgetismadethoughitcanbetemptingtostopkeepingupwitheverylittleexpense.Butkeepingtrackreallycanhelpyousticktoyourbudget.Saveyourreceiptsandwritedowntheplacesyouspendmoney.You’llbelesslikelytooverspendifyourealizehowmuchmoneyhasactuallygonethroughyourhands. 44
下面关于存储管理的叙述中正确的是
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 18
Imagineaworldwhereyourdoctorcouldhelpyouavoidsicknessusingknowledgeofyourgenesaswellashowyouliveyourlife.Orwherehewouldprescribedrugsheknewwouldworkandnothavedebilitatingside-effects. Suchafutureisarrivingfasterthanmostrealise:genetictestsarealreadywidelyusedtoidentifypatientswhowillbehelpedorharmedbycertaindrugs.Andthreeyearsagointhefaceofatorrentofnewscientificdataanumberofnewcompaniessetthemselvesuptointerpretthisinformationforcustomers.ThroughshopfrontsontheinternetanyonecouldorderatestingkitspitintoatubeandsendofftheirDNA—withresultsdownloadedprivatelyathome.Alreadycustomerscanfindouttheirresponsetomanycommonmedicationssuchasantiviralsandblood-thinningagents.Theycanalsoexploretheirgeneticlikelihoodofdevelopingdeep-veinthrombosisskincancerorglaucoma. Theindustryhasbeensubjecttoconflictingcriticisms.Ontheonehanditstandsaccusedofofferinginformationtoodangeroustotrusttoconsumers;ontheotheritischargedwithpeddlingirrelevantmisleadingnonsense.ForsomeraredisorderssuchasHuntington’sandTay-Sachsgeneticinformationisadiagnosis.Butmostdiseasesaremorecomplicatedandinvolveseveralgenesoranenvironmentalcomponentorboth.Someone’schanceofgettingskincancerforexamplewilldependonwhetherheworshipsthesunaswellasonhisgenes. America’sGovernmentAccountabilityOfficeGAOreportalsorevealedwhattheindustryhasopenlyadmittedforyears:thatresultsofdisease-predictiontestsfromdifferentcompaniessometimesconflictwithoneanotherbecausethereisnoindustry-wideagreementonstandardlifetimerisks. GovernmentshatethissortofanarchyandAmerica’sinparticularisconsideringregulation.Butthreethingsargueagainstwholesaleregulation.Firstthelevelofinterferenceneedstobebasedonthelevelofriskatestrepresents.Thegovernmentdoesnotneedtobeinvolvedifsomeonedecidestotracehisancestryordiscoverwhattypeofearwaxhehas.Secondthelawsonfraudshouldbesufficienttodealwiththesnake-oilsalesmenwhopromisetopredictsaywhetherachildmightbeasportingchampion.Andthirdscienceischangingveryfast.Fairlysoonacustomer’swholegenomewillbesequencednotmerelythepartsthoughttobemedicallyrelevantthatthetestingcompaniesnowconcentrateonandhewillthenbeabletocranktheresultsthroughopen-sourceinterpretationsoftwaredownloadablefromanywhereontheplanet.Thatwillcreateproblemsbuttheonlywaytostopthathappeningwouldbetomakeitillegalforsomeonetohavehisgenomesequenced—andnobodyisseriouslysuggestingthatilliberalrestriction. Insteadthenofreactinginahostilefashiontothetrendforpeopletotakegenetictestsgovernmentsshouldbeaskingthemselveshowtheycanmakebestuseofthisnewsourceofinformation.Restrictingaccesstoteststhatinformpeopleaboutbadreactionstodrugscoulddoharm.Therealquestionisnotwhocontrolsaccessbuthowtominimisetherisksandmaximisetherewardsofausefulrevolution. Theauthorseemstosuggestthattherestrictionprohibitingcustomersfromhavingtheirgenomesequencedis
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 20
Therelentlessmarchoftechnologyintoeverydaylifehasalwaysgivenrisetodebateaboutwhetheritisagoodorabadthing.SomebelievethattheInternetandcomputersoftwarearemakinghumansmorestupidorshallow.Butothersarguethatcomputerprogramsintheformofvideogamescanmakepeoplesmarterorimprovespecificskillssuchasspatialawareness. ShawnGreenandAlexandrePougetfromtheUniversityofRochesterinNewYorkstatesetouttofindananswer.TheirstudyreportedinCurrentBiologyinvolvedanumberofexperiments.Inonetheparticipantshadtowatch12dotsmovingrandomlyonascreenandquicklyassesstheiraggregatedirectionofmovement.Anothertestaskedparticipantstoworkoutthedirectionofspecificsoundsembeddedwithinstereowhitenoise.Inbothteststhevideo-garnersdidbetter.Howeverthescientistswereawarethatgamerscouldhavebeenbornwithimprovedabilitiestoperformsuchtaskswhichwerepossiblywhatattractedthemtogaminginthefirstplace.Consequentlyathirdtestwasnecessarytoseeiftheseabilitiescouldhavebeenlearnt. Thenon-gamingvolunteerswereputthrough50hoursofvideo-gametraining.Forsomethisinvolvedplayingfast-actionshoot-em-upgamessuchas"CallofDuty2"and"UnrealTournament"butothersweregivenaslow-movinglife-strategygame"TheSims2".Theresearchersfoundthatthosetrainedwithactiongamesraisedtheirperformancetotheleveloftheexperiencedgarners.MoreovertheyweremoreefficientintheiruseofvisualorauditoryevidencethanthoseplayingwiththeSims. Theresearchersconcludethatfastactionvideo-gamesplayersdevelopanenhancedsensitivitytowhatisgoingonaroundthemandthatthismayhelpwithactivitiessuchasmultitaskingdrivingreadingsmallprintnavigationandkeepingtrackoffriendsorchildreninacrowd.Thepreciseneuralmechanismforthiseffecthoweverisstillunknown. Whatisknownisthatpeoplemakedecisionsbasedonprobabilitiesthatareconstantlybeingcalculatedandrefinedintheirheads—somethingcalled"probabilisticinference".Thebraincollectssmallpiecesofinformationeventuallygatheringenoughtomakeanaccuratedecision.Whendrivingacarforexamplemanyprobabilitieswillbecollatedtomakedecisionssuchaswhetherornottobrake.Themoreefficientsomeoneisatcollectingvisualandauditoryinformationthefasterhecanreachthethresholdneededtomakeadecision. ShawnGreenAlexandrePougetsuggestthatreactiontimesinthepopulationwillprobablyimprovewiththeriseoffast-actionvideo-games.Therearealotofplayers:lastyearareportestimatedthat67%ofAmericanhouseholdscontainedatleastonevideo-gamer.Andifvideo-gamersarereallybetterequippedtomakequickdecisionstheymightalsoturnouttobebetterdriversandendupinfeweraccidents.Howeverthenotionthatgamersacquiresomeminorphysicalskillsmaynotpacifyconcernedparents.Whatafteralloftheskillstheyarenotacquiringwhenshootingvirtualcopsinsteadofreadingortalking Itissuggestedinthelastparagraghthatviedo-gamers’parentswillShawnGreenandAlexandrePouget’sfindings
Imagineaworldwhereyourdoctorcouldhelpyouavoidsicknessusingknowledgeofyourgenesaswellashowyouliveyourlife.Orwherehewouldprescribedrugsheknewwouldworkandnothavedebilitatingside-effects. Suchafutureisarrivingfasterthanmostrealise:genetictestsarealreadywidelyusedtoidentifypatientswhowillbehelpedorharmedbycertaindrugs.Andthreeyearsagointhefaceofatorrentofnewscientificdataanumberofnewcompaniessetthemselvesuptointerpretthisinformationforcustomers.ThroughshopfrontsontheinternetanyonecouldorderatestingkitspitintoatubeandsendofftheirDNA—withresultsdownloadedprivatelyathome.Alreadycustomerscanfindouttheirresponsetomanycommonmedicationssuchasantiviralsandblood-thinningagents.Theycanalsoexploretheirgeneticlikelihoodofdevelopingdeep-veinthrombosisskincancerorglaucoma. Theindustryhasbeensubjecttoconflictingcriticisms.Ontheonehanditstandsaccusedofofferinginformationtoodangeroustotrusttoconsumers;ontheotheritischargedwithpeddlingirrelevantmisleadingnonsense.ForsomeraredisorderssuchasHuntington’sandTay-Sachsgeneticinformationisadiagnosis.Butmostdiseasesaremorecomplicatedandinvolveseveralgenesoranenvironmentalcomponentorboth.Someone’schanceofgettingskincancerforexamplewilldependonwhetherheworshipsthesunaswellasonhisgenes. America’sGovernmentAccountabilityOfficeGAOreportalsorevealedwhattheindustryhasopenlyadmittedforyears:thatresultsofdisease-predictiontestsfromdifferentcompaniessometimesconflictwithoneanotherbecausethereisnoindustry-wideagreementonstandardlifetimerisks. GovernmentshatethissortofanarchyandAmerica’sinparticularisconsideringregulation.Butthreethingsargueagainstwholesaleregulation.Firstthelevelofinterferenceneedstobebasedonthelevelofriskatestrepresents.Thegovernmentdoesnotneedtobeinvolvedifsomeonedecidestotracehisancestryordiscoverwhattypeofearwaxhehas.Secondthelawsonfraudshouldbesufficienttodealwiththesnake-oilsalesmenwhopromisetopredictsaywhetherachildmightbeasportingchampion.Andthirdscienceischangingveryfast.Fairlysoonacustomer’swholegenomewillbesequencednotmerelythepartsthoughttobemedicallyrelevantthatthetestingcompaniesnowconcentrateonandhewillthenbeabletocranktheresultsthroughopen-sourceinterpretationsoftwaredownloadablefromanywhereontheplanet.Thatwillcreateproblemsbuttheonlywaytostopthathappeningwouldbetomakeitillegalforsomeonetohavehisgenomesequenced—andnobodyisseriouslysuggestingthatilliberalrestriction. Insteadthenofreactinginahostilefashiontothetrendforpeopletotakegenetictestsgovernmentsshouldbeaskingthemselveshowtheycanmakebestuseofthisnewsourceofinformation.Restrictingaccesstoteststhatinformpeopleaboutbadreactionstodrugscoulddoharm.Therealquestionisnotwhocontrolsaccessbuthowtominimisetherisksandmaximisetherewardsofausefulrevolution. Accordingtotheauthorwhatshouldthegovernmentdoaboutgenetictest
