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在页式存储管理中存放在高速缓冲存储器中的部分页表称为【4】
在页式存储管理中用于提高访问速度而存放在高速缓冲存储器中的部分页表称______
段式和页式存储管理的地址结构很类似但是他们之间有实质上的不同表现为
页式的逻辑地址是连续的，段式的逻辑地址可以不连续
页式的地址是一维的，段式的地址是二维的
分页是操作系统进行，分段是用户确定
各页可以分散存放在主存，每段必须占用连续的主存空间
页式采用静态重定位方式，段式采用动态重定位方式
段式和页式存储管理的地址结构很类似但是它们之间有实质上的不同表现为
页式的逻辑地址是连续的，段式的逻辑地址可以不连续
页式的地址是一维的，段式的地址是二维的
分页是操作系统进行的，分段是用户确定的
各页可以分散存放在主存，每段必须占用连续的主存空间
页式采用静态重定位方式，段式采用动态重定位方式
在页式存储管理中为加快地址映射速度一般需要硬件提供支持以下哪些硬件是用于地址映射的Ⅰ．页表始址寄存器
Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ
Ⅱ和Ⅳ
Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ
全部
在页式管理中页表的始址是存放在
内存
存储页面表中
联想存储器中
寄存器中
在页式存储管理中存放在高速缓冲存储器中的部分页表称为【7】
在页式管理中页表的始地址存放在______中
内存
存储页面表
虚拟存储器
寄存器
在页式存储管理中用于提高访问速度而存放在高速缓冲存储器中的部分页表称【10】
在页式存储管理中存放在高速缓冲存储器中的部分页表称为【6】
在页式管理中页表的始址是存放在______
内存
存储页面表中
相联存储器中
寄存器中
页式存储管理的快表一般存放在
内存
外存
硬盘
CACHE
在页式存储管理中存放在高速缓冲存储器中的部分页表称为【8】
在页式存储管理中存放在高速缓冲存储器中的部分页表称为
在页式存储管理中存放在高速缓冲存储器中的部分页表称为【】
在页式存储管理中存放在高速缓冲存储器中的部分页表称为______
在页式管理中页表的开始地址是存放在中
内存
寄存器
存储页表
联想存储器
进程切换时系统把即将运行进程的页表的起始地址存放在
内存中
页表中
寄存器中
磁盘中
在页式段式和段页式存储管理中当访问一条指令或数据时各需要访问内存几次其过程如何假设一个页式存储系统具
某操作系统采用分页存储管理方式下图给出了进程A和进程B的页表结构如果物理页的大小为512字节那
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Insurancecompaniesprovideaservicetothecommunitybyprotectingitagainstexpectedandunexpecteddisasters.Beforeaninsurancecompanywillagreeto1anythingitcollectsaccuratefiguresaboutthe2.Itknowsforexamplethattheriskofamanbeingkilledinaplaneaccidentislessthantheriskhe3incrossingabusyroad.This4ittoquotelowfiguresfortravelinsurance.Sometimestheriskmaybehighasinmotorracingormountaineering.Thenthecompany5amuchhigherprice.6toomanyclimbershaveaccidentsthepricerisesstillfurther.Ifthemajorityofclimbersfalloffmountainsthecompanywill7toinsurethem. Anordinaryhouseholdermaywishtoprotecthishomeagainstfireorhis8againstburglary.Ashopkeepermaywishtoinsureagainst9.In10casesthecompanywillcheckitsstatisticsandquoteapremium.Ifitis11itmayrefusetoquote.Ifitinsuresashopandthenreceivesasuspicious12itwill13theclaimasameansofprotectingitselfagainstfalseclaims.Itisnotunknownforabusinessmanindebttoburndownhisownpremisessothathecanclaimmuchmoneyfromhisinsurancecompany.Hecanbesurethatthefirewillbeinvestigatedmostcarefully.Insurancecompaniesalso14insuranceagainstshipwreckordisasterintheair.Planesandshipsareveryexpensivesoalarge15ischargedbuta16isgiventocompanieswithanaccident-freerecord. Everyweekinsurancecompaniesreceivepremium17fromcustomers.Thesepaymentscanformaverylargetotal18millionsofdollars.Thecompanydoesnotleavethemoneyinthebank.It19inpropertysharesfarmsandevenantiquepaintingsandstamps.Itsaimistoobtainthebestpossiblereturnonitsinvestment.Thisisnotsogreedyasitmayseemsincethisisonewaybywhichitcandeepitspremiumsdownandcontinuetomakeaprofit20beingofservicetothecommunity. 12
TheBelgianblueisanuglybuttastycowthathas40%moremusclethanitshouldhave.Itistheproductofrandommutationfollowedbyselectivebreeding—asindeedarealldomesticatedcreatures.Butwhereanoldarthasledanewonemayfollow.ByunderstandingwhichgeneticchangeshavebeenconsolidatedintheBelgianblueitmaybepossibletodesignandbuildsimilarversionsofotherspeciesusinggeneticengineeringasashort-cut.AndthatispreciselywhatTerryBradleyafishbiologistattheUniversityofRhodeIslandistryingtodo.Insteadofcattleheisdoingitintrout.Hisisoneoftwoprojectsthatmaysoonputthefirstbiotechanimalsonthedinnertable.TheotherprojectisledbyAquaBounty.Itisonethingtomakesuchfishofcourse.Itisquiteanothertogetthemtomarket.Firstitisnecessarytoreceivetheapprovaloftheregulators.InAmericatherelevantregulatoristheFoodandDrugAdministrationFDAwhichAquaBountysaysithasbeenpetitioningformorethanadecadeandwhichpublishedguidelinesforapprovinggeneticallyengineeredanimalsin2009.AquaBountyhasnowfileditsremainingstudiesforapprovalandhopestoheartheresultthisyear.DrBradleyhasnotyetappliedforapproval.TheFDAisconcernedmainlywiththehealthfulnessofwhatpeopleputintheirmouthsanditseemsunlikelythatthenewprocedureswillyieldsomethingthatisunsafetoeat.ButwhathappensifthecreaturesescapeandstartbreedinginthewildForthattobeaproblemthemodifiedfishwouldhavetobebetteratsurvivingandreproducingthanthosehonedbymillionsofyearsofnaturalselection.Onthefaceofitthisseemsunlikelybecausethecharacteristicsthathavebeenengineeredintothemareonesdesignedtomakethemintobetterfoodratherthanleanmeanbreedingmachines.Butthereisachinkinthisargument.AsMarkAbrahamsabiologistatMemorialUniversityinNewfoundlandpointsoutitisnotjustthefishthathavebeenmodifiedbymanbutalsotheenvironmentinwhichtheycouldescape.Manyofthecreaturesthateatsalmonandtroutsuchasbearsandsomebirdshavehadtheirranksthinnedbyhumanactivity.DrAbrahamsthinksitpossiblethatfast-growingsalmoncoulddisplacethenaturalsortinplaceswherepredatorsarerare.AquaBountyisaddressingsuchconcernsbysubjectingdevelopingeggstohighpressures.Theresultifallgoeswellwillbethatanimalsfollowplantsdownthebiotechroute.Whetherpeoplewillactuallywanttobuyoreatthenewfishisadifferentmatter—thoughtheybuythemeatofBelgianbluecattleatapremium.Perhapsclevermarketingcouldmakedouble-muscledfishintoapremiumproducttoo.IfpeoplewillpayextraformeatfromamonstrosityliketheBelgianblueanythingispossible.WhatconcernsMarkAbrahamsmostisthatthemodifiedfishwill______.
AchillingfeatureofthesuicidevideoleftbyMohammadSidiqueKhantheleaderofthebandthatkilledmorethan50peopleinLondoninJuly2005wasthehomelyYorkshireaccentinwhichhetoldhiscountrymenthatyourgovernmentisatwarwithmypeople.WhatmakesaMusliminBritainorAmericawakeupanddecidethatheisnolongeraBritonorAmericanbutanIslamicsoldierfightingaholywaragainsttheinfidelPartofitmustbepullpartispresumablypush.GeorgeBushhasrepeatedlikeascratchedgramophonerecordthatAmericanswereatwarwiththeterroristswhohadattackedthemon9/11notatwarwithIslam.46BarackObamahasfollowedsuit:theWhiteHousenationalsecuritystrategypublishedinMaysaysthatonewaytoguardagainstradicalisationathomeistostressthatdiversityispartofourstrength—notasourceofdivisionorinsecurity.Thisishardlyrocketscience.47AndthatremindingAmericansofthedifference—arealonebythewaynotonefabricatedforthepurposesofpoliticalcorrectness—betweenIslamareligionwithabillionadherentsandA1QaedaaterroristoutfitthatclaimstospeakinIslam’snamebuthasabsolutelynorighttodoso.WhywouldanyresponsibleAmericanpoliticianwanttoerasethatvitaldistinctionGoodquestion.48AskSarahPalinorNewtGingrichorthemanyotherswhohavelatelyclamoredabouttheoffensivecampaigntostopCordobaHouseaproposedcommunitycentreandmosquefrombeingbuiltinNewYorktwoblocksfromthesiteofthetwintowers.InatweetlastmonthfromAlaskaMsPalincalledonpeacefulMuslimstorepudiatethegroundzeromosquebecauseitwouldstabAmericanhearts.ButwhyshoulditCordobaHouseisnotbeingbuiltbyAlQaeda.TothecontraryitisthebrainchildofImamFeisalAbdulRaufawellmeaningAmericanclericwhohasspentyearstryingtopromoteinterfaithunderstanding.HeismodellinghisprojectonNewYork’s92ndStreetYaJewishcommunitycentrethatreachesouttootherreligions.Thesitewasselectedpreciselysothatitmighthealsomeofthewoundsopenedbythefellingofthetwintowersandallthatfollowed.Truesomerelativesof9/11victimsarehurtbytheideaofamosquegoingupnearthesite.49ButthatfeelingofhurtmakessenseonlyiftheytoobuythefalseideathatMuslimsingeneralwereperpetratorsofthecrime.BesideswhataboutthefeelingsandforthatmattertherightsofAmerica’sMuslims—someofwhomalsoperishedintheatrocity50ItisimpossibletoexcusethemeanspiritandscrambledlogicofMrGinger’sassertionthatthereshouldbenomosqueneargroundzerosolongastherearenochurchesorsynagoguesinSaudiArabia.ToMrGingrichitseemsanAmericanMuslimisaMuslimfirstandanAmericansecond.AlQaedawoulddoubtlessconcur.MrGingrichalsoobjectstothecentre’sname.ImamFeisalsayshechoseCordobainrecollectionofatimewhentherestofEuropehadsunkintotheDarkAgesbutMuslimsJewsandChristianscreatedanoasisofartcultureandscience.MrGingrichseesonlyadeliberateinsultareminderofaperiodwhenMuslimconquerorsruledSpain.LikeMrbinLadenMrGingrichisapparentlystillreiteratingthevictoriesanddefeatsofreligiouswarsfoughtinEuropeandtheMiddleEastcenturiesago.Heshouldrejointhemodernworldbeforehedoesrealharm.
