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Directions: A freshman, Jean, who is your friend, wants to get some advice from you about how to liv...
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JeanDriscollcangofasterinherwheelchairthantheworld
JeanDriscollcangofasterinherwheelchairthantheworld
JeanDriscollcangofasterinherwheelchairthantheworld
Directions:Youareafreshmanandplanningtoapplyforab
JeanDriscollcangofasterinherwheelchairthantheworld
Directions: Supposeyouareafreshmanandyouintendtoi
JeanDriscollcangofasterinherwheelchairthantheworld
Iwanttobuy____________________.pairofjean
a pair of jeans
a jean
a
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JeanDriscollcangofasterinherwheelchairthantheworld
JeanDriscollcangofasterinherwheelchairthantheworld
Directions:Youareafreshmanandplanningtoapplyforab
Jeanisabrightyoungwomanwhocomesfromarichandfamousf
Directions:Youareafreshmanandplanningtoapplyforaba
PartA Directions.. SupposeyouareLiMingafreshmanon
Directions: SupposeyouareLiMingafreshmanonthecamp
Directions:SupposeyouareLiMingafreshmanonthecampus
授予用户Jean查询MON表的权限正确的SQL语句是______
GRANT SELECT ON MON TO Jean
GRANT SELECT TO Jean ON MON
GRANT SELECT TO MON ON Jean
GRANT SELECT ON Jean TO MON
ThehairbandmustbeJean’sbecausesheistheonlylittlegi
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Thetelecommunicationspharmaceuticalandairlineindustriesallhaveundergoneradicalchangesinrecentyears.Pharmaceuticalcompanieswhichoncesolddrugstothedoctorsthatdispensedthemswitchedtothesolution-sellingmethodandstarteddealingwithhealth-carecompanies.Andmanymajorairlinesconsolidatedatthesametimethatlow-costfirmslikeJetBlueenteredthemarket. Ineachoftheseindustriesthegamechangedandwithnewrulescamenewwaystowin.ThatisthepremiseofHarvardBusinessSchool’s"ChangingtheGame.NegotiationandCompetitiveDecisionMaking."Theprogramwhichcoversnotonlydeal-makingbutalsotopicsasdiverseasonlineauctionsandstrategicpartnerships"isforcompaniesthataregoingthroughfundamentalchangeinthewaythingsaredone"saysMaxBazermanprogramchairandprofessorofbusinessadministrationattheschool. ThisisnotaprogramfornovicessaysBazerman;mostparticipantshavealreadyattendedageneralnegotiationprogram.In"ChangingtheGame"participantslearntounderstandtheirthoughtprocessesregardingnegotiationtocomparerationalandintuitivedecision-makingstrategiesandtoidentifycommonmistakesmadebyeventhemostexperiencedprofessionals.Byfocusingoncompetitiveenvironmentstheprogramdrawsonsomeofthemostadvancedconceptsfromtheemergingareasofbehavioraleconomicsbehavioraldecisionresearchandbehavioralfinance. Participantsengageinsimulatednegotiationsthathighlightthetensionbetweencreatingandassessingvalueandlearnhowtothinkaboutbothsimultaneously.Thesoup-to-nutssimulationsencompasspreparationteambuildingnegotiatingandfeedbackaswellasthedevelopmentofaconceptualstructureforthinkingaboutnegotiationsmorerationally.Participantsthenapplythatstructureintheircritiquesofseverallarge-scalenegotiationcases.Ultimatelyparticipantsapplytheirnewly-honedanalyticskillstotheirowncompaniesandcritiqueofpastnegotiations. Negotiationscantakemanyformsofcourse.Bazermannotesthatauctionsarebecomingincreasinglycommon.Thankstoarenewedfocusondrivingclowncostsauctionshaveemergedasavaluablewayforbuyerstoexertmaximumleveragealthoughthecourseoffersadvicetosellersaswell.Hereagaincourseworkfocusesbothonanalysisofcasestudiesandonsimulationsthatgiveparticipantsachancetorolluptheirsleevesandputthemselvestothetest. "Max’sapproachismorepragmaticthanotherprogramsI’vetaken"saysGerryDullyseniorvicepresidentofglobalmarketingandlogisticsatMethanexaproducerofmethanolbasedinVancouver."LookingatmypriorexperienceIcouldseewhatmistakesImadeandI’mmoreconsciousofthemnow.ThecoursehadaprofoundimpactonhowI’vemodifiedmybehaviorinnegotiatingsituations. ThewordnovicefirstsentencePara.3probablyrefersto
Agreatmanyarticlesandbooksdiscussingenvironmentalandresourceproblemsbeginwiththepropositionthatthereisanenvironmentalandresourcecrisis.Ifthismeansthatthesituationofhumanityisworsenowthaninthepastthentheideaofacrisis-andallthatfollowsfromit-isdeadwrong.Inalmosteveryrespectimportanttohumanitythetrendshavebeenimprovingnotdeteriorating. Ourworldnowsupports5.6billionpeople.Inthenineteenthcenturytheearthcouldsustainonly1billion.And10000yearsagoonly1millionpeoplecouldkeepthemselvesalive.Peoplearenowlivingmorehealthilythaneverbefore. Onewouldexpectloversofhumanity-peoplewhohatewarandworryaboutfamineinAfrica-tojumpwithjoyatthisextraordinarytriumphofthehumanmindandhumanorganizationovertherawforcesofnature.41．______ Itisamazingbuttruethataresourceshortageresultingfrompopulationorincomegrowthusuallyleavesusbetteroffthaniftheshortagehadneverarisen.42．______ Thepricesoffoodmetalsandotherrawmaterialshavebeendecliningbyeverymeasuresincethebeginningofthenineteenthcenturyandasfarbackasweknow;thatisrawmaterialshavebeengettinglessscarcethroughouthistorydefyingthecommonsensenotionthatifonebeginswithaninventoryofaresourceandusessomeuptherewillbelessleft.Thisisdespiteandindirectlybecauseofincreasingpopulation.43．______ Alsowedonotsaythatabetterfuturehappensautomaticallyorwithouteffort.44．______ Weareconfidentthatthenatureofthephysicalworldpermitscontinuedimprovementinhumankind’seconomiclotinthelongrunindefinitely.Ofcoursetherearealwaysnewlyarisinglocalproblemsshortagesandpollutionresultingfromclimateorincreasedpopulationandincomeandnewtechnologies.Sometimestemporarylarge-scaleproblemsarise.45．______Thatisthegreatlessontobelearnedfromhumanhistory. [A]Iffirewoodhadnotbecomescarceinseventeenth-centuryEnglandcoalwouldnothavebeendeveloped.Ifcoalandwhaleoilshortageshadn’tloomedoilwellswouldnothavebeendug. [B]Buttheworld’sphysicalconditionsandtheresiliencepowerofrecoveringquicklyofawell-functioningeconomicandsocialsystemenableustoovercomesuchproblemsandthesolutionsusuallyleaveusbetteroffthaniftheproblemhadneverarisen. [C]Therecentextraordinarydecreaseinthedeathrate-tomymindthegreatestmiracleinhistory-accountsforthebumpercropofhumanity.Inthelast200yearslifeexpectancyintheadvancedcountriesjumpedfromthemid-30’sto70’s. [D]Insteadtheylamentfeelsorrowforthattherearesomanyhumanbeingsandwringtheirhandsindicatedespairabouttheproblemsthatmorepeopleinevitablybringandtheproblemthatresourceswillbefurtherdiminished. [E]Itwillhappenbecausemenandwomen--sometimesasindividualssometimesasenterprisesworkingforprofitsometimesasvoluntarynonprofitgroupsandsometimesasgovernmentalagencies-willaddressproblemswithmuscleandmindandwillprobablyovercomeashasbeenusualthroughhistory. [F]Statisticstudiesshowthatpopulationgrowthdoesn’tleadtoslowereconomicgrowththoughthisdefiescommonsense.Norishighpopulationdensityadragoneconomicdevelopment. [G]Wedon’tsaythatalliswelleverywhereandwedon’tpredictthatallwillberosyinthefuture.Childrenarehungryandsick;peopleliveoutlivesofphysicalorintellectualpovertyandlackofopportunity;warorsomeotherpollutionmaydousin. 41
Thetelecommunicationspharmaceuticalandairlineindustriesallhaveundergoneradicalchangesinrecentyears.Pharmaceuticalcompanieswhichoncesolddrugstothedoctorsthatdispensedthemswitchedtothesolution-sellingmethodandstarteddealingwithhealth-carecompanies.Andmanymajorairlinesconsolidatedatthesametimethatlow-costfirmslikeJetBlueenteredthemarket. Ineachoftheseindustriesthegamechangedandwithnewrulescamenewwaystowin.ThatisthepremiseofHarvardBusinessSchool’s"ChangingtheGame.NegotiationandCompetitiveDecisionMaking."Theprogramwhichcoversnotonlydeal-makingbutalsotopicsasdiverseasonlineauctionsandstrategicpartnerships"isforcompaniesthataregoingthroughfundamentalchangeinthewaythingsaredone"saysMaxBazermanprogramchairandprofessorofbusinessadministrationattheschool. ThisisnotaprogramfornovicessaysBazerman;mostparticipantshavealreadyattendedageneralnegotiationprogram.In"ChangingtheGame"participantslearntounderstandtheirthoughtprocessesregardingnegotiationtocomparerationalandintuitivedecision-makingstrategiesandtoidentifycommonmistakesmadebyeventhemostexperiencedprofessionals.Byfocusingoncompetitiveenvironmentstheprogramdrawsonsomeofthemostadvancedconceptsfromtheemergingareasofbehavioraleconomicsbehavioraldecisionresearchandbehavioralfinance. Participantsengageinsimulatednegotiationsthathighlightthetensionbetweencreatingandassessingvalueandlearnhowtothinkaboutbothsimultaneously.Thesoup-to-nutssimulationsencompasspreparationteambuildingnegotiatingandfeedbackaswellasthedevelopmentofaconceptualstructureforthinkingaboutnegotiationsmorerationally.Participantsthenapplythatstructureintheircritiquesofseverallarge-scalenegotiationcases.Ultimatelyparticipantsapplytheirnewly-honedanalyticskillstotheirowncompaniesandcritiqueofpastnegotiations. Negotiationscantakemanyformsofcourse.Bazermannotesthatauctionsarebecomingincreasinglycommon.Thankstoarenewedfocusondrivingclowncostsauctionshaveemergedasavaluablewayforbuyerstoexertmaximumleveragealthoughthecourseoffersadvicetosellersaswell.Hereagaincourseworkfocusesbothonanalysisofcasestudiesandonsimulationsthatgiveparticipantsachancetorolluptheirsleevesandputthemselvestothetest. "Max’sapproachismorepragmaticthanotherprogramsI’vetaken"saysGerryDullyseniorvicepresidentofglobalmarketingandlogisticsatMethanexaproducerofmethanolbasedinVancouver."LookingatmypriorexperienceIcouldseewhatmistakesImadeandI’mmoreconsciousofthemnow.ThecoursehadaprofoundimpactonhowI’vemodifiedmybehaviorinnegotiatingsituations. Theauthorcitesthepharmaceuticalindustrytoshowthat
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 7
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 3
46Along-heldviewofthehistoryoftheEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland’spolicytowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthatachangetoamoreimperialpolicydominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectivesgeneratedthetensionsthatultimatelyledtotheAmericanRevolution.InarecentstudyStephenSaundersWebbhasresentedaformidablechallengetothisview.AccordingtoWebbEnglandalreadyhadamilitaryimperialpolicyformorethanacenturybeforetheAmericanRevolution.HeseesCharlesⅡtheEnglishmonarchbetween1660and1685asthepropersuccessoroftheTudormonarchsofthesixteenthcenturyandofOliverCromwellallofwhomwerebentonextendingcentralizedexecutivepoweroverEngland’spossessionsthroughtheuseofwhatWebbcalls"garrisongovernment."GarrisongovernmentallowedthecolonistsalegislativeassemblybutrealauthorityinWebb’sviewbelongedtothecolonialgovernorwhowasappointedbythekingandsupportedbythe"garrison"thatis.bythelocalcontingentofEnglishtroopsunderthecolonialgovernor’scommand. AccordingtoWebbthepurposeofgarrisongovernmentwastoprovidemilitarysupportforaroyalpolicydesignedtolimitthepoweroftheupperclassesintheAmericancolonies.47Webbarguesthatthecoloniallegislativeassembliesrepresentedtheinterestsnotofthecommonpeoplebutofthecolonialupperclassesacoalitionofmerchantsandnobilitywhofavoredself-ruleandsoughttoelevatelegislativeauthorityattheexpenseoftheexecutive.ItwasaccordingtoWebbthecolonialgovernorswhofavoredthesmallfarmeropposedtheplantationsystemandtriedthroughtaxationtobreakuplargeholdingsofland.BackedbythemilitarypresenceofthegarrisonthesegovernorstriedtopreventthegentryandmerchantsalliedinthecolonialassembliesfromtransformingcolonialAmericaintoacapitalisticoligarchy. 48Webb’sstudyilluminatesthepoliticalalignmentsthatexistedinthecoloniesinthecenturypriortotheAmericanRevolutionbuthisviewofthecrown’suseofthemilitaryasaninstrumentofcolonialpolicyisnotentirelyconvincing.Englandduringtheseventeenthcenturywasnotnotedforitsmilitaryachievements.CromwelldidmountEngland’smostambitiousoverseasmilitaryexpeditioninmorethanacenturybutitprovedtobeanutterfailure.UnderCharlesⅡtheEnglisharmywastoosmalltobeamajorinstrumentofgovernment.49NotuntilthewarinFrancein1697didWilliamⅢpersuadeParliamenttocreateaprofessionalstandingarmyandParliament’spricefordoingsowastokeepthearmyundertightlegislativecontrol.50WhileitmaybetruethatthecrownattemptedtodiminishthepowerofthecolonialupperclassesitishardtoimaginehowtheEnglisharmyduringtheseventeenthcenturycouldhaveprovidedsignificantmilitarysupportforsuchapolicy. 49NotuntilthewarinFrancein1697didWilliamⅢpersuadeParliamenttocreateaprofessionalstandingarmyandParliament’spricefordoingsowastokeepthearmyundertightlegislativecontrol.