段页式存储管理中地址映射表是
设内存的分配情况如图3-19所示若要申请一块40K的内存空间采用最佳适应算法则所得到的分区首址为
Imagineaworldwhereyourdoctorcouldhelpyouavoidsicknessusingknowledgeofyourgenesaswellashowyouliveyourlife.Orwherehewouldprescribedrugsheknewwouldworkandnothavedebilitatingside-effects. Suchafutureisarrivingfasterthanmostrealise:genetictestsarealreadywidelyusedtoidentifypatientswhowillbehelpedorharmedbycertaindrugs.Andthreeyearsagointhefaceofatorrentofnewscientificdataanumberofnewcompaniessetthemselvesuptointerpretthisinformationforcustomers.ThroughshopfrontsontheinternetanyonecouldorderatestingkitspitintoatubeandsendofftheirDNA—withresultsdownloadedprivatelyathome.Alreadycustomerscanfindouttheirresponsetomanycommonmedicationssuchasantiviralsandblood-thinningagents.Theycanalsoexploretheirgeneticlikelihoodofdevelopingdeep-veinthrombosisskincancerorglaucoma. Theindustryhasbeensubjecttoconflictingcriticisms.Ontheonehanditstandsaccusedofofferinginformationtoodangeroustotrusttoconsumers;ontheotheritischargedwithpeddlingirrelevantmisleadingnonsense.ForsomeraredisorderssuchasHuntington’sandTay-Sachsgeneticinformationisadiagnosis.Butmostdiseasesaremorecomplicatedandinvolveseveralgenesoranenvironmentalcomponentorboth.Someone’schanceofgettingskincancerforexamplewilldependonwhetherheworshipsthesunaswellasonhisgenes. America’sGovernmentAccountabilityOfficeGAOreportalsorevealedwhattheindustryhasopenlyadmittedforyears:thatresultsofdisease-predictiontestsfromdifferentcompaniessometimesconflictwithoneanotherbecausethereisnoindustry-wideagreementonstandardlifetimerisks. GovernmentshatethissortofanarchyandAmerica’sinparticularisconsideringregulation.Butthreethingsargueagainstwholesaleregulation.Firstthelevelofinterferenceneedstobebasedonthelevelofriskatestrepresents.Thegovernmentdoesnotneedtobeinvolvedifsomeonedecidestotracehisancestryordiscoverwhattypeofearwaxhehas.Secondthelawsonfraudshouldbesufficienttodealwiththesnake-oilsalesmenwhopromisetopredictsaywhetherachildmightbeasportingchampion.Andthirdscienceischangingveryfast.Fairlysoonacustomer’swholegenomewillbesequencednotmerelythepartsthoughttobemedicallyrelevantthatthetestingcompaniesnowconcentrateonandhewillthenbeabletocranktheresultsthroughopen-sourceinterpretationsoftwaredownloadablefromanywhereontheplanet.Thatwillcreateproblemsbuttheonlywaytostopthathappeningwouldbetomakeitillegalforsomeonetohavehisgenomesequenced—andnobodyisseriouslysuggestingthatilliberalrestriction. Insteadthenofreactinginahostilefashiontothetrendforpeopletotakegenetictestsgovernmentsshouldbeaskingthemselveshowtheycanmakebestuseofthisnewsourceofinformation.Restrictingaccesstoteststhatinformpeopleaboutbadreactionstodrugscoulddoharm.Therealquestionisnotwhocontrolsaccessbuthowtominimisetherisksandmaximisetherewardsofausefulrevolution. Currentgenetictestsareableto
Therelentlessmarchoftechnologyintoeverydaylifehasalwaysgivenrisetodebateaboutwhetheritisagoodorabadthing.SomebelievethattheInternetandcomputersoftwarearemakinghumansmorestupidorshallow.Butothersarguethatcomputerprogramsintheformofvideogamescanmakepeoplesmarterorimprovespecificskillssuchasspatialawareness. ShawnGreenandAlexandrePougetfromtheUniversityofRochesterinNewYorkstatesetouttofindananswer.TheirstudyreportedinCurrentBiologyinvolvedanumberofexperiments.Inonetheparticipantshadtowatch12dotsmovingrandomlyonascreenandquicklyassesstheiraggregatedirectionofmovement.Anothertestaskedparticipantstoworkoutthedirectionofspecificsoundsembeddedwithinstereowhitenoise.Inbothteststhevideo-garnersdidbetter.Howeverthescientistswereawarethatgamerscouldhavebeenbornwithimprovedabilitiestoperformsuchtaskswhichwerepossiblywhatattractedthemtogaminginthefirstplace.Consequentlyathirdtestwasnecessarytoseeiftheseabilitiescouldhavebeenlearnt. Thenon-gamingvolunteerswereputthrough50hoursofvideo-gametraining.Forsomethisinvolvedplayingfast-actionshoot-em-upgamessuchas"CallofDuty2"and"UnrealTournament"butothersweregivenaslow-movinglife-strategygame"TheSims2".Theresearchersfoundthatthosetrainedwithactiongamesraisedtheirperformancetotheleveloftheexperiencedgarners.MoreovertheyweremoreefficientintheiruseofvisualorauditoryevidencethanthoseplayingwiththeSims. Theresearchersconcludethatfastactionvideo-gamesplayersdevelopanenhancedsensitivitytowhatisgoingonaroundthemandthatthismayhelpwithactivitiessuchasmultitaskingdrivingreadingsmallprintnavigationandkeepingtrackoffriendsorchildreninacrowd.Thepreciseneuralmechanismforthiseffecthoweverisstillunknown. Whatisknownisthatpeoplemakedecisionsbasedonprobabilitiesthatareconstantlybeingcalculatedandrefinedintheirheads—somethingcalled"probabilisticinference".Thebraincollectssmallpiecesofinformationeventuallygatheringenoughtomakeanaccuratedecision.Whendrivingacarforexamplemanyprobabilitieswillbecollatedtomakedecisionssuchaswhetherornottobrake.Themoreefficientsomeoneisatcollectingvisualandauditoryinformationthefasterhecanreachthethresholdneededtomakeadecision. ShawnGreenAlexandrePougetsuggestthatreactiontimesinthepopulationwillprobablyimprovewiththeriseoffast-actionvideo-games.Therearealotofplayers:lastyearareportestimatedthat67%ofAmericanhouseholdscontainedatleastonevideo-gamer.Andifvideo-gamersarereallybetterequippedtomakequickdecisionstheymightalsoturnouttobebetterdriversandendupinfeweraccidents.Howeverthenotionthatgamersacquiresomeminorphysicalskillsmaynotpacifyconcernedparents.Whatafteralloftheskillstheyarenotacquiringwhenshootingvirtualcopsinsteadofreadingortalking Theconclusiondrawnbyresearchersisthat
分区管理中采用最佳适应分配算法时把空闲区按次序登记在空闲区表中
TheaverageAmericandrinksagallonofsodaaweekwhichdeliversroughly1000caloriesandnonutrition.TheaverageAmericanisalsooverweightorobese.Couldchangingoneofthosethingshelpchangetheother Agrowingnumberofofficialsthinksowhichaccountsforaspateofproposednewtaxesonsodaasawaytodiscourageconsumptionwhileatthesametimeraisingmoneytofundotherobesity-fightinginitiatives.Some20statesandcitiesfromNewMexicotoBaltimorecontemplatedsodataxesthisspring. Thereactionagainstthemhasbeenswiftandfierce.InMarchscoresofsoda-companyemployeessportingPepsiCokeand7-UpgearswarmedtheKansasstatesenatetofightaproposalthatwouldhaveaddedapennyintaxforeachteaspoonofsugarinanonjuicedrink.Thatwouldhaveincreasedthepriceofa12-oz.sodabyabout10 andgeneratedsome$90millioninrevenueayear."Ithoughtthisisawisechoice"saysstatesenatorJohnVratilwholikecounterpartsacrossthecountryhasbeenstrugglingtoaddressbotharecession-inducedbudgetgapandrisingpublic-healthcostsstemmingfromobesity.InsteadhegotanearfulabouthowasodataxwouldkilljobsburdenthepoorandconstituteanunwelcomegovernmentintrusionintotheAmericandiet. GovernmentinvolvementinwhatAmericanseatisnothingnew.ButwhytaxsodaandnotsayicecreampizzaorOreos—orforthatmatterthevideogamesthatdiscouragekidsfromgoingoutsidetorunaroundWashingtoncity-councilmemberMaryChehsaysit’sbecausesodaiswherescientistshaveobservedtheclearestlinktoexcesspounds.WhenChehsetouttofundherHealthySchoolsActwhichwouldraisefoodandphysical-educationstandardsatschoolsinD.C.whereabout40%ofkidsareoverweightorobese—shedidn’tknowshe’dwindupgoingaftersoda.Butthedataoverwhelmedher:TheamountofsodathetypicalAmericandrinkshasgrownbyroughly500%overthepast60yearsandofthe250to300caloriesadayAmericanshaveonaverageaddedtotheirdietssincethelate1970snearlyhalfhavecomefromsugareddrinks."Idon’twanttoprescribetaxesforallsortsofdietarychoices"saysCheh"butifweweregoingtoonlytargetonethingtomakeamaterialdifferencesodawouldbeit." Thetougherquestioniswhetherincreasingthepriceofsodawouldinfactreducethenumberofcaloriespeopleconsume.Someresearchindicatestheanswerisyes.Otherresearchleavesroomfordoubt.Thoughstudiesdoshowthata10%increaseinthepriceofsodaleadspeopletopurchaseabout10%lessofitthatdoesn’tnecessarilymeanfolksaren’tmakingupforthosecalorieselsewhere. HowdopeoplefeelaboutsodataxesInApriltheQuinnipiacUniversityPollingInstituteaskedresidentsofNewYorkStateiftheysupportedoropposeda"fattax"onnondietsugaredsoda.Thirty-onepercentwereinfavorand66%wereopposed.Yetwhenaskediftheywouldsupportsuchataxifthemoneyraisedwereusedtofundhealthcarepeoplechangedtheiropinionsdramaticallywith48%infavorandjust49%opposed. Accordingtothepollinthelastparagraphcitizens’attitudetowardsodataxis