AchillingfeatureofthesuicidevideoleftbyMohammadSidiqueKhantheleaderofthebandthatkilledmorethan50peopleinLondoninJuly2005wasthehomelyYorkshireaccentinwhichhetoldhiscountrymenthatyourgovernmentisatwarwithmypeople.WhatmakesaMusliminBritainorAmericawakeupanddecidethatheisnolongeraBritonorAmericanbutanIslamicsoldierfightingaholywaragainsttheinfidelPartofitmustbepullpartispresumablypush.GeorgeBushhasrepeatedlikeascratchedgramophonerecordthatAmericanswereatwarwiththeterroristswhohadattackedthemon9/11notatwarwithIslam.46BarackObamahasfollowedsuit:theWhiteHousenationalsecuritystrategypublishedinMaysaysthatonewaytoguardagainstradicalisationathomeistostressthatdiversityispartofourstrength—notasourceofdivisionorinsecurity.Thisishardlyrocketscience.47AndthatremindingAmericansofthedifference—arealonebythewaynotonefabricatedforthepurposesofpoliticalcorrectness—betweenIslamareligionwithabillionadherentsandA1QaedaaterroristoutfitthatclaimstospeakinIslam’snamebuthasabsolutelynorighttodoso.WhywouldanyresponsibleAmericanpoliticianwanttoerasethatvitaldistinctionGoodquestion.48AskSarahPalinorNewtGingrichorthemanyotherswhohavelatelyclamoredabouttheoffensivecampaigntostopCordobaHouseaproposedcommunitycentreandmosquefrombeingbuiltinNewYorktwoblocksfromthesiteofthetwintowers.InatweetlastmonthfromAlaskaMsPalincalledonpeacefulMuslimstorepudiatethegroundzeromosquebecauseitwouldstabAmericanhearts.ButwhyshoulditCordobaHouseisnotbeingbuiltbyAlQaeda.TothecontraryitisthebrainchildofImamFeisalAbdulRaufawellmeaningAmericanclericwhohasspentyearstryingtopromoteinterfaithunderstanding.HeismodellinghisprojectonNewYork’s92ndStreetYaJewishcommunitycentrethatreachesouttootherreligions.Thesitewasselectedpreciselysothatitmighthealsomeofthewoundsopenedbythefellingofthetwintowersandallthatfollowed.Truesomerelativesof9/11victimsarehurtbytheideaofamosquegoingupnearthesite.49ButthatfeelingofhurtmakessenseonlyiftheytoobuythefalseideathatMuslimsingeneralwereperpetratorsofthecrime.BesideswhataboutthefeelingsandforthatmattertherightsofAmerica’sMuslims—someofwhomalsoperishedintheatrocity50ItisimpossibletoexcusethemeanspiritandscrambledlogicofMrGinger’sassertionthatthereshouldbenomosqueneargroundzerosolongastherearenochurchesorsynagoguesinSaudiArabia.ToMrGingrichitseemsanAmericanMuslimisaMuslimfirstandanAmericansecond.AlQaedawoulddoubtlessconcur.MrGingrichalsoobjectstothecentre’sname.ImamFeisalsayshechoseCordobainrecollectionofatimewhentherestofEuropehadsunkintotheDarkAgesbutMuslimsJewsandChristianscreatedanoasisofartcultureandscience.MrGingrichseesonlyadeliberateinsultareminderofaperiodwhenMuslimconquerorsruledSpain.LikeMrbinLadenMrGingrichisapparentlystillreiteratingthevictoriesanddefeatsofreligiouswarsfoughtinEuropeandtheMiddleEastcenturiesago.Heshouldrejointhemodernworldbeforehedoesrealharm.
Insurancecompaniesprovideaservicetothecommunitybyprotectingitagainstexpectedandunexpecteddisasters.Beforeaninsurancecompanywillagreeto1anythingitcollectsaccuratefiguresaboutthe2.Itknowsforexamplethattheriskofamanbeingkilledinaplaneaccidentislessthantheriskhe3incrossingabusyroad.This4ittoquotelowfiguresfortravelinsurance.Sometimestheriskmaybehighasinmotorracingormountaineering.Thenthecompany5amuchhigherprice.6toomanyclimbershaveaccidentsthepricerisesstillfurther.Ifthemajorityofclimbersfalloffmountainsthecompanywill7toinsurethem. Anordinaryhouseholdermaywishtoprotecthishomeagainstfireorhis8againstburglary.Ashopkeepermaywishtoinsureagainst9.In10casesthecompanywillcheckitsstatisticsandquoteapremium.Ifitis11itmayrefusetoquote.Ifitinsuresashopandthenreceivesasuspicious12itwill13theclaimasameansofprotectingitselfagainstfalseclaims.Itisnotunknownforabusinessmanindebttoburndownhisownpremisessothathecanclaimmuchmoneyfromhisinsurancecompany.Hecanbesurethatthefirewillbeinvestigatedmostcarefully.Insurancecompaniesalso14insuranceagainstshipwreckordisasterintheair.Planesandshipsareveryexpensivesoalarge15ischargedbuta16isgiventocompanieswithanaccident-freerecord. Everyweekinsurancecompaniesreceivepremium17fromcustomers.Thesepaymentscanformaverylargetotal18millionsofdollars.Thecompanydoesnotleavethemoneyinthebank.It19inpropertysharesfarmsandevenantiquepaintingsandstamps.Itsaimistoobtainthebestpossiblereturnonitsinvestment.Thisisnotsogreedyasitmayseemsincethisisonewaybywhichitcandeepitspremiumsdownandcontinuetomakeaprofit20beingofservicetothecommunity. 14
AchillingfeatureofthesuicidevideoleftbyMohammadSidiqueKhantheleaderofthebandthatkilledmorethan50peopleinLondoninJuly2005wasthehomelyYorkshireaccentinwhichhetoldhiscountrymenthatyourgovernmentisatwarwithmypeople.WhatmakesaMusliminBritainorAmericawakeupanddecidethatheisnolongeraBritonorAmericanbutanIslamicsoldierfightingaholywaragainsttheinfidelPartofitmustbepullpartispresumablypush.GeorgeBushhasrepeatedlikeascratchedgramophonerecordthatAmericanswereatwarwiththeterroristswhohadattackedthemon9/11notatwarwithIslam.46BarackObamahasfollowedsuit:theWhiteHousenationalsecuritystrategypublishedinMaysaysthatonewaytoguardagainstradicalisationathomeistostressthatdiversityispartofourstrength—notasourceofdivisionorinsecurity.Thisishardlyrocketscience.47AndthatremindingAmericansofthedifference—arealonebythewaynotonefabricatedforthepurposesofpoliticalcorrectness—betweenIslamareligionwithabillionadherentsandA1QaedaaterroristoutfitthatclaimstospeakinIslam’snamebuthasabsolutelynorighttodoso.WhywouldanyresponsibleAmericanpoliticianwanttoerasethatvitaldistinctionGoodquestion.48AskSarahPalinorNewtGingrichorthemanyotherswhohavelatelyclamoredabouttheoffensivecampaigntostopCordobaHouseaproposedcommunitycentreandmosquefrombeingbuiltinNewYorktwoblocksfromthesiteofthetwintowers.InatweetlastmonthfromAlaskaMsPalincalledonpeacefulMuslimstorepudiatethegroundzeromosquebecauseitwouldstabAmericanhearts.ButwhyshoulditCordobaHouseisnotbeingbuiltbyAlQaeda.TothecontraryitisthebrainchildofImamFeisalAbdulRaufawellmeaningAmericanclericwhohasspentyearstryingtopromoteinterfaithunderstanding.HeismodellinghisprojectonNewYork’s92ndStreetYaJewishcommunitycentrethatreachesouttootherreligions.Thesitewasselectedpreciselysothatitmighthealsomeofthewoundsopenedbythefellingofthetwintowersandallthatfollowed.Truesomerelativesof9/11victimsarehurtbytheideaofamosquegoingupnearthesite.49ButthatfeelingofhurtmakessenseonlyiftheytoobuythefalseideathatMuslimsingeneralwereperpetratorsofthecrime.BesideswhataboutthefeelingsandforthatmattertherightsofAmerica’sMuslims—someofwhomalsoperishedintheatrocity50ItisimpossibletoexcusethemeanspiritandscrambledlogicofMrGinger’sassertionthatthereshouldbenomosqueneargroundzerosolongastherearenochurchesorsynagoguesinSaudiArabia.ToMrGingrichitseemsanAmericanMuslimisaMuslimfirstandanAmericansecond.AlQaedawoulddoubtlessconcur.MrGingrichalsoobjectstothecentre’sname.ImamFeisalsayshechoseCordobainrecollectionofatimewhentherestofEuropehadsunkintotheDarkAgesbutMuslimsJewsandChristianscreatedanoasisofartcultureandscience.MrGingrichseesonlyadeliberateinsultareminderofaperiodwhenMuslimconquerorsruledSpain.LikeMrbinLadenMrGingrichisapparentlystillreiteratingthevictoriesanddefeatsofreligiouswarsfoughtinEuropeandtheMiddleEastcenturiesago.Heshouldrejointhemodernworldbeforehedoesrealharm.
