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It is hardly necessary to point out that we live in a world of increasing industrialization. Whil...
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EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 15
Underpressurefromanimalwelfaregroupstwonationalscienceteachersassociationshaveadoptedguidelinesthatbanclassroomexperimentsharminganimals.TheNationalAssociationofBiologyTeachersandtheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationhopetoendanimalabuseinelementaryandsecondaryschoolsandinturndiscouragestudentsfrommishandlinganimalsinhomeexperimentsandsciencefairprojects.Animalwelfaregroupsareapparentlymostconcernedwithhighschoolstudentsexperimentingwithanimalsinextracurricularprojects.BarbaraOrlansPresidentoftheScientists’CenterforAnimalWelfaresaidthatstudentshavebeenperformingsurgeryatrandomtestingknownpoisonoussubstancesandrunningotherpathologyexperimentsonanimalswithoutevenknowingnormalphysiology.Atonesciencefairastudentcutoffthelegandtailofalizardtodemonstratethatonlythetailcanregenerateshesaid.Inanothercaseastudentboundsparrowsstarvedthemandobservedtheirbehavior.TheamountofabusehasbeenquitehorrifyingOrlanssaid.Administratorsofmajorsciencefairsareshort-temperedovertheteachers’policychangeandtheimpressionithascreated.TheteachersweresoldabillofgoodsbyBarbaraOrtanssaidThurmanGraftonwhoheadstherulescommitteefortheInternationalScienceandEngineeringFair.Backyardtabletopsurgeryisjustnonsense.Thenewpoliciesthrowcoldwateronstudents’inquisitivenesshesaid.Graftonsaidhewouldn’tdenythattherehasn’tbeenanimalabuseamongprojectsattheinternationalfairbutheaddedthatjudgesrejectcontestantswhohaveunnecessarilyinjuredanimals.Thejudgeshaveahardtimemonitoringlocalandregionalfairsthatmayormaynotchoosetocomplywiththeinternationalfair’srulesthatstresspropercareofanimalsGraftonsaid.HesaidthatseveralyearsagotheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchbannedharmfulexperimentstoanimalswhensponsorsthreatenedtocanceltheirsupportafteranimalwelfaregroupslobbiedforchange.Theteachersadoptedthenewpoliciesalsotofendoffproposedlegislation--instatesincludingMissouriandNewYork--thatwouldrestrictorprohibitexperimentsonanimals.Officialsofthetwoteachersorganizationssaythattheydon’tknowhowmanyanimalshavebeenabusedintheclassroom.OntheonehandmanybiologyteachersarenottrainedinthepropercareofanimalssaidWayneMoyerexecutivedirectorofthebiologyteachers’association.Ontheothertheuseofanimalsinexperimentshasdroppedinrecentyearsbecauseofschoolbudgetcuts.Theassociationmaysetupseminarstoteachbetteranimalcaretoitsmembers.414wordsNotes:pathology病理学lizard蜥蜴tabletop桌面short-tempered脾气急躁的lobbyfor游说支持fendoff躲开Accordingtothetextanimalwelfaregroupshavesucceededin
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 11
AfterWorldWarⅡtheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP.ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments.ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain.373wordsNotes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地ItcanbelearnedfromthetextthatsoonaftertheSecondWorldWar
HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenastheenemy.ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalleddetenteliterallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction.In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalledshuttlediplomacy.Forninety-ninedaysheshuttledbackandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-by-stepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemadeshuttlediplomacywork.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded.AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty.EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhishigh-handedapproachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion.HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger--andmanypresidents--oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.459wordsNotes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__ThetextdoesnotdirectlysaybutimpliesthatKissinger
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 5
