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The telecommunications, pharmaceutical, and airline industries all have undergone radical changes...
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仅作用于T细胞的丝裂原是
PWM
PHA
SPA
PPD
LPS
PHA可用于
Western Bloting
细胞毒实验
溶血空斑实验
E花环实验
PHA淋巴细胞转化实验
Phaëthonstoodimpatientlyattheheavygoldendoors.Heor
January112006 AlanCosgray BureauSecretary
Big Sky Networks
Virginia Chamber of Commerce
Superior Telecommunications
State Bureau of Businesses
能与哺乳动物IgG结合的成分是
SPA
BSA
PHA
LPS
HLA
与SRBC结合的表面受体是
LPS
Con-A
PHA
CD2
CD3
在什么条件下会生成PHA或糖原
抗HCV检测常采用哪种方法
ELISA
IFA
RIA
PHA
RT-PCR
T细胞表面的______受体有PHA和______的受体
Theearliestmethodofdeliveringtelecommunicationsist
telegraph
telephone
e-mail
letter
预先危险分析PHA过程危险分析包括哪些内容
T细胞增殖试验需要加入植物血凝素PHA共同培养其中PHA的作用是
T细胞增殖的主要营养成分
促使T细胞增殖
掺入到T细胞DNA中
促使T细胞形态改变
促进T细胞的杀伤效应
用于T细胞增殖试验的丝裂原为
PHA
LPS
PWM
Con-A
SPA
在文件保存中能保存通道的文件格式有
Jpg
Tif
Max
Pha
最常用的人类T细胞有丝分裂原是
LPS
PHA
ConA
SPA
PHA方法包括准备审查三个阶段
Theearliestmethodofdeliveringtelecommunicationsist
telegraph
telephone
e-mail
letter
下列物质能活化T细胞
LPS
ConA
SPA
PHA
干扰素
PHA与ConA属于
佐剂
超抗原
抗原
丝裂原
抗体
原核细胞特有的碳源贮藏颗粒是
PHB
DAP
PHA
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AfterWorldWarⅡtheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP. ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments. ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain.373words Notes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地 WhichofthefollowingisnotareasonfortherapidityandintensityofpollutioninJapan
ArareprovisioninSanFrancisco’sbusinesstaxcodethattaxescompanieswhenemployeescashintheirstockoptionshascausedastirinthishotbedoffledglingtechcompanies.Remarkablyfewcompaniesevenknewaboutthetaxwhichhasbeenineffectforsevenyears.ButsincecityofficialsofferedTwitterapayroll-taxbreakasanincentiveforittoremaininSanFranciscothecompanyisconsideredlikelytogopublicsoonthestock-optionprovisionhassuddenlycomeunderintensescrutiny.AnumberofotherboomingcompaniesincludingZingsthemakerofonlinegamesandoneofthecity’sfastest-growingfirmshavethreatenedtoleavethecityunlesstheyreceivesimilarpayroll-taxexemptionsbeforegoingpublic. UnlikemostcitiesSanFranciscogeneratesmostofitsbusinesstaxrevenuethroughapayrolltax.TheTwitterexemptionbillwhichwillbeconsideredbythefullBoardofSupervisorsonApril5wouldfreezepayrolltaxesforsixyearsalongastripofMarketStreet—whereTwitterissettorelocate—andseveralsquareblocksintheTenderloinneighborhood.Twitterexecutiveshadbeenconcernedbecausesince2004thecity’spayrolltaxcodehascountedstockoptionsgrantedtoemployeesascompensationwhichistaxedat1.5percent.IfTwittergoespublicinSanFranciscoandalargenumberofworkersexercisetheiroptionsthecitywouldtaxthecompanyonitsemployees’stockgains—abilllikelytoamounttotensofmillionsofdollars."Twittercouldbelookingatasignificantlylargerpayrolltaxliabilityifandwhenitgoespublic"saidTedEganthechiefeconomistinSanFrancisco’scontroller’soffice. BecauseofthedearthofI.P.O.’sinsidethecitylimitsinthelastdecadethestockoptiontaxhasgoneunderradaruntilnow.Businessescityofficialsandevenseasonedtaxlawyersareconfounded."Nobodyevertalkedaboutthisbecausenobody’sreallytestedtheseissuesbefore"saidThomasH.SteeleapartnerinMorrison&Foerster’sSanFranciscoofficespecializinginstateandlocaltax.Hesaidthathisclientsbegancallinghimthisweektoaskaboutthetax’sramifications."APandora’sboxhasalreadybeenopened"saidSupervisorRossMirkarimiamemberoftheBoardofSupervisors’budgetandfinancecommitteewhohasexpressedconcernabouttailoringlegislationforonecompany."We’vebeengoingaboutthisthewrongway"hesaid.TherecentconfusionhasaddedimpetustocallsforcomprehensivebusinesstaxreformbyDavidChiutheboardpresident."Thestockoptionproblemisreal"Mr.Chiusaid."Wehavetoaddressitinafairandresponsibleway. Mostofthecompanieshavenoideasaboutstock-optionprovisionbecause
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InthecurrentimmigrationwavesomethingmarkedlydifferentishappeninghereinthemiddleofthegreatAmerican"meltingpot."46ThereisasensethatespeciallyasimmigrantpopulationsreachacriticalmassinmanycommunitiesitisnolongerthemeltingpotthatistransformingthembuttheywhoaretransformingAmericansociety. Americancultureremainsapowerfulforce—forbetterorworse—thatinfluencespeoplebothhereandaroundtheworldincountlessways.ButseveralfactorshavecombinedinrecentyearstoallowimmigrantstoresistiftheychoosetheAmericanizationthathadoncebeenconsideredirresistible. Infacttheveryconceptofassimilationisbeingcalledintoquestionasneverbefore.47Somesociologistsarguethatthemeltingpotoftenmeanslittlemorethan"Angloconformity"andthatassimilationisnotalwaysapositiveexperience—foreithersocietyortheimmigrantsthemselves.Andwithtoday’semphasisondiversityandethnicityithasbecomeeasierthaneverforimmigrantstoavoidthemeltingpotentirely.Eventhemetaphoritselfischanginghavingfallenoutoffashioncompletelywithmanyimmigrationadvocacyandethnicgroups.Theyprefersuchtermsasthe"saladbowl"andthe"mosaic"metaphorsthatconveymoreofasenseofseparatenessindescribingthisnationofimmigrants. 