[A]SowhatdowedotobesaferManysmartpeoplehavetackledthisquestion.PeterPronovostatJohnsHopkinsdevelopedachecklistshowntobringhospital-acquiredinfectionsdowntoclosetozero.Therearerulesagainstdisturbingnurseswhiletheydispensemedicationsandsoftwarethatwarnsdoctorswhenpatients’prescriptionswillinteractbadly.Therearepoliciesdesignedtoempowernursestoconfrontdoctorsiftheyseesomethingwrongevenifaseniordoctorisatfault. [B]Here’sonetheory.ItisagiventhatAmericandoctorsperformastaggeringnumberoftestsandproceduresfarmorethaninotherindustrializednationsandfarmorethanweusedto.Since1996thepercentageofdoctorvisitsleadingtoatleastfivedrugsbeingprescribedhasnearlytripledandthenumberofM.R.I.scansquadrupled. [C]Doctorsmakemistakes.Theymaybemistakesoftechniquejudgmentignoranceorevensometimesrecklessness.Regardlessofthecauseeachtimeamistakehappensapatientmaysuffer.Wefailtoupholdourprofession’sbasicoath:"Firstdonoharm." [D]Hereinliesastunningirony.Defensivemedicineisrootedinthegoalofavoidingmistakes.Buteachadditionalprocedureortestnomatterhowcautiouslyperformedinjectsafreshpossibilityoferror.CTandM.R.I.scanscanleadtofalsepositivesandunnecessaryoperationswhichcarrytheriskofcomplicationslikeinfectionsandbleeding.Themoremedicationspatientsareprescribedthemorelikelytheyaretoaccidentallyoverdoseorsufferanallergicreaction. [E]Accordingtoa1999reportbytheInstituteofMedicineasmanyas98000Americansweredyingeveryyearbecauseofmedicalmistakes.Todayexactfiguresarehardtocomebybecausestatesdon’tabidebythesamereportingguidelinesandfewcasesgainasmuchattentionasthatofRoryStauntonthe12-year-oldboywhodiedofsepticshockthisspringafterbeingsenthomefromaNewYorkhospital.Butareasonableestimateisthatmedicalmistakesnowkillaround200000Americanseveryyear.ThatwouldmakethemoneoftheleadingcausesofdeathintheUnitedStates.Whyhavethesemistakesbeensohardtoprevent [F]Whatmaybeevenmoreimportantisrememberingthelimitsofourpower.More—moreproceduresmoretestingmoretreatment—isnotalwaysbetter.In1979StephenBergmanunderthepennameDr.SamuelShempublishedrulesforhospitalsinhiscausticallyhumorousnovel"TheHouseofGod."RuleNo.13reads:"Thedeliveryofmedicalcareistodoasmuchnothingaspossible."Firstdonoharm. [G]Certainlymanyprocedurestestsandprescriptionsarebasedonlegitimateneed.Butmanyarenot.Inarecentanonymoussurveyorthopedicsurgeonssaid24percentoftheteststheyorderedweremedicallyunnecessary.Thiskindoftreatmentisaformofdefensivemedicinemeantlesstoprotectthepatientthantoprotectthedoctororhospitalagainstpotentiallawsuits. 44
In1910HenryVanDykewroteabookcalledTheSpiritofAmericawhichopenedwiththissentence:TheSpiritofAmericaisbestknowninEuropebyoneofitsqualities—energy.Thishasalwaysbeentrue.Americanshavealwaysbeenknownfortheirmanicdynamism.Somecondemnedthisambitionasascramblingaftermoney.Otherssawitinloftierterms.Butenergyhasalwaysbeenthecountry’ssavingfeature.SoAmericansshouldbeespeciallyalerttosignsthatthecountryisbecominglessvitalandassiduous.Oneofthosesignscomestousfromthelabormarket.AccordingtofiguresfromtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmenttheUnitedStateshasasmallershareofprimeagemenintheworkforcethananyotherG-7nation.Partoftheproblemhastodowithhumancapital.MoreAmericanmenlacktheemotionalandprofessionalskillstheywouldneedtocontribute.AccordingtodatafromtheBureauofLaborStatistics35percentofthosewithoutahighschooldiplomaareoutofthelaborforcecomparedwithlessthan10percentofthosewithacollegedegree.Partoftheproblemhastodowithstructuralchangesintheeconomy.Sectorslikegovernmenthealthcareandhigh-techhavebeengrowinggeneratingjobsforcollegegrads.Sectorslikemanufacturingagricultureandenergyhavebeengettingmoreproductivebuttheyhavenotbeengeneratingmorejobs.Insteadcompaniesareusingmachinesorforeignworkers.Theresultisthis:ThereareprobablymoreidlemennowthanatanytimesincetheGreatDepressionandthistimetheproblemismostlystructuralnotcyclical.Thisisabigproblem.Itcan’tbeaddressedthroughthesortofshort-termKeynesianstimulussomeontheleftarestillfantasizingabout.Itcan’tbesolvedbysimplyreducingthesizeofgovernmentassomeontherightimagine.Itwillprobablyrequireabroadmenuofpoliciesattackingtheproblemallatonce:expandingcommunitycollegesandonlinelearning;changingthecorporatetaxcodeandlabormarketrulestostimulateinvestment;adoptingGerman-stylelabormarketpracticeslikeapprenticeshipprogramswagesubsidiesandprogramsthatextendbenefitstotheunemployedforsixmonthsastheystartsmallbusinesses.Reinvigoratingthemissingfifth—bringingthembackintothelabormarketandusingtheircapabilities—willcertainlyrequiremoney.Ifthiswereasmartcountrywe’dbehavingadebateabouthowtoshiftmoneyfromprogramsthatprovidecomfortandtowardprogramsthatsparkreinvigoration.Butofcoursethat’snotwhatishappening.Discretionaryspendingwhichmightbeusedtoinstigatedynamismisdeclining.Healthcarespendingwhichmostlyprovidescomforttothosebeyondworkingyearsisexpanding.Attemptstotakemoneyfromhealthcaretoopenitupforotherusesarebeingcrushed.We’relockinginthenation’swealthintotheMedicareprogramandclosingoffanypossibilitythatwemightdosomethingsignificanttoreinvigoratethemissingfifth.NexttimeyouseeapoliticiandemagoguingMedicareaskthis:ShouldwebeusingourresourcesinthemannerofanationindeclineoronestillcommittedtostokingtheenergyofitspeopleandcontinuingitsriseItcanbeinferredfromlasttwoparagraphsthattheauthordoubtsabout______.
In1910HenryVanDykewroteabookcalledTheSpiritofAmericawhichopenedwiththissentence:TheSpiritofAmericaisbestknowninEuropebyoneofitsqualities—energy.Thishasalwaysbeentrue.Americanshavealwaysbeenknownfortheirmanicdynamism.Somecondemnedthisambitionasascramblingaftermoney.Otherssawitinloftierterms.Butenergyhasalwaysbeenthecountry’ssavingfeature.SoAmericansshouldbeespeciallyalerttosignsthatthecountryisbecominglessvitalandassiduous.Oneofthosesignscomestousfromthelabormarket.AccordingtofiguresfromtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmenttheUnitedStateshasasmallershareofprimeagemenintheworkforcethananyotherG-7nation.Partoftheproblemhastodowithhumancapital.MoreAmericanmenlacktheemotionalandprofessionalskillstheywouldneedtocontribute.AccordingtodatafromtheBureauofLaborStatistics35percentofthosewithoutahighschooldiplomaareoutofthelaborforcecomparedwithlessthan10percentofthosewithacollegedegree.Partoftheproblemhastodowithstructuralchangesintheeconomy.Sectorslikegovernmenthealthcareandhigh-techhavebeengrowinggeneratingjobsforcollegegrads.Sectorslikemanufacturingagricultureandenergyhavebeengettingmoreproductivebuttheyhavenotbeengeneratingmorejobs.Insteadcompaniesareusingmachinesorforeignworkers.Theresultisthis:ThereareprobablymoreidlemennowthanatanytimesincetheGreatDepressionandthistimetheproblemismostlystructuralnotcyclical.Thisisabigproblem.Itcan’tbeaddressedthroughthesortofshort-termKeynesianstimulussomeontheleftarestillfantasizingabout.Itcan’tbesolvedbysimplyreducingthesizeofgovernmentassomeontherightimagine.Itwillprobablyrequireabroadmenuofpoliciesattackingtheproblemallatonce:expandingcommunitycollegesandonlinelearning;changingthecorporatetaxcodeandlabormarketrulestostimulateinvestment;adoptingGerman-stylelabormarketpracticeslikeapprenticeshipprogramswagesubsidiesandprogramsthatextendbenefitstotheunemployedforsixmonthsastheystartsmallbusinesses.Reinvigoratingthemissingfifth—bringingthembackintothelabormarketandusingtheircapabilities—willcertainlyrequiremoney.Ifthiswereasmartcountrywe’dbehavingadebateabouthowtoshiftmoneyfromprogramsthatprovidecomfortandtowardprogramsthatsparkreinvigoration.Butofcoursethat’snotwhatishappening.Discretionaryspendingwhichmightbeusedtoinstigatedynamismisdeclining.Healthcarespendingwhichmostlyprovidescomforttothosebeyondworkingyearsisexpanding.Attemptstotakemoneyfromhealthcaretoopenitupforotherusesarebeingcrushed.We’relockinginthenation’swealthintotheMedicareprogramandclosingoffanypossibilitythatwemightdosomethingsignificanttoreinvigoratethemissingfifth.NexttimeyouseeapoliticiandemagoguingMedicareaskthis:ShouldwebeusingourresourcesinthemannerofanationindeclineoronestillcommittedtostokingtheenergyofitspeopleandcontinuingitsriseThelossofAmericandynamismconcernedbytheauthorismainlymanifestedinthefactthat______.
