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Obtaining Drinking Water from Air Humidity Not a plant to be seen, the desert ground is too dry. Bu...
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CaliforniaGivesGreenLighttoSpaceSolarPowerEnergybeameddownfromspaceisonestepclosertorealitynowthatCaliforniahasgiventhegreenlighttoanagreementthatwouldseethePacificGasandElectricCompanybuy200megawatt兆瓦ofpowerbeameddownfromsolar-powersatellitesbeginningin2016.Butsomemajorchallengeswillhavetobeovercomeifthetechnologyistobeusedwidely.Astart-upcompanycalledSolarenisdesigningthesatelliteswhichitsayswilluseradiowavestobeamenergydowntoareceivingstationonEarth.Theattractionofcollectingsolarpowerinspaceisthealmostuninterruptedsunshineavailableineosynchronous与地球同步的orbit.Earth-basedsolarcellsbycontrastcanonlycollectsunlightduringdaytimeandwhenskiesareclear.Butspace-basedsolarpowermustgrapple努力克服withthehighcostperkilogramoflaunchingthingsintospacesaysRichardSchwartzofPurdueUniversityinWestLafayetteIndianaIfyou’retalkingaboutitbeingeconomicallyviableorpoweroftheEarthit’satoughgo.hesays.CalBoermanSolaren’sdirectorofenergyservicessaysthecompanydesigneditssatelliteswithaviewtokeepinglaunchcostsdown.Weknewwehadtocomeupwithadifferentrevolutionarydesignhesays.Apatentthecompanyhaswondescribeswaystoreducethesystem’sweightincludingusinginflatableminorstofocussunlightonsolarcellssoasmallernumbercancollectthesameamountofenergy.ButusingminorsintroducesotherHengesincludingkeepingthesolarcellsfromoverheatingsaysSchwartz.Youhavetotakecareofheatdissipation散发becauseyou’renowconcentratingalotofenergyinoneplacehesays.Accordingtothecompany’spatentSolaren’ssolarcellswillbeconnectedtoradiatorstohelpkeepthemcool.ThoughBoermansaysthecompanybelievesitcanmakespace-basedsolarpowerworkitisnotexpectingtocrowdoutotherformsofrenewableenergy.LawsinCaliforniaandotherstatesrequireincreasinguseofrenewableenergyincomingyearshepointsout.Tomeetthoseneedswe’regoingtoneedalltypesofrenewableenergysourceshesays.Oneadvantageofspace-basedsolarpowersystemisthatitiseconomical.
AFindaplacetoworkonBImplementingaworkablefilingsystemCWhatisagoodfilingsystemDHowtoinvestinarollingfilecartEGetridofunimportantthingsFDealingwithbillsParagraph4______
WorldCrudeOilProductionMayPeakDecadeEarlierThanSomePredictInafindingthatmayspeedeffortstoconserveoilscientistsinKuwaitpredictthatworldconventionalcrudeoilproductionwillpeakin2014.Thispredictionisalmostadecadeearlierthansomeotherpredictions.TheirstudyisinACS’Energy&Fuels.lbrahimNashawiandcolleaguespointoutthatrapidgrowthinglobaloilconsumptionhassparkedagrowinginterestinpredictingpeakoil.Peakoilisthepointwhereoilproductionreachesamaximumandthendeclines.Scientistshavedevelopedseveralmodelstoforecastthispointandsomeputthedateat2020orlater.OneofthemostfamousforecastmodelsiscalledtheHubbertmodel.Itassumesthatglobaloilproductionwillfollowabellshapedcurve.ArelatedconceptisthatofPeakOil.ThetermPeakOilindicatesthemomentinwhichworldwideproductionwillpeakafterwardstostartonirreversibledecline.TheHubbertmodelaccuratelypredictedthatoilproductionwouldpeakintheUnitedStatesin1970.Themodelhassincegainedinpopularityandhasbeenusedtoforecastoilproductionworldwide.Howeverrecentstudiesshowthatthemodelisinsufficienttoaccountformorecomplexoilproductioncyclesofsomecountries.Thosecyclescanbeheavilyinfluencedbytechnologychangespoliticsandotherfactorsthescientistssay.ThenewstudydescribesdevelopmentofanewversionoftheHubbertmodelthatprovidesamorerealisticandaccurateoilproductionforecast.Usingthenewmodelthescientistsevaluatedtheoilproductiontrendsof47majoroil-producingcountrieswhichsupplymostoftheworld’sconventionalcrudeoil.Theyestimatedthatworldwideconventionalcrudeoilproductionwillpeakin2014yearsearlierthananticipated.Thescientistsalsoshowedthattheworld’soilreservesarebeingreducedatarateof2.1percentayear.Thenewmodelcouldhelpinformenergy-relateddecisionsandpublicpolicydebatetheysuggest.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueoftheHubbertmodel
SharksPerformaServiceforEarth’sWatersItishardtogetpeopletothinkofsharksasanythingbutadeadlyenemy.Theyarethoughtto51peoplefrequently.Butthesefishperforma52serviceforearth’swatersandforhumanbeings.Yetbusinessandsportfishingarethreateningtheir53.Somesharksareatriskofdisappearingfrom54.Warmweathermayinfluencebothfishandsharkactivity.Manyfishswimnearcoastalareas55theirwarmwaters.Expertssaysharksmayfollowthefishintothesameareas56peoplealsoswim.Infactmostsharksdonotpurposelychargeatorbitehumans.Theyarethoughttomistakeaperson57aseaanimalsuchasasealorsealion.Thatiswhypeopleshouldnotswimintheoceanwhenthesungoesdownorcomesup.Thosearethe58whensharksarelookingforfood.Expertsalsosaythatbrightcolorsandshinyjewelrymaycausesharkstoattack.Asharkhasanextremelygoodsenseofsmell.Itcanfindsmallamountsofsubstancesinwatersuchasbloodbodyliquidsand59producedbyanimals.Thesepowerful60helpsharksfredtheirfood.Sharkseatfishany61sharksandplantsthatliveintheocean.Medicalresearcherswanttolearnmoreabouttheshark’sbodydefenseandimmune62againstdisease.Researchersknowthatsharks63quicklyfrominjuries.Theystudythesharkinhopesoffindingawaytofighthumandisease.Sharksareimportantfortheworld’s64.Theyeatinjuredanddiseasedfish.Theirhuntingactivitiesmeanthatthenumbersofotherfishinoceanwatersdonotbecometoo65.Thisprotectstheplantsandotherformsoflifethatexistintheoceans.
