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段页式存储管理中，地址映射表是( )。
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在页式存储管理中为加快地址映射速度一般需要硬件提供支持以下哪些硬件是用于地址映射的Ⅰ．页表始址寄存器
Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ
Ⅱ和Ⅳ
Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ
全部
在页式存储管理中为加快地址映射速度一般需要硬件提供支持以下哪些硬件是用于地址映射的Ⅰ．页表始址寄存器
Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ
Ⅱ和Ⅳ
Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ
全部
在虚拟段页式存储管理中若逻辑地址的段内地址大于段表中该段的段长则需进行______中断处理
在分页存储管理系统中从页号到物理块号的地址映射是通过实 现的
段表
页表
PCB
JCB
段页式存储管理中地址映射表是______
每个进程有一张段表、两张页表
每个进程的每个段有一张段表、一张页表
每个进程一张段表，每个段一张页表
每个进程一张页表，每个段一张段表
对于页式虚拟存储器管理而言除了要处理页面不在内存时的页面故障中断外即使当前需要映射的页已经在内存中还
在页式管理中页表的作用是实现从到的地址映射存储页表的作用是
给出段页式存储管理中地址转换的步骤
在页式管理中页式虚地址与内存物理地址的映射是由和完成的
在页式存储管理中进行地址映射所依据的关键是
缓冲区
目录
页表
分区表
在分页存储管理系统中从页号到物理块号的地址映射是通过实现的
段表
页表
PCB
JCB
在段页式存储管理系统中面向________的地址空间是段式划分面向________的地址空间是页 式
在页式存储管理中用户程序的逻辑地址由组成
逻辑页号和页内地址
物理页号和页内地址
逻辑段号和页内地址
物理段号和页内地址
下列对分页和分段系统特点的区别不正确的是
分页是为了更好地满足系统管理需要，分段是为了更好满足用户的需要
页的大小分为页号和页内地址两部分，页的大小固定，段的大小是不固定的
分段系统每段是一个连续存储区，在访问时需给出段名和段内地址
段页式系统在每页中分出若干的段，利用段表和页表进行地址映射
在页式管理中页表的作用是实现从________到物理块号的地址映射存储页表的作用是________
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Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 18
TheBelgianblueisanuglybuttastycowthathas40%moremusclethanitshouldhave.Itistheproductofrandommutationfollowedbyselectivebreeding—asindeedarealldomesticatedcreatures.Butwhereanoldarthasledanewonemayfollow.ByunderstandingwhichgeneticchangeshavebeenconsolidatedintheBelgianblueitmaybepossibletodesignandbuildsimilarversionsofotherspeciesusinggeneticengineeringasashort-cut.AndthatispreciselywhatTerryBradleyafishbiologistattheUniversityofRhodeIslandistryingtodo.Insteadofcattleheisdoingitintrout.Hisisoneoftwoprojectsthatmaysoonputthefirstbiotechanimalsonthedinnertable.TheotherprojectisledbyAquaBounty.Itisonethingtomakesuchfishofcourse.Itisquiteanothertogetthemtomarket.Firstitisnecessarytoreceivetheapprovaloftheregulators.InAmericatherelevantregulatoristheFoodandDrugAdministrationFDAwhichAquaBountysaysithasbeenpetitioningformorethanadecadeandwhichpublishedguidelinesforapprovinggeneticallyengineeredanimalsin2009.AquaBountyhasnowfileditsremainingstudiesforapprovalandhopestoheartheresultthisyear.DrBradleyhasnotyetappliedforapproval.TheFDAisconcernedmainlywiththehealthfulnessofwhatpeopleputintheirmouthsanditseemsunlikelythatthenewprocedureswillyieldsomethingthatisunsafetoeat.ButwhathappensifthecreaturesescapeandstartbreedinginthewildForthattobeaproblemthemodifiedfishwouldhavetobebetteratsurvivingandreproducingthanthosehonedbymillionsofyearsofnaturalselection.Onthefaceofitthisseemsunlikelybecausethecharacteristicsthathavebeenengineeredintothemareonesdesignedtomakethemintobetterfoodratherthanleanmeanbreedingmachines.Butthereisachinkinthisargument.AsMarkAbrahamsabiologistatMemorialUniversityinNewfoundlandpointsoutitisnotjustthefishthathavebeenmodifiedbymanbutalsotheenvironmentinwhichtheycouldescape.Manyofthecreaturesthateatsalmonandtroutsuchasbearsandsomebirdshavehadtheirranksthinnedbyhumanactivity.DrAbrahamsthinksitpossiblethatfast-growingsalmoncoulddisplacethenaturalsortinplaceswherepredatorsarerare.AquaBountyisaddressingsuchconcernsbysubjectingdevelopingeggstohighpressures.Theresultifallgoeswellwillbethatanimalsfollowplantsdownthebiotechroute.Whetherpeoplewillactuallywanttobuyoreatthenewfishisadifferentmatter—thoughtheybuythemeatofBelgianbluecattleatapremium.Perhapsclevermarketingcouldmakedouble-muscledfishintoapremiumproducttoo.IfpeoplewillpayextraformeatfromamonstrosityliketheBelgianblueanythingispossible.WhatconcernsMarkAbrahamsmostisthatthemodifiedfishwill______.
AchillingfeatureofthesuicidevideoleftbyMohammadSidiqueKhantheleaderofthebandthatkilledmorethan50peopleinLondoninJuly2005wasthehomelyYorkshireaccentinwhichhetoldhiscountrymenthatyourgovernmentisatwarwithmypeople.WhatmakesaMusliminBritainorAmericawakeupanddecidethatheisnolongeraBritonorAmericanbutanIslamicsoldierfightingaholywaragainsttheinfidelPartofitmustbepullpartispresumablypush.GeorgeBushhasrepeatedlikeascratchedgramophonerecordthatAmericanswereatwarwiththeterroristswhohadattackedthemon9/11notatwarwithIslam.46BarackObamahasfollowedsuit:theWhiteHousenationalsecuritystrategypublishedinMaysaysthatonewaytoguardagainstradicalisationathomeistostressthatdiversityispartofourstrength—notasourceofdivisionorinsecurity.Thisishardlyrocketscience.47AndthatremindingAmericansofthedifference—arealonebythewaynotonefabricatedforthepurposesofpoliticalcorrectness—betweenIslamareligionwithabillionadherentsandA1QaedaaterroristoutfitthatclaimstospeakinIslam’snamebuthasabsolutelynorighttodoso.WhywouldanyresponsibleAmericanpoliticianwanttoerasethatvitaldistinctionGoodquestion.48AskSarahPalinorNewtGingrichorthemanyotherswhohavelatelyclamoredabouttheoffensivecampaigntostopCordobaHouseaproposedcommunitycentreandmosquefrombeingbuiltinNewYorktwoblocksfromthesiteofthetwintowers.InatweetlastmonthfromAlaskaMsPalincalledonpeacefulMuslimstorepudiatethegroundzeromosquebecauseitwouldstabAmericanhearts.ButwhyshoulditCordobaHouseisnotbeingbuiltbyAlQaeda.TothecontraryitisthebrainchildofImamFeisalAbdulRaufawellmeaningAmericanclericwhohasspentyearstryingtopromoteinterfaithunderstanding.HeismodellinghisprojectonNewYork’s92ndStreetYaJewishcommunitycentrethatreachesouttootherreligions.Thesitewasselectedpreciselysothatitmighthealsomeofthewoundsopenedbythefellingofthetwintowersandallthatfollowed.Truesomerelativesof9/11victimsarehurtbytheideaofamosquegoingupnearthesite.49ButthatfeelingofhurtmakessenseonlyiftheytoobuythefalseideathatMuslimsingeneralwereperpetratorsofthecrime.BesideswhataboutthefeelingsandforthatmattertherightsofAmerica’sMuslims—someofwhomalsoperishedintheatrocity50ItisimpossibletoexcusethemeanspiritandscrambledlogicofMrGinger’sassertionthatthereshouldbenomosqueneargroundzerosolongastherearenochurchesorsynagoguesinSaudiArabia.ToMrGingrichitseemsanAmericanMuslimisaMuslimfirstandanAmericansecond.AlQaedawoulddoubtlessconcur.MrGingrichalsoobjectstothecentre’sname.ImamFeisalsayshechoseCordobainrecollectionofatimewhentherestofEuropehadsunkintotheDarkAgesbutMuslimsJewsandChristianscreatedanoasisofartcultureandscience.MrGingrichseesonlyadeliberateinsultareminderofaperiodwhenMuslimconquerorsruledSpain.LikeMrbinLadenMrGingrichisapparentlystillreiteratingthevictoriesanddefeatsofreligiouswarsfoughtinEuropeandtheMiddleEastcenturiesago.Heshouldrejointhemodernworldbeforehedoesrealharm.