48AmongsociallyconservativefamiliessuchastheJacintoswhoinitiallymovedtoCaliforniafromtheirvillageinMexico’sGuanajuatostatethenmigratedherein1988tofindjobsinthemeatpackingindustrybadinfluencesareaconstantconcern.TheyseetheirchildrenassimilatingbutoftentotheworstaspectsofAmericanculture. Theirconcernsreflectsomeofthecomplexitiesandambivalencethatmarktheassimilationprocessthesedays.ImmigrantssuchastheJacintosareheretostaybutremainwaryoftheiradoptivecountry.Accordingtosociologiststheyarerighttobeconcerned. "Ifassimilationisalearningprocessitinvolveslearninggoodthingsandbadthings"saidRubenG.RumbautasociologyprofessoratMichiganStateUniversity."Itdoesn’talwaysleadtosomethingbetter." Theambivalenceofassimilationcancutbothways.Manynative-bornAmericansalsoseemtoharbormixedfeelingsabouttheprocess.49AsanationtheUnitedStatesincreasinglypromotesdiversitybutthereareunderlyingconcernsthatthemoreemphasisthereisonthefactorsthatsetpeopleapartthemorelikelythatsocietywillendupdivided. WithHispanicsespeciallyMexicansaccountingforanincreasingproportionofU.S.populationgrowthitisthisgroupmorethananyotherthatisredefiningthemeltingpot. HispanicsnowhaveovertakenblacksasthelargestminoritygroupinNebraskaandwillbecomethebiggestminorityinthecountrywithinthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoCensusBureauprojections.50Thenation’s29millionHispanicsthegreatmajorityofthemfromMexicohavethusbecomethemainfocusforquestionsabouthowtheUnitedStatestodayisassimilatingimmigrantsorhowitisbeingtransformed. 47SomesociologistsarguethatthemeltingpotoftenmeanslittlemorethanAngloconformityandthatassimilationisnotalwaysapositiveexperience—foreithersocietyortheimmigrantsthemselves.
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Thereisvirtuallynolimittohowonecanservecommunityinterestsfromspendingafewhoursaweekwithsomecharitableorganizationtopracticallyfull-timeworkforasocialagency.Justasthereareopportunitiesforvoluntaryservice1VSOforyoungpeoplebeforetheytakeupfull-timeemployment2thereareopportunitiesforoverseasservicefor3techniciansindevelopingcountries.Somepeople4thosewhoretireearly5theirtechnicalandbusinessskillsincountries6thereisaspecialneed. Soinconsideringvoluntaryor7communityservicetherearemoreopportunitiesthanthere8werewhenonefirstbeganwork.Mostvoluntaryorganizationshaveonlyasmallfull-time 9anddependverymuchonvolunteersandpart-timers.Thismeansthatworkingrelationshipsaredifferentfromthoseincommercialorganizationsandvaluesmaybedifferent.10somewaystheymayseemmorecasualandlessefficientbutoneshouldnot11thembycommercialcriteria.Thepeoplewhoworkwiththemdosofordifferentreasonsandwithdifferent12bothpersonaland13.Oneshouldnotjointhem14toarmthemwithprofessionalexperience;theymustbejoinedwithcommitmenttothe15notbusinessefficiency.Becausesalariesare16ornon-existentmanyvoluntarybodiesoffermodestexpense.Butmanyretiredpeopletakepartincommunityservicefor17simplybecausetheyenjoythework. Manycommunityactivitiespossible18retirementwerealsopossibleduringone’sworkinglifebuttheyaretobeundertaken19seriouslyforthat.Retiredpeoplewhoarejustlookingforsomethingdifferentorunusualtodoshouldnotconsider20communityservice. 1
Thereisvirtuallynolimittohowonecanservecommunityinterestsfromspendingafewhoursaweekwithsomecharitableorganizationtopracticallyfull-timeworkforasocialagency.Justasthereareopportunitiesforvoluntaryservice1VSOforyoungpeoplebeforetheytakeupfull-timeemployment2thereareopportunitiesforoverseasservicefor3techniciansindevelopingcountries.Somepeople4thosewhoretireearly5theirtechnicalandbusinessskillsincountries6thereisaspecialneed. Soinconsideringvoluntaryor7communityservicetherearemoreopportunitiesthanthere8werewhenonefirstbeganwork.Mostvoluntaryorganizationshaveonlyasmallfull-time 9anddependverymuchonvolunteersandpart-timers.Thismeansthatworkingrelationshipsaredifferentfromthoseincommercialorganizationsandvaluesmaybedifferent.10somewaystheymayseemmorecasualandlessefficientbutoneshouldnot11thembycommercialcriteria.Thepeoplewhoworkwiththemdosofordifferentreasonsandwithdifferent12bothpersonaland13.Oneshouldnotjointhem14toarmthemwithprofessionalexperience;theymustbejoinedwithcommitmenttothe15notbusinessefficiency.Becausesalariesare16ornon-existentmanyvoluntarybodiesoffermodestexpense.Butmanyretiredpeopletakepartincommunityservicefor17simplybecausetheyenjoythework. Manycommunityactivitiespossible18retirementwerealsopossibleduringone’sworkinglifebuttheyaretobeundertaken19seriouslyforthat.Retiredpeoplewhoarejustlookingforsomethingdifferentorunusualtodoshouldnotconsider20communityservice. 3
Thereisvirtuallynolimittohowonecanservecommunityinterestsfromspendingafewhoursaweekwithsomecharitableorganizationtopracticallyfull-timeworkforasocialagency.Justasthereareopportunitiesforvoluntaryservice1VSOforyoungpeoplebeforetheytakeupfull-timeemployment2thereareopportunitiesforoverseasservicefor3techniciansindevelopingcountries.Somepeople4thosewhoretireearly5theirtechnicalandbusinessskillsincountries6thereisaspecialneed. Soinconsideringvoluntaryor7communityservicetherearemoreopportunitiesthanthere8werewhenonefirstbeganwork.Mostvoluntaryorganizationshaveonlyasmallfull-time 9anddependverymuchonvolunteersandpart-timers.Thismeansthatworkingrelationshipsaredifferentfromthoseincommercialorganizationsandvaluesmaybedifferent.10somewaystheymayseemmorecasualandlessefficientbutoneshouldnot11thembycommercialcriteria.Thepeoplewhoworkwiththemdosofordifferentreasonsandwithdifferent12bothpersonaland13.Oneshouldnotjointhem14toarmthemwithprofessionalexperience;theymustbejoinedwithcommitmenttothe15notbusinessefficiency.Becausesalariesare16ornon-existentmanyvoluntarybodiesoffermodestexpense.Butmanyretiredpeopletakepartincommunityservicefor17simplybecausetheyenjoythework. Manycommunityactivitiespossible18retirementwerealsopossibleduringone’sworkinglifebuttheyaretobeundertaken19seriouslyforthat.Retiredpeoplewhoarejustlookingforsomethingdifferentorunusualtodoshouldnotconsider20communityservice. 7