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. 1
Thehistoryofthecomputerinthetwentiethcenturyisoneofdramaticadaptationandexpansion.Thecomputerhadmodestbeginningsinareaswhereitwasusedasaspecialisttool.Thefirstelectroniccomputerwasbuiltinthe1930sandwassolelyfortheuseofundergraduatestudentsinIowaStateUniversitytohandlemathematicalcomputationsinnuclearphysics.Inthe1960sanearlyversionoftheInternetARPPANETwasusedincomputerscienceandengineeringprojects.Howeveronly10yearslatercomputerswerestartingtochangeourlifestylethewaywedobusinessandmanyotherthingsandbythelate1980s’networkswereexpandingtoembracesectionsofthegeneralpublic. ComputerizationhaschangedUShighschooleducationinmanyways.Threedifferentchangesthatconsiderbeingimportant.Thefirstistheuseofthecomputerasteachingaidforteachers.Thenextisthemassivedatastorageandfastdataretrievalfacilitatedbycomputer.Thencomesthechangesbroughtaboutbytheintroductionofsimulationsoftware. Howprevalentistheuseofcomputersinschools!Asrecentlyastheearly1980sonly20%ofsecondaryscienceteachersintheUSAwereusingmicrocomputers.HoweversincethenhighschoolsintheUShavecomputerzedrapidly.By1987schoolshadacquiredabout1.5millioncomputerswith95%ofpublicschoolshavingatleastonecomputer.Computerscanbeusedasteachingaidsbothinschoolsandinhomes.Inschoolsforexampleteacherscanplugacomputerintoanespeciallyequippedoverheadprojectortobringtextsgraphicssoundandvideosintoaclassroom.Bythesemultimediacomputeranimationsteacherscanmorereadilyattractandretainstudents’attention.Annconcludesthatcomputeraidedteachingcanattractandmotivatestudentswhoweredroppingoutwhenmoretraditionalmethodswerebeingused. LetusnowturntotheInternet.Thisisaglobalnetworkconnectingmanylocalnetworks.OvertheInternethighschoolstudentscanretrieveinformationanddatabasesfromeverynetworkedlibraryaroundtheworldinseconds.TheWorldWideWebprovidesaneasywaytoaccesshard-to-findinformation.Studentscannowreachanylibrarythroughtheglobalnetworkandfindwhattheywant.Thefinalstepistodownloadthescannedimage.Thoughtheslowtransmissionofsignalthroughthenetworkisamajorlimitingfactoritcanstillsaveusmuchtimeinfindingusefulinformationandthusitisaninvaluabletooltobothhighschoolteachersandstudents. Themainpointofparagraph1isto
ThechurchofLaPlacita"thelittlesquare"formallycalledNuestraSeoraReinadeLosAngeleswasfoundedunderSpanishruleataroundthesametimeasthepueblobearingthesamenamethefutureLosAngeles.CatholicismandHispaniccultureseemedinseparablethere. Theystilllargelyare.VirtuallyallFatherEstrada’sparishionersareHispanicmostofthemofMexicanextraction.WhenGuatemalanandSalvadoreanrefugeesshowedupinthe1980sitwasnaturalforthemasgoodCatholicstofindsanctuaryatLaPlacitawheretheysleptonthepewsandFatherEstradagavethemfood.Itwasnaturalagainin2006whenthecountrywentonananti-immigrantbingeformanyoftheLatinocounter-marchestostartfromLaPlacita.LatinosstillcomefromalloversouthernCaliforniaforbaptismsandprayersocialservicesandasenseofcommunity. ButmoreandmoregrandmothersalsocometoFatherEstradawithworriesaboutchildrenorgrandchildrenwhohavebecomehermanosseparadosseparatedbrothersafterdefectingtoanevangelicalchurchusuallyonewithaPentecostalflavour.TheconvertsmayhavefollowedoneoftheevangelicalswhocometoLaPlacitatorecruitorfriendswhomtheymetataspiritualrockconcertorpicnic."Idon’tworrybutIfindittobechallenging"saysFatherEstrada. Some68%ofHispanicsinAmericaarestillCatholicaccordingtothePewResearchCentreathink-tankandtheirabsolutenumberthankstoimmigrationandhigherbirthratescontinuestoincrease.Butabout15%arenowborn-againevangelicalswhoarefastgaining"marketshare"asGastonEspinosaaprofessorofreligionatClaremontMcKennaCollegeputsit.Heestimatesthatabout3.9mLatinoCatholicshaveconvertedandthat"foreveryonewhocomesbacktotheCatholicChurchfourleaveit." Themainreasonhethinksisethnicidentity.EvangelicalservicesarenotonlyinSpanishasmanyCatholicsermonsarenowadaysbutareperformedbyLatinosratherthanIrishorPolish-Americanpriestswiththecadencesrhythmsinnuendosandflowfamiliarfromthemothercountry.TheevangelicalservicestendtobelivelierthanCatholicliturgyandtolastlongeroftenturningintoanoutinglastingthewholeday.WomenplaygreaterrolesandtherearefewerparishionersforeachpastorthanintheCatholicChurch. Theevangelicalchurchesarealsomore"experiential"saysSamuelRodriguezathird-generationPuertoRicanPentecostalpastorandthepresidentoftheNationalHispanicChristianLeadershipConferenceanevangelicalassociation.IntheCatholicChurchabeliever’srelationshipwithJesusismediatedthroughhierarchiesandbureaucracieshesayswhereastheevangelicalchurchesprovidedirectaccesstoJesus.ThePentecostalsgoonestepfurtherwiththe"giftsoftheHolySpirit"1Corinthianslettingbelieversspeakintonguesandprayfordivinehealing. "ThisisthefirstgroupinAmericatoreconcileboththeverticalandthehorizontalpartsofthecross"saysMr.Rodriguez.BythishemeansthattheLatinoevangelicalchurchesemphasisenotonly"covenantfaithandrighteousness"theverticalpartaswhiteevangelicalsdobutalso"communitypublicpolicyandsocialjustice"thehorizontalpartasmanyblackevangelicalsbutfewerwhiteonesdo.ToLatinoevangelicalsitisallonethinghesaysandthesocialoutreachthechurchprovidesgoesfarbeyondanygovernmentprogrammewithpastorssnatchingyoungmenawayfromganglifeandfightingtoupholdtherightsofimmigrants. ThisalsomeansthatLatinoevangelicalsasapoliticalforcearedistinctfromwhiteevangelicals.ManyofthewhiteshaveveeredhardrighthatingabortionandgaymarriageandreliablyvotingRepublicanthoughlesssoveryrecently.Latinostendtobeevenmorepro-lifeandtraditionalmarriagethanwhitessaysMr.Rodriguezbutonlybecausetheyknowthat"momanddadinthehomeistheprimeantidotetogangsanddrugs."Thatsamepragmatismmakesthembelieveingovernmentservicesandthetaxesthatpayforthemandofcourseinimmigrantrights.AsvotershereckonsLatinoevangelicalsarethereforethequintessentialindependentsupforgrabsbyeitherparty. ButitmaybeAmericanCatholicismthatchangesthemost.AboutathirdofAmericanCatholicsareLatinonowandtheirshareisgrowing.TheyarealsodifferentCatholicswithmorethanhalfdescribingthemselvesas"charismatics"accordingtothePewreport.CharismaticsremainintheirtraditionaldenominationbutbelieveinsomeaspectsofPentecostalismsuchasthegiftsoftheHolySpiritespeciallythespeakingintongues. LatinocharismaticsseethemselvesasarenewalmovementwithinCatholicismasitconvergeswithotherchurches.AndingeneralallchurchgoingLatinostendtoseethemselvesasrenewingChristianityinAmerica.ThatmakesthemapowerfulforceasdemographicchangesturnAmericaevermoreHispanicandincreasinglydifferentfromsecularEurope. WhatdoescharismaticsPara9Line3refertointhetext