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 4
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 16
AchillingfeatureofthesuicidevideoleftbyMohammadSidiqueKhantheleaderofthebandthatkilledmorethan50peopleinLondoninJuly2005wasthehomelyYorkshireaccentinwhichhetoldhiscountrymenthatyourgovernmentisatwarwithmypeople.WhatmakesaMusliminBritainorAmericawakeupanddecidethatheisnolongeraBritonorAmericanbutanIslamicsoldierfightingaholywaragainsttheinfidelPartofitmustbepullpartispresumablypush.GeorgeBushhasrepeatedlikeascratchedgramophonerecordthatAmericanswereatwarwiththeterroristswhohadattackedthemon9/11notatwarwithIslam.46BarackObamahasfollowedsuit:theWhiteHousenationalsecuritystrategypublishedinMaysaysthatonewaytoguardagainstradicalisationathomeistostressthatdiversityispartofourstrength—notasourceofdivisionorinsecurity.Thisishardlyrocketscience.47AndthatremindingAmericansofthedifference—arealonebythewaynotonefabricatedforthepurposesofpoliticalcorrectness—betweenIslamareligionwithabillionadherentsandA1QaedaaterroristoutfitthatclaimstospeakinIslam’snamebuthasabsolutelynorighttodoso.WhywouldanyresponsibleAmericanpoliticianwanttoerasethatvitaldistinctionGoodquestion.48AskSarahPalinorNewtGingrichorthemanyotherswhohavelatelyclamoredabouttheoffensivecampaigntostopCordobaHouseaproposedcommunitycentreandmosquefrombeingbuiltinNewYorktwoblocksfromthesiteofthetwintowers.InatweetlastmonthfromAlaskaMsPalincalledonpeacefulMuslimstorepudiatethegroundzeromosquebecauseitwouldstabAmericanhearts.ButwhyshoulditCordobaHouseisnotbeingbuiltbyAlQaeda.TothecontraryitisthebrainchildofImamFeisalAbdulRaufawellmeaningAmericanclericwhohasspentyearstryingtopromoteinterfaithunderstanding.HeismodellinghisprojectonNewYork’s92ndStreetYaJewishcommunitycentrethatreachesouttootherreligions.Thesitewasselectedpreciselysothatitmighthealsomeofthewoundsopenedbythefellingofthetwintowersandallthatfollowed.Truesomerelativesof9/11victimsarehurtbytheideaofamosquegoingupnearthesite.49ButthatfeelingofhurtmakessenseonlyiftheytoobuythefalseideathatMuslimsingeneralwereperpetratorsofthecrime.BesideswhataboutthefeelingsandforthatmattertherightsofAmerica’sMuslims—someofwhomalsoperishedintheatrocity50ItisimpossibletoexcusethemeanspiritandscrambledlogicofMrGinger’sassertionthatthereshouldbenomosqueneargroundzerosolongastherearenochurchesorsynagoguesinSaudiArabia.ToMrGingrichitseemsanAmericanMuslimisaMuslimfirstandanAmericansecond.AlQaedawoulddoubtlessconcur.MrGingrichalsoobjectstothecentre’sname.ImamFeisalsayshechoseCordobainrecollectionofatimewhentherestofEuropehadsunkintotheDarkAgesbutMuslimsJewsandChristianscreatedanoasisofartcultureandscience.MrGingrichseesonlyadeliberateinsultareminderofaperiodwhenMuslimconquerorsruledSpain.LikeMrbinLadenMrGingrichisapparentlystillreiteratingthevictoriesanddefeatsofreligiouswarsfoughtinEuropeandtheMiddleEastcenturiesago.Heshouldrejointhemodernworldbeforehedoesrealharm.
AchillingfeatureofthesuicidevideoleftbyMohammadSidiqueKhantheleaderofthebandthatkilledmorethan50peopleinLondoninJuly2005wasthehomelyYorkshireaccentinwhichhetoldhiscountrymenthatyourgovernmentisatwarwithmypeople.WhatmakesaMusliminBritainorAmericawakeupanddecidethatheisnolongeraBritonorAmericanbutanIslamicsoldierfightingaholywaragainsttheinfidelPartofitmustbepullpartispresumablypush.GeorgeBushhasrepeatedlikeascratchedgramophonerecordthatAmericanswereatwarwiththeterroristswhohadattackedthemon9/11notatwarwithIslam.46BarackObamahasfollowedsuit:theWhiteHousenationalsecuritystrategypublishedinMaysaysthatonewaytoguardagainstradicalisationathomeistostressthatdiversityispartofourstrength—notasourceofdivisionorinsecurity.Thisishardlyrocketscience.47AndthatremindingAmericansofthedifference—arealonebythewaynotonefabricatedforthepurposesofpoliticalcorrectness—betweenIslamareligionwithabillionadherentsandA1QaedaaterroristoutfitthatclaimstospeakinIslam’snamebuthasabsolutelynorighttodoso.WhywouldanyresponsibleAmericanpoliticianwanttoerasethatvitaldistinctionGoodquestion.48AskSarahPalinorNewtGingrichorthemanyotherswhohavelatelyclamoredabouttheoffensivecampaigntostopCordobaHouseaproposedcommunitycentreandmosquefrombeingbuiltinNewYorktwoblocksfromthesiteofthetwintowers.InatweetlastmonthfromAlaskaMsPalincalledonpeacefulMuslimstorepudiatethegroundzeromosquebecauseitwouldstabAmericanhearts.ButwhyshoulditCordobaHouseisnotbeingbuiltbyAlQaeda.TothecontraryitisthebrainchildofImamFeisalAbdulRaufawellmeaningAmericanclericwhohasspentyearstryingtopromoteinterfaithunderstanding.HeismodellinghisprojectonNewYork’s92ndStreetYaJewishcommunitycentrethatreachesouttootherreligions.Thesitewasselectedpreciselysothatitmighthealsomeofthewoundsopenedbythefellingofthetwintowersandallthatfollowed.Truesomerelativesof9/11victimsarehurtbytheideaofamosquegoingupnearthesite.49ButthatfeelingofhurtmakessenseonlyiftheytoobuythefalseideathatMuslimsingeneralwereperpetratorsofthecrime.BesideswhataboutthefeelingsandforthatmattertherightsofAmerica’sMuslims—someofwhomalsoperishedintheatrocity50ItisimpossibletoexcusethemeanspiritandscrambledlogicofMrGinger’sassertionthatthereshouldbenomosqueneargroundzerosolongastherearenochurchesorsynagoguesinSaudiArabia.ToMrGingrichitseemsanAmericanMuslimisaMuslimfirstandanAmericansecond.AlQaedawoulddoubtlessconcur.MrGingrichalsoobjectstothecentre’sname.ImamFeisalsayshechoseCordobainrecollectionofatimewhentherestofEuropehadsunkintotheDarkAgesbutMuslimsJewsandChristianscreatedanoasisofartcultureandscience.MrGingrichseesonlyadeliberateinsultareminderofaperiodwhenMuslimconquerorsruledSpain.LikeMrbinLadenMrGingrichisapparentlystillreiteratingthevictoriesanddefeatsofreligiouswarsfoughtinEuropeandtheMiddleEastcenturiesago.Heshouldrejointhemodernworldbeforehedoesrealharm.