Thereisvirtuallynolimittohowonecanservecommunityinterestsfromspendingafewhoursaweekwithsomecharitableorganizationtopracticallyfull-timeworkforasocialagency.Justasthereareopportunitiesforvoluntaryservice1VSOforyoungpeoplebeforetheytakeupfull-timeemployment2thereareopportunitiesforoverseasservicefor3techniciansindevelopingcountries.Somepeople4thosewhoretireearly5theirtechnicalandbusinessskillsincountries6thereisaspecialneed. Soinconsideringvoluntaryor7communityservicetherearemoreopportunitiesthanthere8werewhenonefirstbeganwork.Mostvoluntaryorganizationshaveonlyasmallfull-time 9anddependverymuchonvolunteersandpart-timers.Thismeansthatworkingrelationshipsaredifferentfromthoseincommercialorganizationsandvaluesmaybedifferent.10somewaystheymayseemmorecasualandlessefficientbutoneshouldnot11thembycommercialcriteria.Thepeoplewhoworkwiththemdosofordifferentreasonsandwithdifferent12bothpersonaland13.Oneshouldnotjointhem14toarmthemwithprofessionalexperience;theymustbejoinedwithcommitmenttothe15notbusinessefficiency.Becausesalariesare16ornon-existentmanyvoluntarybodiesoffermodestexpense.Butmanyretiredpeopletakepartincommunityservicefor17simplybecausetheyenjoythework. Manycommunityactivitiespossible18retirementwerealsopossibleduringone’sworkinglifebuttheyaretobeundertaken19seriouslyforthat.Retiredpeoplewhoarejustlookingforsomethingdifferentorunusualtodoshouldnotconsider20communityservice. 5
OnethingthatIsmaelMatos23sayshe’slearnedonhisjobasaspecialagentwiththeGeekSquadisthattherearenostupidquestions—notevenwhenacustomeraskswherethepowerbuttonis.ThegoalMatossaysisfirstto"stripoutthejargon."Youknowwhathemeans:thosetermslikegigsRamandmotherboardthatciviliansdon’ttypicallyuseineverydayconversations.OnceheestablishesacommonlanguagewiththecustomerMatoscanfocusonbuildingarelationshiponethathehopeswillpayoffinthefuture.Matosknowsthatclientsoftendon’thavethesameskillshedoes.HiscustomersaskforhelpnotonlywithsettingupnewcomputersandinstallingsoftwarebutalsowithdigitalcameraswirelessInternetaccessandevengettingtheiriPodsyncedwithiTunes. WeliveintheageofWeb2.0whenInternetviewersarefastbecomingcontentcreators.WemaylogintosocialnetworkingsitessuchasDiggandTechnoratirateorevenuploadvideosonYouTubeandcontributeandeditinformationoncollaboratewebsitesknownaswikis. Butmembersofthisexpandingplugged-inpopulationaren’tnecessarilyuptospeedwiththelanguageoftheweb—orunderstandthetechnicallingoofthesalesorcustomerservicepeoplethey’returningtoforassistance.Accordingtoa"CyberStress"surveyof1001AmericanbroadbandInternetserviceusers46percentsaidthetypicaltechsupportpersonusesanexcessoftechnicallanguageand61percentsaidtheywouldprefera"computertherapist"whoiscompassionateandeasytotalkto. AquestionthatonlinepublicrelationsstrategistSallyFalkowsaysshe’shearingoftenthesedaysis"Howdowecopewithallthis"shetellspeople"There’snowayyoucanescapethis.There’sabigconversationgoingon"andit’simportanttolearnhowtobepartofit. Ifyou’reattheearlieststageofthelearningcurvestartbyreadingtechnology-orientedcolumnsandarticlesinmagazinesnewspapersandwebsitesthatarewrittenforageneralaudience.Moveuptomoretech-orientede-lettersasyoubuildafoundation.Asyoucomeacrossnewtellslookthemuponline.DefinitionsatWikipediatheonlineencyclopediawrittenandeditedbywebusersmaybehelpful.Youshouldalsostartassociatingwithpeoplewhocanhelpexplainthings.Lookforgroupsthatsponsorseminarsorfindasupportiveonlinecommunity.Don’tbeafraidtoguideyourhelper.Explainwhatyouneedtoknowaskhimorhertoslowdownandspeakinbasicterms. WhatdoesSallyFalkowsayabouttheproblemssheisfacedwith
AfterWorldWarⅡtheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP. ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments. ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain.373words Notes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地 AccordingtothetextnomeasureswereresortedtoinenvironmentalprotectionafterWorldWarⅡinJapanbecause
InthecurrentimmigrationwavesomethingmarkedlydifferentishappeninghereinthemiddleofthegreatAmerican"meltingpot."46ThereisasensethatespeciallyasimmigrantpopulationsreachacriticalmassinmanycommunitiesitisnolongerthemeltingpotthatistransformingthembuttheywhoaretransformingAmericansociety. Americancultureremainsapowerfulforce—forbetterorworse—thatinfluencespeoplebothhereandaroundtheworldincountlessways.ButseveralfactorshavecombinedinrecentyearstoallowimmigrantstoresistiftheychoosetheAmericanizationthathadoncebeenconsideredirresistible. Infacttheveryconceptofassimilationisbeingcalledintoquestionasneverbefore.47Somesociologistsarguethatthemeltingpotoftenmeanslittlemorethan"Angloconformity"andthatassimilationisnotalwaysapositiveexperience—foreithersocietyortheimmigrantsthemselves.Andwithtoday’semphasisondiversityandethnicityithasbecomeeasierthaneverforimmigrantstoavoidthemeltingpotentirely.Eventhemetaphoritselfischanginghavingfallenoutoffashioncompletelywithmanyimmigrationadvocacyandethnicgroups.Theyprefersuchtermsasthe"saladbowl"andthe"mosaic"metaphorsthatconveymoreofasenseofseparatenessindescribingthisnationofimmigrants. 48AmongsociallyconservativefamiliessuchastheJacintoswhoinitiallymovedtoCaliforniafromtheirvillageinMexico’sGuanajuatostatethenmigratedherein1988tofindjobsinthemeatpackingindustrybadinfluencesareaconstantconcern.TheyseetheirchildrenassimilatingbutoftentotheworstaspectsofAmericanculture. Theirconcernsreflectsomeofthecomplexitiesandambivalencethatmarktheassimilationprocessthesedays.ImmigrantssuchastheJacintosareheretostaybutremainwaryoftheiradoptivecountry.Accordingtosociologiststheyarerighttobeconcerned. "Ifassimilationisalearningprocessitinvolveslearninggoodthingsandbadthings"saidRubenG.RumbautasociologyprofessoratMichiganStateUniversity."Itdoesn’talwaysleadtosomethingbetter." Theambivalenceofassimilationcancutbothways.Manynative-bornAmericansalsoseemtoharbormixedfeelingsabouttheprocess.49AsanationtheUnitedStatesincreasinglypromotesdiversitybutthereareunderlyingconcernsthatthemoreemphasisthereisonthefactorsthatsetpeopleapartthemorelikelythatsocietywillendupdivided. WithHispanicsespeciallyMexicansaccountingforanincreasingproportionofU.S.populationgrowthitisthisgroupmorethananyotherthatisredefiningthemeltingpot. HispanicsnowhaveovertakenblacksasthelargestminoritygroupinNebraskaandwillbecomethebiggestminorityinthecountrywithinthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoCensusBureauprojections.50Thenation’s29millionHispanicsthegreatmajorityofthemfromMexicohavethusbecomethemainfocusforquestionsabouthowtheUnitedStatestodayisassimilatingimmigrantsorhowitisbeingtransformed. 