Insurancecompaniesprovideaservicetothecommunitybyprotectingitagainstexpectedandunexpecteddisasters.Beforeaninsurancecompanywillagreeto1anythingitcollectsaccuratefiguresaboutthe2.Itknowsforexamplethattheriskofamanbeingkilledinaplaneaccidentislessthantheriskhe3incrossingabusyroad.This4ittoquotelowfiguresfortravelinsurance.Sometimestheriskmaybehighasinmotorracingormountaineering.Thenthecompany5amuchhigherprice.6toomanyclimbershaveaccidentsthepricerisesstillfurther.Ifthemajorityofclimbersfalloffmountainsthecompanywill7toinsurethem. Anordinaryhouseholdermaywishtoprotecthishomeagainstfireorhis8againstburglary.Ashopkeepermaywishtoinsureagainst9.In10casesthecompanywillcheckitsstatisticsandquoteapremium.Ifitis11itmayrefusetoquote.Ifitinsuresashopandthenreceivesasuspicious12itwill13theclaimasameansofprotectingitselfagainstfalseclaims.Itisnotunknownforabusinessmanindebttoburndownhisownpremisessothathecanclaimmuchmoneyfromhisinsurancecompany.Hecanbesurethatthefirewillbeinvestigatedmostcarefully.Insurancecompaniesalso14insuranceagainstshipwreckordisasterintheair.Planesandshipsareveryexpensivesoalarge15ischargedbuta16isgiventocompanieswithanaccident-freerecord. Everyweekinsurancecompaniesreceivepremium17fromcustomers.Thesepaymentscanformaverylargetotal18millionsofdollars.Thecompanydoesnotleavethemoneyinthebank.It19inpropertysharesfarmsandevenantiquepaintingsandstamps.Itsaimistoobtainthebestpossiblereturnonitsinvestment.Thisisnotsogreedyasitmayseemsincethisisonewaybywhichitcandeepitspremiumsdownandcontinuetomakeaprofit20beingofservicetothecommunity. 8
[A]SowhatdowedotobesaferManysmartpeoplehavetackledthisquestion.PeterPronovostatJohnsHopkinsdevelopedachecklistshowntobringhospital-acquiredinfectionsdowntoclosetozero.Therearerulesagainstdisturbingnurseswhiletheydispensemedicationsandsoftwarethatwarnsdoctorswhenpatients’prescriptionswillinteractbadly.Therearepoliciesdesignedtoempowernursestoconfrontdoctorsiftheyseesomethingwrongevenifaseniordoctorisatfault. [B]Here’sonetheory.ItisagiventhatAmericandoctorsperformastaggeringnumberoftestsandproceduresfarmorethaninotherindustrializednationsandfarmorethanweusedto.Since1996thepercentageofdoctorvisitsleadingtoatleastfivedrugsbeingprescribedhasnearlytripledandthenumberofM.R.I.scansquadrupled. [C]Doctorsmakemistakes.Theymaybemistakesoftechniquejudgmentignoranceorevensometimesrecklessness.Regardlessofthecauseeachtimeamistakehappensapatientmaysuffer.Wefailtoupholdourprofession’sbasicoath:"Firstdonoharm." [D]Hereinliesastunningirony.Defensivemedicineisrootedinthegoalofavoidingmistakes.Buteachadditionalprocedureortestnomatterhowcautiouslyperformedinjectsafreshpossibilityoferror.CTandM.R.I.scanscanleadtofalsepositivesandunnecessaryoperationswhichcarrytheriskofcomplicationslikeinfectionsandbleeding.Themoremedicationspatientsareprescribedthemorelikelytheyaretoaccidentallyoverdoseorsufferanallergicreaction. [E]Accordingtoa1999reportbytheInstituteofMedicineasmanyas98000Americansweredyingeveryyearbecauseofmedicalmistakes.Todayexactfiguresarehardtocomebybecausestatesdon’tabidebythesamereportingguidelinesandfewcasesgainasmuchattentionasthatofRoryStauntonthe12-year-oldboywhodiedofsepticshockthisspringafterbeingsenthomefromaNewYorkhospital.Butareasonableestimateisthatmedicalmistakesnowkillaround200000Americanseveryyear.ThatwouldmakethemoneoftheleadingcausesofdeathintheUnitedStates.Whyhavethesemistakesbeensohardtoprevent [F]Whatmaybeevenmoreimportantisrememberingthelimitsofourpower.More—moreproceduresmoretestingmoretreatment—isnotalwaysbetter.In1979StephenBergmanunderthepennameDr.SamuelShempublishedrulesforhospitalsinhiscausticallyhumorousnovel"TheHouseofGod."RuleNo.13reads:"Thedeliveryofmedicalcareistodoasmuchnothingaspossible."Firstdonoharm. [G]Certainlymanyprocedurestestsandprescriptionsarebasedonlegitimateneed.Butmanyarenot.Inarecentanonymoussurveyorthopedicsurgeonssaid24percentoftheteststheyorderedweremedicallyunnecessary.Thiskindoftreatmentisaformofdefensivemedicinemeantlesstoprotectthepatientthantoprotectthedoctororhospitalagainstpotentiallawsuits. 42
OneofthemanypleasuresofwatchingMadMenatelevisiondramaabouttheadvertisingindustryintheearly1960sisexaminingthewaysinwhichofficelifehaschangedovertheyears.Oneobviouschangemakespeoplefeelgoodaboutthemselves:theynolongertreatwomenassecond-classcitizens.Buttheotherobviouschangemakesthemfeelabitmoreuneasy:theyhavelosttheartofenjoyingthemselvesatwork. Thead-meninthosedaysenjoyedsimplepleasures.Theypuffedawayattheirdesks.Theydrankthroughouttheday.Theyhadaffairswiththeircolleagues.Theysocialisednotinordertobondbutinordertogetdrunk.Nowadaysmanycompaniesareobsessedwithfun.SoftwarefirmsinSiliconValleyhaveinstalledrock-climbingwallsintheirreceptionareasandputinflatableanimalsintheiroffices.Wal-Martordersitscashierstosmileatallandsundry.Thecultoffunhasspreadlikesomedisgustinghaemorrhagicdisease. Thiscultoffunisdrivenbythreeofthemostpopularmanagementfadsofthemoment:empowermentengagementandcreativity.Manycompaniespridethemselvesondevolvingpowertofront-lineworkers.Butsurveysshowthatonly20%ofworkersare"fullyengagedwiththeirjob".Evenfewerarecreative.Managershopethat"fun"willmagicallymakeworkersmoreengagedandcreative.Buttheproblemisthatassoonasfunbecomespartofacorporatestrategyitceasestobefunandbecomesitsopposite—atbestanemptyshellandatworstatiresomeimposition. Themostunpleasantthingaboutthefashionforfunisthatitismixedwithalargedoseofpressure.BostonPizzaencouragesworkerstosend"goldenbananas"tocolleagueswhoare"havingfunwhilebeingthebest".Behindthe"fun"thereoftenlurkssomecrudemanagementthinking:adesiretobrandthecompanyasbetterthanitsrivalsoraplantoboostproductivitythroughteam-building.Twitterevenboaststhatithas"workedhardtocreateanenvironmentthatspawnsproductivityandhappiness". Whileimposingfakefunontheiremployeescompaniesarebattlingagainsttherealthing.Manyforcesmokerstohuddleoutsidelikefurtivecriminals.Fewallowtheiremployeestodrinkatlunchtimeletaloneearlierintheday.Aregimentofbusybodies—fromlawyerstohumanresourcesfunctionaries—iswagingwaronofficeromanceparticularlybetweenpeopleofdifferentranks. Themerchantsoffakefunhavemetsomeresistance.WhenWal-MarttriedtoimposealienrulesonitsGermanstaff—suchascompulsorysmilingandabanonaffairswithcoworkers—ittouchedoffaguerrillawarthatendedonlywhenthesupermarketchainannounceditwaspullingoutofGermanyin2006.Butsuchvictoriesarerare.Formostwageslavesforcedtopretendtheyarehavingfunatworktheonlyreliefistopokefunattheirtormentors.MadMenremindspeopleofaworldtheyhavelost—aworldwherebossesdidnottbinkthat"fun"wasamanagementtoolandwhereemployeescouldhappilyquaffScotchatnoon.Cheerstothat. WhichofthefollowingstatementscanNotbeinferredfromparagraphs3and4
Insurancecompaniesprovideaservicetothecommunitybyprotectingitagainstexpectedandunexpecteddisasters.Beforeaninsurancecompanywillagreeto1anythingitcollectsaccuratefiguresaboutthe2.Itknowsforexamplethattheriskofamanbeingkilledinaplaneaccidentislessthantheriskhe3incrossingabusyroad.This4ittoquotelowfiguresfortravelinsurance.Sometimestheriskmaybehighasinmotorracingormountaineering.Thenthecompany5amuchhigherprice.6toomanyclimbershaveaccidentsthepricerisesstillfurther.Ifthemajorityofclimbersfalloffmountainsthecompanywill7toinsurethem. Anordinaryhouseholdermaywishtoprotecthishomeagainstfireorhis8againstburglary.Ashopkeepermaywishtoinsureagainst9.In10casesthecompanywillcheckitsstatisticsandquoteapremium.Ifitis11itmayrefusetoquote.Ifitinsuresashopandthenreceivesasuspicious12itwill13theclaimasameansofprotectingitselfagainstfalseclaims.Itisnotunknownforabusinessmanindebttoburndownhisownpremisessothathecanclaimmuchmoneyfromhisinsurancecompany.Hecanbesurethatthefirewillbeinvestigatedmostcarefully.Insurancecompaniesalso14insuranceagainstshipwreckordisasterintheair.Planesandshipsareveryexpensivesoalarge15ischargedbuta16isgiventocompanieswithanaccident-freerecord. Everyweekinsurancecompaniesreceivepremium17fromcustomers.Thesepaymentscanformaverylargetotal18millionsofdollars.Thecompanydoesnotleavethemoneyinthebank.It19inpropertysharesfarmsandevenantiquepaintingsandstamps.Itsaimistoobtainthebestpossiblereturnonitsinvestment.Thisisnotsogreedyasitmayseemsincethisisonewaybywhichitcandeepitspremiumsdownandcontinuetomakeaprofit20beingofservicetothecommunity. 6
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 20