Everyoneintheclassparticipatedinthefarewellparty.
AtheyareuselessBinpaperchaseCthatitiseasilyreachedDthatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentrequirementsEtheyarenotcomfortableFininvestingincouponsStephanieDentonisexpert______
CaliforniaGivesGreenLighttoSpaceSolarPowerEnergybeameddownfromspaceisonestepclosertorealitynowthatCaliforniahasgiventhegreenlighttoanagreementthatwouldseethePacificGasandElectricCompanybuy200megawatt兆瓦ofpowerbeameddownfromsolar-powersatellitesbeginningin2016.Butsomemajorchallengeswillhavetobeovercomeifthetechnologyistobeusedwidely.Astart-upcompanycalledSolarenisdesigningthesatelliteswhichitsayswilluseradiowavestobeamenergydowntoareceivingstationonEarth.Theattractionofcollectingsolarpowerinspaceisthealmostuninterruptedsunshineavailableineosynchronous与地球同步的orbit.Earth-basedsolarcellsbycontrastcanonlycollectsunlightduringdaytimeandwhenskiesareclear.Butspace-basedsolarpowermustgrapple努力克服withthehighcostperkilogramoflaunchingthingsintospacesaysRichardSchwartzofPurdueUniversityinWestLafayetteIndianaIfyou’retalkingaboutitbeingeconomicallyviableorpoweroftheEarthit’satoughgo.hesays.CalBoermanSolaren’sdirectorofenergyservicessaysthecompanydesigneditssatelliteswithaviewtokeepinglaunchcostsdown.Weknewwehadtocomeupwithadifferentrevolutionarydesignhesays.Apatentthecompanyhaswondescribeswaystoreducethesystem’sweightincludingusinginflatableminorstofocussunlightonsolarcellssoasmallernumbercancollectthesameamountofenergy.ButusingminorsintroducesotherHengesincludingkeepingthesolarcellsfromoverheatingsaysSchwartz.Youhavetotakecareofheatdissipation散发becauseyou’renowconcentratingalotofenergyinoneplacehesays.Accordingtothecompany’spatentSolaren’ssolarcellswillbeconnectedtoradiatorstohelpkeepthemcool.ThoughBoermansaysthecompanybelievesitcanmakespace-basedsolarpowerworkitisnotexpectingtocrowdoutotherformsofrenewableenergy.LawsinCaliforniaandotherstatesrequireincreasinguseofrenewableenergyincomingyearshepointsout.Tomeetthoseneedswe’regoingtoneedalltypesofrenewableenergysourceshesays.Space-basedsolarpowerwillruleoutotherformsofrenewableenergysources.
TheBestWaytoReduceYourWeightYouhearthis:Nowonderyouarefat.Allyoueverdoiseating.Youfeelsad:Iskipmybreakfastandsupper.Iruneverymorningandevening.WhatelsecanIdoBasicallyyoucandonothing.Yourgenesnotyourlifehabitsdetermineyourweightandyourbodyconstantlytriestomaintainit.AlbertStunkardoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniafoundfromexperimentsthat80percentofthechildrenoftwoobeseparentsbecomeobeseascomparedwithnomorethan14percentoftheoffspringoftwoparentsofnormalweight.HowcanobesepeoplebecomenormaloreventhinthroughdietingWelldietingcanbeeffectivebutthehealthcostsaretremendous.JulesHirscharesearchphysicianatRockefellerUniversitydidastudyofeightfatpeople.Theyweregivenaliquidformulaproviding600caloriesaday.Aftermorethan10weeksthesubjectslost45kgonaverage.Butafterleavingthehospitaltheyallregained.Theresultsweresurprisingbymetabolicmeasurementfatpeoplewholostlargeamountsofweightseemedliketheywerestarving.Theyhadpsychiatricproblems.Theydreamedoffoodorbreakingtheirdiet.Theywereanxiousanddepressed;someweresuicidal.Theyhidfoodintheirrooms.Researcherswarnthatitispossiblethatweightreductiondoesn’tresultinnormalweightbutinanabnormalstateresemblingthatofstarvednon-obesepeople.Thinpeoplehoweversufferfromtheopposite:Theyhavetomakeagreatefforttogainweight.EthanSimsoftheUniversityofVermontgotprisonerstovolunteertogainweight.Infourtosixmonthstheyateasmuchastheycould.Theysucceededinincreasingtheirweightby20to25percent.Butmonthsafterthestudyendedtheywerebacktonormalweightandstayedthere.Thisdidnotmeanthatpeoplearecompletelywithouthopeincontrollingtheirweight.Itmeansthatthosewhotendtobefatwillhavetoconstantlybattletheirgeneticinheritanceiftheywanttosignificantlylowertheirweight.Thefindingsalsoprovideevidenceforsomethingscientiststhoughtwastrue--eachpersonhasacomfortableweightrange.Therangemightbeasmuchas9kg.Someonemightweigh60-69kgwithouttoomucheffort.Butgoingaboveorbelowthenaturalweightrangeisdifficult.Thebodyresistsbyfeelinghungryorfullandchangingthemetabolismtopushtheweightbacktotherangeitseeks.WhatdidEthanSimsmakehissubjectsdo
SharksPerformaServiceforEarth’sWatersItishardtogetpeopletothinkofsharksasanythingbutadeadlyenemy.Theyarethoughtto51peoplefrequently.Butthesefishperforma52serviceforearth’swatersandforhumanbeings.Yetbusinessandsportfishingarethreateningtheir53.Somesharksareatriskofdisappearingfrom54.Warmweathermayinfluencebothfishandsharkactivity.Manyfishswimnearcoastalareas55theirwarmwaters.Expertssaysharksmayfollowthefishintothesameareas56peoplealsoswim.Infactmostsharksdonotpurposelychargeatorbitehumans.Theyarethoughttomistakeaperson57aseaanimalsuchasasealorsealion.Thatiswhypeopleshouldnotswimintheoceanwhenthesungoesdownorcomesup.Thosearethe58whensharksarelookingforfood.Expertsalsosaythatbrightcolorsandshinyjewelrymaycausesharkstoattack.Asharkhasanextremelygoodsenseofsmell.Itcanfindsmallamountsofsubstancesinwatersuchasbloodbodyliquidsand59producedbyanimals.Thesepowerful60helpsharksfredtheirfood.Sharkseatfishany61sharksandplantsthatliveintheocean.Medicalresearcherswanttolearnmoreabouttheshark’sbodydefenseandimmune62againstdisease.Researchersknowthatsharks63quicklyfrominjuries.Theystudythesharkinhopesoffindingawaytofighthumandisease.Sharksareimportantfortheworld’s64.Theyeatinjuredanddiseasedfish.Theirhuntingactivitiesmeanthatthenumbersofotherfishinoceanwatersdonotbecometoo65.Thisprotectstheplantsandotherformsoflifethatexistintheoceans.