[A]SowhatdowedotobesaferManysmartpeoplehavetackledthisquestion.PeterPronovostatJohnsHopkinsdevelopedachecklistshowntobringhospital-acquiredinfectionsdowntoclosetozero.Therearerulesagainstdisturbingnurseswhiletheydispensemedicationsandsoftwarethatwarnsdoctorswhenpatients’prescriptionswillinteractbadly.Therearepoliciesdesignedtoempowernursestoconfrontdoctorsiftheyseesomethingwrongevenifaseniordoctorisatfault. [B]Here’sonetheory.ItisagiventhatAmericandoctorsperformastaggeringnumberoftestsandproceduresfarmorethaninotherindustrializednationsandfarmorethanweusedto.Since1996thepercentageofdoctorvisitsleadingtoatleastfivedrugsbeingprescribedhasnearlytripledandthenumberofM.R.I.scansquadrupled. [C]Doctorsmakemistakes.Theymaybemistakesoftechniquejudgmentignoranceorevensometimesrecklessness.Regardlessofthecauseeachtimeamistakehappensapatientmaysuffer.Wefailtoupholdourprofession’sbasicoath:"Firstdonoharm." [D]Hereinliesastunningirony.Defensivemedicineisrootedinthegoalofavoidingmistakes.Buteachadditionalprocedureortestnomatterhowcautiouslyperformedinjectsafreshpossibilityoferror.CTandM.R.I.scanscanleadtofalsepositivesandunnecessaryoperationswhichcarrytheriskofcomplicationslikeinfectionsandbleeding.Themoremedicationspatientsareprescribedthemorelikelytheyaretoaccidentallyoverdoseorsufferanallergicreaction. [E]Accordingtoa1999reportbytheInstituteofMedicineasmanyas98000Americansweredyingeveryyearbecauseofmedicalmistakes.Todayexactfiguresarehardtocomebybecausestatesdon’tabidebythesamereportingguidelinesandfewcasesgainasmuchattentionasthatofRoryStauntonthe12-year-oldboywhodiedofsepticshockthisspringafterbeingsenthomefromaNewYorkhospital.Butareasonableestimateisthatmedicalmistakesnowkillaround200000Americanseveryyear.ThatwouldmakethemoneoftheleadingcausesofdeathintheUnitedStates.Whyhavethesemistakesbeensohardtoprevent [F]Whatmaybeevenmoreimportantisrememberingthelimitsofourpower.More—moreproceduresmoretestingmoretreatment—isnotalwaysbetter.In1979StephenBergmanunderthepennameDr.SamuelShempublishedrulesforhospitalsinhiscausticallyhumorousnovel"TheHouseofGod."RuleNo.13reads:"Thedeliveryofmedicalcareistodoasmuchnothingaspossible."Firstdonoharm. [G]Certainlymanyprocedurestestsandprescriptionsarebasedonlegitimateneed.Butmanyarenot.Inarecentanonymoussurveyorthopedicsurgeonssaid24percentoftheteststheyorderedweremedicallyunnecessary.Thiskindoftreatmentisaformofdefensivemedicinemeantlesstoprotectthepatientthantoprotectthedoctororhospitalagainstpotentiallawsuits. 44
In1910HenryVanDykewroteabookcalledTheSpiritofAmericawhichopenedwiththissentence:TheSpiritofAmericaisbestknowninEuropebyoneofitsqualities—energy.Thishasalwaysbeentrue.Americanshavealwaysbeenknownfortheirmanicdynamism.Somecondemnedthisambitionasascramblingaftermoney.Otherssawitinloftierterms.Butenergyhasalwaysbeenthecountry’ssavingfeature.SoAmericansshouldbeespeciallyalerttosignsthatthecountryisbecominglessvitalandassiduous.Oneofthosesignscomestousfromthelabormarket.AccordingtofiguresfromtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmenttheUnitedStateshasasmallershareofprimeagemenintheworkforcethananyotherG-7nation.Partoftheproblemhastodowithhumancapital.MoreAmericanmenlacktheemotionalandprofessionalskillstheywouldneedtocontribute.AccordingtodatafromtheBureauofLaborStatistics35percentofthosewithoutahighschooldiplomaareoutofthelaborforcecomparedwithlessthan10percentofthosewithacollegedegree.Partoftheproblemhastodowithstructuralchangesintheeconomy.Sectorslikegovernmenthealthcareandhigh-techhavebeengrowinggeneratingjobsforcollegegrads.Sectorslikemanufacturingagricultureandenergyhavebeengettingmoreproductivebuttheyhavenotbeengeneratingmorejobs.Insteadcompaniesareusingmachinesorforeignworkers.Theresultisthis:ThereareprobablymoreidlemennowthanatanytimesincetheGreatDepressionandthistimetheproblemismostlystructuralnotcyclical.Thisisabigproblem.Itcan’tbeaddressedthroughthesortofshort-termKeynesianstimulussomeontheleftarestillfantasizingabout.Itcan’tbesolvedbysimplyreducingthesizeofgovernmentassomeontherightimagine.Itwillprobablyrequireabroadmenuofpoliciesattackingtheproblemallatonce:expandingcommunitycollegesandonlinelearning;changingthecorporatetaxcodeandlabormarketrulestostimulateinvestment;adoptingGerman-stylelabormarketpracticeslikeapprenticeshipprogramswagesubsidiesandprogramsthatextendbenefitstotheunemployedforsixmonthsastheystartsmallbusinesses.Reinvigoratingthemissingfifth—bringingthembackintothelabormarketandusingtheircapabilities—willcertainlyrequiremoney.Ifthiswereasmartcountrywe’dbehavingadebateabouthowtoshiftmoneyfromprogramsthatprovidecomfortandtowardprogramsthatsparkreinvigoration.Butofcoursethat’snotwhatishappening.Discretionaryspendingwhichmightbeusedtoinstigatedynamismisdeclining.Healthcarespendingwhichmostlyprovidescomforttothosebeyondworkingyearsisexpanding.Attemptstotakemoneyfromhealthcaretoopenitupforotherusesarebeingcrushed.We’relockinginthenation’swealthintotheMedicareprogramandclosingoffanypossibilitythatwemightdosomethingsignificanttoreinvigoratethemissingfifth.NexttimeyouseeapoliticiandemagoguingMedicareaskthis:ShouldwebeusingourresourcesinthemannerofanationindeclineoronestillcommittedtostokingtheenergyofitspeopleandcontinuingitsriseItcanbeinferredfromlasttwoparagraphsthattheauthordoubtsabout______.