TheaverageAmericandrinksagallonofsodaaweekwhichdeliversroughly1000caloriesandnonutrition.TheaverageAmericanisalsooverweightorobese.Couldchangingoneofthosethingshelpchangetheother Agrowingnumberofofficialsthinksowhichaccountsforaspateofproposednewtaxesonsodaasawaytodiscourageconsumptionwhileatthesametimeraisingmoneytofundotherobesity-fightinginitiatives.Some20statesandcitiesfromNewMexicotoBaltimorecontemplatedsodataxesthisspring. Thereactionagainstthemhasbeenswiftandfierce.InMarchscoresofsoda-companyemployeessportingPepsiCokeand7-UpgearswarmedtheKansasstatesenatetofightaproposalthatwouldhaveaddedapennyintaxforeachteaspoonofsugarinanonjuicedrink.Thatwouldhaveincreasedthepriceofa12-oz.sodabyabout10 andgeneratedsome$90millioninrevenueayear."Ithoughtthisisawisechoice"saysstatesenatorJohnVratilwholikecounterpartsacrossthecountryhasbeenstrugglingtoaddressbotharecession-inducedbudgetgapandrisingpublic-healthcostsstemmingfromobesity.InsteadhegotanearfulabouthowasodataxwouldkilljobsburdenthepoorandconstituteanunwelcomegovernmentintrusionintotheAmericandiet. GovernmentinvolvementinwhatAmericanseatisnothingnew.ButwhytaxsodaandnotsayicecreampizzaorOreos—orforthatmatterthevideogamesthatdiscouragekidsfromgoingoutsidetorunaroundWashingtoncity-councilmemberMaryChehsaysit’sbecausesodaiswherescientistshaveobservedtheclearestlinktoexcesspounds.WhenChehsetouttofundherHealthySchoolsActwhichwouldraisefoodandphysical-educationstandardsatschoolsinD.C.whereabout40%ofkidsareoverweightorobese—shedidn’tknowshe’dwindupgoingaftersoda.Butthedataoverwhelmedher:TheamountofsodathetypicalAmericandrinkshasgrownbyroughly500%overthepast60yearsandofthe250to300caloriesadayAmericanshaveonaverageaddedtotheirdietssincethelate1970snearlyhalfhavecomefromsugareddrinks."Idon’twanttoprescribetaxesforallsortsofdietarychoices"saysCheh"butifweweregoingtoonlytargetonethingtomakeamaterialdifferencesodawouldbeit." Thetougherquestioniswhetherincreasingthepriceofsodawouldinfactreducethenumberofcaloriespeopleconsume.Someresearchindicatestheanswerisyes.Otherresearchleavesroomfordoubt.Thoughstudiesdoshowthata10%increaseinthepriceofsodaleadspeopletopurchaseabout10%lessofitthatdoesn’tnecessarilymeanfolksaren’tmakingupforthosecalorieselsewhere. HowdopeoplefeelaboutsodataxesInApriltheQuinnipiacUniversityPollingInstituteaskedresidentsofNewYorkStateiftheysupportedoropposeda"fattax"onnondietsugaredsoda.Thirty-onepercentwereinfavorand66%wereopposed.Yetwhenaskediftheywouldsupportsuchataxifthemoneyraisedwereusedtofundhealthcarepeoplechangedtheiropinionsdramaticallywith48%infavorandjust49%opposed. TheofficialsproposednewtaxesonsodaforallthesepurposesExcept
ThisfallthePewResearchCenterinassociationwithTIMEconductedanationwidepollexploringthecontoursofmodernmarriageandthenewAmericanfamily.Andofallthetransformationsourfamilystructureshaveundergoneinthepast50yearsperhapsthemostprofoundisthemarriagedifferentialthathasopenedbetweentherichandthepoor.In1960themedianhouseholdincomeofmarriedadultswas12%higherthanthatofsingleadultsafteradjustingforhouseholdsize.By2008thisgaphadgrownto41%.Inotherwordsthericherandmoreeducatedyouarethemorelikelyyouaretomarryortobemarried—orconverselyifyou’remarriedyou’remorelikelytobewelloff. TobeginthequestionofwhythewealthdisparitybetweenthemarriedandtheunmarriedhasgrownsomuchitmightbeusefultotakealookatthebriefbutillustrativemarriageofgolferGregNormanandtennisstarChrisEvertwhomarriedinJune2008anddivorced15monthslater.Fromallreportstheirunionhadmanyoftheclassichallmarksofmodernpartnerships.Thebrideandgroomhadroughlyequalsuccessintheircareers.Beingwealthysportyandblondtheyhadsimilarinterests. Thisistypicalofthewaymanymarriagesstart.Americansareincreasinglymarryingpeoplewhoareonthesamesocioeconomicandeducationallevel.Sincemorewomenthanmenhavegraduatedfromcollegeforseveraldecadesit’smorelikelythanitusedtobethatamalecollegegraduatewillmeetfallinlovewithwedandsharethesalaryofawomanwithadegree.Women’sadvancesineducationhaveroughlyparalleledthegrowthoftheknowledgeeconomysothesliceofthefamilybaconshebringshomewillbesubstantial. Onthefaceofitthismightexplainwhyfewerpeoplearemarried.Theywanttofinishcollegefirst.In2010themedianageofmengettinghitchedforthefirsttimeis28.2andforwomenit’s26.1.It’sgoneupaboutayeareverydecadesincethe’60s. Buthere’stherub.Inthepasttwodecadespeoplewithonlyahighschooleducationstartedtogetmarriedevenlaterthancollegegraduates.In1990morehigh-school-educatedcouplesthancollegegraduateshadmadeittothealtarbyage30.By2007itwastheotherwayaround.WhathasbroughtabouttheswitchIt’snotanydisparityindesire.AccordingtothePewsurvey46%ofcollegegraduateswanttogetmarriedand44%ofthelesseducateddo. Promisingpubliclytobesomeone’spartnerforlifeusedtobesomethingpeopledidtolaythefoundationoftheirindependentlife.Itwasthedeclarationofadulthood.Nowit’smoreofafinishingtouchthelastbrickintheedificesociologistsbelieve.Marriageisthecapstoneforboththecollege-educatedandthelesswelleducated"saysJohnsHopkins’Cherlin."Thecollege-educatedwaituntilthey’refinishedwiththeireducationandtheircareersarelaunched.Thelesseducatedwaituntiltheyfeelcomfortablefinancially."Butthatcomfortkeepsgettingmoreelusive."Thelossofdecent-payingjobsthatahigh-school-educatedmanorwomancouldgetmakesitdifficultforthemtogetandstaymarried"saysCherlin.Astheknowledgeeconomyhasovertakenthemanufacturingeconomycouplesinwhichbothpartners’jobopportunitiesaredisappearingaredoublydisadvantaged.Sotheywaittogetmarried. Whichofthefollowingmaybeagreedbothbythewell-educatedandless-educatednowadays
页式存储管理中页表的始地址存放在中
LongbeforetheneweconomymadecatchwordsofspeedcustomizationsupplychainmanagementandinformationsharingSpanishclothingretailerZarawascarryingoutarevolutionofitsown.46Bytranslatingthelatesttrendsintodesignsthataremanufacturedinlessthan15days—anddeliveringthemtoitsstorestwiceaweek—Zarapioneeredanewkindofquickcustom-maderetailingthathastransformedtherelativelylowprofileretailerintoaglobalpowerhouse.NobodyelsecangetnewdesignstostoresasquicklysaysKeithWillsEuropeanretailanalystatGoldmanSachs."Unlessyoucandothatyouwon’tbeinbusinessintenyears." 47NotonlyhasZara—theflagshipstoreofprivatetextilecompanyInditex—distinguisheditselfbytightlyintegratingitsdesignandmanufacturingsystemsbutitsclothinghasfilledanuntappedniche."Armaniatmoderateprices"saysoneGoldmanSachsanalyst.Theformulaseemstobepayingoff:Zarawhichisresponsiblefornearly80%ofInditex’srevenuesopeneditsfirststorein1975andhassinceexpandedtomorethan400storesin25countries.Thoughitdoesn’tgenerateasmuchinrevenuesastheGap$11.6billionorSwedishclothierH&Mabout$3.6billionZara’sparenthadsalesofabout$2billionlastyearwhichrepresenteda26%increasefrom1998.Thecompany’sprofitswereup34%toaround$186millionlastyear. Zaraderivesitscompetitiveadvantagefromanastuteuseofinformationandtechnology.Allofitsstoresareelectronicallylinkedtothecompany’sheadquartersnearLaCorunaamidsizedcityonthenorthwestcoastofSpain.Storemanagersmonitorhowmerchandiseissellingandtransmitthisinformationaswellascustomerrequeststoheadquarters."TheroleofthestoremanagergoeswaybeyondthatofGapandH&M"saysWillsofGoldmanSachs.48Togetherwithtrendspotterswhotraveltheglobeinsearchofnewfashionstoremanagersmakesuretheirdesignershaveaccesstorealtimeinformationwhendecidingwiththecommercialteamonthefabriccutandpricepointsofanewgarment. InadditionInditex’sproductionsystemtrulydifferentiatesZarafromitscompetition.WhiletheGapandH&MoutsourcemostoftheirmanufacturingZaraproduces60%ofitsmerchandiseinhouse.Fabric—whichcomesfromplaceslikeSpaintheFarEastIndiaandMorocco—iscutandcoloredatthecompany’sstateoftheartfactory.Thenusinginformationgatheredfromstoresproductionmanagersdecidehowmanygarmentstomakeandwhichstoreswillgetthem.Finallythefabricissenttolocalshopstobeassembledbeforebeingshippedaroundtheworld.49ThiscombinationofrealtimeinformationsharingandinternalizedproductionmeansthatZaracanworkwithalmostnostockandstillhavenewdesignsinthestoretwiceaweekasopposedtothesixweeksthatittraditionallytakesmostcompetitors. 50ThequestionnowishowfarZarawhichrunsalmostnoadvertisingoutsideofitsbiannualstorewidesalescangowiththeconceptofdesignondemandretailing.ThechainiswellknowninSouthAmericaandEuropewhereitiscurrentlyexpandinginGermany.Internationalsalesaccountedforalmost50%ofitstotal.It’slesswellknownintheU.S.;ithasjustsixstoresintheNewYorkCityarea.Butdon’tunderestimatethisSpanishgiant.Inditexrecentlyannounceditwasexploringapublicofferingandit’sprobablyjustamatteratimebeforeitdispatchesZaratoconquertheNewWorld. 50
不会产生内部碎片的存储管理是
在可变分区管理中采用拼接技术的目的是
Directions Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing．Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbythemandthen 3giveyourpointsofview． YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2．
下面的存储管理方案中方式可以采用静态重定位
存储管理方案中可采用覆盖技术