Directions:Yourcompanyintendstopurchasesomecarparts.Nowithasreceivedafaxoffer传真报价单.Writealettertothesalesdepartmentofacarpartscompanytoexpressyour:注:Shouldthistransactionprovetobesuccessful是虚拟条件句的省略形式也可以写为Ifthistransactionshouldprovetobesuccessful1thanksforthefaxoffer2willingnesstoacceptallthetermsexceptpriceand3requestofreductioninprice.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoalsassessingtheproblemformulatingoptionsestimatinglikelihoodofsuccessmakingadecisionandonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Ratherintheirday-by-daytacticalactivitiestheseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermedintuitiontomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguityinconsistencynoveltyandsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneralhoweversuchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseofcapriciousness.Isenberg’srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese.Ratherseniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.Firsttheyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Secondmanagersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrationalbutisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandpersonalexperiencethatbuildskills.AthirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpictureofteninanAha!experience.Fourthsomemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtoolsandthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallysuspiciousofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finallymanagerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytofindoutaplausiblesolution.Usedinthiswayintuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthatthinkingisinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoftenknowwhatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainittheyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinvariablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcyclesinwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenactingbutbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyfaceseniormanagersofteninitiateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblemnotjustofimplementingthesolution.454wordsNotes:capriciousness多变反复无常runcounterto与背道而驰违反bypass绕过incloseconcert一齐一致givenprep.考虑到由于Whenmentioningthinking/actingcyclesinPara.4theauthorismostlikelytobelievethat
41.Twotypesofstress: Therearebasicallytwotypesofstressplacedonhumanbeings--physicalandmental. 42.Effectsofstress--physicaloremotional: Whetherphysicaloremotionalinoriginstresscausesthebodytoreactinthesameway. 43.Guilty--usefulthoughmostharmful: Probablythemostharmfulofallthestressesisguilt. 44.Instances--noneedtofeelguilty: Howevermanyofusaschildrenlearnedrulesthatwenolongerneed. Nooneisperfect: Guiltandtheworrythatoftenaccompaniesthismajorstressaredifficulttoeradicatebutpeoplesubjecttoexcessiveguiltfeelingsshouldrealizeassimpleasitsoundsthatnooneisperfect.Peoplecannotalwaysbecheerfulandhelpfultoeveryonetheymeet.Anothergoodlessonisthatmistakesshouldbeforgottennotlingeredoverandbroughtouttoexamineperiodically. 45.Lifewithalittlestress--significant: Alifewithoutstresssuchasretirementwithnothingtodowouldbeboring. Notes:respiration呼吸pupil瞳孔dilate膨胀perspiration出汗勤奋date约会sour使别扭eradicatevt.消除根除atbest充其量lingerover细细品味meditation深思沉思mightaswell不妨 [A]FatadultsshouldnolongerfeelguiltyaboutleavingalittlefoodontheplateasuccessfulbusinessmanneednotfeelguiltyaboutspendingalittletoomuchmoneyonavacationnorshouldhefeelguiltythathecancombineabusinesstriptotheWestCoastwithsomeswimmingandgolfatanoceanresort.Butmanypeopledofeelguiltyoversuchapparentlyinnocentactions.Excessiveguiltcansouralloflifeandmakelifenotworthliving;itcanalsocauseself-hatredaswellasotherfearsandanxietiesthatcausealllife’ssuccessestobebittersweetatbest. [B]Stressfromphysicalactivityifnotcarriedtoofarisactuallybeneficial.Exerciserelaxesyouandmayhelpforgetaboutmentalandemotionalstress.Butmentalstressisalmostalwaysbadforyou.Ifmentalstressisunrelievedlitcanactuallycausediseasessuchasulcersmigraineheadachesheartproblemsormentalillness. [C]Justasweneedalittleguilt--tokeepuscorrect--andalittleworry--tomakeusplanahead--weneedalittlestresstostayinterestedinlife.Butwhenstressbeginstobotheryouyoumightaswellchangeyourroutine.Takeyourmindoffyourworrieswithsomephysicalactivity;youmaydiscoverasolutionyouhaveoverlookedbefore. [D]Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylifeandthereisnowaytoavoidit.Infactitisnotthebadthingitisoftensupposedtobe.Acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivationandgivepurposetolife.Itisonlywhenthestressgetsoutofcontrolthatitcanleadtopoorperformanceandiiihealth. [E]Somepeoplearenotafraidofstressandsuchcharactersareobviouslyprimematerialformanagerialresponsibilitiesothersloseheartatthefirstsignsofunusualdifficulties. [F]Inthefirststageyourbodypreparestomeetthestress.Theheartbeatandrespirationratesincreaseandthepupilsoftheeyesdilate;thebloodsugarlevelincreasesandtherateofperspirationspeedsupwhiledigestionslowsdownasbloodandmuscularactivityisdivertedelsewhere.Inthesecondstageyourbodyreturnstonormalandrepairsanydamagecausedbythestressfulsituation.Howeverifstresscontinuesthebodycannotrepairitselfandthefinalstageexhaustionthenbegins.Ifthisstagecontinuesifforexampleyouarefrustratedbyyourworkandcontinuetobefrustratedforalongtimephysicaloremotionaldamagewilloccur.Thesestagesofstressreactionarealwaysthesamewhetherthestressiscausedbyacross-countryrunafirstdatebuyingahouseornarrowlymissinganautomobileaccident. [G]Thiscommonemotionisusefultohavewhenithelpsustorealizethatwehaveinfactcommittedsomeerrorviolatedourownrulesorsocialrules.Ifwedidnotfeelguiltywewouldneverdoanythingexceptthethingsthatbroughtusimmediatepleasure--we’dneverobeythelawworkexerciseorevenstudyinschoolunlesswewantedtodosointhefirstplace.Asaperson’sconsciencedevelopsguiltfeelingsbecomeinevitable;guiltisthesorrowweexperiencewhenweknowwehavedonesomethingincorrect. 41
[A]Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaginge.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paperwithadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperisinfactprobablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnowwithmassiveincreasesinpaperpricesthetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable. [B]Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottleswhicharereturnedtothedairieswashedoutandrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.MoreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottlesandithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplasticthenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays! [C]Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopperwhousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.SowhyisitdoneSomeofitlikethecellophaneonmeatisnecessarybutmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment. [D]Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshopsasuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks. [E]Littleresearchhoweverisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisitforinstanceforlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaperpulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxesWoulditbecheapertoplantanotherforestPaperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging--20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday--butverylittleissalvaged. [F]Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandre-useofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackagingintendedtobeusedjustonceandmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythemisclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatisafterallarelativelyunimportantfunction.[ G]Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpackingtheboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoffthelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophanepolytheneorpaper.539words Notes:cellophane包装用的玻璃纸doup打包装饰polythene聚乙烯refusen.废料废物messup型脏弄乱salvage回收利用pulp使……成为浆状carton纸板盒encircle环绕mound小丘小堆doawaywith处理掉asopposedto与……对照notsomuch...as与其……倒不如…… Order: 41