WhatIsType1DiabetesWhenyoueatyourbodytakesthesugarfromfoodandturnsitintofuel.46.Yourbodyusesglucose葡萄糖forenergysoitcandoeverythingfrombreathingairtoplayingavideogame.Butglucosecannotbeusedbythebodyonitsown--itneedshormonecalledinsulintobringisintothecellsofthebody.Mostpeoplegettheinsulintheyneedfromthepancreas;alargeorgannearthestomach.Thepancreasmakesinsulin;insulinbringsglucoseintothecells;andthebodygetstheenergyitneeds.WhenapersonhasType1diabetesitisbecausethepancreasisnotmakinginsulin.Sosomeonecouldbeeatinglotsoffoodandgettingalltheglucoseheneedsbutwithoutinsulinthereisnowayforthebodytousetheglucoseforenergy.47.Youmayhaveheardolderpeopletalkabouthavingdiabetesmaybepeopleofyourgrandparents’age.Usuallythisisadifferentkindofdiabetescalledtype2diabetesoradult-onsetdiabetes.48.WhenakidisdiagnosedwithjuvenileType1diabeteshewillhavethattypeofdiabetesforhiswhalelife.Itwon’tewerchangetoType2diabeteswhenhegetsolder.Scientistsnowthinkthatapersonwhohasjuvenilediabeteswasbornwithacertaingeneorgenesthatmadethepersonmorelikelytogettheillness.49.Manyscientistsbelievethatalongwithhavingcertaingenessomethingelseoutsidetheperson’sbodylikeaviralinfectionisnecessarytosetthediabetesinmotionbyaffectingthecellsinthepan-treesthatmakeinsulin.Butthepersonmusthavethegeneorgenesfordiabetestostartoutwiththismeansyoucannotgetdiabetesjustfromcatchingafluvirusorcold.Andthistypeofdiabetesisn’tcausedbyeatingtoomanysugaryfoodseither.Diabetescantakealongtimetodevelopinaperson’sbodysometimesmonthsoryears.Anotherimportantthingtorememberisthatdiabetesisnotcontagious.50.A.Genesaresomethingthatyouinheritfromyourparentsandtheyareinyourbodyevenbeforeyouareborn.B.Thissugar-fueliscalledglucose.C.Itmaybepossibletoheatinsulinresistancethroughlifestylechanges.D.Youcan’tcatchdiabetesfrompeoplewhohaveitnomatterhowcloseyousittothemorifyoukissthem.E.Theglucosecan’tgetintothecellsofthebodywithoutinsulin.F.Whenapersonhasthiskindofdiabetesthepancreasusuallycanstillmakeinsulincuttheperson’sbodyneedsmorethanthepancreascanmak
WhatIsType1DiabetesWhenyoueatyourbodytakesthesugarfromfoodandturnsitintofuel.46.Yourbodyusesglucose葡萄糖forenergysoitcandoeverythingfrombreathingairtoplayingavideogame.Butglucosecannotbeusedbythebodyonitsown--itneedshormonecalledinsulintobringisintothecellsofthebody.Mostpeoplegettheinsulintheyneedfromthepancreas;alargeorgannearthestomach.Thepancreasmakesinsulin;insulinbringsglucoseintothecells;andthebodygetstheenergyitneeds.WhenapersonhasType1diabetesitisbecausethepancreasisnotmakinginsulin.Sosomeonecouldbeeatinglotsoffoodandgettingalltheglucoseheneedsbutwithoutinsulinthereisnowayforthebodytousetheglucoseforenergy.47.Youmayhaveheardolderpeopletalkabouthavingdiabetesmaybepeopleofyourgrandparents’age.Usuallythisisadifferentkindofdiabetescalledtype2diabetesoradult-onsetdiabetes.48.WhenakidisdiagnosedwithjuvenileType1diabeteshewillhavethattypeofdiabetesforhiswhalelife.Itwon’tewerchangetoType2diabeteswhenhegetsolder.Scientistsnowthinkthatapersonwhohasjuvenilediabeteswasbornwithacertaingeneorgenesthatmadethepersonmorelikelytogettheillness.49.Manyscientistsbelievethatalongwithhavingcertaingenessomethingelseoutsidetheperson’sbodylikeaviralinfectionisnecessarytosetthediabetesinmotionbyaffectingthecellsinthepan-treesthatmakeinsulin.Butthepersonmusthavethegeneorgenesfordiabetestostartoutwiththismeansyoucannotgetdiabetesjustfromcatchingafluvirusorcold.Andthistypeofdiabetesisn’tcausedbyeatingtoomanysugaryfoodseither.Diabetescantakealongtimetodevelopinaperson’sbodysometimesmonthsoryears.Anotherimportantthingtorememberisthatdiabetesisnotcontagious.50.A.Genesaresomethingthatyouinheritfromyourparentsandtheyareinyourbodyevenbeforeyouareborn.B.Thissugar-fueliscalledglucose.C.Itmaybepossibletoheatinsulinresistancethroughlifestylechanges.D.Youcan’tcatchdiabetesfrompeoplewhohaveitnomatterhowcloseyousittothemorifyoukissthem.E.Theglucosecan’tgetintothecellsofthebodywithoutinsulin.F.Whenapersonhasthiskindofdiabetesthepancreasusuallycanstillmakeinsulincuttheperson’sbodyneedsmorethanthepancreascanmak