49AsanationtheUnitedStatesincreasinglypromotesdiversitybutthereareunderlyingconcernsthatthemoreemphasisthereisonthefactorsthatsetpeopleapartthemorelikelythatsocietywillendupdivided.
Thereisvirtuallynolimittohowonecanservecommunityinterestsfromspendingafewhoursaweekwithsomecharitableorganizationtopracticallyfull-timeworkforasocialagency.Justasthereareopportunitiesforvoluntaryservice1VSOforyoungpeoplebeforetheytakeupfull-timeemployment2thereareopportunitiesforoverseasservicefor3techniciansindevelopingcountries.Somepeople4thosewhoretireearly5theirtechnicalandbusinessskillsincountries6thereisaspecialneed. Soinconsideringvoluntaryor7communityservicetherearemoreopportunitiesthanthere8werewhenonefirstbeganwork.Mostvoluntaryorganizationshaveonlyasmallfull-time 9anddependverymuchonvolunteersandpart-timers.Thismeansthatworkingrelationshipsaredifferentfromthoseincommercialorganizationsandvaluesmaybedifferent.10somewaystheymayseemmorecasualandlessefficientbutoneshouldnot11thembycommercialcriteria.Thepeoplewhoworkwiththemdosofordifferentreasonsandwithdifferent12bothpersonaland13.Oneshouldnotjointhem14toarmthemwithprofessionalexperience;theymustbejoinedwithcommitmenttothe15notbusinessefficiency.Becausesalariesare16ornon-existentmanyvoluntarybodiesoffermodestexpense.Butmanyretiredpeopletakepartincommunityservicefor17simplybecausetheyenjoythework. Manycommunityactivitiespossible18retirementwerealsopossibleduringone’sworkinglifebuttheyaretobeundertaken19seriouslyforthat.Retiredpeoplewhoarejustlookingforsomethingdifferentorunusualtodoshouldnotconsider20communityservice. 11
AfterWorldWarⅡtheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP. ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments. ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain.373words Notes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地 ItcanbelearnedfromthetextthatsoonaftertheSecondWorldWar
Directions: YouaresupposedtogetanMAdegreethissemesterandyouwanttoapplyforajobasanEnglishteacherinauniversity.Nowwritealettertoitspersonneldepartmentsendingyourresumeandmakingaself-recommendation. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
Thetimeforsharpeningpencilsarrangingyourdeskanddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsitstanduporliedowntowrite.41______ Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenextbutdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounowworkitintothedraft.42______Grammarpunctuationandspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors. 43______Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatwayandifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhereyouwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside. Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessoryoucantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyour’writing.44______Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions. Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaperyoucandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote"TheA&PasaStateofMind"wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.45______ Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes—andthenagainworkingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape. [A]Tomakerevisingeasierleavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwordssentencesandcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper. [B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaperpayparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlastafteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression. [C]It’sworthrememberinghoweverthatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrificitwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems. [D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwritejustsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesisyoucanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade. [E]AlthoughthisisaninterestingissueithasnothingtodowiththethesiswhichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.InsteadofincludingthatparagraphsheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P"policy"heenforces. [F]Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin"A&P"thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstorepolicies. [G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosayyouwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound. 41