41.Twotypesofstress: Therearebasicallytwotypesofstressplacedonhumanbeings--physicalandmental. 42.Effectsofstress--physicaloremotional: Whetherphysicaloremotionalinoriginstresscausesthebodytoreactinthesameway. 43.Guilty--usefulthoughmostharmful: Probablythemostharmfulofallthestressesisguilt. 44.Instances--noneedtofeelguilty: Howevermanyofusaschildrenlearnedrulesthatwenolongerneed. Nooneisperfect: Guiltandtheworrythatoftenaccompaniesthismajorstressaredifficulttoeradicatebutpeoplesubjecttoexcessiveguiltfeelingsshouldrealizeassimpleasitsoundsthatnooneisperfect.Peoplecannotalwaysbecheerfulandhelpfultoeveryonetheymeet.Anothergoodlessonisthatmistakesshouldbeforgottennotlingeredoverandbroughtouttoexamineperiodically. 45.Lifewithalittlestress--significant: Alifewithoutstresssuchasretirementwithnothingtodowouldbeboring. Notes:respiration呼吸pupil瞳孔dilate膨胀perspiration出汗勤奋date约会sour使别扭eradicatevt.消除根除atbest充其量lingerover细细品味meditation深思沉思mightaswell不妨 [A]FatadultsshouldnolongerfeelguiltyaboutleavingalittlefoodontheplateasuccessfulbusinessmanneednotfeelguiltyaboutspendingalittletoomuchmoneyonavacationnorshouldhefeelguiltythathecancombineabusinesstriptotheWestCoastwithsomeswimmingandgolfatanoceanresort.Butmanypeopledofeelguiltyoversuchapparentlyinnocentactions.Excessiveguiltcansouralloflifeandmakelifenotworthliving;itcanalsocauseself-hatredaswellasotherfearsandanxietiesthatcausealllife’ssuccessestobebittersweetatbest. [B]Stressfromphysicalactivityifnotcarriedtoofarisactuallybeneficial.Exerciserelaxesyouandmayhelpforgetaboutmentalandemotionalstress.Butmentalstressisalmostalwaysbadforyou.Ifmentalstressisunrelievedlitcanactuallycausediseasessuchasulcersmigraineheadachesheartproblemsormentalillness. [C]Justasweneedalittleguilt--tokeepuscorrect--andalittleworry--tomakeusplanahead--weneedalittlestresstostayinterestedinlife.Butwhenstressbeginstobotheryouyoumightaswellchangeyourroutine.Takeyourmindoffyourworrieswithsomephysicalactivity;youmaydiscoverasolutionyouhaveoverlookedbefore. [D]Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylifeandthereisnowaytoavoidit.Infactitisnotthebadthingitisoftensupposedtobe.Acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivationandgivepurposetolife.Itisonlywhenthestressgetsoutofcontrolthatitcanleadtopoorperformanceandiiihealth. [E]Somepeoplearenotafraidofstressandsuchcharactersareobviouslyprimematerialformanagerialresponsibilitiesothersloseheartatthefirstsignsofunusualdifficulties. [F]Inthefirststageyourbodypreparestomeetthestress.Theheartbeatandrespirationratesincreaseandthepupilsoftheeyesdilate;thebloodsugarlevelincreasesandtherateofperspirationspeedsupwhiledigestionslowsdownasbloodandmuscularactivityisdivertedelsewhere.Inthesecondstageyourbodyreturnstonormalandrepairsanydamagecausedbythestressfulsituation.Howeverifstresscontinuesthebodycannotrepairitselfandthefinalstageexhaustionthenbegins.Ifthisstagecontinuesifforexampleyouarefrustratedbyyourworkandcontinuetobefrustratedforalongtimephysicaloremotionaldamagewilloccur.Thesestagesofstressreactionarealwaysthesamewhetherthestressiscausedbyacross-countryrunafirstdatebuyingahouseornarrowlymissinganautomobileaccident. [G]Thiscommonemotionisusefultohavewhenithelpsustorealizethatwehaveinfactcommittedsomeerrorviolatedourownrulesorsocialrules.Ifwedidnotfeelguiltywewouldneverdoanythingexceptthethingsthatbroughtusimmediatepleasure--we’dneverobeythelawworkexerciseorevenstudyinschoolunlesswewantedtodosointhefirstplace.Asaperson’sconsciencedevelopsguiltfeelingsbecomeinevitable;guiltisthesorrowweexperiencewhenweknowwehavedonesomethingincorrect. 45
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 19
Ascivilizationproceedsinthedirectionoftechnologyitpassesthepointofsupplyingallthebasicessentialsoflife--foodshelterclothesandwarmth.46Thenweeitherraiseourstandardoflivingabovethenecessaryforcomfortandhappinessorleaveitatthislevelandworkshorterhours.Mankindhasprobablychosenthelatteralternative.Menwillbeworkingshorterandshorterhoursintheirpaidemployment.Andthegreatmajorityofthehousewiveswillwishtoberelievedcompletelyoftheroutineoperationsofthehomesuchaswashingtheclothesorwashingup. 