TheBestWaytoReduceYourWeightYouhearthis:Nowonderyouarefat.Allyoueverdoiseating.Youfeelsad:Iskipmybreakfastandsupper.Iruneverymorningandevening.WhatelsecanIdoBasicallyyoucandonothing.Yourgenesnotyourlifehabitsdetermineyourweightandyourbodyconstantlytriestomaintainit.AlbertStunkardoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniafoundfromexperimentsthat80percentofthechildrenoftwoobeseparentsbecomeobeseascomparedwithnomorethan14percentoftheoffspringoftwoparentsofnormalweight.HowcanobesepeoplebecomenormaloreventhinthroughdietingWelldietingcanbeeffectivebutthehealthcostsaretremendous.JulesHirscharesearchphysicianatRockefellerUniversitydidastudyofeightfatpeople.Theyweregivenaliquidformulaproviding600caloriesaday.Aftermorethan10weeksthesubjectslost45kgonaverage.Butafterleavingthehospitaltheyallregained.Theresultsweresurprisingbymetabolicmeasurementfatpeoplewholostlargeamountsofweightseemedliketheywerestarving.Theyhadpsychiatricproblems.Theydreamedoffoodorbreakingtheirdiet.Theywereanxiousanddepressed;someweresuicidal.Theyhidfoodintheirrooms.Researcherswarnthatitispossiblethatweightreductiondoesn’tresultinnormalweightbutinanabnormalstateresemblingthatofstarvednon-obesepeople.Thinpeoplehoweversufferfromtheopposite:Theyhavetomakeagreatefforttogainweight.EthanSimsoftheUniversityofVermontgotprisonerstovolunteertogainweight.Infourtosixmonthstheyateasmuchastheycould.Theysucceededinincreasingtheirweightby20to25percent.Butmonthsafterthestudyendedtheywerebacktonormalweightandstayedthere.Thisdidnotmeanthatpeoplearecompletelywithouthopeincontrollingtheirweight.Itmeansthatthosewhotendtobefatwillhavetoconstantlybattletheirgeneticinheritanceiftheywanttosignificantlylowertheirweight.Thefindingsalsoprovideevidenceforsomethingscientiststhoughtwastrue--eachpersonhasacomfortableweightrange.Therangemightbeasmuchas9kg.Someonemightweigh60-69kgwithouttoomucheffort.Butgoingaboveorbelowthenaturalweightrangeisdifficult.Thebodyresistsbyfeelinghungryorfullandchangingthemetabolismtopushtheweightbacktotherangeitseeks.WhatdidJulesHirschdoinhisstudy
Tounderstandwhatwearegoingtotalkabouttodayyouhavetorelyonwhatyouhavereadpreviously.
SharksPerformaServiceforEarth’sWatersItishardtogetpeopletothinkofsharksasanythingbutadeadlyenemy.Theyarethoughtto51peoplefrequently.Butthesefishperforma52serviceforearth’swatersandforhumanbeings.Yetbusinessandsportfishingarethreateningtheir53.Somesharksareatriskofdisappearingfrom54.Warmweathermayinfluencebothfishandsharkactivity.Manyfishswimnearcoastalareas55theirwarmwaters.Expertssaysharksmayfollowthefishintothesameareas56peoplealsoswim.Infactmostsharksdonotpurposelychargeatorbitehumans.Theyarethoughttomistakeaperson57aseaanimalsuchasasealorsealion.Thatiswhypeopleshouldnotswimintheoceanwhenthesungoesdownorcomesup.Thosearethe58whensharksarelookingforfood.Expertsalsosaythatbrightcolorsandshinyjewelrymaycausesharkstoattack.Asharkhasanextremelygoodsenseofsmell.Itcanfindsmallamountsofsubstancesinwatersuchasbloodbodyliquidsand59producedbyanimals.Thesepowerful60helpsharksfredtheirfood.Sharkseatfishany61sharksandplantsthatliveintheocean.Medicalresearcherswanttolearnmoreabouttheshark’sbodydefenseandimmune62againstdisease.Researchersknowthatsharks63quicklyfrominjuries.Theystudythesharkinhopesoffindingawaytofighthumandisease.Sharksareimportantfortheworld’s64.Theyeatinjuredanddiseasedfish.Theirhuntingactivitiesmeanthatthenumbersofotherfishinoceanwatersdonotbecometoo65.Thisprotectstheplantsandotherformsoflifethatexistintheoceans.
Itisobviousthatthereisdifferenceinthewaytheyviewthematter.