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 9
Agreatmanyarticlesandbooksdiscussingenvironmentalandresourceproblemsbeginwiththepropositionthatthereisanenvironmentalandresourcecrisis.Ifthismeansthatthesituationofhumanityisworsenowthaninthepastthentheideaofacrisis-andallthatfollowsfromit-isdeadwrong.Inalmosteveryrespectimportanttohumanitythetrendshavebeenimprovingnotdeteriorating. Ourworldnowsupports5.6billionpeople.Inthenineteenthcenturytheearthcouldsustainonly1billion.And10000yearsagoonly1millionpeoplecouldkeepthemselvesalive.Peoplearenowlivingmorehealthilythaneverbefore. Onewouldexpectloversofhumanity-peoplewhohatewarandworryaboutfamineinAfrica-tojumpwithjoyatthisextraordinarytriumphofthehumanmindandhumanorganizationovertherawforcesofnature.41．______ Itisamazingbuttruethataresourceshortageresultingfrompopulationorincomegrowthusuallyleavesusbetteroffthaniftheshortagehadneverarisen.42．______ Thepricesoffoodmetalsandotherrawmaterialshavebeendecliningbyeverymeasuresincethebeginningofthenineteenthcenturyandasfarbackasweknow;thatisrawmaterialshavebeengettinglessscarcethroughouthistorydefyingthecommonsensenotionthatifonebeginswithaninventoryofaresourceandusessomeuptherewillbelessleft.Thisisdespiteandindirectlybecauseofincreasingpopulation.43．______ Alsowedonotsaythatabetterfuturehappensautomaticallyorwithouteffort.44．______ Weareconfidentthatthenatureofthephysicalworldpermitscontinuedimprovementinhumankind’seconomiclotinthelongrunindefinitely.Ofcoursetherearealwaysnewlyarisinglocalproblemsshortagesandpollutionresultingfromclimateorincreasedpopulationandincomeandnewtechnologies.Sometimestemporarylarge-scaleproblemsarise.45．______Thatisthegreatlessontobelearnedfromhumanhistory. [A]Iffirewoodhadnotbecomescarceinseventeenth-centuryEnglandcoalwouldnothavebeendeveloped.Ifcoalandwhaleoilshortageshadn’tloomedoilwellswouldnothavebeendug. [B]Buttheworld’sphysicalconditionsandtheresiliencepowerofrecoveringquicklyofawell-functioningeconomicandsocialsystemenableustoovercomesuchproblemsandthesolutionsusuallyleaveusbetteroffthaniftheproblemhadneverarisen. [C]Therecentextraordinarydecreaseinthedeathrate-tomymindthegreatestmiracleinhistory-accountsforthebumpercropofhumanity.Inthelast200yearslifeexpectancyintheadvancedcountriesjumpedfromthemid-30’sto70’s. [D]Insteadtheylamentfeelsorrowforthattherearesomanyhumanbeingsandwringtheirhandsindicatedespairabouttheproblemsthatmorepeopleinevitablybringandtheproblemthatresourceswillbefurtherdiminished. [E]Itwillhappenbecausemenandwomen--sometimesasindividualssometimesasenterprisesworkingforprofitsometimesasvoluntarynonprofitgroupsandsometimesasgovernmentalagencies-willaddressproblemswithmuscleandmindandwillprobablyovercomeashasbeenusualthroughhistory. [F]Statisticstudiesshowthatpopulationgrowthdoesn’tleadtoslowereconomicgrowththoughthisdefiescommonsense.Norishighpopulationdensityadragoneconomicdevelopment. [G]Wedon’tsaythatalliswelleverywhereandwedon’tpredictthatallwillberosyinthefuture.Childrenarehungryandsick;peopleliveoutlivesofphysicalorintellectualpovertyandlackofopportunity;warorsomeotherpollutionmaydousin. 43
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 1
Thetelecommunicationspharmaceuticalandairlineindustriesallhaveundergoneradicalchangesinrecentyears.Pharmaceuticalcompanieswhichoncesolddrugstothedoctorsthatdispensedthemswitchedtothesolution-sellingmethodandstarteddealingwithhealth-carecompanies.Andmanymajorairlinesconsolidatedatthesametimethatlow-costfirmslikeJetBlueenteredthemarket. Ineachoftheseindustriesthegamechangedandwithnewrulescamenewwaystowin.ThatisthepremiseofHarvardBusinessSchool’s"ChangingtheGame.NegotiationandCompetitiveDecisionMaking."Theprogramwhichcoversnotonlydeal-makingbutalsotopicsasdiverseasonlineauctionsandstrategicpartnerships"isforcompaniesthataregoingthroughfundamentalchangeinthewaythingsaredone"saysMaxBazermanprogramchairandprofessorofbusinessadministrationattheschool. ThisisnotaprogramfornovicessaysBazerman;mostparticipantshavealreadyattendedageneralnegotiationprogram.In"ChangingtheGame"participantslearntounderstandtheirthoughtprocessesregardingnegotiationtocomparerationalandintuitivedecision-makingstrategiesandtoidentifycommonmistakesmadebyeventhemostexperiencedprofessionals.Byfocusingoncompetitiveenvironmentstheprogramdrawsonsomeofthemostadvancedconceptsfromtheemergingareasofbehavioraleconomicsbehavioraldecisionresearchandbehavioralfinance. Participantsengageinsimulatednegotiationsthathighlightthetensionbetweencreatingandassessingvalueandlearnhowtothinkaboutbothsimultaneously.Thesoup-to-nutssimulationsencompasspreparationteambuildingnegotiatingandfeedbackaswellasthedevelopmentofaconceptualstructureforthinkingaboutnegotiationsmorerationally.Participantsthenapplythatstructureintheircritiquesofseverallarge-scalenegotiationcases.Ultimatelyparticipantsapplytheirnewly-honedanalyticskillstotheirowncompaniesandcritiqueofpastnegotiations. Negotiationscantakemanyformsofcourse.Bazermannotesthatauctionsarebecomingincreasinglycommon.Thankstoarenewedfocusondrivingclowncostsauctionshaveemergedasavaluablewayforbuyerstoexertmaximumleveragealthoughthecourseoffersadvicetosellersaswell.Hereagaincourseworkfocusesbothonanalysisofcasestudiesandonsimulationsthatgiveparticipantsachancetorolluptheirsleevesandputthemselvestothetest. "Max’sapproachismorepragmaticthanotherprogramsI’vetaken"saysGerryDullyseniorvicepresidentofglobalmarketingandlogisticsatMethanexaproducerofmethanolbasedinVancouver."LookingatmypriorexperienceIcouldseewhatmistakesImadeandI’mmoreconsciousofthemnow.ThecoursehadaprofoundimpactonhowI’vemodifiedmybehaviorinnegotiatingsituations. GerryDullyis