47Byfarthemostlogicalsteptorelievethehousewifeofroutineistoprovidearobotslavewhichcanbetrainedtomeettherequirementsofaparticularhomeandcanbeprogrammedtocarryouthalfadozenormorestandardoperationswhensoswitchedbythehousewife.48Itwillbeamachinehavingnomoreemotionsthanacarbuthavingamemoryforinstructionsandalimiteddegreeofinstructedorbuilt-inadaptabilityaccordingtothepositionsinwhichitfindsvarioustypesofobjects.Itwilloperateothermorespecializedmachinesforexamplethevacuumcleanerorclothes-washingmachine. Therearenoproblemsintheproductionofsuchadomesticrobottowhichwedonothavealreadytheglimmeringofasolution.WhenIhavediscussedthiskindofdevicewithhousewivessome90percentofthemhavetheimmediatereaction"HowsooncanIbuyone"Theother10percenthavethereaction"Iwouldbeterrifiedtohaveitmovingaboutmyhouse."49Butwhenoneexplainstothemthatitcouldbeswitchedofforunpluggedorstoppedwithouttheslightestdifficultyormadetogoandputitselfawayinacupboardatanytimetheyquicklyrealizethatitisahighlydesirableobject.50Nowitisgenerallyrecognizedthatthereisnogreaterpleasurethantogotobedintheeveningandknowthatthewashingupisbeingdonedownstairsafteroneisasleep.Mostfamiliesarenowdelightednodoubttohavearobotslavedoingallthedownstairshouseworkaftertheywereinbedatnight.376words Notes:glimmering迹象 49
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 7
[A]Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaginge.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paperwithadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperisinfactprobablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnowwithmassiveincreasesinpaperpricesthetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable. [B]Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottleswhicharereturnedtothedairieswashedoutandrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.MoreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottlesandithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplasticthenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays! [C]Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopperwhousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.SowhyisitdoneSomeofitlikethecellophaneonmeatisnecessarybutmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment. [D]Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshopsasuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks. [E]Littleresearchhoweverisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisitforinstanceforlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaperpulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxesWoulditbecheapertoplantanotherforestPaperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging--20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday--butverylittleissalvaged. [F]Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandre-useofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackagingintendedtobeusedjustonceandmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythemisclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatisafterallarelativelyunimportantfunction.[ G]Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpackingtheboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoffthelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophanepolytheneorpaper.539words Notes:cellophane包装用的玻璃纸doup打包装饰polythene聚乙烯refusen.废料废物messup型脏弄乱salvage回收利用pulp使……成为浆状carton纸板盒encircle环绕mound小丘小堆doawaywith处理掉asopposedto与……对照notsomuch...as与其……倒不如…… Order: 45
41.Twotypesofstress: Therearebasicallytwotypesofstressplacedonhumanbeings--physicalandmental. 42.Effectsofstress--physicaloremotional: Whetherphysicaloremotionalinoriginstresscausesthebodytoreactinthesameway. 43.Guilty--usefulthoughmostharmful: Probablythemostharmfulofallthestressesisguilt. 44.Instances--noneedtofeelguilty: Howevermanyofusaschildrenlearnedrulesthatwenolongerneed. Nooneisperfect: Guiltandtheworrythatoftenaccompaniesthismajorstressaredifficulttoeradicatebutpeoplesubjecttoexcessiveguiltfeelingsshouldrealizeassimpleasitsoundsthatnooneisperfect.Peoplecannotalwaysbecheerfulandhelpfultoeveryonetheymeet.Anothergoodlessonisthatmistakesshouldbeforgottennotlingeredoverandbroughtouttoexamineperiodically. 45.Lifewithalittlestress--significant: Alifewithoutstresssuchasretirementwithnothingtodowouldbeboring. Notes:respiration呼吸pupil瞳孔dilate膨胀perspiration出汗勤奋date约会sour使别扭eradicatevt.