SharksPerformaServiceforEarth’sWatersItishardtogetpeopletothinkofsharksasanythingbutadeadlyenemy.Theyarethoughtto51peoplefrequently.Butthesefishperforma52serviceforearth’swatersandforhumanbeings.Yetbusinessandsportfishingarethreateningtheir53.Somesharksareatriskofdisappearingfrom54.Warmweathermayinfluencebothfishandsharkactivity.Manyfishswimnearcoastalareas55theirwarmwaters.Expertssaysharksmayfollowthefishintothesameareas56peoplealsoswim.Infactmostsharksdonotpurposelychargeatorbitehumans.Theyarethoughttomistakeaperson57aseaanimalsuchasasealorsealion.Thatiswhypeopleshouldnotswimintheoceanwhenthesungoesdownorcomesup.Thosearethe58whensharksarelookingforfood.Expertsalsosaythatbrightcolorsandshinyjewelrymaycausesharkstoattack.Asharkhasanextremelygoodsenseofsmell.Itcanfindsmallamountsofsubstancesinwatersuchasbloodbodyliquidsand59producedbyanimals.Thesepowerful60helpsharksfredtheirfood.Sharkseatfishany61sharksandplantsthatliveintheocean.Medicalresearcherswanttolearnmoreabouttheshark’sbodydefenseandimmune62againstdisease.Researchersknowthatsharks63quicklyfrominjuries.Theystudythesharkinhopesoffindingawaytofighthumandisease.Sharksareimportantfortheworld’s64.Theyeatinjuredanddiseasedfish.Theirhuntingactivitiesmeanthatthenumbersofotherfishinoceanwatersdonotbecometoo65.Thisprotectstheplantsandotherformsoflifethatexistintheoceans.
FindingEnlightenmentinScotlandInthe1740sthefamousFrenchphilosophyVoltairesaidWelooktoScotlandforallourideasofcivilization.That’snotabadadvertisementforanycountryespeciallywhenitcomestoattractingpeopleinsearchofafirstclasseducation.Yetsomepeoplegoevenfurtherthanthat.AccordingtotheAmericanauthorArthurHermantheScotsinventedthemodemworlditself.HearguesthatScottishthinkersandintellectualsworkedoutmanyofthemostimportantideasonwhichmodemlifedependeverythingfromthescientificmethodtomarketeconomics.TheirideasdidnotjustspreadamongstintellectualsbuttothosepeopleinbusinessgovernmentandthescienceswhoactuallyshapedtheWesternworld.ItallstartedduringtheperiodthathistorianscalltheScottishEnlightenmentwhichisusuallyseenastakingplacebetweentheyears1740and1800.AtthistimeScotlandwashometoanumberofthinkerswhomadeanimportantshiftinthecourseofWesternphilosophy.Beforethatphilosophywasmainlyconcernedwithreligion.ForthethinkersoftheScottishEnlightenmenttheproperstudyofhumanitywasmankinditself.Theirreasoningwaspractical.ForthephilosopherDavidHumehumanitywastherightsubjectforphilosophybecausewecanexaminehumanbehaviorandsofindrealevidenceofhowpeoplethinkandfeel.Andfromthatwecanmakejudgmentsaboutthesocietiesweliveinandmakeconcretesuggestionsabouthowtheycanbeimprovedforuniversalbenefit.Humewasnotascientisthimselfbuthisenquiryintothenatureofknowledgelaidthefoundationsforthescientificmethodthepursuitoftruththroughexperiment.HisfriendandfellowresidentofEdinburghAdamSmithfamouslyappliedthestudyofmankindtothewaysinwhichmankinddoesbusiness.Tradehearguedwasaformofinformation.Moneyisthewayinwhichpeopletelleachotherwhattheywantandhowmuchpeoplepayisthebestwaywehaveofknowinghowmuchsomebodywantssomething.Inpursuingourownintereststhroughtradinginmarketsweallcometobenefiteachother.Smith’sideaofenlightenedself-interesthascometodominatemodemviewsofeconomics.Italsohaswiderapplications.Hewasoneofthefirstmajorphilosopherstopointoutthatnationscanbecomerichfreeandpowerfulmoreefficientlythroughpeacetradeandinventionthanbymeansofwarandplunder.TheoriginalScottishEnlightenmentisthoughttohaveendedwiththelivesofSmithHumeandtheotherthinkerswholivedinScotlandatthattime.ButawiderScottishEnlightenmentcanstillbeseen.Itexistsinthewaythattheideasevolvedatthattimestillunderpinourtheories.ItalsoexistsinScotlanditselfinaneducationaltraditionthatcombinesacademicexcellencewithpracticalorientation.TheInstituteforSystemLevelIntegrationISLIisagoodexample.Foundedin1998byagroupoffourScottishuniversitiesISLIdrawsontheacademicexpertiseoftheuniversitydepartmentsofcomputerscienceelectronicandelectricalengineeringandinformaticsButthoughitworksatthecuttingedgeofscienceISLI’sultimateaimsarerootedintheneedsoftherealworld:toproducehighlyskilleddesignengineersandresearcherstomeettheneedsoftherapidlychangingglobalsemiconductorindustry.ThoughonlyoneamongstmanyeducationalinstitutionsinScotlandISLI’sexistenceshowsthattheprinciplesoftheScottishEnlightenmentstillliveon.It’sacountrythat’sstillinventingstillmodernizingandstilldoingitsbesttospreadenlightenment.TheInstituteforSystemLevelIntegrationisusedasanexampletoillustrate______.