ThechurchofLaPlacita"thelittlesquare"formallycalledNuestraSeoraReinadeLosAngeleswasfoundedunderSpanishruleataroundthesametimeasthepueblobearingthesamenamethefutureLosAngeles.CatholicismandHispaniccultureseemedinseparablethere. Theystilllargelyare.VirtuallyallFatherEstrada’sparishionersareHispanicmostofthemofMexicanextraction.WhenGuatemalanandSalvadoreanrefugeesshowedupinthe1980sitwasnaturalforthemasgoodCatholicstofindsanctuaryatLaPlacitawheretheysleptonthepewsandFatherEstradagavethemfood.Itwasnaturalagainin2006whenthecountrywentonananti-immigrantbingeformanyoftheLatinocounter-marchestostartfromLaPlacita.LatinosstillcomefromalloversouthernCaliforniaforbaptismsandprayersocialservicesandasenseofcommunity. ButmoreandmoregrandmothersalsocometoFatherEstradawithworriesaboutchildrenorgrandchildrenwhohavebecomehermanosseparadosseparatedbrothersafterdefectingtoanevangelicalchurchusuallyonewithaPentecostalflavour.TheconvertsmayhavefollowedoneoftheevangelicalswhocometoLaPlacitatorecruitorfriendswhomtheymetataspiritualrockconcertorpicnic."Idon’tworrybutIfindittobechallenging"saysFatherEstrada. Some68%ofHispanicsinAmericaarestillCatholicaccordingtothePewResearchCentreathink-tankandtheirabsolutenumberthankstoimmigrationandhigherbirthratescontinuestoincrease.Butabout15%arenowborn-againevangelicalswhoarefastgaining"marketshare"asGastonEspinosaaprofessorofreligionatClaremontMcKennaCollegeputsit.Heestimatesthatabout3.9mLatinoCatholicshaveconvertedandthat"foreveryonewhocomesbacktotheCatholicChurchfourleaveit." Themainreasonhethinksisethnicidentity.EvangelicalservicesarenotonlyinSpanishasmanyCatholicsermonsarenowadaysbutareperformedbyLatinosratherthanIrishorPolish-Americanpriestswiththecadencesrhythmsinnuendosandflowfamiliarfromthemothercountry.TheevangelicalservicestendtobelivelierthanCatholicliturgyandtolastlongeroftenturningintoanoutinglastingthewholeday.WomenplaygreaterrolesandtherearefewerparishionersforeachpastorthanintheCatholicChurch. Theevangelicalchurchesarealsomore"experiential"saysSamuelRodriguezathird-generationPuertoRicanPentecostalpastorandthepresidentoftheNationalHispanicChristianLeadershipConferenceanevangelicalassociation.IntheCatholicChurchabeliever’srelationshipwithJesusismediatedthroughhierarchiesandbureaucracieshesayswhereastheevangelicalchurchesprovidedirectaccesstoJesus.ThePentecostalsgoonestepfurtherwiththe"giftsoftheHolySpirit"1Corinthianslettingbelieversspeakintonguesandprayfordivinehealing. "ThisisthefirstgroupinAmericatoreconcileboththeverticalandthehorizontalpartsofthecross"saysMr.Rodriguez.BythishemeansthattheLatinoevangelicalchurchesemphasisenotonly"covenantfaithandrighteousness"theverticalpartaswhiteevangelicalsdobutalso"communitypublicpolicyandsocialjustice"thehorizontalpartasmanyblackevangelicalsbutfewerwhiteonesdo.ToLatinoevangelicalsitisallonethinghesaysandthesocialoutreachthechurchprovidesgoesfarbeyondanygovernmentprogrammewithpastorssnatchingyoungmenawayfromganglifeandfightingtoupholdtherightsofimmigrants. ThisalsomeansthatLatinoevangelicalsasapoliticalforcearedistinctfromwhiteevangelicals.ManyofthewhiteshaveveeredhardrighthatingabortionandgaymarriageandreliablyvotingRepublicanthoughlesssoveryrecently.Latinostendtobeevenmorepro-lifeandtraditionalmarriagethanwhitessaysMr.Rodriguezbutonlybecausetheyknowthat"momanddadinthehomeistheprimeantidotetogangsanddrugs."Thatsamepragmatismmakesthembelieveingovernmentservicesandthetaxesthatpayforthemandofcourseinimmigrantrights.AsvotershereckonsLatinoevangelicalsarethereforethequintessentialindependentsupforgrabsbyeitherparty. ButitmaybeAmericanCatholicismthatchangesthemost.AboutathirdofAmericanCatholicsareLatinonowandtheirshareisgrowing.TheyarealsodifferentCatholicswithmorethanhalfdescribingthemselvesas"charismatics"accordingtothePewreport.CharismaticsremainintheirtraditionaldenominationbutbelieveinsomeaspectsofPentecostalismsuchasthegiftsoftheHolySpiritespeciallythespeakingintongues. LatinocharismaticsseethemselvesasarenewalmovementwithinCatholicismasitconvergeswithotherchurches.AndingeneralallchurchgoingLatinostendtoseethemselvesasrenewingChristianityinAmerica.ThatmakesthemapowerfulforceasdemographicchangesturnAmericaevermoreHispanicandincreasinglydifferentfromsecularEurope. AccordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingisnottheedgesofevangelicalchurchesagainstCatholicChurch
Scienceandpoliticsareinextricablylinked.AtascientificconferenceonclimatechangeheldthisweekinCopenhagenfourenvironmentalexpertsannouncedthatsealevelsappeartoberisingalmosttwiceasrapidlyashadbeenforecastbytheUnitedNationsjusttwoyearsago.46ThewarningisaimedatpoliticianswhowillmeetinthesamecityinDecembertodiscussthesamesubjectandperhapstothrashoutaninternationalagreementtocounterit. Thereasonfortherapidchangeinthepredictedriseinsealevelsisarapidincreaseintheinformationavailable.47In2007whentheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeconvenedbytheUNmadeitspredictionthatsealevelswouldrisebybetween18cmand59cmby2100alackofknowledgeabouthowthepolaricecapswerebehavingwasbehindmuchoftheuncertainty.Sincethentheyhavebeencloselymonitoredandtheresultsaredisturbing.BoththeGreenlandandtheAntarcticcapshavebeenmeltingatanacceleratingrate.Indeedscientistsnowreckonthatsealevelswillrisebybetween50eraand100eraby2100unlessactionistakentocurbclimatechange. 