Spain’sgovernmentisnowchampioningacausecalled"righttobeforgotten".IthasorderedGoogletostopindexinginformationabout90citizenswhofiledformalcomplaintswithitsDataProtectionAgency.All90peoplewantedinformationdeletedfromtheWeb.AmongthemwasavictimofdomesticviolencewhodiscoveredthatheraddresscouldeasilybefoundthroughGoogle.Anotherwellintomiddleagenowthoughtitwasunfairthatafewcomputerkeystrokescouldunearthanaccountofherarrestinhercollegedays. TheymightnothavereceivedmuchofahearingintheUnitedStateswhereGoogleisbasedandwherecourtshaveconsistentlyfoundthattherighttopublishthetruthaboutsomeone’spastsupersedesanyrighttoprivacy.ButhereaselsewhereinEuropeanideahastakenhold—individualsshouldhavea"righttobeforgotten"ontheWeb. Infactthephrase"righttobeforgotten"isbeingusedtocoverabatchofissuesrangingfromthoseintheSpanishcasetothebehaviorofcompaniesseekingtomakemoneyfromprivateinformationthatcanbecollectedontheWeb. Spain’sDataProtectionAgencybelievesthatsearchengineshavealteredtheprocessbywhichmostdataendsupforgotten—andthereforeadjustmentsneedtobemade.ThedeputydirectoroftheagencyJesfisRubipointedtotheofficialgovernmentgazette公报whichusedtopublisheveryweekdayincludingbankruptcyauctionsofficialpardonsandwhopassedthecivilserviceexams.Usually220pagesoffineprintitquicklyendedupgatheringdustonvariousbackroomshelves.Theinformationwasstilltherebutnoteasilyaccessible.Thentwoyearsagothe350-year-oldpublicationwentonlinemakingitpossibleforembarrassinginformation—nomatterhowold—tobeobtainedeasily. ThepublisherofthegovernmentpublicationFernandoPérezsaiditwasmeanttofostertransparency.Listsofscholarshipwinnersforinstancemakeithardforthegovernmentofficialstosteerallthemoneytotheirownchildren."Butmaybe"hesaid"thereisinformationthathasalifecycleandonlyhasvalueforacertaintime." ManyEuropeansarebroadlyuncomfortablewiththewaypersonalinformationisfoundbysearchenginesandusedforcommerce.Whenadspopuponone’sscreenclearlylinkedtosubjectsthatareofinteresttohimonemayfinditOrwellian.ArecentpollconductedbytheEuropeanUnionfoundthatmostEuropeansagree.ThreeoutoffoursaidtheywereworriedabouthowInternetcompaniesusedtheirinformationandwantedtherighttodeletepersonaldataatanytime.NinetypercentwantedtheEuropeanUniontotakeactionontherighttobeforgotten. ExpertssaythatGoogleandothersearchenginesseesomeofthesecourtcasesasanassaultonaprincipleoflawalreadyestablished—thatsearchenginesareessentiallynotresponsiblefortheinformationtheycorralfromtheWebandhopetheSpanishcourtagrees.ThecompaniesbelieveifthereareprivacyissuesthecomplainantsshouldaddressthosewhopostedthematerialontheWeb.ButsomeexpertsinEuropebelievethatsearchenginesshouldprobablybereinedin."Theyaretheonesthatarespreadingtheword.Withoutthemnoonewouldfindthesethings. Peopleclaimtherighttobeforgottenforthefollowingreasonsexcept
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
OneofthemanypleasuresofwatchingMadMenatelevisiondramaabouttheadvertisingindustryintheearly1960sisexaminingthewaysinwhichofficelifehaschangedovertheyears.Oneobviouschangemakespeoplefeelgoodaboutthemselves:theynolongertreatwomenassecond-classcitizens.Buttheotherobviouschangemakesthemfeelabitmoreuneasy:theyhavelosttheartofenjoyingthemselvesatwork. Thead-meninthosedaysenjoyedsimplepleasures.Theypuffedawayattheirdesks.Theydrankthroughouttheday.Theyhadaffairswiththeircolleagues.Theysocialisednotinordertobondbutinordertogetdrunk.Nowadaysmanycompaniesareobsessedwithfun.SoftwarefirmsinSiliconValleyhaveinstalledrock-climbingwallsintheirreceptionareasandputinflatableanimalsintheiroffices.Wal-Martordersitscashierstosmileatallandsundry.Thecultoffunhasspreadlikesomedisgustinghaemorrhagicdisease. Thiscultoffunisdrivenbythreeofthemostpopularmanagementfadsofthemoment:empowermentengagementandcreativity.Manycompaniespridethemselvesondevolvingpowertofront-lineworkers.Butsurveysshowthatonly20%ofworkersare"fullyengagedwiththeirjob".Evenfewerarecreative.Managershopethat"fun"willmagicallymakeworkersmoreengagedandcreative.Buttheproblemisthatassoonasfunbecomespartofacorporatestrategyitceasestobefunandbecomesitsopposite—atbestanemptyshellandatworstatiresomeimposition. Themostunpleasantthingaboutthefashionforfunisthatitismixedwithalargedoseofpressure.BostonPizzaencouragesworkerstosend"goldenbananas"tocolleagueswhoare"havingfunwhilebeingthebest".Behindthe"fun"thereoftenlurkssomecrudemanagementthinking:adesiretobrandthecompanyasbetterthanitsrivalsoraplantoboostproductivitythroughteam-building.Twitterevenboaststhatithas"workedhardtocreateanenvironmentthatspawnsproductivityandhappiness". Whileimposingfakefunontheiremployeescompaniesarebattlingagainsttherealthing.Manyforcesmokerstohuddleoutsidelikefurtivecriminals.Fewallowtheiremployeestodrinkatlunchtimeletaloneearlierintheday.Aregimentofbusybodies—fromlawyerstohumanresourcesfunctionaries—iswagingwaronofficeromanceparticularlybetweenpeopleofdifferentranks. Themerchantsoffakefunhavemetsomeresistance.WhenWal-MarttriedtoimposealienrulesonitsGermanstaff—suchascompulsorysmilingandabanonaffairswithcoworkers—ittouchedoffaguerrillawarthatendedonlywhenthesupermarketchainannounceditwaspullingoutofGermanyin2006.Butsuchvictoriesarerare.Formostwageslavesforcedtopretendtheyarehavingfunatworktheonlyreliefistopokefunattheirtormentors.MadMenremindspeopleofaworldtheyhavelost—aworldwherebossesdidnottbinkthat"fun"wasamanagementtoolandwhereemployeescouldhappilyquaffScotchatnoon.Cheerstothat. Therestrictiononsmokinganddrinkingreflectscompany’s
Spain’sgovernmentisnowchampioningacausecalled"righttobeforgotten".IthasorderedGoogletostopindexinginformationabout90citizenswhofiledformalcomplaintswithitsDataProtectionAgency.All90peoplewantedinformationdeletedfromtheWeb.AmongthemwasavictimofdomesticviolencewhodiscoveredthatheraddresscouldeasilybefoundthroughGoogle.Anotherwellintomiddleagenowthoughtitwasunfairthatafewcomputerkeystrokescouldunearthanaccountofherarrestinhercollegedays. TheymightnothavereceivedmuchofahearingintheUnitedStateswhereGoogleisbasedandwherecourtshaveconsistentlyfoundthattherighttopublishthetruthaboutsomeone’spastsupersedesanyrighttoprivacy.ButhereaselsewhereinEuropeanideahastakenhold—individualsshouldhavea"righttobeforgotten"ontheWeb. Infactthephrase"righttobeforgotten"isbeingusedtocoverabatchofissuesrangingfromthoseintheSpanishcasetothebehaviorofcompaniesseekingtomakemoneyfromprivateinformationthatcanbecollectedontheWeb. Spain’sDataProtectionAgencybelievesthatsearchengineshavealteredtheprocessbywhichmostdataendsupforgotten—andthereforeadjustmentsneedtobemade.ThedeputydirectoroftheagencyJesfisRubipointedtotheofficialgovernmentgazette公报whichusedtopublisheveryweekdayincludingbankruptcyauctionsofficialpardonsandwhopassedthecivilserviceexams.Usually220pagesoffineprintitquicklyendedupgatheringdustonvariousbackroomshelves.Theinformationwasstilltherebutnoteasilyaccessible.Thentwoyearsagothe350-year-oldpublicationwentonlinemakingitpossibleforembarrassinginformation—nomatterhowold—tobeobtainedeasily. ThepublisherofthegovernmentpublicationFernandoPérezsaiditwasmeanttofostertransparency.Listsofscholarshipwinnersforinstancemakeithardforthegovernmentofficialstosteerallthemoneytotheirownchildren."Butmaybe"hesaid"thereisinformationthathasalifecycleandonlyhasvalueforacertaintime." ManyEuropeansarebroadlyuncomfortablewiththewaypersonalinformationisfoundbysearchenginesandusedforcommerce.Whenadspopuponone’sscreenclearlylinkedtosubjectsthatareofinteresttohimonemayfinditOrwellian.ArecentpollconductedbytheEuropeanUnionfoundthatmostEuropeansagree.ThreeoutoffoursaidtheywereworriedabouthowInternetcompaniesusedtheirinformationandwantedtherighttodeletepersonaldataatanytime.NinetypercentwantedtheEuropeanUniontotakeactionontherighttobeforgotten. ExpertssaythatGoogleandothersearchenginesseesomeofthesecourtcasesasanassaultonaprincipleoflawalreadyestablished—thatsearchenginesareessentiallynotresponsiblefortheinformationtheycorralfromtheWebandhopetheSpanishcourtagrees.ThecompaniesbelieveifthereareprivacyissuesthecomplainantsshouldaddressthosewhopostedthematerialontheWeb.ButsomeexpertsinEuropebelievethatsearchenginesshouldprobablybereinedin."Theyaretheonesthatarespreadingtheword.Withoutthemnoonewouldfindthesethings. Theaimoftherighttobeforgottenisto
Insurancecompaniesprovideaservicetothecommunitybyprotectingitagainstexpectedandunexpecteddisasters.Beforeaninsurancecompanywillagreeto1anythingitcollectsaccuratefiguresaboutthe2.Itknowsforexamplethattheriskofamanbeingkilledinaplaneaccidentislessthantheriskhe3incrossingabusyroad.This4ittoquotelowfiguresfortravelinsurance.Sometimestheriskmaybehighasinmotorracingormountaineering.Thenthecompany5amuchhigherprice.6toomanyclimbershaveaccidentsthepricerisesstillfurther.Ifthemajorityofclimbersfalloffmountainsthecompanywill7toinsurethem. Anordinaryhouseholdermaywishtoprotecthishomeagainstfireorhis8againstburglary.Ashopkeepermaywishtoinsureagainst9.In10casesthecompanywillcheckitsstatisticsandquoteapremium.Ifitis11itmayrefusetoquote.Ifitinsuresashopandthenreceivesasuspicious12itwill13theclaimasameansofprotectingitselfagainstfalseclaims.Itisnotunknownforabusinessmanindebttoburndownhisownpremisessothathecanclaimmuchmoneyfromhisinsurancecompany.Hecanbesurethatthefirewillbeinvestigatedmostcarefully.Insurancecompaniesalso14insuranceagainstshipwreckordisasterintheair.Planesandshipsareveryexpensivesoalarge15ischargedbuta16isgiventocompanieswithanaccident-freerecord. Everyweekinsurancecompaniesreceivepremium17fromcustomers.Thesepaymentscanformaverylargetotal18millionsofdollars.Thecompanydoesnotleavethemoneyinthebank.It19inpropertysharesfarmsandevenantiquepaintingsandstamps.Itsaimistoobtainthebestpossiblereturnonitsinvestment.Thisisnotsogreedyasitmayseemsincethisisonewaybywhichitcandeepitspremiumsdownandcontinuetomakeaprofit20beingofservicetothecommunity. 16