WorldCrudeOilProductionMayPeakDecadeEarlierThanSomePredictInafindingthatmayspeedeffortstoconserveoilscientistsinKuwaitpredictthatworldconventionalcrudeoilproductionwillpeakin2014.Thispredictionisalmostadecadeearlierthansomeotherpredictions.TheirstudyisinACS’Energy&Fuels.lbrahimNashawiandcolleaguespointoutthatrapidgrowthinglobaloilconsumptionhassparkedagrowinginterestinpredictingpeakoil.Peakoilisthepointwhereoilproductionreachesamaximumandthendeclines.Scientistshavedevelopedseveralmodelstoforecastthispointandsomeputthedateat2020orlater.OneofthemostfamousforecastmodelsiscalledtheHubbertmodel.Itassumesthatglobaloilproductionwillfollowabellshapedcurve.ArelatedconceptisthatofPeakOil.ThetermPeakOilindicatesthemomentinwhichworldwideproductionwillpeakafterwardstostartonirreversibledecline.TheHubbertmodelaccuratelypredictedthatoilproductionwouldpeakintheUnitedStatesin1970.Themodelhassincegainedinpopularityandhasbeenusedtoforecastoilproductionworldwide.Howeverrecentstudiesshowthatthemodelisinsufficienttoaccountformorecomplexoilproductioncyclesofsomecountries.Thosecyclescanbeheavilyinfluencedbytechnologychangespoliticsandotherfactorsthescientistssay.ThenewstudydescribesdevelopmentofanewversionoftheHubbertmodelthatprovidesamorerealisticandaccurateoilproductionforecast.Usingthenewmodelthescientistsevaluatedtheoilproductiontrendsof47majoroil-producingcountrieswhichsupplymostoftheworld’sconventionalcrudeoil.Theyestimatedthatworldwideconventionalcrudeoilproductionwillpeakin2014yearsearlierthananticipated.Thescientistsalsoshowedthattheworld’soilreservesarebeingreducedatarateof2.1percentayear.Thenewmodelcouldhelpinformenergy-relateddecisionsandpublicpolicydebatetheysuggest.WhodevelopthenewversionoftheHubbertmodel
SharksPerformaServiceforEarth’sWatersItishardtogetpeopletothinkofsharksasanythingbutadeadlyenemy.Theyarethoughtto51peoplefrequently.Butthesefishperforma52serviceforearth’swatersandforhumanbeings.Yetbusinessandsportfishingarethreateningtheir53.Somesharksareatriskofdisappearingfrom54.Warmweathermayinfluencebothfishandsharkactivity.Manyfishswimnearcoastalareas55theirwarmwaters.Expertssaysharksmayfollowthefishintothesameareas56peoplealsoswim.Infactmostsharksdonotpurposelychargeatorbitehumans.Theyarethoughttomistakeaperson57aseaanimalsuchasasealorsealion.Thatiswhypeopleshouldnotswimintheoceanwhenthesungoesdownorcomesup.Thosearethe58whensharksarelookingforfood.Expertsalsosaythatbrightcolorsandshinyjewelrymaycausesharkstoattack.Asharkhasanextremelygoodsenseofsmell.Itcanfindsmallamountsofsubstancesinwatersuchasbloodbodyliquidsand59producedbyanimals.Thesepowerful60helpsharksfredtheirfood.Sharkseatfishany61sharksandplantsthatliveintheocean.Medicalresearcherswanttolearnmoreabouttheshark’sbodydefenseandimmune62againstdisease.Researchersknowthatsharks63quicklyfrominjuries.Theystudythesharkinhopesoffindingawaytofighthumandisease.Sharksareimportantfortheworld’s64.Theyeatinjuredanddiseasedfish.Theirhuntingactivitiesmeanthatthenumbersofotherfishinoceanwatersdonotbecometoo65.Thisprotectstheplantsandotherformsoflifethatexistintheoceans.
SharksPerformaServiceforEarth’sWatersItishardtogetpeopletothinkofsharksasanythingbutadeadlyenemy.Theyarethoughtto51peoplefrequently.Butthesefishperforma52serviceforearth’swatersandforhumanbeings.Yetbusinessandsportfishingarethreateningtheir53.Somesharksareatriskofdisappearingfrom54.Warmweathermayinfluencebothfishandsharkactivity.Manyfishswimnearcoastalareas55theirwarmwaters.Expertssaysharksmayfollowthefishintothesameareas56peoplealsoswim.Infactmostsharksdonotpurposelychargeatorbitehumans.Theyarethoughttomistakeaperson57aseaanimalsuchasasealorsealion.Thatiswhypeopleshouldnotswimintheoceanwhenthesungoesdownorcomesup.Thosearethe58whensharksarelookingforfood.Expertsalsosaythatbrightcolorsandshinyjewelrymaycausesharkstoattack.Asharkhasanextremelygoodsenseofsmell.Itcanfindsmallamountsofsubstancesinwatersuchasbloodbodyliquidsand59producedbyanimals.Thesepowerful60helpsharksfredtheirfood.Sharkseatfishany61sharksandplantsthatliveintheocean.Medicalresearcherswanttolearnmoreabouttheshark’sbodydefenseandimmune62againstdisease.Researchersknowthatsharks63quicklyfrominjuries.Theystudythesharkinhopesoffindingawaytofighthumandisease.Sharksareimportantfortheworld’s64.Theyeatinjuredanddiseasedfish.Theirhuntingactivitiesmeanthatthenumbersofotherfishinoceanwatersdonotbecometoo65.Thisprotectstheplantsandotherformsoflifethatexistintheoceans.
Theyallagreedthatthechangesthathavetakenplacearesubstantial.
SharksPerformaServiceforEarth’sWatersItishardtogetpeopletothinkofsharksasanythingbutadeadlyenemy.Theyarethoughtto51peoplefrequently.Butthesefishperforma52serviceforearth’swatersandforhumanbeings.Yetbusinessandsportfishingarethreateningtheir53.Somesharksareatriskofdisappearingfrom54.Warmweathermayinfluencebothfishandsharkactivity.Manyfishswimnearcoastalareas55theirwarmwaters.Expertssaysharksmayfollowthefishintothesameareas56peoplealsoswim.Infactmostsharksdonotpurposelychargeatorbitehumans.Theyarethoughttomistakeaperson57aseaanimalsuchasasealorsealion.Thatiswhypeopleshouldnotswimintheoceanwhenthesungoesdownorcomesup.Thosearethe58whensharksarelookingforfood.Expertsalsosaythatbrightcolorsandshinyjewelrymaycausesharkstoattack.Asharkhasanextremelygoodsenseofsmell.Itcanfindsmallamountsofsubstancesinwatersuchasbloodbodyliquidsand59producedbyanimals.Thesepowerful60helpsharksfredtheirfood.Sharkseatfishany61sharksandplantsthatliveintheocean.Medicalresearcherswanttolearnmoreabouttheshark’sbodydefenseandimmune62againstdisease.Researchersknowthatsharks63quicklyfrominjuries.Theystudythesharkinhopesoffindingawaytofighthumandisease.Sharksareimportantfortheworld’s64.Theyeatinjuredanddiseasedfish.Theirhuntingactivitiesmeanthatthenumbersofotherfishinoceanwatersdonotbecometoo65.Thisprotectstheplantsandotherformsoflifethatexistintheoceans.