In1910HenryVanDykewroteabookcalledTheSpiritofAmericawhichopenedwiththissentence:TheSpiritofAmericaisbestknowninEuropebyoneofitsqualities—energy.Thishasalwaysbeentrue.Americanshavealwaysbeenknownfortheirmanicdynamism.Somecondemnedthisambitionasascramblingaftermoney.Otherssawitinloftierterms.Butenergyhasalwaysbeenthecountry’ssavingfeature.SoAmericansshouldbeespeciallyalerttosignsthatthecountryisbecominglessvitalandassiduous.Oneofthosesignscomestousfromthelabormarket.AccordingtofiguresfromtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmenttheUnitedStateshasasmallershareofprimeagemenintheworkforcethananyotherG-7nation.Partoftheproblemhastodowithhumancapital.MoreAmericanmenlacktheemotionalandprofessionalskillstheywouldneedtocontribute.AccordingtodatafromtheBureauofLaborStatistics35percentofthosewithoutahighschooldiplomaareoutofthelaborforcecomparedwithlessthan10percentofthosewithacollegedegree.Partoftheproblemhastodowithstructuralchangesintheeconomy.Sectorslikegovernmenthealthcareandhigh-techhavebeengrowinggeneratingjobsforcollegegrads.Sectorslikemanufacturingagricultureandenergyhavebeengettingmoreproductivebuttheyhavenotbeengeneratingmorejobs.Insteadcompaniesareusingmachinesorforeignworkers.Theresultisthis:ThereareprobablymoreidlemennowthanatanytimesincetheGreatDepressionandthistimetheproblemismostlystructuralnotcyclical.Thisisabigproblem.Itcan’tbeaddressedthroughthesortofshort-termKeynesianstimulussomeontheleftarestillfantasizingabout.Itcan’tbesolvedbysimplyreducingthesizeofgovernmentassomeontherightimagine.Itwillprobablyrequireabroadmenuofpoliciesattackingtheproblemallatonce:expandingcommunitycollegesandonlinelearning;changingthecorporatetaxcodeandlabormarketrulestostimulateinvestment;adoptingGerman-stylelabormarketpracticeslikeapprenticeshipprogramswagesubsidiesandprogramsthatextendbenefitstotheunemployedforsixmonthsastheystartsmallbusinesses.Reinvigoratingthemissingfifth—bringingthembackintothelabormarketandusingtheircapabilities—willcertainlyrequiremoney.Ifthiswereasmartcountrywe’dbehavingadebateabouthowtoshiftmoneyfromprogramsthatprovidecomfortandtowardprogramsthatsparkreinvigoration.Butofcoursethat’snotwhatishappening.Discretionaryspendingwhichmightbeusedtoinstigatedynamismisdeclining.Healthcarespendingwhichmostlyprovidescomforttothosebeyondworkingyearsisexpanding.Attemptstotakemoneyfromhealthcaretoopenitupforotherusesarebeingcrushed.We’relockinginthenation’swealthintotheMedicareprogramandclosingoffanypossibilitythatwemightdosomethingsignificanttoreinvigoratethemissingfifth.NexttimeyouseeapoliticiandemagoguingMedicareaskthis:ShouldwebeusingourresourcesinthemannerofanationindeclineoronestillcommittedtostokingtheenergyofitspeopleandcontinuingitsriseThelossofAmericandynamismconcernedbytheauthorismainlymanifestedinthefactthat______.
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 6
Insurancecompaniesprovideaservicetothecommunitybyprotectingitagainstexpectedandunexpecteddisasters.Beforeaninsurancecompanywillagreeto1anythingitcollectsaccuratefiguresaboutthe2.Itknowsforexamplethattheriskofamanbeingkilledinaplaneaccidentislessthantheriskhe3incrossingabusyroad.This4ittoquotelowfiguresfortravelinsurance.Sometimestheriskmaybehighasinmotorracingormountaineering.Thenthecompany5amuchhigherprice.6toomanyclimbershaveaccidentsthepricerisesstillfurther.Ifthemajorityofclimbersfalloffmountainsthecompanywill7toinsurethem. Anordinaryhouseholdermaywishtoprotecthishomeagainstfireorhis8againstburglary.Ashopkeepermaywishtoinsureagainst9.In10casesthecompanywillcheckitsstatisticsandquoteapremium.Ifitis11itmayrefusetoquote.Ifitinsuresashopandthenreceivesasuspicious12itwill13theclaimasameansofprotectingitselfagainstfalseclaims.Itisnotunknownforabusinessmanindebttoburndownhisownpremisessothathecanclaimmuchmoneyfromhisinsurancecompany.Hecanbesurethatthefirewillbeinvestigatedmostcarefully.Insurancecompaniesalso14insuranceagainstshipwreckordisasterintheair.Planesandshipsareveryexpensivesoalarge15ischargedbuta16isgiventocompanieswithanaccident-freerecord. Everyweekinsurancecompaniesreceivepremium17fromcustomers.Thesepaymentscanformaverylargetotal18millionsofdollars.Thecompanydoesnotleavethemoneyinthebank.It19inpropertysharesfarmsandevenantiquepaintingsandstamps.Itsaimistoobtainthebestpossiblereturnonitsinvestment.Thisisnotsogreedyasitmayseemsincethisisonewaybywhichitcandeepitspremiumsdownandcontinuetomakeaprofit20beingofservicetothecommunity. 8
[A]SowhatdowedotobesaferManysmartpeoplehavetackledthisquestion.PeterPronovostatJohnsHopkinsdevelopedachecklistshowntobringhospital-acquiredinfectionsdowntoclosetozero.Therearerulesagainstdisturbingnurseswhiletheydispensemedicationsandsoftwarethatwarnsdoctorswhenpatients’prescriptionswillinteractbadly.Therearepoliciesdesignedtoempowernursestoconfrontdoctorsiftheyseesomethingwrongevenifaseniordoctorisatfault. [B]Here’sonetheory.ItisagiventhatAmericandoctorsperformastaggeringnumberoftestsandproceduresfarmorethaninotherindustrializednationsandfarmorethanweusedto.Since1996thepercentageofdoctorvisitsleadingtoatleastfivedrugsbeingprescribedhasnearlytripledandthenumberofM.R.I.scansquadrupled. [C]Doctorsmakemistakes.Theymaybemistakesoftechniquejudgmentignoranceorevensometimesrecklessness.Regardlessofthecauseeachtimeamistakehappensapatientmaysuffer.Wefailtoupholdourprofession’sbasicoath:"Firstdonoharm." [D]Hereinliesastunningirony.Defensivemedicineisrootedinthegoalofavoidingmistakes.Buteachadditionalprocedureortestnomatterhowcautiouslyperformedinjectsafreshpossibilityoferror.CTandM.R.I.scanscanleadtofalsepositivesandunnecessaryoperationswhichcarrytheriskofcomplicationslikeinfectionsandbleeding.Themoremedicationspatientsareprescribedthemorelikelytheyaretoaccidentallyoverdoseorsufferanallergicreaction. [E]Accordingtoa1999reportbytheInstituteofMedicineasmanyas98000Americansweredyingeveryyearbecauseofmedicalmistakes.Todayexactfiguresarehardtocomebybecausestatesdon’tabidebythesamereportingguidelinesandfewcasesgainasmuchattentionasthatofRoryStauntonthe12-year-oldboywhodiedofsepticshockthisspringafterbeingsenthomefromaNewYorkhospital.Butareasonableestimateisthatmedicalmistakesnowkillaround200000Americanseveryyear.ThatwouldmakethemoneoftheleadingcausesofdeathintheUnitedStates.Whyhavethesemistakesbeensohardtoprevent [F]Whatmaybeevenmoreimportantisrememberingthelimitsofourpower.More—moreproceduresmoretestingmoretreatment—isnotalwaysbetter.In1979StephenBergmanunderthepennameDr.SamuelShempublishedrulesforhospitalsinhiscausticallyhumorousnovel"TheHouseofGod."RuleNo.13reads:"Thedeliveryofmedicalcareistodoasmuchnothingaspossible."Firstdonoharm. [G]Certainlymanyprocedurestestsandprescriptionsarebasedonlegitimateneed.Butmanyarenot.Inarecentanonymoussurveyorthopedicsurgeonssaid24percentoftheteststheyorderedweremedicallyunnecessary.Thiskindoftreatmentisaformofdefensivemedicinemeantlesstoprotectthepatientthantoprotectthedoctororhospitalagainstpotentiallawsuits. 42