WithU.S.companiessittingonanestimated$1.8trillionincashitraisesthequestion:Whyaren’ttheydeployingmoreoftheirhoardtoexpandtheirbusinessesOronemightchannelJohnMaynardKeynestoask:Wherehavethe"animalspirits"goneAlthoughcapitalspendingintheU.S.isup12percentsincethelowsofearly2009it’sstillrunning$88billionbelowthepeakof$1.34trillionreachedinthefirstquarterof2008saysJosephLaVorgnachiefU.S.economistatDeutscheBank.Hedoesn’texpectcapitalspendingtocatchuptothatpeaklevelandofficiallystarttoexpanduntilthesecondquarterof2011.LaVorgna’sdefinitionofcapitalspendingincludesphysicalequipmentandsoftwarebutnotstructuressuchasnewstoresormanufacturingplants.Spendingonstructuresisabout2percentofgrossdomesticproductone-thirdthesizeofcapitalsending’scontributiontoGDPhesays. "Thetrendandmomentumhavedefinitelyturnedandit’sjustamatteroftimebeforeyouseeothercompaniesgivewaytocapitalspendingandeventuallythatwillresultinhiring"saysLaVorgna.Butwithspendingrunning$88billionbelowpeakhesaysemployment"shouldbefartheralongthanitis."CompaniesthathavebuiltupalotofcasharestartingtotakesomechancessuchasexpandingintonewmarketswhichrequireshiringnewworkerssaysJohnChallengerchiefexecutiveofficerofChallengerGray&Christmasanemploymentconsultingfirm.U.S.companieshaveannouncedthehiringof118209newemployeesthroughAugustaccordingtodatacollectedbythefirm. Sowho’ssteppinguptotheplateSomecompaniesrefusetobecowedandaretakingbigifcalculatedchancesincludingambitiouscapitalprojectshiringnewworkersandexpandedinvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentaccordingtogrowth-orientedmutualfundmanagerscontactedbyBusinessweek.com.Ifthere’sacommondenominatorit’saperceivedopportunityandconfidenceinsustainabledemandwhetherduetonewtrendsintechnologyortonewmarketsthatneedcertainproducts.Othernamescamefromalistofthetop-hiringU.S.companiesthroughJuly2010compiledbyChallengerGray&Christmas. "Wedon’tspendcapitalunlesswehaveanewcontracttosupplyoxygennitrogenorhydrogentoourcustomers"saysJamesSawyerPraxair’schieffinancialofficer."Thoseare15-yearcontractswithminimaltake-or-payclauseswrittenintothemwhichensurewewillgetagoodreturnonourcapitalinvestmentregardlessofhowtherestoftheeconomyisdoing." SomeyoungeroutfitswithentrepreneurialmanagerswhohavelivedthroughafewbusinesscyclesthinktheircompaniesmaybeabletostealamarchoncompetitorsmorereluctanttospendsaysAramGreenmanagerofClearBridgeAdvisorsSmallCapGrowthFund."There’sclearlybeenadecisionbymanagementthat’Thisisnotthetimetotakeourfootofftheaccelerator.Infactit’stimetopushharderandfurtherdistanceourproductfromthecompetition.’ BycitingthewordsofAramGreentheauthorintendstoshowthat
DisabilityamongtheelderlyhasdeclinedmarkedlyintheUnitedStatesinthepasttwodecades.In198425percentoftheelderlypopulationreporteddifficultywithactivitiesassociatedwithindependentliving.By1999thesharehadfallento20percentadeclineofone-fifth.Althoughthesebasicfactsarewellknowntheirinterpretationisnotclear.IsthereductionindisabilityaresultofimprovedmedicalcareindividualbehavioralchangesenvironmentalmodificationsthatallowtheelderlytobetterfunctionbythemselvesorotherdemographicchangesWillthetrendcontinueorisittimelimitedWhatdoesthereductionindisabilitymeanforyearsofhealthylifeandlaborforceparticipation TheresearchersDavidCutlerMaryBethLandrumandKateStewartfocusondisabilitycausedbycardiovasculardiseasetoinvestigatetheroleofimprovedmedicalcareonreductionsindisability.Bylookingatjustoneconditiontheycananalyzehealthshocksandtheiroutcomesinsomedetail.CardiovasculardiseaseisanaturalconditiontoanalyzebecauseitisthemostcommoncauseofdeathintheUnitedStatesandmostotherdevelopedcountries.Alsomoreisspentoncardiovasculardiseasethanonanyotherconditionclearlyacasewheremedicalcarecouldreallymatter. Theresearchersmeasuredisabilityasthepresenceofimpairmentsin.ActivitiesofDailyLivingADLsandInstrumentalActivitiesofDailyLivingIADLs.TheirdatasourcetheNationalLong-TermCareSurveyNLTCSincludesinformationonsixADLmeasures:eatinggettinginoroutofbedwalkingaroundinsidedressingbathingandgettingtoorusingthetoilet.TherearealsoquestionsabouteightIADLmeasures:doinglighthouseworkorlaundrypreparingmealsshoppingforgroceriesgettingaroundoutsidemanagingmoneytakingmedicationsandmakingtelephonecalls.TheNLTCSisanationallyrepresentativelongitudinalsurveyofthehealthanddisabilityprofileofthepopulationaged65andover. Cutlerandhisco-researchersfindthatreduceddisabilityassociatedwithcardiovasculardiseaseaccountsforasignificantpartofthetotalreductionindisability--between14and22percent.Theevidencesuggeststhatimprovementsinmedicalcareincludingbothincreaseduseofrelevantproceduresandpharmaceuticalsledtoasignificantpartofthisdeclineindisability.Regionswithhigheruseexperiencedsubstantialreductionsinmortalityanddisability. Whileprecisedataontheimplicationsofreduceddisabilityarelackingthepossibleimpactofdisabilityreductionsisstaggering.Theresearchersestimatethatpreventingdisabilityafteranacutecardiovasculareventcanaddasmuchas3.7yearsofquality-adjustedlifeexpectancyorperhaps$316000ofvalue.Thecostofthisoutcomeissignificantlysmaller.Theinitialtreatmentcostsrangefrom$8610to$16332dependingontheprocedureused.FurtherrecentcostanalysesreportedthatannualMedicarespendingwaslowerforthenon-disabledthanthedisabledwhichsuggeststhathighertreatmentcostsmaybeoffsetbylowerfuturespendingamongamorehealthypopulation.Byvirtuallyanymeasurethereforetheresearchersconcludethatmedicaltechnologyafteracutecardiovascularepisodesisworththecost. Accordingtothetexttheresearchers’purposeis