ThefirsttimeItriedshark-finsoupwasatTimeWarner’sannualdinnerinHongKong.Shark-finsoupisaluxuryitem$100bowlinsomerestaurantsinHongKongandMainlandChinaitsbiggestconsumers;it’sadishthatembodieseastAsia’sintertwinednotionsofhospitalityandkeepingorlosingface.It’slikechampagnesaysAlvinLeungownerofBoInnovationaCantoneserestaurantinHongKong.Youdon’topenabottleofCoketocelebrate.It’saritual.Unfortunatelythisgestureofhospitalitycomeswithapricetagmuchbiggerthanthat$100bowl.Alltoldupto70millionsharksarekilledannuallyforthetradedespitethefactthat30%ofsharkspeciesarethreatenedwithextinction.SharkshavemadeitthroughmultiplemassextinctionsonourplanetsaysMattRanddirectorofPew’sGlobalSharkConservationdivision.Nowmanyspeciesaregoingtogothewayofthedinosaur—forabowlofsoup.Theshark-finindustryhasgainednotorietyinrecentyearsnotjustbecauseofwhatit’sdoingtotheglobalsharkpopulationbutalsobecauseofwhat’sknownasfinning—thepracticeofcatchingasharkremovingitsfinsanddumpingtheanimalbackintothesea.Whileapoundofsharkfincangoforupto$300mostsharkmeatisn’tparticularlyvaluableandittakesupfreezerspaceandweightonfishingboats.TodayfinningisillegalinthewatersoftheE.U.theU.S.andAustraliaamongothers;boatsarerequiredtocarryacertainratiooffinstocarcasses尸体topreventmassiveoverfishing.Butthereareloopholesinantifinninglawsthatareeasytoexploit.IntheE.U.forexampleshipscanlandthefinsseparatelyfromthecarcassesmakingthejobofmonitoringtheweightrationearlyimpossible.IntheU.S.aboatfoundcarryingnearly65000lb.30000kgofillegalsharkfinswonacourtcasebecauseitwasregisteredasacargovesselwhichcurrentU.S.finning.lawsdonotcover.Sharkspopulationscan’twithstandcommercialfishingthewaymorefertilemarinespeciescan.Unlikeotherfishharvestedfromthewildsharksgrowslowly.Theydon’treachsexualmaturityuntillaterinlife—thefemalegreatwhiteforexampleat12to14years—andwhentheydotheyhavecomparativelyfewoffspringatatimeunliketunaswhichreleasemillionsofeggswhentheyspawn.Theshark’splightisstartingtobeweighedagainstthedelicacy’sculturalvalue.Theconservationgrouphaslobbiedlocalrestaurantsthatoffertheclassicnine-coursebanquetservedatCantoneseweddingsofwhichsharkfinistraditionallyaparttoofferano-sharkmenuasachoicetocouples.Aftermyfirstencounterwithshark-finsoupIdecidedthatlikemycolleaguesIwouldprobablyskipitnexttime.UnfortunatelythatnexttimecameatanintimatedinnerinasmallprivatediningroomwhereIwasbothaguestandastranger.Whenthesoup—thecenterpieceofthemeal—wassetdownbeforemeIateit.ApparentlyI’mnottheonlyonetocave.Yougotoaweddingandyourefusedtoeatitjustbecauseyoufeelyou’reinsulted—I’mnotthatextremeLeungthechefsays.Ifotherpeoplebelievethatitbringsluck.orbringsfaceI’dbeaspoilsport.Tomakeadentintheslaughterofthesharkshowevertherearegoingtohavetobealotofpeoplewillingtospoilthisparticularsport.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutshark-finsoupistrue
ForalargenumberofyoungadultsinBritainhomeownershiphasbecomeincreasinglydifficulttoachieveviewedasadistantgoalattainableonlylaterinlifeifatall. ThatisasignificantshiftforBritain.ForyearsownersoccupyahigherpercentageofhomesinBritainthanintheUnitedStatesFranceorGermany.OnereasonhomeownershipissoattractiveinBritainisbecausepropertyvaluesdroppedlessdrasticallythanintheUnitedStatesinpartbecauseofashortageinhousing.PricesinsomelargecitiesincludingLondonhaveevenincreasedrecently.PeoplestillperceiveahometobeabetterandsaferinvestmentthanapensionfundsaidAndrewHullresearchfellowattheInstituteforPublicPolicyResearch."Homeownershipisalsoculturallyentrenched"hesaid."Owningahomeisthemainwayofshowingyoumadeit." Thebigshifttowardhomeownershipcameinthe1980swhenMrs.Thatcherissuedright-to-buypolicywhichallowedmanyinrentedgovernmenthousingtobuytheirhomes.Abouttwomillionhomesweresoldearningthegovernmenttensofbillionsofpounds.Atthesametimetherentalmarketbecameincreasinglyunattractive.UnlikeGermanyandotherContinentalEuropeancountriesBritain’sprivaterentalmarketishighlyfragmentedwithmanylandlordsandlawsthatgenerallyfavorthepropertyowner.Mostleasesareforsixmonthsonlywithlandlordsrarelyagreeingtocommittolongerterms;thismakesrentinghighlyinsecure. Butasthepainofgovernment-imposedausteritysinksindisposableincomehasshrunkandloanrequirementshavetoughenedforcingmoreandmoreBritonsintorentingratherthanbuying.Overthelast10yearsthenumberofpeoplewhoownedhomesheredroppedto67percentfrom70percent.Meanwhilethenumberofpeopleinprivaterentedhousingroseto16percentfrom10percentoverthesameperiodaccordingtotheOfficeforNationalStatistics.Risingdemandhaspusheduprentsbyanaverageof4.4percentoverthelastyearaccordingtoLSLPropertyServices.InLondonrentsincreased7.8percent. "Agrowingnumberofyoungwould-bebuyersarepreparingforlifelongrenting—bynecessityratherthanchoice"saidJonathanMooredirectorofeasyroommateco.ukapropertyWebsite.CharlotteAshton30haslivedinrentedaccommodationseversincesheleftherparent’shometoattenduniversity.Shesaidshewassavingforadownpaymenttobuyherownhome."Idobelieveinthefundamentalsofowningbricksandmortarassecurityforthefuturemorethanleavingmymoneyinthebanksatalowinterestrate"saidMs.Ashtonwhoworksinpublicrelations."Butnowitseemsunlessyouhaveaverywellpaidjobandarewillingtosaveeverypennyit’sunfeasibletobuywithoutthehelpofthebankofMumandDad." Someeconomistsareconcernedthatasmorepeopleareforcedtowaittobuyahomeitcouldopenupawideningofthewealthgapthatalreadyexistsbetweenhomeownersandnonhomeownersendangeringtheretirementprospectsforaswellinggroupofyoungadultstheycall"generationrent."ItcouldalsohaveimplicationsforthecohesionofneighborhoodsAlisonBlackwellaresearchdirectorattheNationalCenterforSocialResearchandauthoroftheHalifaxreportsaid.Renterstendtobelessinvolvedinlocalcommunitiesbecausetheyareforcedtomovemoreoften.Andtheeconomyasawholemaysufferbecauserenterstendtocurbspendingtosaveforadeposit. ForBritishpeoplebuyinghomeis
Insurancecompaniesprovideaservicetothecommunitybyprotectingitagainstexpectedandunexpecteddisasters.Beforeaninsurancecompanywillagreeto1anythingitcollectsaccuratefiguresaboutthe2.Itknowsforexamplethattheriskofamanbeingkilledinaplaneaccidentislessthantheriskhe3incrossingabusyroad.This4ittoquotelowfiguresfortravelinsurance.Sometimestheriskmaybehighasinmotorracingormountaineering.Thenthecompany5amuchhigherprice.6toomanyclimbershaveaccidentsthepricerisesstillfurther.Ifthemajorityofclimbersfalloffmountainsthecompanywill7toinsurethem. Anordinaryhouseholdermaywishtoprotecthishomeagainstfireorhis8againstburglary.Ashopkeepermaywishtoinsureagainst9.In10casesthecompanywillcheckitsstatisticsandquoteapremium.Ifitis11itmayrefusetoquote.Ifitinsuresashopandthenreceivesasuspicious12itwill13theclaimasameansofprotectingitselfagainstfalseclaims.Itisnotunknownforabusinessmanindebttoburndownhisownpremisessothathecanclaimmuchmoneyfromhisinsurancecompany.Hecanbesurethatthefirewillbeinvestigatedmostcarefully.Insurancecompaniesalso14insuranceagainstshipwreckordisasterintheair.Planesandshipsareveryexpensivesoalarge15ischargedbuta16isgiventocompanieswithanaccident-freerecord. Everyweekinsurancecompaniesreceivepremium17fromcustomers.Thesepaymentscanformaverylargetotal18millionsofdollars.Thecompanydoesnotleavethemoneyinthebank.It19inpropertysharesfarmsandevenantiquepaintingsandstamps.Itsaimistoobtainthebestpossiblereturnonitsinvestment.Thisisnotsogreedyasitmayseemsincethisisonewaybywhichitcandeepitspremiumsdownandcontinuetomakeaprofit20beingofservicetothecommunity. 10
Insurancecompaniesprovideaservicetothecommunitybyprotectingitagainstexpectedandunexpecteddisasters.Beforeaninsurancecompanywillagreeto1anythingitcollectsaccuratefiguresaboutthe2.Itknowsforexamplethattheriskofamanbeingkilledinaplaneaccidentislessthantheriskhe3incrossingabusyroad.This4ittoquotelowfiguresfortravelinsurance.Sometimestheriskmaybehighasinmotorracingormountaineering.Thenthecompany5amuchhigherprice.6toomanyclimbershaveaccidentsthepricerisesstillfurther.Ifthemajorityofclimbersfalloffmountainsthecompanywill7toinsurethem. Anordinaryhouseholdermaywishtoprotecthishomeagainstfireorhis8againstburglary.Ashopkeepermaywishtoinsureagainst9.In10casesthecompanywillcheckitsstatisticsandquoteapremium.Ifitis11itmayrefusetoquote.Ifitinsuresashopandthenreceivesasuspicious12itwill13theclaimasameansofprotectingitselfagainstfalseclaims.Itisnotunknownforabusinessmanindebttoburndownhisownpremisessothathecanclaimmuchmoneyfromhisinsurancecompany.Hecanbesurethatthefirewillbeinvestigatedmostcarefully.Insurancecompaniesalso14insuranceagainstshipwreckordisasterintheair.Planesandshipsareveryexpensivesoalarge15ischargedbuta16isgiventocompanieswithanaccident-freerecord. Everyweekinsurancecompaniesreceivepremium17fromcustomers.Thesepaymentscanformaverylargetotal18millionsofdollars.Thecompanydoesnotleavethemoneyinthebank.It19inpropertysharesfarmsandevenantiquepaintingsandstamps.Itsaimistoobtainthebestpossiblereturnonitsinvestment.Thisisnotsogreedyasitmayseemsincethisisonewaybywhichitcandeepitspremiumsdownandcontinuetomakeaprofit20beingofservicetothecommunity. 2