CaliforniaGivesGreenLighttoSpaceSolarPowerEnergybeameddownfromspaceisonestepclosertorealitynowthatCaliforniahasgiventhegreenlighttoanagreementthatwouldseethePacificGasandElectricCompanybuy200megawatt兆瓦ofpowerbeameddownfromsolar-powersatellitesbeginningin2016.Butsomemajorchallengeswillhavetobeovercomeifthetechnologyistobeusedwidely.Astart-upcompanycalledSolarenisdesigningthesatelliteswhichitsayswilluseradiowavestobeamenergydowntoareceivingstationonEarth.Theattractionofcollectingsolarpowerinspaceisthealmostuninterruptedsunshineavailableineosynchronous与地球同步的orbit.Earth-basedsolarcellsbycontrastcanonlycollectsunlightduringdaytimeandwhenskiesareclear.Butspace-basedsolarpowermustgrapple努力克服withthehighcostperkilogramoflaunchingthingsintospacesaysRichardSchwartzofPurdueUniversityinWestLafayetteIndianaIfyou’retalkingaboutitbeingeconomicallyviableorpoweroftheEarthit’satoughgo.hesays.CalBoermanSolaren’sdirectorofenergyservicessaysthecompanydesigneditssatelliteswithaviewtokeepinglaunchcostsdown.Weknewwehadtocomeupwithadifferentrevolutionarydesignhesays.Apatentthecompanyhaswondescribeswaystoreducethesystem’sweightincludingusinginflatableminorstofocussunlightonsolarcellssoasmallernumbercancollectthesameamountofenergy.ButusingminorsintroducesotherHengesincludingkeepingthesolarcellsfromoverheatingsaysSchwartz.Youhavetotakecareofheatdissipation散发becauseyou’renowconcentratingalotofenergyinoneplacehesays.Accordingtothecompany’spatentSolaren’ssolarcellswillbeconnectedtoradiatorstohelpkeepthemcool.ThoughBoermansaysthecompanybelievesitcanmakespace-basedsolarpowerworkitisnotexpectingtocrowdoutotherformsofrenewableenergy.LawsinCaliforniaandotherstatesrequireincreasinguseofrenewableenergyincomingyearshepointsout.Tomeetthoseneedswe’regoingtoneedalltypesofrenewableenergysourceshesays.Solarenisgoingtodesign200solar-powersatellites.
AFindaplacetoworkonBImplementingaworkablefilingsystemCWhatisagoodfilingsystemDHowtoinvestinarollingfilecartEGetridofunimportantthingsFDealingwithbillsParagraph2______
Thewarwasoverbutthewholecountrywasinastateofdisorder.
Numerousattemptshavebeenmadetohidethetruth.
Noteveryonecanperceivethegradualchangeinthewriter'sstyle.
SharksPerformaServiceforEarth’sWatersItishardtogetpeopletothinkofsharksasanythingbutadeadlyenemy.Theyarethoughtto51peoplefrequently.Butthesefishperforma52serviceforearth’swatersandforhumanbeings.Yetbusinessandsportfishingarethreateningtheir53.Somesharksareatriskofdisappearingfrom54.Warmweathermayinfluencebothfishandsharkactivity.Manyfishswimnearcoastalareas55theirwarmwaters.Expertssaysharksmayfollowthefishintothesameareas56peoplealsoswim.Infactmostsharksdonotpurposelychargeatorbitehumans.Theyarethoughttomistakeaperson57aseaanimalsuchasasealorsealion.Thatiswhypeopleshouldnotswimintheoceanwhenthesungoesdownorcomesup.Thosearethe58whensharksarelookingforfood.Expertsalsosaythatbrightcolorsandshinyjewelrymaycausesharkstoattack.Asharkhasanextremelygoodsenseofsmell.Itcanfindsmallamountsofsubstancesinwatersuchasbloodbodyliquidsand59producedbyanimals.Thesepowerful60helpsharksfredtheirfood.Sharkseatfishany61sharksandplantsthatliveintheocean.Medicalresearcherswanttolearnmoreabouttheshark’sbodydefenseandimmune62againstdisease.Researchersknowthatsharks63quicklyfrominjuries.Theystudythesharkinhopesoffindingawaytofighthumandisease.Sharksareimportantfortheworld’s64.Theyeatinjuredanddiseasedfish.Theirhuntingactivitiesmeanthatthenumbersofotherfishinoceanwatersdonotbecometoo65.Thisprotectstheplantsandotherformsoflifethatexistintheoceans.