48KonradSteffenaprofessoroftheUniversityofColoradotoldtheconferencethatthissheetismeltingnotonlybecauseitiswarmerbutalsobecausewaterseepingthroughitscrevicesisbreakingitupwhoseeffecthadbeenneglectedintheearlierreport.TheimpactofthemeltingicehasbeenmeasuredbyJohnChurchoftheCentreforAustralianWeatherandClimateResearch.Hetoldtheconferencethatsatelliteandground-basedsystemsshowedthatsealevelshavebeenrisingmorerapidlysince1993.Heisconcernedthatmoreclimatechangecouldcauseafurtheraccelerationinthisrate. StefanofthePotsdamInstituteforClimateImpactResearchtoldtheconferencethat“basedonpastexperienceIexpectthatsea-levelrisewillaccelerateastheplanetgetshotter.”49HewassupportedinthisviewbythefourthexpertEricRignotoftheUniversityofCaliforniawhocalledfortheworld’sleaderstoslashtheemissionofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases. AdvancenegotiationsontheUNClimateChangeConferenceareduetobegininBonninjustoverafortnight’stime.Thescientistshopethattheirstartlingwarningswillchangetheoutcomeofthatpre-meetingmeeting.50Withmuchstilltoargueovertheyhopethataclearscientificleadwillbothhelptonarrowtheroomfordisagreementandgalvanizethedesiretogetatreatyagreed. 47In2007whentheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeconvenedbytheUNmadeitspredictionthatsealevelswouldrisebybetween18cmand59cmby2100alackofknowledgeabouthowthepolaricecapswerebehavingwasbehindmuchoftheuncertainty.
Agreatmanyarticlesandbooksdiscussingenvironmentalandresourceproblemsbeginwiththepropositionthatthereisanenvironmentalandresourcecrisis.Ifthismeansthatthesituationofhumanityisworsenowthaninthepastthentheideaofacrisis-andallthatfollowsfromit-isdeadwrong.Inalmosteveryrespectimportanttohumanitythetrendshavebeenimprovingnotdeteriorating. Ourworldnowsupports5.6billionpeople.Inthenineteenthcenturytheearthcouldsustainonly1billion.And10000yearsagoonly1millionpeoplecouldkeepthemselvesalive.Peoplearenowlivingmorehealthilythaneverbefore. Onewouldexpectloversofhumanity-peoplewhohatewarandworryaboutfamineinAfrica-tojumpwithjoyatthisextraordinarytriumphofthehumanmindandhumanorganizationovertherawforcesofnature.41．______ Itisamazingbuttruethataresourceshortageresultingfrompopulationorincomegrowthusuallyleavesusbetteroffthaniftheshortagehadneverarisen.42．______ Thepricesoffoodmetalsandotherrawmaterialshavebeendecliningbyeverymeasuresincethebeginningofthenineteenthcenturyandasfarbackasweknow;thatisrawmaterialshavebeengettinglessscarcethroughouthistorydefyingthecommonsensenotionthatifonebeginswithaninventoryofaresourceandusessomeuptherewillbelessleft.Thisisdespiteandindirectlybecauseofincreasingpopulation.43．______ Alsowedonotsaythatabetterfuturehappensautomaticallyorwithouteffort.44．______ Weareconfidentthatthenatureofthephysicalworldpermitscontinuedimprovementinhumankind’seconomiclotinthelongrunindefinitely.Ofcoursetherearealwaysnewlyarisinglocalproblemsshortagesandpollutionresultingfromclimateorincreasedpopulationandincomeandnewtechnologies.Sometimestemporarylarge-scaleproblemsarise.45．______Thatisthegreatlessontobelearnedfromhumanhistory. [A]Iffirewoodhadnotbecomescarceinseventeenth-centuryEnglandcoalwouldnothavebeendeveloped.Ifcoalandwhaleoilshortageshadn’tloomedoilwellswouldnothavebeendug. [B]Buttheworld’sphysicalconditionsandtheresiliencepowerofrecoveringquicklyofawell-functioningeconomicandsocialsystemenableustoovercomesuchproblemsandthesolutionsusuallyleaveusbetteroffthaniftheproblemhadneverarisen. [C]Therecentextraordinarydecreaseinthedeathrate-tomymindthegreatestmiracleinhistory-accountsforthebumpercropofhumanity.Inthelast200yearslifeexpectancyintheadvancedcountriesjumpedfromthemid-30’sto70’s. [D]Insteadtheylamentfeelsorrowforthattherearesomanyhumanbeingsandwringtheirhandsindicatedespairabouttheproblemsthatmorepeopleinevitablybringandtheproblemthatresourceswillbefurtherdiminished. [E]Itwillhappenbecausemenandwomen--sometimesasindividualssometimesasenterprisesworkingforprofitsometimesasvoluntarynonprofitgroupsandsometimesasgovernmentalagencies-willaddressproblemswithmuscleandmindandwillprobablyovercomeashasbeenusualthroughhistory. [F]Statisticstudiesshowthatpopulationgrowthdoesn’tleadtoslowereconomicgrowththoughthisdefiescommonsense.Norishighpopulationdensityadragoneconomicdevelopment. [G]Wedon’tsaythatalliswelleverywhereandwedon’tpredictthatallwillberosyinthefuture.Childrenarehungryandsick;peopleliveoutlivesofphysicalorintellectualpovertyandlackofopportunity;warorsomeotherpollutionmaydousin. 45
It’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsightfulprovocativemagazinecoverstoryIloveMyChildrenIHateMyLifeisarousingmuchchatter–nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfillinglife-enrichingexperience.RatherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserableSeniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoyweshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhardSeniorwritesthattheverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive–andnewlysingle–momSandraBullockaswellastheusualJenniferAnistonispregnantnews.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymomormom-to-besmilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreationisitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killingItdoesn’tseemquitefairthentocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkidsbutunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.OfcoursetheimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealisticespeciallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouplessingleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthereconsideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellitraisingakidontheirownread:withround-the-clockhelpisapieceofcake.It’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-freehappiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmallsubconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperienceinthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgettingtheRachelmightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.AccordingtoParagraph4themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazinesis
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 11