Insurancecompaniesprovideaservicetothecommunitybyprotectingitagainstexpectedandunexpecteddisasters.Beforeaninsurancecompanywillagreeto1anythingitcollectsaccuratefiguresaboutthe2.Itknowsforexamplethattheriskofamanbeingkilledinaplaneaccidentislessthantheriskhe3incrossingabusyroad.This4ittoquotelowfiguresfortravelinsurance.Sometimestheriskmaybehighasinmotorracingormountaineering.Thenthecompany5amuchhigherprice.6toomanyclimbershaveaccidentsthepricerisesstillfurther.Ifthemajorityofclimbersfalloffmountainsthecompanywill7toinsurethem. Anordinaryhouseholdermaywishtoprotecthishomeagainstfireorhis8againstburglary.Ashopkeepermaywishtoinsureagainst9.In10casesthecompanywillcheckitsstatisticsandquoteapremium.Ifitis11itmayrefusetoquote.Ifitinsuresashopandthenreceivesasuspicious12itwill13theclaimasameansofprotectingitselfagainstfalseclaims.Itisnotunknownforabusinessmanindebttoburndownhisownpremisessothathecanclaimmuchmoneyfromhisinsurancecompany.Hecanbesurethatthefirewillbeinvestigatedmostcarefully.Insurancecompaniesalso14insuranceagainstshipwreckordisasterintheair.Planesandshipsareveryexpensivesoalarge15ischargedbuta16isgiventocompanieswithanaccident-freerecord. Everyweekinsurancecompaniesreceivepremium17fromcustomers.Thesepaymentscanformaverylargetotal18millionsofdollars.Thecompanydoesnotleavethemoneyinthebank.It19inpropertysharesfarmsandevenantiquepaintingsandstamps.Itsaimistoobtainthebestpossiblereturnonitsinvestment.Thisisnotsogreedyasitmayseemsincethisisonewaybywhichitcandeepitspremiumsdownandcontinuetomakeaprofit20beingofservicetothecommunity. 6
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 20
Spain’sgovernmentisnowchampioningacausecalled"righttobeforgotten".IthasorderedGoogletostopindexinginformationabout90citizenswhofiledformalcomplaintswithitsDataProtectionAgency.All90peoplewantedinformationdeletedfromtheWeb.AmongthemwasavictimofdomesticviolencewhodiscoveredthatheraddresscouldeasilybefoundthroughGoogle.Anotherwellintomiddleagenowthoughtitwasunfairthatafewcomputerkeystrokescouldunearthanaccountofherarrestinhercollegedays. TheymightnothavereceivedmuchofahearingintheUnitedStateswhereGoogleisbasedandwherecourtshaveconsistentlyfoundthattherighttopublishthetruthaboutsomeone’spastsupersedesanyrighttoprivacy.ButhereaselsewhereinEuropeanideahastakenhold—individualsshouldhavea"righttobeforgotten"ontheWeb. Infactthephrase"righttobeforgotten"isbeingusedtocoverabatchofissuesrangingfromthoseintheSpanishcasetothebehaviorofcompaniesseekingtomakemoneyfromprivateinformationthatcanbecollectedontheWeb. Spain’sDataProtectionAgencybelievesthatsearchengineshavealteredtheprocessbywhichmostdataendsupforgotten—andthereforeadjustmentsneedtobemade.ThedeputydirectoroftheagencyJesfisRubipointedtotheofficialgovernmentgazette公报whichusedtopublisheveryweekdayincludingbankruptcyauctionsofficialpardonsandwhopassedthecivilserviceexams.Usually220pagesoffineprintitquicklyendedupgatheringdustonvariousbackroomshelves.Theinformationwasstilltherebutnoteasilyaccessible.Thentwoyearsagothe350-year-oldpublicationwentonlinemakingitpossibleforembarrassinginformation—nomatterhowold—tobeobtainedeasily. ThepublisherofthegovernmentpublicationFernandoPérezsaiditwasmeanttofostertransparency.Listsofscholarshipwinnersforinstancemakeithardforthegovernmentofficialstosteerallthemoneytotheirownchildren."Butmaybe"hesaid"thereisinformationthathasalifecycleandonlyhasvalueforacertaintime." ManyEuropeansarebroadlyuncomfortablewiththewaypersonalinformationisfoundbysearchenginesandusedforcommerce.Whenadspopuponone’sscreenclearlylinkedtosubjectsthatareofinteresttohimonemayfinditOrwellian.ArecentpollconductedbytheEuropeanUnionfoundthatmostEuropeansagree.ThreeoutoffoursaidtheywereworriedabouthowInternetcompaniesusedtheirinformationandwantedtherighttodeletepersonaldataatanytime.NinetypercentwantedtheEuropeanUniontotakeactionontherighttobeforgotten. ExpertssaythatGoogleandothersearchenginesseesomeofthesecourtcasesasanassaultonaprincipleoflawalreadyestablished—thatsearchenginesareessentiallynotresponsiblefortheinformationtheycorralfromtheWebandhopetheSpanishcourtagrees.ThecompaniesbelieveifthereareprivacyissuesthecomplainantsshouldaddressthosewhopostedthematerialontheWeb.ButsomeexpertsinEuropebelievethatsearchenginesshouldprobablybereinedin."Theyaretheonesthatarespreadingtheword.Withoutthemnoonewouldfindthesethings. Peopleclaimtherighttobeforgottenforthefollowingreasonsexcept
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 8
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 12
Spain’sgovernmentisnowchampioningacausecalled"righttobeforgotten".IthasorderedGoogletostopindexinginformationabout90citizenswhofiledformalcomplaintswithitsDataProtectionAgency.All90peoplewantedinformationdeletedfromtheWeb.AmongthemwasavictimofdomesticviolencewhodiscoveredthatheraddresscouldeasilybefoundthroughGoogle.Anotherwellintomiddleagenowthoughtitwasunfairthatafewcomputerkeystrokescouldunearthanaccountofherarrestinhercollegedays. TheymightnothavereceivedmuchofahearingintheUnitedStateswhereGoogleisbasedandwherecourtshaveconsistentlyfoundthattherighttopublishthetruthaboutsomeone’spastsupersedesanyrighttoprivacy.ButhereaselsewhereinEuropeanideahastakenhold—individualsshouldhavea"righttobeforgotten"ontheWeb. Infactthephrase"righttobeforgotten"isbeingusedtocoverabatchofissuesrangingfromthoseintheSpanishcasetothebehaviorofcompaniesseekingtomakemoneyfromprivateinformationthatcanbecollectedontheWeb. Spain’sDataProtectionAgencybelievesthatsearchengineshavealteredtheprocessbywhichmostdataendsupforgotten—andthereforeadjustmentsneedtobemade.ThedeputydirectoroftheagencyJesfisRubipointedtotheofficialgovernmentgazette公报whichusedtopublisheveryweekdayincludingbankruptcyauctionsofficialpardonsandwhopassedthecivilserviceexams.Usually220pagesoffineprintitquicklyendedupgatheringdustonvariousbackroomshelves.Theinformationwasstilltherebutnoteasilyaccessible.Thentwoyearsagothe350-year-oldpublicationwentonlinemakingitpossibleforembarrassinginformation—nomatterhowold—tobeobtainedeasily. ThepublisherofthegovernmentpublicationFernandoPérezsaiditwasmeanttofostertransparency.Listsofscholarshipwinnersforinstancemakeithardforthegovernmentofficialstosteerallthemoneytotheirownchildren."Butmaybe"hesaid"thereisinformationthathasalifecycleandonlyhasvalueforacertaintime." ManyEuropeansarebroadlyuncomfortablewiththewaypersonalinformationisfoundbysearchenginesandusedforcommerce.Whenadspopuponone’sscreenclearlylinkedtosubjectsthatareofinteresttohimonemayfinditOrwellian.ArecentpollconductedbytheEuropeanUnionfoundthatmostEuropeansagree.ThreeoutoffoursaidtheywereworriedabouthowInternetcompaniesusedtheirinformationandwantedtherighttodeletepersonaldataatanytime.NinetypercentwantedtheEuropeanUniontotakeactionontherighttobeforgotten. ExpertssaythatGoogleandothersearchenginesseesomeofthesecourtcasesasanassaultonaprincipleoflawalreadyestablished—thatsearchenginesareessentiallynotresponsiblefortheinformationtheycorralfromtheWebandhopetheSpanishcourtagrees.ThecompaniesbelieveifthereareprivacyissuesthecomplainantsshouldaddressthosewhopostedthematerialontheWeb.ButsomeexpertsinEuropebelievethatsearchenginesshouldprobablybereinedin."Theyaretheonesthatarespreadingtheword.Withoutthemnoonewouldfindthesethings. Theaimoftherighttobeforgottenisto