WithU.S.companiessittingonanestimated$1.8trillionincashitraisesthequestion:Whyaren’ttheydeployingmoreoftheirhoardtoexpandtheirbusinessesOronemightchannelJohnMaynardKeynestoask:Wherehavethe"animalspirits"goneAlthoughcapitalspendingintheU.S.isup12percentsincethelowsofearly2009it’sstillrunning$88billionbelowthepeakof$1.34trillionreachedinthefirstquarterof2008saysJosephLaVorgnachiefU.S.economistatDeutscheBank.Hedoesn’texpectcapitalspendingtocatchuptothatpeaklevelandofficiallystarttoexpanduntilthesecondquarterof2011.LaVorgna’sdefinitionofcapitalspendingincludesphysicalequipmentandsoftwarebutnotstructuressuchasnewstoresormanufacturingplants.Spendingonstructuresisabout2percentofgrossdomesticproductone-thirdthesizeofcapitalsending’scontributiontoGDPhesays. "Thetrendandmomentumhavedefinitelyturnedandit’sjustamatteroftimebeforeyouseeothercompaniesgivewaytocapitalspendingandeventuallythatwillresultinhiring"saysLaVorgna.Butwithspendingrunning$88billionbelowpeakhesaysemployment"shouldbefartheralongthanitis."CompaniesthathavebuiltupalotofcasharestartingtotakesomechancessuchasexpandingintonewmarketswhichrequireshiringnewworkerssaysJohnChallengerchiefexecutiveofficerofChallengerGray&Christmasanemploymentconsultingfirm.U.S.companieshaveannouncedthehiringof118209newemployeesthroughAugustaccordingtodatacollectedbythefirm. Sowho’ssteppinguptotheplateSomecompaniesrefusetobecowedandaretakingbigifcalculatedchancesincludingambitiouscapitalprojectshiringnewworkersandexpandedinvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentaccordingtogrowth-orientedmutualfundmanagerscontactedbyBusinessweek.com.Ifthere’sacommondenominatorit’saperceivedopportunityandconfidenceinsustainabledemandwhetherduetonewtrendsintechnologyortonewmarketsthatneedcertainproducts.Othernamescamefromalistofthetop-hiringU.S.companiesthroughJuly2010compiledbyChallengerGray&Christmas. "Wedon’tspendcapitalunlesswehaveanewcontracttosupplyoxygennitrogenorhydrogentoourcustomers"saysJamesSawyerPraxair’schieffinancialofficer."Thoseare15-yearcontractswithminimaltake-or-payclauseswrittenintothemwhichensurewewillgetagoodreturnonourcapitalinvestmentregardlessofhowtherestoftheeconomyisdoing." SomeyoungeroutfitswithentrepreneurialmanagerswhohavelivedthroughafewbusinesscyclesthinktheircompaniesmaybeabletostealamarchoncompetitorsmorereluctanttospendsaysAramGreenmanagerofClearBridgeAdvisorsSmallCapGrowthFund."There’sclearlybeenadecisionbymanagementthat’Thisisnotthetimetotakeourfootofftheaccelerator.Infactit’stimetopushharderandfurtherdistanceourproductfromthecompetition.’ JohnChallengersuggeststhat
Thetimeforsharpeningpencilsarrangingyourdeskanddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsitstanduporliedowntowrite.41______ Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenextbutdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounowworkitintothedraft.42______Grammarpunctuationandspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors. 43______Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatwayandifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhereyouwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside. Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessoryoucantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyour’writing.44______Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions. Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaperyoucandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote"TheA&PasaStateofMind"wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.45______ Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes—andthenagainworkingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape. [A]Tomakerevisingeasierleavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwordssentencesandcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper. [B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaperpayparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlastafteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression. [C]It’sworthrememberinghoweverthatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrificitwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems. [D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwritejustsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesisyoucanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade. [E]AlthoughthisisaninterestingissueithasnothingtodowiththethesiswhichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.InsteadofincludingthatparagraphsheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P"policy"heenforces. [F]Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin"A&P"thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstorepolicies. [G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosayyouwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound. 43
OnethingthatIsmaelMatos23sayshe’slearnedonhisjobasaspecialagentwiththeGeekSquadisthattherearenostupidquestions—notevenwhenacustomeraskswherethepowerbuttonis.ThegoalMatossaysisfirstto"stripoutthejargon."Youknowwhathemeans:thosetermslikegigsRamandmotherboardthatciviliansdon’ttypicallyuseineverydayconversations.OnceheestablishesacommonlanguagewiththecustomerMatoscanfocusonbuildingarelationshiponethathehopeswillpayoffinthefuture.Matosknowsthatclientsoftendon’thavethesameskillshedoes.HiscustomersaskforhelpnotonlywithsettingupnewcomputersandinstallingsoftwarebutalsowithdigitalcameraswirelessInternetaccessandevengettingtheiriPodsyncedwithiTunes. WeliveintheageofWeb2.0whenInternetviewersarefastbecomingcontentcreators.WemaylogintosocialnetworkingsitessuchasDiggandTechnoratirateorevenuploadvideosonYouTubeandcontributeandeditinformationoncollaboratewebsitesknownaswikis. Butmembersofthisexpandingplugged-inpopulationaren’tnecessarilyuptospeedwiththelanguageoftheweb—orunderstandthetechnicallingoofthesalesorcustomerservicepeoplethey’returningtoforassistance.Accordingtoa"CyberStress"surveyof1001AmericanbroadbandInternetserviceusers46percentsaidthetypicaltechsupportpersonusesanexcessoftechnicallanguageand61percentsaidtheywouldprefera"computertherapist"whoiscompassionateandeasytotalkto. AquestionthatonlinepublicrelationsstrategistSallyFalkowsaysshe’shearingoftenthesedaysis"Howdowecopewithallthis"shetellspeople"There’snowayyoucanescapethis.There’sabigconversationgoingon"andit’simportanttolearnhowtobepartofit. Ifyou’reattheearlieststageofthelearningcurvestartbyreadingtechnology-orientedcolumnsandarticlesinmagazinesnewspapersandwebsitesthatarewrittenforageneralaudience.Moveuptomoretech-orientede-lettersasyoubuildafoundation.Asyoucomeacrossnewtellslookthemuponline.DefinitionsatWikipediatheonlineencyclopediawrittenandeditedbywebusersmaybehelpful.Youshouldalsostartassociatingwithpeoplewhocanhelpexplainthings.Lookforgroupsthatsponsorseminarsorfindasupportiveonlinecommunity.Don’tbeafraidtoguideyourhelper.Explainwhatyouneedtoknowaskhimorhertoslowdownandspeakinbasicterms. WhatisthemaincharacteristicofWeb2.0accordingtothepassage
"Itisanevilinfluenceontheyouthofourcountry."ApoliticiancondemningvideogamingActuallyaclergymandenouncingrockandroll50yearsago.ButthesentimentcouldjustaseasilyhavebeenvoicedbyHillaryClintoninthepastfewweeksassheblamedvideogamesfor"asilentepidemicofmediadesensitisation"and"stealingtheinnocenceofourchildren". Thegamingfurorecenterson"GrandTheftAuto:SanAndreas"apopularandnotoriouslyviolentcopsandrobbersgamethatturnedouttocontainhiddensexscenesthatcouldbeunlockedusingapatchdownloadedfromtheinternet.TheresultingoutcrymostlyfromDemocraticpoliticiansplayingtothecentrecausedthegame’sratinginAmericatobechangedfrom"mature"whichmeansyouhavetobe17tobuyitto"adultsonly"whichmeansyouhavetobe18butalsomeansthatbigretailerssuchasWal-Martwillnotstockit.AsaresultthegamehasbeenbannedinAustralia;andthisautumnAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissionwillinvestigatethecomplaints.Thatwillgivegaming’sopponentsanopportunitytoventtheirwrathontheindustry. SkepticismofnewmediaisatraditionwithdeeprootsgoingbackatleastasfarasSocrates’objectionstowrittentextsoutlinedinPlato’sPhaedrus.Socratesworriedthatrelyingonwrittentextsratherthantheoraltraditionwould"createforgetfulnessinthelearners’soulsbecausetheywillnotusetheirmemories;theywilltrusttotheexternalwrittencharactersandnotrememberofthemselves."Healsoobjectedthatawrittenversionofaspeechwasnosubstitutefortheabilitytointerrogatethespeakersincewhenquestionedthetext"alwaysgivesoneunvaryinganswer".Hisobjectioninshortwasthatbookswerenotinteractive.PerhapsSocrateswouldhavethoughtmorehighlyofvideogames. Novelswereonceconsideredtoolow-browforuniversityliteraturecoursesbuteventuallythedisapprovingprofessorsretired.Waltzmusicanddancingwerecondemnedinthe19thcentury;allthattwirlingwasthoughttobe"intoxicating"and"depraved"andthemusicwasoutlawedinsomeplaces.Todayitishardtoimaginewhatthefusswasabout.AndrockandrollwasthoughttoencourageviolencepromiscuityandSatanism;buttodayevengranniesbuyColdplayalbums. Whenmentioningnovelswaltzmusicandrockandrolltheauthorissuggesting
"Itisanevilinfluenceontheyouthofourcountry."ApoliticiancondemningvideogamingActuallyaclergymandenouncingrockandroll50yearsago.ButthesentimentcouldjustaseasilyhavebeenvoicedbyHillaryClintoninthepastfewweeksassheblamedvideogamesfor"asilentepidemicofmediadesensitisation"and"stealingtheinnocenceofourchildren". Thegamingfurorecenterson"GrandTheftAuto:SanAndreas"apopularandnotoriouslyviolentcopsandrobbersgamethatturnedouttocontainhiddensexscenesthatcouldbeunlockedusingapatchdownloadedfromtheinternet.TheresultingoutcrymostlyfromDemocraticpoliticiansplayingtothecentrecausedthegame’sratinginAmericatobechangedfrom"mature"whichmeansyouhavetobe17tobuyitto"adultsonly"whichmeansyouhavetobe18butalsomeansthatbigretailerssuchasWal-Martwillnotstockit.AsaresultthegamehasbeenbannedinAustralia;andthisautumnAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissionwillinvestigatethecomplaints.Thatwillgivegaming’sopponentsanopportunitytoventtheirwrathontheindustry. SkepticismofnewmediaisatraditionwithdeeprootsgoingbackatleastasfarasSocrates’objectionstowrittentextsoutlinedinPlato’sPhaedrus.Socratesworriedthatrelyingonwrittentextsratherthantheoraltraditionwould"createforgetfulnessinthelearners’soulsbecausetheywillnotusetheirmemories;theywilltrusttotheexternalwrittencharactersandnotrememberofthemselves."Healsoobjectedthatawrittenversionofaspeechwasnosubstitutefortheabilitytointerrogatethespeakersincewhenquestionedthetext"alwaysgivesoneunvaryinganswer".Hisobjectioninshortwasthatbookswerenotinteractive.PerhapsSocrateswouldhavethoughtmorehighlyofvideogames. Novelswereonceconsideredtoolow-browforuniversityliteraturecoursesbuteventuallythedisapprovingprofessorsretired.Waltzmusicanddancingwerecondemnedinthe19thcentury;allthattwirlingwasthoughttobe"intoxicating"and"depraved"andthemusicwasoutlawedinsomeplaces.Todayitishardtoimaginewhatthefusswasabout.AndrockandrollwasthoughttoencourageviolencepromiscuityandSatanism;buttodayevengranniesbuyColdplayalbums. Wecanlearnfromthetextthathumanbeingshaveahistoryof