It’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsightfulprovocativemagazinecoverstoryIloveMyChildrenIHateMyLifeisarousingmuchchatter–nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfillinglife-enrichingexperience.RatherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserableSeniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoyweshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhardSeniorwritesthattheverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive–andnewlysingle–momSandraBullockaswellastheusualJenniferAnistonispregnantnews.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymomormom-to-besmilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreationisitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killingItdoesn’tseemquitefairthentocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkidsbutunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.OfcoursetheimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealisticespeciallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouplessingleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthereconsideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellitraisingakidontheirownread:withround-the-clockhelpisapieceofcake.It’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-freehappiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmallsubconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperienceinthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgettingtheRachelmightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.WelearnfromParagraph2that
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 13
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 17
Scienceandpoliticsareinextricablylinked.AtascientificconferenceonclimatechangeheldthisweekinCopenhagenfourenvironmentalexpertsannouncedthatsealevelsappeartoberisingalmosttwiceasrapidlyashadbeenforecastbytheUnitedNationsjusttwoyearsago.46ThewarningisaimedatpoliticianswhowillmeetinthesamecityinDecembertodiscussthesamesubjectandperhapstothrashoutaninternationalagreementtocounterit. Thereasonfortherapidchangeinthepredictedriseinsealevelsisarapidincreaseintheinformationavailable.47In2007whentheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeconvenedbytheUNmadeitspredictionthatsealevelswouldrisebybetween18cmand59cmby2100alackofknowledgeabouthowthepolaricecapswerebehavingwasbehindmuchoftheuncertainty.Sincethentheyhavebeencloselymonitoredandtheresultsaredisturbing.BoththeGreenlandandtheAntarcticcapshavebeenmeltingatanacceleratingrate.Indeedscientistsnowreckonthatsealevelswillrisebybetween50eraand100eraby2100unlessactionistakentocurbclimatechange. 48KonradSteffenaprofessoroftheUniversityofColoradotoldtheconferencethatthissheetismeltingnotonlybecauseitiswarmerbutalsobecausewaterseepingthroughitscrevicesisbreakingitupwhoseeffecthadbeenneglectedintheearlierreport.TheimpactofthemeltingicehasbeenmeasuredbyJohnChurchoftheCentreforAustralianWeatherandClimateResearch.Hetoldtheconferencethatsatelliteandground-basedsystemsshowedthatsealevelshavebeenrisingmorerapidlysince1993.Heisconcernedthatmoreclimatechangecouldcauseafurtheraccelerationinthisrate. StefanofthePotsdamInstituteforClimateImpactResearchtoldtheconferencethat“basedonpastexperienceIexpectthatsea-levelrisewillaccelerateastheplanetgetshotter.”49HewassupportedinthisviewbythefourthexpertEricRignotoftheUniversityofCaliforniawhocalledfortheworld’sleaderstoslashtheemissionofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases. AdvancenegotiationsontheUNClimateChangeConferenceareduetobegininBonninjustoverafortnight’stime.Thescientistshopethattheirstartlingwarningswillchangetheoutcomeofthatpre-meetingmeeting.50Withmuchstilltoargueovertheyhopethataclearscientificleadwillbothhelptonarrowtheroomfordisagreementandgalvanizethedesiretogetatreatyagreed. 49HewassupportedinthisviewbythefourthexpertEricRignotoftheUniversityofCaliforniawhocalledfortheworld’sleaderstoslashtheemissionofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases.
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 19
YourfriendMr.Hancouldnotusehisdictionarybecauseofyourfaultandwritealetterinabout100wordstoexpressyourapology. Donotsignyourownnameusing"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
Thehistoryofthecomputerinthetwentiethcenturyisoneofdramaticadaptationandexpansion.Thecomputerhadmodestbeginningsinareaswhereitwasusedasaspecialisttool.Thefirstelectroniccomputerwasbuiltinthe1930sandwassolelyfortheuseofundergraduatestudentsinIowaStateUniversitytohandlemathematicalcomputationsinnuclearphysics.Inthe1960sanearlyversionoftheInternetARPPANETwasusedincomputerscienceandengineeringprojects.Howeveronly10yearslatercomputerswerestartingtochangeourlifestylethewaywedobusinessandmanyotherthingsandbythelate1980s’networkswereexpandingtoembracesectionsofthegeneralpublic. ComputerizationhaschangedUShighschooleducationinmanyways.Threedifferentchangesthatconsiderbeingimportant.Thefirstistheuseofthecomputerasteachingaidforteachers.Thenextisthemassivedatastorageandfastdataretrievalfacilitatedbycomputer.Thencomesthechangesbroughtaboutbytheintroductionofsimulationsoftware. Howprevalentistheuseofcomputersinschools!Asrecentlyastheearly1980sonly20%ofsecondaryscienceteachersintheUSAwereusingmicrocomputers.HoweversincethenhighschoolsintheUShavecomputerzedrapidly.By1987schoolshadacquiredabout1.5millioncomputerswith95%ofpublicschoolshavingatleastonecomputer.Computerscanbeusedasteachingaidsbothinschoolsandinhomes.Inschoolsforexampleteacherscanplugacomputerintoanespeciallyequippedoverheadprojectortobringtextsgraphicssoundandvideosintoaclassroom.Bythesemultimediacomputeranimationsteacherscanmorereadilyattractandretainstudents’attention.Annconcludesthatcomputeraidedteachingcanattractandmotivatestudentswhoweredroppingoutwhenmoretraditionalmethodswerebeingused. LetusnowturntotheInternet.Thisisaglobalnetworkconnectingmanylocalnetworks.OvertheInternethighschoolstudentscanretrieveinformationanddatabasesfromeverynetworkedlibraryaroundtheworldinseconds.TheWorldWideWebprovidesaneasywaytoaccesshard-to-findinformation.Studentscannowreachanylibrarythroughtheglobalnetworkandfindwhattheywant.Thefinalstepistodownloadthescannedimage.Thoughtheslowtransmissionofsignalthroughthenetworkisamajorlimitingfactoritcanstillsaveusmuchtimeinfindingusefulinformationandthusitisaninvaluabletooltobothhighschoolteachersandstudents. Computerizationinschooleducationseemstobe