ForalargenumberofyoungadultsinBritainhomeownershiphasbecomeincreasinglydifficulttoachieveviewedasadistantgoalattainableonlylaterinlifeifatall. ThatisasignificantshiftforBritain.ForyearsownersoccupyahigherpercentageofhomesinBritainthanintheUnitedStatesFranceorGermany.OnereasonhomeownershipissoattractiveinBritainisbecausepropertyvaluesdroppedlessdrasticallythanintheUnitedStatesinpartbecauseofashortageinhousing.PricesinsomelargecitiesincludingLondonhaveevenincreasedrecently.PeoplestillperceiveahometobeabetterandsaferinvestmentthanapensionfundsaidAndrewHullresearchfellowattheInstituteforPublicPolicyResearch."Homeownershipisalsoculturallyentrenched"hesaid."Owningahomeisthemainwayofshowingyoumadeit." Thebigshifttowardhomeownershipcameinthe1980swhenMrs.Thatcherissuedright-to-buypolicywhichallowedmanyinrentedgovernmenthousingtobuytheirhomes.Abouttwomillionhomesweresoldearningthegovernmenttensofbillionsofpounds.Atthesametimetherentalmarketbecameincreasinglyunattractive.UnlikeGermanyandotherContinentalEuropeancountriesBritain’sprivaterentalmarketishighlyfragmentedwithmanylandlordsandlawsthatgenerallyfavorthepropertyowner.Mostleasesareforsixmonthsonlywithlandlordsrarelyagreeingtocommittolongerterms;thismakesrentinghighlyinsecure. Butasthepainofgovernment-imposedausteritysinksindisposableincomehasshrunkandloanrequirementshavetoughenedforcingmoreandmoreBritonsintorentingratherthanbuying.Overthelast10yearsthenumberofpeoplewhoownedhomesheredroppedto67percentfrom70percent.Meanwhilethenumberofpeopleinprivaterentedhousingroseto16percentfrom10percentoverthesameperiodaccordingtotheOfficeforNationalStatistics.Risingdemandhaspusheduprentsbyanaverageof4.4percentoverthelastyearaccordingtoLSLPropertyServices.InLondonrentsincreased7.8percent. "Agrowingnumberofyoungwould-bebuyersarepreparingforlifelongrenting—bynecessityratherthanchoice"saidJonathanMooredirectorofeasyroommateco.ukapropertyWebsite.CharlotteAshton30haslivedinrentedaccommodationseversincesheleftherparent’shometoattenduniversity.Shesaidshewassavingforadownpaymenttobuyherownhome."Idobelieveinthefundamentalsofowningbricksandmortarassecurityforthefuturemorethanleavingmymoneyinthebanksatalowinterestrate"saidMs.Ashtonwhoworksinpublicrelations."Butnowitseemsunlessyouhaveaverywellpaidjobandarewillingtosaveeverypennyit’sunfeasibletobuywithoutthehelpofthebankofMumandDad." Someeconomistsareconcernedthatasmorepeopleareforcedtowaittobuyahomeitcouldopenupawideningofthewealthgapthatalreadyexistsbetweenhomeownersandnonhomeownersendangeringtheretirementprospectsforaswellinggroupofyoungadultstheycall"generationrent."ItcouldalsohaveimplicationsforthecohesionofneighborhoodsAlisonBlackwellaresearchdirectorattheNationalCenterforSocialResearchandauthoroftheHalifaxreportsaid.Renterstendtobelessinvolvedinlocalcommunitiesbecausetheyareforcedtomovemoreoften.Andtheeconomyasawholemaysufferbecauserenterstendtocurbspendingtosaveforadeposit. ForBritishpeoplebuyinghomeis
Insurancecompaniesprovideaservicetothecommunitybyprotectingitagainstexpectedandunexpecteddisasters.Beforeaninsurancecompanywillagreeto1anythingitcollectsaccuratefiguresaboutthe2.Itknowsforexamplethattheriskofamanbeingkilledinaplaneaccidentislessthantheriskhe3incrossingabusyroad.This4ittoquotelowfiguresfortravelinsurance.Sometimestheriskmaybehighasinmotorracingormountaineering.Thenthecompany5amuchhigherprice.6toomanyclimbershaveaccidentsthepricerisesstillfurther.Ifthemajorityofclimbersfalloffmountainsthecompanywill7toinsurethem. Anordinaryhouseholdermaywishtoprotecthishomeagainstfireorhis8againstburglary.Ashopkeepermaywishtoinsureagainst9.In10casesthecompanywillcheckitsstatisticsandquoteapremium.Ifitis11itmayrefusetoquote.Ifitinsuresashopandthenreceivesasuspicious12itwill13theclaimasameansofprotectingitselfagainstfalseclaims.Itisnotunknownforabusinessmanindebttoburndownhisownpremisessothathecanclaimmuchmoneyfromhisinsurancecompany.Hecanbesurethatthefirewillbeinvestigatedmostcarefully.Insurancecompaniesalso14insuranceagainstshipwreckordisasterintheair.Planesandshipsareveryexpensivesoalarge15ischargedbuta16isgiventocompanieswithanaccident-freerecord. Everyweekinsurancecompaniesreceivepremium17fromcustomers.Thesepaymentscanformaverylargetotal18millionsofdollars.Thecompanydoesnotleavethemoneyinthebank.It19inpropertysharesfarmsandevenantiquepaintingsandstamps.Itsaimistoobtainthebestpossiblereturnonitsinvestment.Thisisnotsogreedyasitmayseemsincethisisonewaybywhichitcandeepitspremiumsdownandcontinuetomakeaprofit20beingofservicetothecommunity. 10
Insurancecompaniesprovideaservicetothecommunitybyprotectingitagainstexpectedandunexpecteddisasters.Beforeaninsurancecompanywillagreeto1anythingitcollectsaccuratefiguresaboutthe2.Itknowsforexamplethattheriskofamanbeingkilledinaplaneaccidentislessthantheriskhe3incrossingabusyroad.This4ittoquotelowfiguresfortravelinsurance.Sometimestheriskmaybehighasinmotorracingormountaineering.Thenthecompany5amuchhigherprice.6toomanyclimbershaveaccidentsthepricerisesstillfurther.Ifthemajorityofclimbersfalloffmountainsthecompanywill7toinsurethem. Anordinaryhouseholdermaywishtoprotecthishomeagainstfireorhis8againstburglary.Ashopkeepermaywishtoinsureagainst9.In10casesthecompanywillcheckitsstatisticsandquoteapremium.Ifitis11itmayrefusetoquote.Ifitinsuresashopandthenreceivesasuspicious12itwill13theclaimasameansofprotectingitselfagainstfalseclaims.Itisnotunknownforabusinessmanindebttoburndownhisownpremisessothathecanclaimmuchmoneyfromhisinsurancecompany.Hecanbesurethatthefirewillbeinvestigatedmostcarefully.Insurancecompaniesalso14insuranceagainstshipwreckordisasterintheair.Planesandshipsareveryexpensivesoalarge15ischargedbuta16isgiventocompanieswithanaccident-freerecord. Everyweekinsurancecompaniesreceivepremium17fromcustomers.Thesepaymentscanformaverylargetotal18millionsofdollars.Thecompanydoesnotleavethemoneyinthebank.It19inpropertysharesfarmsandevenantiquepaintingsandstamps.Itsaimistoobtainthebestpossiblereturnonitsinvestment.Thisisnotsogreedyasitmayseemsincethisisonewaybywhichitcandeepitspremiumsdownandcontinuetomakeaprofit20beingofservicetothecommunity. 2