Insurancecompaniesprovideaservicetothecommunitybyprotectingitagainstexpectedandunexpecteddisasters.Beforeaninsurancecompanywillagreeto1anythingitcollectsaccuratefiguresaboutthe2.Itknowsforexamplethattheriskofamanbeingkilledinaplaneaccidentislessthantheriskhe3incrossingabusyroad.This4ittoquotelowfiguresfortravelinsurance.Sometimestheriskmaybehighasinmotorracingormountaineering.Thenthecompany5amuchhigherprice.6toomanyclimbershaveaccidentsthepricerisesstillfurther.Ifthemajorityofclimbersfalloffmountainsthecompanywill7toinsurethem. Anordinaryhouseholdermaywishtoprotecthishomeagainstfireorhis8againstburglary.Ashopkeepermaywishtoinsureagainst9.In10casesthecompanywillcheckitsstatisticsandquoteapremium.Ifitis11itmayrefusetoquote.Ifitinsuresashopandthenreceivesasuspicious12itwill13theclaimasameansofprotectingitselfagainstfalseclaims.Itisnotunknownforabusinessmanindebttoburndownhisownpremisessothathecanclaimmuchmoneyfromhisinsurancecompany.Hecanbesurethatthefirewillbeinvestigatedmostcarefully.Insurancecompaniesalso14insuranceagainstshipwreckordisasterintheair.Planesandshipsareveryexpensivesoalarge15ischargedbuta16isgiventocompanieswithanaccident-freerecord. Everyweekinsurancecompaniesreceivepremium17fromcustomers.Thesepaymentscanformaverylargetotal18millionsofdollars.Thecompanydoesnotleavethemoneyinthebank.It19inpropertysharesfarmsandevenantiquepaintingsandstamps.Itsaimistoobtainthebestpossiblereturnonitsinvestment.Thisisnotsogreedyasitmayseemsincethisisonewaybywhichitcandeepitspremiumsdownandcontinuetomakeaprofit20beingofservicetothecommunity. 4
TheBelgianblueisanuglybuttastycowthathas40%moremusclethanitshouldhave.Itistheproductofrandommutationfollowedbyselectivebreeding—asindeedarealldomesticatedcreatures.Butwhereanoldarthasledanewonemayfollow.ByunderstandingwhichgeneticchangeshavebeenconsolidatedintheBelgianblueitmaybepossibletodesignandbuildsimilarversionsofotherspeciesusinggeneticengineeringasashort-cut.AndthatispreciselywhatTerryBradleyafishbiologistattheUniversityofRhodeIslandistryingtodo.Insteadofcattleheisdoingitintrout.Hisisoneoftwoprojectsthatmaysoonputthefirstbiotechanimalsonthedinnertable.TheotherprojectisledbyAquaBounty. Itisonethingtomakesuchfishofcourse.Itisquiteanothertogetthemtomarket.Firstitisnecessarytoreceivetheapprovaloftheregulators.InAmericatherelevantregulatoristheFoodandDrugAdministrationFDAwhichAquaBountysaysithasbeenpetitioningformorethanadecadeandwhichpublishedguidelinesforapprovinggeneticallyengineeredanimalsin2009.AquaBountyhasnowfileditsremainingstudiesforapprovalandhopestoheartheresultthisyear.DrBradleyhasnotyetappliedforapproval. TheFDAisconcernedmainlywiththehealthfulnessofwhatpeopleputintheirmouthsanditseemsunlikelythatthenewprocedureswillyieldsomethingthatisunsafetoeat.ButwhathappensifthecreaturesescapeandstartbreedinginthewildForthattobeaproblemthemodifiedfishwouldhavetobebetteratsurvivingandreproducingthanthosehonedbymillionsofyearsofnaturalselection.Onthefaceofitthisseemsunlikelybecausethecharacteristicsthathavebeenengineeredintothemareonesdesignedtomakethemintobetterfoodratherthanleanmeanbreedingmachines. Butthereisachinkinthisargument.AsMarkAbrahamsabiologistatMemorialUniversityinNewfoundlandpointsoutitisnotjustthefishthathavebeenmodifiedbymanbutalsotheenvironmentinwhichtheycouldescape.Manyofthecreaturesthateatsalmonandtroutsuchasbearsandsomebirdshavehadtheirranksthinnedbyhumanactivity.DrAbrahamsthinksitpossiblethatfast-growingsalmoncoulddisplacethenaturalsortinplaceswherepredatorsarerare. AquaBountyisaddressingsuchconcernsbysubjectingdevelopingeggstohighpressures.Theresultifallgoeswellwillbethatanimalsfollowplantsdownthebiotechroute.Whetherpeoplewillactuallywanttobuyoreatthenewfishisadifferentmatter—thoughtheybuythemeatofBelgianbluecattleatapremium.Perhapsclevermarketingcouldmake"double-muscled"fishintoapremiumproducttoo.IfpeoplewillpayextraformeatfromamonstrosityliketheBelgianblueanythingispossible. Whatistrueaccordingtothetext
ForalargenumberofyoungadultsinBritainhomeownershiphasbecomeincreasinglydifficulttoachieveviewedasadistantgoalattainableonlylaterinlifeifatall.ThatisasignificantshiftforBritain.ForyearsownersoccupyahigherpercentageofhomesinBritainthanintheUnitedStatesFranceorGermany.OnereasonhomeownershipissoattractiveinBritainisbecausepropertyvaluesdroppedlessdrasticallythanintheUnitedStatesinpartbecauseofashortageinhousing.PricesinsomelargecitiesincludingLondonhaveevenincreasedrecently.PeoplestillperceiveahometobeabetterandsaferinvestmentthanapensionfundsaidAndrewHullresearchfellowattheInstituteforPublicPolicyResearch.Homeownershipisalsoculturallyentrenchedhesaid.Owningahomeisthemainwayofshowingyoumadeit.Thebigshifttowardhomeownershipcameinthe1980swhenMrs.Thatcherissuedright-to-buypolicywhichallowedmanyinrentedgovernmenthousingtobuytheirhomes.Abouttwomillionhomesweresoldearningthegovernmenttensofbillionsofpounds.Atthesametimetherentalmarketbecameincreasinglyunattractive.UnlikeGermanyandotherContinentalEuropeancountriesBritain’sprivaterentalmarketishighlyfragmentedwithmanylandlordsandlawsthatgenerallyfavorthepropertyowner.Mostleasesareforsixmonthsonlywithlandlordsrarelyagreeingtocommittolongerterms;thismakesrentinghighlyinsecure.Butasthepainofgovernment-imposedausteritysinksindisposableincomehasshrunkandloanrequirementshavetoughenedforcingmoreandmoreBritonsintorentingratherthanbuying.Overthelast10yearsthenumberofpeoplewhoownedhomesheredroppedto67percentfrom70percent.Meanwhilethenumberofpeopleinprivaterentedhousingroseto16percentfrom10percentoverthesameperiodaccordingtotheOfficeforNationalStatistics.Risingdemandhaspusheduprentsbyanaverageof4.4percentoverthelastyearaccordingtoLSLPropertyServices.InLondonrentsincreased7.8percent.Agrowingnumberofyoungwould-bebuyersarepreparingforlifelongrenting—bynecessityratherthanchoicesaidJonathanMooredirectorofeasyroommateco.ukapropertyWebsite.CharlotteAshton30haslivedinrentedaccommodationseversincesheleftherparent’shometoattenduniversity.Shesaidshewassavingforadownpaymenttobuyherownhome.IdobelieveinthefundamentalsofowningbricksandmortarassecurityforthefuturemorethanleavingmymoneyinthebanksatalowinterestratesaidMs.Ashtonwhoworksinpublicrelations.Butnowitseemsunlessyouhaveaverywellpaidjobandarewillingtosaveeverypennyit’sunfeasibletobuywithoutthehelpofthebankofMumandDad.Someeconomistsareconcernedthatasmorepeopleareforcedtowaittobuyahomeitcouldopenupawideningofthewealthgapthatalreadyexistsbetweenhomeownersandnonhomeownersendangeringtheretirementprospectsforaswellinggroupofyoungadultstheycallgenerationrent.ItcouldalsohaveimplicationsforthecohesionofneighborhoodsAlisonBlackwellaresearchdirectorattheNationalCenterforSocialResearchandauthoroftheHalifaxreportsaid.Renterstendtobelessinvolvedinlocalcommunitiesbecausetheyareforcedtomovemoreoften.Andtheeconomyasawholemaysufferbecauserenterstendtocurbspendingtosaveforadeposit.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutGenerationRentistrue
ForalargenumberofyoungadultsinBritainhomeownershiphasbecomeincreasinglydifficulttoachieveviewedasadistantgoalattainableonlylaterinlifeifatall.ThatisasignificantshiftforBritain.ForyearsownersoccupyahigherpercentageofhomesinBritainthanintheUnitedStatesFranceorGermany.OnereasonhomeownershipissoattractiveinBritainisbecausepropertyvaluesdroppedlessdrasticallythanintheUnitedStatesinpartbecauseofashortageinhousing.PricesinsomelargecitiesincludingLondonhaveevenincreasedrecently.PeoplestillperceiveahometobeabetterandsaferinvestmentthanapensionfundsaidAndrewHullresearchfellowattheInstituteforPublicPolicyResearch.Homeownershipisalsoculturallyentrenchedhesaid.Owningahomeisthemainwayofshowingyoumadeit.Thebigshifttowardhomeownershipcameinthe1980swhenMrs.Thatcherissuedright-to-buypolicywhichallowedmanyinrentedgovernmenthousingtobuytheirhomes.Abouttwomillionhomesweresoldearningthegovernmenttensofbillionsofpounds.Atthesametimetherentalmarketbecameincreasinglyunattractive.UnlikeGermanyandotherContinentalEuropeancountriesBritain’sprivaterentalmarketishighlyfragmentedwithmanylandlordsandlawsthatgenerallyfavorthepropertyowner.Mostleasesareforsixmonthsonlywithlandlordsrarelyagreeingtocommittolongerterms;thismakesrentinghighlyinsecure.Butasthepainofgovernment-imposedausteritysinksindisposableincomehasshrunkandloanrequirementshavetoughenedforcingmoreandmoreBritonsintorentingratherthanbuying.Overthelast10yearsthenumberofpeoplewhoownedhomesheredroppedto67percentfrom70percent.Meanwhilethenumberofpeopleinprivaterentedhousingroseto16percentfrom10percentoverthesameperiodaccordingtotheOfficeforNationalStatistics.Risingdemandhaspusheduprentsbyanaverageof4.4percentoverthelastyearaccordingtoLSLPropertyServices.InLondonrentsincreased7.8percent.Agrowingnumberofyoungwould-bebuyersarepreparingforlifelongrenting—bynecessityratherthanchoicesaidJonathanMooredirectorofeasyroommateco.ukapropertyWebsite.CharlotteAshton30haslivedinrentedaccommodationseversincesheleftherparent’shometoattenduniversity.Shesaidshewassavingforadownpaymenttobuyherownhome.IdobelieveinthefundamentalsofowningbricksandmortarassecurityforthefuturemorethanleavingmymoneyinthebanksatalowinterestratesaidMs.Ashtonwhoworksinpublicrelations.Butnowitseemsunlessyouhaveaverywellpaidjobandarewillingtosaveeverypennyit’sunfeasibletobuywithoutthehelpofthebankofMumandDad.Someeconomistsareconcernedthatasmorepeopleareforcedtowaittobuyahomeitcouldopenupawideningofthewealthgapthatalreadyexistsbetweenhomeownersandnonhomeownersendangeringtheretirementprospectsforaswellinggroupofyoungadultstheycallgenerationrent.ItcouldalsohaveimplicationsforthecohesionofneighborhoodsAlisonBlackwellaresearchdirectorattheNationalCenterforSocialResearchandauthoroftheHalifaxreportsaid.Renterstendtobelessinvolvedinlocalcommunitiesbecausetheyareforcedtomovemoreoften.Andtheeconomyasawholemaysufferbecauserenterstendtocurbspendingtosaveforadeposit.Morepeople’sinclinationtorentratherthanbuyahousewillnot______.