Thereisvirtuallynolimittohowonecanservecommunityinterestsfromspendingafewhoursaweekwithsomecharitableorganizationtopracticallyfull-timeworkforasocialagency.Justasthereareopportunitiesforvoluntaryservice1VSOforyoungpeoplebeforetheytakeupfull-timeemployment2thereareopportunitiesforoverseasservicefor3techniciansindevelopingcountries.Somepeople4thosewhoretireearly5theirtechnicalandbusinessskillsincountries6thereisaspecialneed. Soinconsideringvoluntaryor7communityservicetherearemoreopportunitiesthanthere8werewhenonefirstbeganwork.Mostvoluntaryorganizationshaveonlyasmallfull-time 9anddependverymuchonvolunteersandpart-timers.Thismeansthatworkingrelationshipsaredifferentfromthoseincommercialorganizationsandvaluesmaybedifferent.10somewaystheymayseemmorecasualandlessefficientbutoneshouldnot11thembycommercialcriteria.Thepeoplewhoworkwiththemdosofordifferentreasonsandwithdifferent12bothpersonaland13.Oneshouldnotjointhem14toarmthemwithprofessionalexperience;theymustbejoinedwithcommitmenttothe15notbusinessefficiency.Becausesalariesare16ornon-existentmanyvoluntarybodiesoffermodestexpense.Butmanyretiredpeopletakepartincommunityservicefor17simplybecausetheyenjoythework. Manycommunityactivitiespossible18retirementwerealsopossibleduringone’sworkinglifebuttheyaretobeundertaken19seriouslyforthat.Retiredpeoplewhoarejustlookingforsomethingdifferentorunusualtodoshouldnotconsider20communityservice. 9
Thereisvirtuallynolimittohowonecanservecommunityinterestsfromspendingafewhoursaweekwithsomecharitableorganizationtopracticallyfull-timeworkforasocialagency.Justasthereareopportunitiesforvoluntaryservice1VSOforyoungpeoplebeforetheytakeupfull-timeemployment2thereareopportunitiesforoverseasservicefor3techniciansindevelopingcountries.Somepeople4thosewhoretireearly5theirtechnicalandbusinessskillsincountries6thereisaspecialneed. Soinconsideringvoluntaryor7communityservicetherearemoreopportunitiesthanthere8werewhenonefirstbeganwork.Mostvoluntaryorganizationshaveonlyasmallfull-time 9anddependverymuchonvolunteersandpart-timers.Thismeansthatworkingrelationshipsaredifferentfromthoseincommercialorganizationsandvaluesmaybedifferent.10somewaystheymayseemmorecasualandlessefficientbutoneshouldnot11thembycommercialcriteria.Thepeoplewhoworkwiththemdosofordifferentreasonsandwithdifferent12bothpersonaland13.Oneshouldnotjointhem14toarmthemwithprofessionalexperience;theymustbejoinedwithcommitmenttothe15notbusinessefficiency.Becausesalariesare16ornon-existentmanyvoluntarybodiesoffermodestexpense.Butmanyretiredpeopletakepartincommunityservicefor17simplybecausetheyenjoythework. Manycommunityactivitiespossible18retirementwerealsopossibleduringone’sworkinglifebuttheyaretobeundertaken19seriouslyforthat.Retiredpeoplewhoarejustlookingforsomethingdifferentorunusualtodoshouldnotconsider20communityservice. 15
"Itisanevilinfluenceontheyouthofourcountry."ApoliticiancondemningvideogamingActuallyaclergymandenouncingrockandroll50yearsago.ButthesentimentcouldjustaseasilyhavebeenvoicedbyHillaryClintoninthepastfewweeksassheblamedvideogamesfor"asilentepidemicofmediadesensitisation"and"stealingtheinnocenceofourchildren". Thegamingfurorecenterson"GrandTheftAuto:SanAndreas"apopularandnotoriouslyviolentcopsandrobbersgamethatturnedouttocontainhiddensexscenesthatcouldbeunlockedusingapatchdownloadedfromtheinternet.TheresultingoutcrymostlyfromDemocraticpoliticiansplayingtothecentrecausedthegame’sratinginAmericatobechangedfrom"mature"whichmeansyouhavetobe17tobuyitto"adultsonly"whichmeansyouhavetobe18butalsomeansthatbigretailerssuchasWal-Martwillnotstockit.AsaresultthegamehasbeenbannedinAustralia;andthisautumnAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissionwillinvestigatethecomplaints.Thatwillgivegaming’sopponentsanopportunitytoventtheirwrathontheindustry. SkepticismofnewmediaisatraditionwithdeeprootsgoingbackatleastasfarasSocrates’objectionstowrittentextsoutlinedinPlato’sPhaedrus.Socratesworriedthatrelyingonwrittentextsratherthantheoraltraditionwould"createforgetfulnessinthelearners’soulsbecausetheywillnotusetheirmemories;theywilltrusttotheexternalwrittencharactersandnotrememberofthemselves."Healsoobjectedthatawrittenversionofaspeechwasnosubstitutefortheabilitytointerrogatethespeakersincewhenquestionedthetext"alwaysgivesoneunvaryinganswer".Hisobjectioninshortwasthatbookswerenotinteractive.PerhapsSocrateswouldhavethoughtmorehighlyofvideogames. Novelswereonceconsideredtoolow-browforuniversityliteraturecoursesbuteventuallythedisapprovingprofessorsretired.Waltzmusicanddancingwerecondemnedinthe19thcentury;allthattwirlingwasthoughttobe"intoxicating"and"depraved"andthemusicwasoutlawedinsomeplaces.Todayitishardtoimaginewhatthefusswasabout.AndrockandrollwasthoughttoencourageviolencepromiscuityandSatanism;buttodayevengranniesbuyColdplayalbums. VideogameswouldhavebeenrecommendedbySocratesduetoits
Thereisvirtuallynolimittohowonecanservecommunityinterestsfromspendingafewhoursaweekwithsomecharitableorganizationtopracticallyfull-timeworkforasocialagency.Justasthereareopportunitiesforvoluntaryservice1VSOforyoungpeoplebeforetheytakeupfull-timeemployment2thereareopportunitiesforoverseasservicefor3techniciansindevelopingcountries.Somepeople4thosewhoretireearly5theirtechnicalandbusinessskillsincountries6thereisaspecialneed. Soinconsideringvoluntaryor7communityservicetherearemoreopportunitiesthanthere8werewhenonefirstbeganwork.Mostvoluntaryorganizationshaveonlyasmallfull-time 9anddependverymuchonvolunteersandpart-timers.Thismeansthatworkingrelationshipsaredifferentfromthoseincommercialorganizationsandvaluesmaybedifferent.10somewaystheymayseemmorecasualandlessefficientbutoneshouldnot11thembycommercialcriteria.Thepeoplewhoworkwiththemdosofordifferentreasonsandwithdifferent12bothpersonaland13.Oneshouldnotjointhem14toarmthemwithprofessionalexperience;theymustbejoinedwithcommitmenttothe15notbusinessefficiency.Becausesalariesare16ornon-existentmanyvoluntarybodiesoffermodestexpense.Butmanyretiredpeopletakepartincommunityservicefor17simplybecausetheyenjoythework. Manycommunityactivitiespossible18retirementwerealsopossibleduringone’sworkinglifebuttheyaretobeundertaken19seriouslyforthat.Retiredpeoplewhoarejustlookingforsomethingdifferentorunusualtodoshouldnotconsider20communityservice. 19
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