Insurancecompaniesprovideaservicetothecommunitybyprotectingitagainstexpectedandunexpecteddisasters.Beforeaninsurancecompanywillagreeto1anythingitcollectsaccuratefiguresaboutthe2.Itknowsforexamplethattheriskofamanbeingkilledinaplaneaccidentislessthantheriskhe3incrossingabusyroad.This4ittoquotelowfiguresfortravelinsurance.Sometimestheriskmaybehighasinmotorracingormountaineering.Thenthecompany5amuchhigherprice.6toomanyclimbershaveaccidentsthepricerisesstillfurther.Ifthemajorityofclimbersfalloffmountainsthecompanywill7toinsurethem. Anordinaryhouseholdermaywishtoprotecthishomeagainstfireorhis8againstburglary.Ashopkeepermaywishtoinsureagainst9.In10casesthecompanywillcheckitsstatisticsandquoteapremium.Ifitis11itmayrefusetoquote.Ifitinsuresashopandthenreceivesasuspicious12itwill13theclaimasameansofprotectingitselfagainstfalseclaims.Itisnotunknownforabusinessmanindebttoburndownhisownpremisessothathecanclaimmuchmoneyfromhisinsurancecompany.Hecanbesurethatthefirewillbeinvestigatedmostcarefully.Insurancecompaniesalso14insuranceagainstshipwreckordisasterintheair.Planesandshipsareveryexpensivesoalarge15ischargedbuta16isgiventocompanieswithanaccident-freerecord. Everyweekinsurancecompaniesreceivepremium17fromcustomers.Thesepaymentscanformaverylargetotal18millionsofdollars.Thecompanydoesnotleavethemoneyinthebank.It19inpropertysharesfarmsandevenantiquepaintingsandstamps.Itsaimistoobtainthebestpossiblereturnonitsinvestment.Thisisnotsogreedyasitmayseemsincethisisonewaybywhichitcandeepitspremiumsdownandcontinuetomakeaprofit20beingofservicetothecommunity. 4
TheBelgianblueisanuglybuttastycowthathas40%moremusclethanitshouldhave.Itistheproductofrandommutationfollowedbyselectivebreeding—asindeedarealldomesticatedcreatures.Butwhereanoldarthasledanewonemayfollow.ByunderstandingwhichgeneticchangeshavebeenconsolidatedintheBelgianblueitmaybepossibletodesignandbuildsimilarversionsofotherspeciesusinggeneticengineeringasashort-cut.AndthatispreciselywhatTerryBradleyafishbiologistattheUniversityofRhodeIslandistryingtodo.Insteadofcattleheisdoingitintrout.Hisisoneoftwoprojectsthatmaysoonputthefirstbiotechanimalsonthedinnertable.TheotherprojectisledbyAquaBounty. Itisonethingtomakesuchfishofcourse.Itisquiteanothertogetthemtomarket.Firstitisnecessarytoreceivetheapprovaloftheregulators.InAmericatherelevantregulatoristheFoodandDrugAdministrationFDAwhichAquaBountysaysithasbeenpetitioningformorethanadecadeandwhichpublishedguidelinesforapprovinggeneticallyengineeredanimalsin2009.AquaBountyhasnowfileditsremainingstudiesforapprovalandhopestoheartheresultthisyear.DrBradleyhasnotyetappliedforapproval. TheFDAisconcernedmainlywiththehealthfulnessofwhatpeopleputintheirmouthsanditseemsunlikelythatthenewprocedureswillyieldsomethingthatisunsafetoeat.ButwhathappensifthecreaturesescapeandstartbreedinginthewildForthattobeaproblemthemodifiedfishwouldhavetobebetteratsurvivingandreproducingthanthosehonedbymillionsofyearsofnaturalselection.Onthefaceofitthisseemsunlikelybecausethecharacteristicsthathavebeenengineeredintothemareonesdesignedtomakethemintobetterfoodratherthanleanmeanbreedingmachines. Butthereisachinkinthisargument.AsMarkAbrahamsabiologistatMemorialUniversityinNewfoundlandpointsoutitisnotjustthefishthathavebeenmodifiedbymanbutalsotheenvironmentinwhichtheycouldescape.Manyofthecreaturesthateatsalmonandtroutsuchasbearsandsomebirdshavehadtheirranksthinnedbyhumanactivity.DrAbrahamsthinksitpossiblethatfast-growingsalmoncoulddisplacethenaturalsortinplaceswherepredatorsarerare. AquaBountyisaddressingsuchconcernsbysubjectingdevelopingeggstohighpressures.Theresultifallgoeswellwillbethatanimalsfollowplantsdownthebiotechroute.Whetherpeoplewillactuallywanttobuyoreatthenewfishisadifferentmatter—thoughtheybuythemeatofBelgianbluecattleatapremium.Perhapsclevermarketingcouldmake"double-muscled"fishintoapremiumproducttoo.IfpeoplewillpayextraformeatfromamonstrosityliketheBelgianblueanythingispossible. Whatistrueaccordingtothetext
ForalargenumberofyoungadultsinBritainhomeownershiphasbecomeincreasinglydifficulttoachieveviewedasadistantgoalattainableonlylaterinlifeifatall.ThatisasignificantshiftforBritain.ForyearsownersoccupyahigherpercentageofhomesinBritainthanintheUnitedStatesFranceorGermany.OnereasonhomeownershipissoattractiveinBritainisbecausepropertyvaluesdroppedlessdrasticallythanintheUnitedStatesinpartbecauseofashortageinhousing.PricesinsomelargecitiesincludingLondonhaveevenincreasedrecently.PeoplestillperceiveahometobeabetterandsaferinvestmentthanapensionfundsaidAndrewHullresearchfellowattheInstituteforPublicPolicyResearch.Homeownershipisalsoculturallyentrenchedhesaid.Owningahomeisthemainwayofshowingyoumadeit.Thebigshifttowardhomeownershipcameinthe1980swhenMrs.Thatcherissuedright-to-buypolicywhichallowedmanyinrentedgovernmenthousingtobuytheirhomes.Abouttwomillionhomesweresoldearningthegovernmenttensofbillionsofpounds.Atthesametimetherentalmarketbecameincreasinglyunattractive.UnlikeGermanyandotherContinentalEuropeancountriesBritain’sprivaterentalmarketishighlyfragmentedwithmanylandlordsandlawsthatgenerallyfavorthepropertyowner.Mostleasesareforsixmonthsonlywithlandlordsrarelyagreeingtocommittolongerterms;thismakesrentinghighlyinsecure.Butasthepainofgovernment-imposedausteritysinksindisposableincomehasshrunkandloanrequirementshavetoughenedforcingmoreandmoreBritonsintorentingratherthanbuying.Overthelast10yearsthenumberofpeoplewhoownedhomesheredroppedto67percentfrom70percent.Meanwhilethenumberofpeopleinprivaterentedhousingroseto16percentfrom10percentoverthesameperiodaccordingtotheOfficeforNationalStatistics.Risingdemandhaspusheduprentsbyanaverageof4.4percentoverthelastyearaccordingtoLSLPropertyServices.InLondonrentsincreased7.8percent.Agrowingnumberofyoungwould-bebuyersarepreparingforlifelongrenting—bynecessityratherthanchoicesaidJonathanMooredirectorofeasyroommateco.ukapropertyWebsite.CharlotteAshton30haslivedinrentedaccommodationseversincesheleftherparent’shometoattenduniversity.Shesaidshewassavingforadownpaymenttobuyherownhome.IdobelieveinthefundamentalsofowningbricksandmortarassecurityforthefuturemorethanleavingmymoneyinthebanksatalowinterestratesaidMs.Ashtonwhoworksinpublicrelations.Butnowitseemsunlessyouhaveaverywellpaidjobandarewillingtosaveeverypennyit’sunfeasibletobuywithoutthehelpofthebankofMumandDad.Someeconomistsareconcernedthatasmorepeopleareforcedtowaittobuyahomeitcouldopenupawideningofthewealthgapthatalreadyexistsbetweenhomeownersandnonhomeownersendangeringtheretirementprospectsforaswellinggroupofyoungadultstheycallgenerationrent.ItcouldalsohaveimplicationsforthecohesionofneighborhoodsAlisonBlackwellaresearchdirectorattheNationalCenterforSocialResearchandauthoroftheHalifaxreportsaid.Renterstendtobelessinvolvedinlocalcommunitiesbecausetheyareforcedtomovemoreoften.Andtheeconomyasawholemaysufferbecauserenterstendtocurbspendingtosaveforadeposit.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutGenerationRentistrue
ForalargenumberofyoungadultsinBritainhomeownershiphasbecomeincreasinglydifficulttoachieveviewedasadistantgoalattainableonlylaterinlifeifatall.ThatisasignificantshiftforBritain.ForyearsownersoccupyahigherpercentageofhomesinBritainthanintheUnitedStatesFranceorGermany.OnereasonhomeownershipissoattractiveinBritainisbecausepropertyvaluesdroppedlessdrasticallythanintheUnitedStatesinpartbecauseofashortageinhousing.PricesinsomelargecitiesincludingLondonhaveevenincreasedrecently.PeoplestillperceiveahometobeabetterandsaferinvestmentthanapensionfundsaidAndrewHullresearchfellowattheInstituteforPublicPolicyResearch.Homeownershipisalsoculturallyentrenchedhesaid.Owningahomeisthemainwayofshowingyoumadeit.Thebigshifttowardhomeownershipcameinthe1980swhenMrs.Thatcherissuedright-to-buypolicywhichallowedmanyinrentedgovernmenthousingtobuytheirhomes.Abouttwomillionhomesweresoldearningthegovernmenttensofbillionsofpounds.Atthesametimetherentalmarketbecameincreasinglyunattractive.UnlikeGermanyandotherContinentalEuropeancountriesBritain’sprivaterentalmarketishighlyfragmentedwithmanylandlordsandlawsthatgenerallyfavorthepropertyowner.Mostleasesareforsixmonthsonlywithlandlordsrarelyagreeingtocommittolongerterms;thismakesrentinghighlyinsecure.Butasthepainofgovernment-imposedausteritysinksindisposableincomehasshrunkandloanrequirementshavetoughenedforcingmoreandmoreBritonsintorentingratherthanbuying.Overthelast10yearsthenumberofpeoplewhoownedhomesheredroppedto67percentfrom70percent.Meanwhilethenumberofpeopleinprivaterentedhousingroseto16percentfrom10percentoverthesameperiodaccordingtotheOfficeforNationalStatistics.Risingdemandhaspusheduprentsbyanaverageof4.4percentoverthelastyearaccordingtoLSLPropertyServices.InLondonrentsincreased7.8percent.Agrowingnumberofyoungwould-bebuyersarepreparingforlifelongrenting—bynecessityratherthanchoicesaidJonathanMooredirectorofeasyroommateco.ukapropertyWebsite.CharlotteAshton30haslivedinrentedaccommodationseversincesheleftherparent’shometoattenduniversity.Shesaidshewassavingforadownpaymenttobuyherownhome.IdobelieveinthefundamentalsofowningbricksandmortarassecurityforthefuturemorethanleavingmymoneyinthebanksatalowinterestratesaidMs.Ashtonwhoworksinpublicrelations.Butnowitseemsunlessyouhaveaverywellpaidjobandarewillingtosaveeverypennyit’sunfeasibletobuywithoutthehelpofthebankofMumandDad.Someeconomistsareconcernedthatasmorepeopleareforcedtowaittobuyahomeitcouldopenupawideningofthewealthgapthatalreadyexistsbetweenhomeownersandnonhomeownersendangeringtheretirementprospectsforaswellinggroupofyoungadultstheycallgenerationrent.ItcouldalsohaveimplicationsforthecohesionofneighborhoodsAlisonBlackwellaresearchdirectorattheNationalCenterforSocialResearchandauthoroftheHalifaxreportsaid.Renterstendtobelessinvolvedinlocalcommunitiesbecausetheyareforcedtomovemoreoften.Andtheeconomyasawholemaysufferbecauserenterstendtocurbspendingtosaveforadeposit.Morepeople’sinclinationtorentratherthanbuyahousewillnot______.
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 10
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 14
In1910HenryVanDykewroteabookcalledTheSpiritofAmericawhichopenedwiththissentence:TheSpiritofAmericaisbestknowninEuropebyoneofitsqualities—energy.Thishasalwaysbeentrue.Americanshavealwaysbeenknownfortheirmanicdynamism.Somecondemnedthisambitionasascramblingaftermoney.Otherssawitinloftierterms.Butenergyhasalwaysbeenthecountry’ssavingfeature.SoAmericansshouldbeespeciallyalerttosignsthatthecountryisbecominglessvitalandassiduous.Oneofthosesignscomestousfromthelabormarket.AccordingtofiguresfromtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmenttheUnitedStateshasasmallershareofprimeagemenintheworkforcethananyotherG-7nation.Partoftheproblemhastodowithhumancapital.MoreAmericanmenlacktheemotionalandprofessionalskillstheywouldneedtocontribute.AccordingtodatafromtheBureauofLaborStatistics35percentofthosewithoutahighschooldiplomaareoutofthelaborforcecomparedwithlessthan10percentofthosewithacollegedegree.Partoftheproblemhastodowithstructuralchangesintheeconomy.Sectorslikegovernmenthealthcareandhigh-techhavebeengrowinggeneratingjobsforcollegegrads.Sectorslikemanufacturingagricultureandenergyhavebeengettingmoreproductivebuttheyhavenotbeengeneratingmorejobs.Insteadcompaniesareusingmachinesorforeignworkers.Theresultisthis:ThereareprobablymoreidlemennowthanatanytimesincetheGreatDepressionandthistimetheproblemismostlystructuralnotcyclical.Thisisabigproblem.Itcan’tbeaddressedthroughthesortofshort-termKeynesianstimulussomeontheleftarestillfantasizingabout.Itcan’tbesolvedbysimplyreducingthesizeofgovernmentassomeontherightimagine.Itwillprobablyrequireabroadmenuofpoliciesattackingtheproblemallatonce:expandingcommunitycollegesandonlinelearning;changingthecorporatetaxcodeandlabormarketrulestostimulateinvestment;adoptingGerman-stylelabormarketpracticeslikeapprenticeshipprogramswagesubsidiesandprogramsthatextendbenefitstotheunemployedforsixmonthsastheystartsmallbusinesses.Reinvigoratingthemissingfifth—bringingthembackintothelabormarketandusingtheircapabilities—willcertainlyrequiremoney.Ifthiswereasmartcountrywe’dbehavingadebateabouthowtoshiftmoneyfromprogramsthatprovidecomfortandtowardprogramsthatsparkreinvigoration.Butofcoursethat’snotwhatishappening.Discretionaryspendingwhichmightbeusedtoinstigatedynamismisdeclining.Healthcarespendingwhichmostlyprovidescomforttothosebeyondworkingyearsisexpanding.Attemptstotakemoneyfromhealthcaretoopenitupforotherusesarebeingcrushed.We’relockinginthenation’swealthintotheMedicareprogramandclosingoffanypossibilitythatwemightdosomethingsignificanttoreinvigoratethemissingfifth.NexttimeyouseeapoliticiandemagoguingMedicareaskthis:ShouldwebeusingourresourcesinthemannerofanationindeclineoronestillcommittedtostokingtheenergyofitspeopleandcontinuingitsriseItissuggestedinparagraph3thatthedroppingoutofprimeagelaborforceispartlydueto______.
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