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 5
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 15
Thehistoryofthecomputerinthetwentiethcenturyisoneofdramaticadaptationandexpansion.Thecomputerhadmodestbeginningsinareaswhereitwasusedasaspecialisttool.Thefirstelectroniccomputerwasbuiltinthe1930sandwassolelyfortheuseofundergraduatestudentsinIowaStateUniversitytohandlemathematicalcomputationsinnuclearphysics.Inthe1960sanearlyversionoftheInternetARPPANETwasusedincomputerscienceandengineeringprojects.Howeveronly10yearslatercomputerswerestartingtochangeourlifestylethewaywedobusinessandmanyotherthingsandbythelate1980s’networkswereexpandingtoembracesectionsofthegeneralpublic. ComputerizationhaschangedUShighschooleducationinmanyways.Threedifferentchangesthatconsiderbeingimportant.Thefirstistheuseofthecomputerasteachingaidforteachers.Thenextisthemassivedatastorageandfastdataretrievalfacilitatedbycomputer.Thencomesthechangesbroughtaboutbytheintroductionofsimulationsoftware. Howprevalentistheuseofcomputersinschools!Asrecentlyastheearly1980sonly20%ofsecondaryscienceteachersintheUSAwereusingmicrocomputers.HoweversincethenhighschoolsintheUShavecomputerzedrapidly.By1987schoolshadacquiredabout1.5millioncomputerswith95%ofpublicschoolshavingatleastonecomputer.Computerscanbeusedasteachingaidsbothinschoolsandinhomes.Inschoolsforexampleteacherscanplugacomputerintoanespeciallyequippedoverheadprojectortobringtextsgraphicssoundandvideosintoaclassroom.Bythesemultimediacomputeranimationsteacherscanmorereadilyattractandretainstudents’attention.Annconcludesthatcomputeraidedteachingcanattractandmotivatestudentswhoweredroppingoutwhenmoretraditionalmethodswerebeingused. LetusnowturntotheInternet.Thisisaglobalnetworkconnectingmanylocalnetworks.OvertheInternethighschoolstudentscanretrieveinformationanddatabasesfromeverynetworkedlibraryaroundtheworldinseconds.TheWorldWideWebprovidesaneasywaytoaccesshard-to-findinformation.Studentscannowreachanylibrarythroughtheglobalnetworkandfindwhattheywant.Thefinalstepistodownloadthescannedimage.Thoughtheslowtransmissionofsignalthroughthenetworkisamajorlimitingfactoritcanstillsaveusmuchtimeinfindingusefulinformationandthusitisaninvaluabletooltobothhighschoolteachersandstudents. Theauthor’sattitudetowardscomputerizationseemstobe
Directions: ZhangLiisaclassmateofyours.Hesufferedfromaseriousillness.Writealetterto 1callonthestudentstohelpZhangLiand 2tellthemhowtohelpZhangLi. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
46Along-heldviewofthehistoryoftheEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland’spolicytowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthatachangetoamoreimperialpolicydominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectivesgeneratedthetensionsthatultimatelyledtotheAmericanRevolution.InarecentstudyStephenSaundersWebbhasresentedaformidablechallengetothisview.AccordingtoWebbEnglandalreadyhadamilitaryimperialpolicyformorethanacenturybeforetheAmericanRevolution.HeseesCharlesⅡtheEnglishmonarchbetween1660and1685asthepropersuccessoroftheTudormonarchsofthesixteenthcenturyandofOliverCromwellallofwhomwerebentonextendingcentralizedexecutivepoweroverEngland’spossessionsthroughtheuseofwhatWebbcalls"garrisongovernment."GarrisongovernmentallowedthecolonistsalegislativeassemblybutrealauthorityinWebb’sviewbelongedtothecolonialgovernorwhowasappointedbythekingandsupportedbythe"garrison"thatis.bythelocalcontingentofEnglishtroopsunderthecolonialgovernor’scommand. AccordingtoWebbthepurposeofgarrisongovernmentwastoprovidemilitarysupportforaroyalpolicydesignedtolimitthepoweroftheupperclassesintheAmericancolonies.47Webbarguesthatthecoloniallegislativeassembliesrepresentedtheinterestsnotofthecommonpeoplebutofthecolonialupperclassesacoalitionofmerchantsandnobilitywhofavoredself-ruleandsoughttoelevatelegislativeauthorityattheexpenseoftheexecutive.ItwasaccordingtoWebbthecolonialgovernorswhofavoredthesmallfarmeropposedtheplantationsystemandtriedthroughtaxationtobreakuplargeholdingsofland.BackedbythemilitarypresenceofthegarrisonthesegovernorstriedtopreventthegentryandmerchantsalliedinthecolonialassembliesfromtransformingcolonialAmericaintoacapitalisticoligarchy. 48Webb’sstudyilluminatesthepoliticalalignmentsthatexistedinthecoloniesinthecenturypriortotheAmericanRevolutionbuthisviewofthecrown’suseofthemilitaryasaninstrumentofcolonialpolicyisnotentirelyconvincing.Englandduringtheseventeenthcenturywasnotnotedforitsmilitaryachievements.CromwelldidmountEngland’smostambitiousoverseasmilitaryexpeditioninmorethanacenturybutitprovedtobeanutterfailure.UnderCharlesⅡtheEnglisharmywastoosmalltobeamajorinstrumentofgovernment.49NotuntilthewarinFrancein1697didWilliamⅢpersuadeParliamenttocreateaprofessionalstandingarmyandParliament’spricefordoingsowastokeepthearmyundertightlegislativecontrol.50WhileitmaybetruethatthecrownattemptedtodiminishthepowerofthecolonialupperclassesitishardtoimaginehowtheEnglisharmyduringtheseventeenthcenturycouldhaveprovidedsignificantmilitarysupportforsuchapolicy. 47Webbarguesthatthecoloniallegislativeassembliesrepresentedtheinterestsnotofthecommonpeoplebutofthecolonialupperclassesacoalitionofmerchantsandnobilitywhofavoredself-ruleandsoughttoelevatelegislativeauthorityattheexpenseoftheexecutive.
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