FindingEnlightenmentinScotlandInthe1740sthefamousFrenchphilosophyVoltairesaidWelooktoScotlandforallourideasofcivilization.That’snotabadadvertisementforanycountryespeciallywhenitcomestoattractingpeopleinsearchofafirstclasseducation.Yetsomepeoplegoevenfurtherthanthat.AccordingtotheAmericanauthorArthurHermantheScotsinventedthemodemworlditself.HearguesthatScottishthinkersandintellectualsworkedoutmanyofthemostimportantideasonwhichmodemlifedependeverythingfromthescientificmethodtomarketeconomics.TheirideasdidnotjustspreadamongstintellectualsbuttothosepeopleinbusinessgovernmentandthescienceswhoactuallyshapedtheWesternworld.ItallstartedduringtheperiodthathistorianscalltheScottishEnlightenmentwhichisusuallyseenastakingplacebetweentheyears1740and1800.AtthistimeScotlandwashometoanumberofthinkerswhomadeanimportantshiftinthecourseofWesternphilosophy.Beforethatphilosophywasmainlyconcernedwithreligion.ForthethinkersoftheScottishEnlightenmenttheproperstudyofhumanitywasmankinditself.Theirreasoningwaspractical.ForthephilosopherDavidHumehumanitywastherightsubjectforphilosophybecausewecanexaminehumanbehaviorandsofindrealevidenceofhowpeoplethinkandfeel.Andfromthatwecanmakejudgmentsaboutthesocietiesweliveinandmakeconcretesuggestionsabouthowtheycanbeimprovedforuniversalbenefit.Humewasnotascientisthimselfbuthisenquiryintothenatureofknowledgelaidthefoundationsforthescientificmethodthepursuitoftruththroughexperiment.HisfriendandfellowresidentofEdinburghAdamSmithfamouslyappliedthestudyofmankindtothewaysinwhichmankinddoesbusiness.Tradehearguedwasaformofinformation.Moneyisthewayinwhichpeopletelleachotherwhattheywantandhowmuchpeoplepayisthebestwaywehaveofknowinghowmuchsomebodywantssomething.Inpursuingourownintereststhroughtradinginmarketsweallcometobenefiteachother.Smith’sideaofenlightenedself-interesthascometodominatemodemviewsofeconomics.Italsohaswiderapplications.Hewasoneofthefirstmajorphilosopherstopointoutthatnationscanbecomerichfreeandpowerfulmoreefficientlythroughpeacetradeandinventionthanbymeansofwarandplunder.TheoriginalScottishEnlightenmentisthoughttohaveendedwiththelivesofSmithHumeandtheotherthinkerswholivedinScotlandatthattime.ButawiderScottishEnlightenmentcanstillbeseen.Itexistsinthewaythattheideasevolvedatthattimestillunderpinourtheories.ItalsoexistsinScotlanditselfinaneducationaltraditionthatcombinesacademicexcellencewithpracticalorientation.TheInstituteforSystemLevelIntegrationISLIisagoodexample.Foundedin1998byagroupoffourScottishuniversitiesISLIdrawsontheacademicexpertiseoftheuniversitydepartmentsofcomputerscienceelectronicandelectricalengineeringandinformaticsButthoughitworksatthecuttingedgeofscienceISLI’sultimateaimsarerootedintheneedsoftherealworld:toproducehighlyskilleddesignengineersandresearcherstomeettheneedsoftherapidlychangingglobalsemiconductorindustry.ThoughonlyoneamongstmanyeducationalinstitutionsinScotlandISLI’sexistenceshowsthattheprinciplesoftheScottishEnlightenmentstillliveon.It’sacountrythat’sstillinventingstillmodernizingandstilldoingitsbesttospreadenlightenment.Smith’sideaofenlightenedself-interesthasgreatsignificancefor______.
FindingEnlightenmentinScotlandInthe1740sthefamousFrenchphilosophyVoltairesaidWelooktoScotlandforallourideasofcivilization.That’snotabadadvertisementforanycountryespeciallywhenitcomestoattractingpeopleinsearchofafirstclasseducation.Yetsomepeoplegoevenfurtherthanthat.AccordingtotheAmericanauthorArthurHermantheScotsinventedthemodemworlditself.HearguesthatScottishthinkersandintellectualsworkedoutmanyofthemostimportantideasonwhichmodemlifedependeverythingfromthescientificmethodtomarketeconomics.TheirideasdidnotjustspreadamongstintellectualsbuttothosepeopleinbusinessgovernmentandthescienceswhoactuallyshapedtheWesternworld.ItallstartedduringtheperiodthathistorianscalltheScottishEnlightenmentwhichisusuallyseenastakingplacebetweentheyears1740and1800.AtthistimeScotlandwashometoanumberofthinkerswhomadeanimportantshiftinthecourseofWesternphilosophy.Beforethatphilosophywasmainlyconcernedwithreligion.ForthethinkersoftheScottishEnlightenmenttheproperstudyofhumanitywasmankinditself.Theirreasoningwaspractical.ForthephilosopherDavidHumehumanitywastherightsubjectforphilosophybecausewecanexaminehumanbehaviorandsofindrealevidenceofhowpeoplethinkandfeel.Andfromthatwecanmakejudgmentsaboutthesocietiesweliveinandmakeconcretesuggestionsabouthowtheycanbeimprovedforuniversalbenefit.Humewasnotascientisthimselfbuthisenquiryintothenatureofknowledgelaidthefoundationsforthescientificmethodthepursuitoftruththroughexperiment.HisfriendandfellowresidentofEdinburghAdamSmithfamouslyappliedthestudyofmankindtothewaysinwhichmankinddoesbusiness.Tradehearguedwasaformofinformation.Moneyisthewayinwhichpeopletelleachotherwhattheywantandhowmuchpeoplepayisthebestwaywehaveofknowinghowmuchsomebodywantssomething.Inpursuingourownintereststhroughtradinginmarketsweallcometobenefiteachother.Smith’sideaofenlightenedself-interesthascometodominatemodemviewsofeconomics.Italsohaswiderapplications.Hewasoneofthefirstmajorphilosopherstopointoutthatnationscanbecomerichfreeandpowerfulmoreefficientlythroughpeacetradeandinventionthanbymeansofwarandplunder.TheoriginalScottishEnlightenmentisthoughttohaveendedwiththelivesofSmithHumeandtheotherthinkerswholivedinScotlandatthattime.ButawiderScottishEnlightenmentcanstillbeseen.Itexistsinthewaythattheideasevolvedatthattimestillunderpinourtheories.ItalsoexistsinScotlanditselfinaneducationaltraditionthatcombinesacademicexcellencewithpracticalorientation.TheInstituteforSystemLevelIntegrationISLIisagoodexample.Foundedin1998byagroupoffourScottishuniversitiesISLIdrawsontheacademicexpertiseoftheuniversitydepartmentsofcomputerscienceelectronicandelectricalengineeringandinformaticsButthoughitworksatthecuttingedgeofscienceISLI’sultimateaimsarerootedintheneedsoftherealworld:toproducehighlyskilleddesignengineersandresearcherstomeettheneedsoftherapidlychangingglobalsemiconductorindustry.ThoughonlyoneamongstmanyeducationalinstitutionsinScotlandISLI’sexistenceshowsthattheprinciplesoftheScottishEnlightenmentstillliveon.It’sacountrythat’sstillinventingstillmodernizingandstilldoingitsbesttospreadenlightenment.ScotlandisthoughttohavemadeimportantcontributionstothecivilizationoftheWesternworldbecauseof______.
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