LongbeforetheneweconomymadecatchwordsofspeedcustomizationsupplychainmanagementandinformationsharingSpanishclothingretailerZarawascarryingoutarevolutionofitsown.46Bytranslatingthelatesttrendsintodesignsthataremanufacturedinlessthan15days—anddeliveringthemtoitsstorestwiceaweek—Zarapioneeredanewkindofquickcustom-maderetailingthathastransformedtherelativelylowprofileretailerintoaglobalpowerhouse.NobodyelsecangetnewdesignstostoresasquicklysaysKeithWillsEuropeanretailanalystatGoldmanSachs."Unlessyoucandothatyouwon’tbeinbusinessintenyears." 47NotonlyhasZara—theflagshipstoreofprivatetextilecompanyInditex—distinguisheditselfbytightlyintegratingitsdesignandmanufacturingsystemsbutitsclothinghasfilledanuntappedniche."Armaniatmoderateprices"saysoneGoldmanSachsanalyst.Theformulaseemstobepayingoff:Zarawhichisresponsiblefornearly80%ofInditex’srevenuesopeneditsfirststorein1975andhassinceexpandedtomorethan400storesin25countries.Thoughitdoesn’tgenerateasmuchinrevenuesastheGap$11.6billionorSwedishclothierH&Mabout$3.6billionZara’sparenthadsalesofabout$2billionlastyearwhichrepresenteda26%increasefrom1998.Thecompany’sprofitswereup34%toaround$186millionlastyear. Zaraderivesitscompetitiveadvantagefromanastuteuseofinformationandtechnology.Allofitsstoresareelectronicallylinkedtothecompany’sheadquartersnearLaCorunaamidsizedcityonthenorthwestcoastofSpain.Storemanagersmonitorhowmerchandiseissellingandtransmitthisinformationaswellascustomerrequeststoheadquarters."TheroleofthestoremanagergoeswaybeyondthatofGapandH&M"saysWillsofGoldmanSachs.48Togetherwithtrendspotterswhotraveltheglobeinsearchofnewfashionstoremanagersmakesuretheirdesignershaveaccesstorealtimeinformationwhendecidingwiththecommercialteamonthefabriccutandpricepointsofanewgarment. InadditionInditex’sproductionsystemtrulydifferentiatesZarafromitscompetition.WhiletheGapandH&MoutsourcemostoftheirmanufacturingZaraproduces60%ofitsmerchandiseinhouse.Fabric—whichcomesfromplaceslikeSpaintheFarEastIndiaandMorocco—iscutandcoloredatthecompany’sstateoftheartfactory.Thenusinginformationgatheredfromstoresproductionmanagersdecidehowmanygarmentstomakeandwhichstoreswillgetthem.Finallythefabricissenttolocalshopstobeassembledbeforebeingshippedaroundtheworld.49ThiscombinationofrealtimeinformationsharingandinternalizedproductionmeansthatZaracanworkwithalmostnostockandstillhavenewdesignsinthestoretwiceaweekasopposedtothesixweeksthatittraditionallytakesmostcompetitors. 50ThequestionnowishowfarZarawhichrunsalmostnoadvertisingoutsideofitsbiannualstorewidesalescangowiththeconceptofdesignondemandretailing.ThechainiswellknowninSouthAmericaandEuropewhereitiscurrentlyexpandinginGermany.Internationalsalesaccountedforalmost50%ofitstotal.It’slesswellknownintheU.S.;ithasjustsixstoresintheNewYorkCityarea.Butdon’tunderestimatethisSpanishgiant.Inditexrecentlyannounceditwasexploringapublicofferingandit’sprobablyjustamatteratimebeforeitdispatchesZaratoconquertheNewWorld. 48
LongbeforetheneweconomymadecatchwordsofspeedcustomizationsupplychainmanagementandinformationsharingSpanishclothingretailerZarawascarryingoutarevolutionofitsown.46Bytranslatingthelatesttrendsintodesignsthataremanufacturedinlessthan15days—anddeliveringthemtoitsstorestwiceaweek—Zarapioneeredanewkindofquickcustom-maderetailingthathastransformedtherelativelylowprofileretailerintoaglobalpowerhouse.NobodyelsecangetnewdesignstostoresasquicklysaysKeithWillsEuropeanretailanalystatGoldmanSachs."Unlessyoucandothatyouwon’tbeinbusinessintenyears." 47NotonlyhasZara—theflagshipstoreofprivatetextilecompanyInditex—distinguisheditselfbytightlyintegratingitsdesignandmanufacturingsystemsbutitsclothinghasfilledanuntappedniche."Armaniatmoderateprices"saysoneGoldmanSachsanalyst.Theformulaseemstobepayingoff:Zarawhichisresponsiblefornearly80%ofInditex’srevenuesopeneditsfirststorein1975andhassinceexpandedtomorethan400storesin25countries.Thoughitdoesn’tgenerateasmuchinrevenuesastheGap$11.6billionorSwedishclothierH&Mabout$3.6billionZara’sparenthadsalesofabout$2billionlastyearwhichrepresenteda26%increasefrom1998.Thecompany’sprofitswereup34%toaround$186millionlastyear. Zaraderivesitscompetitiveadvantagefromanastuteuseofinformationandtechnology.Allofitsstoresareelectronicallylinkedtothecompany’sheadquartersnearLaCorunaamidsizedcityonthenorthwestcoastofSpain.Storemanagersmonitorhowmerchandiseissellingandtransmitthisinformationaswellascustomerrequeststoheadquarters."TheroleofthestoremanagergoeswaybeyondthatofGapandH&M"saysWillsofGoldmanSachs.48Togetherwithtrendspotterswhotraveltheglobeinsearchofnewfashionstoremanagersmakesuretheirdesignershaveaccesstorealtimeinformationwhendecidingwiththecommercialteamonthefabriccutandpricepointsofanewgarment. InadditionInditex’sproductionsystemtrulydifferentiatesZarafromitscompetition.WhiletheGapandH&MoutsourcemostoftheirmanufacturingZaraproduces60%ofitsmerchandiseinhouse.Fabric—whichcomesfromplaceslikeSpaintheFarEastIndiaandMorocco—iscutandcoloredatthecompany’sstateoftheartfactory.Thenusinginformationgatheredfromstoresproductionmanagersdecidehowmanygarmentstomakeandwhichstoreswillgetthem.Finallythefabricissenttolocalshopstobeassembledbeforebeingshippedaroundtheworld.49ThiscombinationofrealtimeinformationsharingandinternalizedproductionmeansthatZaracanworkwithalmostnostockandstillhavenewdesignsinthestoretwiceaweekasopposedtothesixweeksthatittraditionallytakesmostcompetitors. 50ThequestionnowishowfarZarawhichrunsalmostnoadvertisingoutsideofitsbiannualstorewidesalescangowiththeconceptofdesignondemandretailing.ThechainiswellknowninSouthAmericaandEuropewhereitiscurrentlyexpandinginGermany.Internationalsalesaccountedforalmost50%ofitstotal.It’slesswellknownintheU.S.;ithasjustsixstoresintheNewYorkCityarea.Butdon’tunderestimatethisSpanishgiant.Inditexrecentlyannounceditwasexploringapublicofferingandit’sprobablyjustamatteratimebeforeitdispatchesZaratoconquertheNewWorld. 46
某基于动态分区存储管理的计算机其主存容量为55MB初始为空采用最佳适配BestFit算法分配和释放的顺序为分配15MB分配30MB释放15MB分配8MB分配6MB此时主存中最大空闲分区的大小是
[A]SharetheResponsibility [B]KeepYourReceipts [C]CutBadHabits [D]BalanceYourCheckbook [E]RemainFlexible [F]PayDownDebt [G]FocusonSavings Youhaveabigexpensecomingup.Youneedabettercarorabiggerhomeoryouwanttogobacktocollege.WhatdoyoudoBorrowborrowborrow——rightWellmaybenot.Ifyou’vecreatedabudgetyouknowexactlyhowmuchmoneyyouhavecominginandhowmuchisgoingout.Youcanmakesomeplansconcerningthatbigexpense.Butifyoudon’thaveabudgetplanyouprobablydon’thaveaverygoodpictureofyourfinancesandyoumaybetemptedtoborrowmoremoneyratherthansqueezingallyoucanfromyourincome.It’sdefinitelybetterinthelongrun——foryouandforyourmoney——tohaveabudget. 41.______ Bynowyou’vesetupyourbudget.Youknowhowmuchmoneyyouhave.Butyoucouldstillusesomehelpstayingonbudget.Herearesometipsthatcanhelpyousticktoyourbudgetandgetaheadonthatmajorpurchase.Determinetheamountofyourbudgetthatyoucanaffordtosaveeachmonth.Haveitdirect-depositedtoyoursavingsaccountortoyourmutualfund.Whereveryoudecidetokeepyoursavingsmakesureyouputmoneyintoiteverymonth.Thatsavingswillmakeabigdifferenceforyoulater. 42.______ Whetherit’salcoholortobaccoifyouusemuchofeitheryouknowhowexpensivebadhabitscanbe.Stopsmokinganddrinkingandputthebeer/cigarettemoneytowardyourotherexpenses.You’llseeyourbillscomedown——andfeelyourhealthimprove——innotime.You’llalsosaveonhealthcareexpensesdowntheroadandyoumaybecomeeligibleforlowerinsurancepremiums. 43.______ Makesureyou’renottheonlymemberofyourhouseholdconcernedaboutyourbudget.Ifyou’reworkinghardtosavemoneybutyourspouseisoutspendingyouintodebtyou’refightingalosingbattle.Sitdowntogetherandmakeaplantodeterminehowmuchspendingmoneyyoushouldeachhave.Thencheckineveryweektoseehowwellyou’redoing.Iftheentirefamilysharestheresponsibilityforthebudgeteveryonecancutbackjustalittleandmakeabigdifference.Onepersonshouldn’thavetoshouldertheentireburdenalone. 44.______ Ifyouhavecreditcarddebtyoumayfeellikeit’sgoingtotakeforevertopayitoff.Butyoucangetaheadbychoosingonecard——ideallytheonewiththehighestinterestrate——andpayingasmuchasyoucanoniteverymonth.Ifyouhaveothercardspaytheminimumbalanceonthoseuntilyou’vepaidoffthefirstcard.Thenchoosethenextcardandpayextraonitwhileyoupayminimumsontheothers.Ifyoupayonlytheminimumsonallyourcardsyou’llbepayingalotmoreininterestthanyoumayrealize. 45.______ Youprobablymonitoredyourexpensesforseveralweekstomakeabudget.Oncethebudgetismadethoughitcanbetemptingtostopkeepingupwitheverylittleexpense.Butkeepingtrackreallycanhelpyousticktoyourbudget.Saveyourreceiptsandwritedowntheplacesyouspendmoney.You’llbelesslikelytooverspendifyourealizehowmuchmoneyhasactuallygonethroughyourhands. 42
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