Insurancecompaniesprovideaservicetothecommunitybyprotectingitagainstexpectedandunexpecteddisasters.Beforeaninsurancecompanywillagreeto1anythingitcollectsaccuratefiguresaboutthe2.Itknowsforexamplethattheriskofamanbeingkilledinaplaneaccidentislessthantheriskhe3incrossingabusyroad.This4ittoquotelowfiguresfortravelinsurance.Sometimestheriskmaybehighasinmotorracingormountaineering.Thenthecompany5amuchhigherprice.6toomanyclimbershaveaccidentsthepricerisesstillfurther.Ifthemajorityofclimbersfalloffmountainsthecompanywill7toinsurethem. Anordinaryhouseholdermaywishtoprotecthishomeagainstfireorhis8againstburglary.Ashopkeepermaywishtoinsureagainst9.In10casesthecompanywillcheckitsstatisticsandquoteapremium.Ifitis11itmayrefusetoquote.Ifitinsuresashopandthenreceivesasuspicious12itwill13theclaimasameansofprotectingitselfagainstfalseclaims.Itisnotunknownforabusinessmanindebttoburndownhisownpremisessothathecanclaimmuchmoneyfromhisinsurancecompany.Hecanbesurethatthefirewillbeinvestigatedmostcarefully.Insurancecompaniesalso14insuranceagainstshipwreckordisasterintheair.Planesandshipsareveryexpensivesoalarge15ischargedbuta16isgiventocompanieswithanaccident-freerecord. Everyweekinsurancecompaniesreceivepremium17fromcustomers.Thesepaymentscanformaverylargetotal18millionsofdollars.Thecompanydoesnotleavethemoneyinthebank.It19inpropertysharesfarmsandevenantiquepaintingsandstamps.Itsaimistoobtainthebestpossiblereturnonitsinvestment.Thisisnotsogreedyasitmayseemsincethisisonewaybywhichitcandeepitspremiumsdownandcontinuetomakeaprofit20beingofservicetothecommunity. 18
In1910HenryVanDykewroteabookcalledTheSpiritofAmericawhichopenedwiththissentence:TheSpiritofAmericaisbestknowninEuropebyoneofitsqualities—energy.Thishasalwaysbeentrue.Americanshavealwaysbeenknownfortheirmanicdynamism.Somecondemnedthisambitionasascramblingaftermoney.Otherssawitinloftierterms.Butenergyhasalwaysbeenthecountry’ssavingfeature.SoAmericansshouldbeespeciallyalerttosignsthatthecountryisbecominglessvitalandassiduous.Oneofthosesignscomestousfromthelabormarket.AccordingtofiguresfromtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmenttheUnitedStateshasasmallershareofprimeagemenintheworkforcethananyotherG-7nation.Partoftheproblemhastodowithhumancapital.MoreAmericanmenlacktheemotionalandprofessionalskillstheywouldneedtocontribute.AccordingtodatafromtheBureauofLaborStatistics35percentofthosewithoutahighschooldiplomaareoutofthelaborforcecomparedwithlessthan10percentofthosewithacollegedegree.Partoftheproblemhastodowithstructuralchangesintheeconomy.Sectorslikegovernmenthealthcareandhigh-techhavebeengrowinggeneratingjobsforcollegegrads.Sectorslikemanufacturingagricultureandenergyhavebeengettingmoreproductivebuttheyhavenotbeengeneratingmorejobs.Insteadcompaniesareusingmachinesorforeignworkers.Theresultisthis:ThereareprobablymoreidlemennowthanatanytimesincetheGreatDepressionandthistimetheproblemismostlystructuralnotcyclical.Thisisabigproblem.Itcan’tbeaddressedthroughthesortofshort-termKeynesianstimulussomeontheleftarestillfantasizingabout.Itcan’tbesolvedbysimplyreducingthesizeofgovernmentassomeontherightimagine.Itwillprobablyrequireabroadmenuofpoliciesattackingtheproblemallatonce:expandingcommunitycollegesandonlinelearning;changingthecorporatetaxcodeandlabormarketrulestostimulateinvestment;adoptingGerman-stylelabormarketpracticeslikeapprenticeshipprogramswagesubsidiesandprogramsthatextendbenefitstotheunemployedforsixmonthsastheystartsmallbusinesses.Reinvigoratingthemissingfifth—bringingthembackintothelabormarketandusingtheircapabilities—willcertainlyrequiremoney.Ifthiswereasmartcountrywe’dbehavingadebateabouthowtoshiftmoneyfromprogramsthatprovidecomfortandtowardprogramsthatsparkreinvigoration.Butofcoursethat’snotwhatishappening.Discretionaryspendingwhichmightbeusedtoinstigatedynamismisdeclining.Healthcarespendingwhichmostlyprovidescomforttothosebeyondworkingyearsisexpanding.Attemptstotakemoneyfromhealthcaretoopenitupforotherusesarebeingcrushed.We’relockinginthenation’swealthintotheMedicareprogramandclosingoffanypossibilitythatwemightdosomethingsignificanttoreinvigoratethemissingfifth.NexttimeyouseeapoliticiandemagoguingMedicareaskthis:ShouldwebeusingourresourcesinthemannerofanationindeclineoronestillcommittedtostokingtheenergyofitspeopleandcontinuingitsriseItissuggestedinparagraph3thatthedroppingoutofprimeagelaborforceispartlydueto______.
Insurancecompaniesprovideaservicetothecommunitybyprotectingitagainstexpectedandunexpecteddisasters.Beforeaninsurancecompanywillagreeto1anythingitcollectsaccuratefiguresaboutthe2.Itknowsforexamplethattheriskofamanbeingkilledinaplaneaccidentislessthantheriskhe3incrossingabusyroad.This4ittoquotelowfiguresfortravelinsurance.Sometimestheriskmaybehighasinmotorracingormountaineering.Thenthecompany5amuchhigherprice.6toomanyclimbershaveaccidentsthepricerisesstillfurther.Ifthemajorityofclimbersfalloffmountainsthecompanywill7toinsurethem. Anordinaryhouseholdermaywishtoprotecthishomeagainstfireorhis8againstburglary.Ashopkeepermaywishtoinsureagainst9.In10casesthecompanywillcheckitsstatisticsandquoteapremium.Ifitis11itmayrefusetoquote.Ifitinsuresashopandthenreceivesasuspicious12itwill13theclaimasameansofprotectingitselfagainstfalseclaims.Itisnotunknownforabusinessmanindebttoburndownhisownpremisessothathecanclaimmuchmoneyfromhisinsurancecompany.Hecanbesurethatthefirewillbeinvestigatedmostcarefully.Insurancecompaniesalso14insuranceagainstshipwreckordisasterintheair.Planesandshipsareveryexpensivesoalarge15ischargedbuta16isgiventocompanieswithanaccident-freerecord. Everyweekinsurancecompaniesreceivepremium17fromcustomers.Thesepaymentscanformaverylargetotal18millionsofdollars.Thecompanydoesnotleavethemoneyinthebank.It19inpropertysharesfarmsandevenantiquepaintingsandstamps.Itsaimistoobtainthebestpossiblereturnonitsinvestment.Thisisnotsogreedyasitmayseemsincethisisonewaybywhichitcandeepitspremiumsdownandcontinuetomakeaprofit20beingofservicetothecommunity. 20
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