消除根除atbest充其量lingerover细细品味meditation深思沉思mightaswell不妨 [A]FatadultsshouldnolongerfeelguiltyaboutleavingalittlefoodontheplateasuccessfulbusinessmanneednotfeelguiltyaboutspendingalittletoomuchmoneyonavacationnorshouldhefeelguiltythathecancombineabusinesstriptotheWestCoastwithsomeswimmingandgolfatanoceanresort.Butmanypeopledofeelguiltyoversuchapparentlyinnocentactions.Excessiveguiltcansouralloflifeandmakelifenotworthliving;itcanalsocauseself-hatredaswellasotherfearsandanxietiesthatcausealllife’ssuccessestobebittersweetatbest. [B]Stressfromphysicalactivityifnotcarriedtoofarisactuallybeneficial.Exerciserelaxesyouandmayhelpforgetaboutmentalandemotionalstress.Butmentalstressisalmostalwaysbadforyou.Ifmentalstressisunrelievedlitcanactuallycausediseasessuchasulcersmigraineheadachesheartproblemsormentalillness. [C]Justasweneedalittleguilt--tokeepuscorrect--andalittleworry--tomakeusplanahead--weneedalittlestresstostayinterestedinlife.Butwhenstressbeginstobotheryouyoumightaswellchangeyourroutine.Takeyourmindoffyourworrieswithsomephysicalactivity;youmaydiscoverasolutionyouhaveoverlookedbefore. [D]Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylifeandthereisnowaytoavoidit.Infactitisnotthebadthingitisoftensupposedtobe.Acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivationandgivepurposetolife.Itisonlywhenthestressgetsoutofcontrolthatitcanleadtopoorperformanceandiiihealth. [E]Somepeoplearenotafraidofstressandsuchcharactersareobviouslyprimematerialformanagerialresponsibilitiesothersloseheartatthefirstsignsofunusualdifficulties. [F]Inthefirststageyourbodypreparestomeetthestress.Theheartbeatandrespirationratesincreaseandthepupilsoftheeyesdilate;thebloodsugarlevelincreasesandtherateofperspirationspeedsupwhiledigestionslowsdownasbloodandmuscularactivityisdivertedelsewhere.Inthesecondstageyourbodyreturnstonormalandrepairsanydamagecausedbythestressfulsituation.Howeverifstresscontinuesthebodycannotrepairitselfandthefinalstageexhaustionthenbegins.Ifthisstagecontinuesifforexampleyouarefrustratedbyyourworkandcontinuetobefrustratedforalongtimephysicaloremotionaldamagewilloccur.Thesestagesofstressreactionarealwaysthesamewhetherthestressiscausedbyacross-countryrunafirstdatebuyingahouseornarrowlymissinganautomobileaccident. [G]Thiscommonemotionisusefultohavewhenithelpsustorealizethatwehaveinfactcommittedsomeerrorviolatedourownrulesorsocialrules.Ifwedidnotfeelguiltywewouldneverdoanythingexceptthethingsthatbroughtusimmediatepleasure--we’dneverobeythelawworkexerciseorevenstudyinschoolunlesswewantedtodosointhefirstplace.Asaperson’sconsciencedevelopsguiltfeelingsbecomeinevitable;guiltisthesorrowweexperiencewhenweknowwehavedonesomethingincorrect. 43
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 3
Theworldisundergoingtremendouschanges.Theriseofglobalizationbothaneconomicandculturaltrendthathassweptthroughouttheworldhasforgednewgroundasweenterthe21stcentury.ButaretheeffectsofglobalizationalwayspositiveSomesayno.MichaelTenetheadoftheInternationalInstituteforForeignRelationsinAtlantaisworriedaboutcurrentresentmentthroughouttheworldtowardtheriseofglobalization.Eversincethe1980sandtheeconomiccollapseoftheAsianTigersinthelate1990stherehasbeenare-evaluationoftheroleofglobalizationasaforceforgoodhesaid.Incomesinmanycountrieshavedeclinedandthegapbetweenthemostrichandthemostpoorhasbeenaggravated.WithoutfurtherinterventionbygovernmentswecouldseeatragedyexpressedinanincreasedlevelofpovertythroughouttheLatinAmericaandAsia.YetGeorgeFrankaninfluentialeconomistwhoworksonWallStreetseesnosuchdanger.Economicliberalizationincreasedtransparencyandmarket-basedreformshavepositiveeffectinthelongrunevenifmarketmechanismscanproduceshort-termdestabilizationproblemshesaid.WhatismostimportantisthatbarrierstotradecontinuetofallsothatactivecompetitionforConsumergoodsreducespricesandinturnraisestheaveragelevelofincome.Othersfeelthatglobalization’sculturalimpactmaybemoreimportantthanitseconomicimplications.JaniceYaweeanativeofAfricafeelsstronglythatglobalizationisunderminingherlocalcultureandlanguage.Mostoftheworld’sdialectswillbecomeextinctunderglobalization.We’repavingtheworldwithMcDonald’sandEnglishslang.Ittearsmeupinsideshesaid.Governmentsofdifferentcountrieshavehadmixedresponsestothewaveofglobalization.TheUnitedStatesisgenerallyseenasanactiveproponentofgreaterfreetradeanditcertainlyhasenormousculturalinfluencebyvirtueofitsnearmonopolyonworldwideentertainment.ButothercountriesmostnotablyinEuropeanddevelopingnationshavesoughttoreducetheimpactthatglobalizationhasontheirdomesticaffairs.WhenIwasaboywehadverylittletospeakofsaysoneSingaporeanresident.Nowourcountryhasdevelopedintoaboominghubforinternationalfinance.Othershoweverarenotsooptimistic.GlobalizationisanevilforcethatmustbehaltedaunionofficialatacarplantinDetroitrecentlycommentedIt’ssuckingawayjobsandkillingthespiritofourcountry.401wordsNotes:slang俚语tearup撕碎挖开proponent支持者拥护者hub轮毂suckaway减少TheviewsofMichaelTenetandGeorgeFrankonglobalizationare
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 1
HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenastheenemy.ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalleddetenteliterallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction.In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalledshuttlediplomacy.Forninety-ninedaysheshuttledbackandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-by-stepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemadeshuttlediplomacywork.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded.AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty.EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhishigh-handedapproachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion.HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger--andmanypresidents--oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.459wordsNotes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__Accordingtothecontextthewordflamboyantmostlikelymeans
HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenastheenemy.ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalleddetenteliterallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction.In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalledshuttlediplomacy.Forninety-ninedaysheshuttledbackandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-by-stepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemadeshuttlediplomacywork.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded.AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty.EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhishigh-handedapproachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion.HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger--andmanypresidents--oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.459wordsNotes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__Theauthor’stoneinthetextmaybestbesummarizedasthatof
Underpressurefromanimalwelfaregroupstwonationalscienceteachersassociationshaveadoptedguidelinesthatbanclassroomexperimentsharminganimals.TheNationalAssociationofBiologyTeachersandtheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationhopetoendanimalabuseinelementaryandsecondaryschoolsandinturndiscouragestudentsfrommishandlinganimalsinhomeexperimentsandsciencefairprojects.Animalwelfaregroupsareapparentlymostconcernedwithhighschoolstudentsexperimentingwithanimalsinextracurricularprojects.BarbaraOrlansPresidentoftheScientists’CenterforAnimalWelfaresaidthatstudentshavebeenperformingsurgeryatrandomtestingknownpoisonoussubstancesandrunningotherpathologyexperimentsonanimalswithoutevenknowingnormalphysiology.Atonesciencefairastudentcutoffthelegandtailofalizardtodemonstratethatonlythetailcanregenerateshesaid.Inanothercaseastudentboundsparrowsstarvedthemandobservedtheirbehavior.TheamountofabusehasbeenquitehorrifyingOrlanssaid.Administratorsofmajorsciencefairsareshort-temperedovertheteachers’policychangeandtheimpressionithascreated.TheteachersweresoldabillofgoodsbyBarbaraOrtanssaidThurmanGraftonwhoheadstherulescommitteefortheInternationalScienceandEngineeringFair.Backyardtabletopsurgeryisjustnonsense.Thenewpoliciesthrowcoldwateronstudents’inquisitivenesshesaid.Graftonsaidhewouldn’tdenythattherehasn’tbeenanimalabuseamongprojectsattheinternationalfairbutheaddedthatjudgesrejectcontestantswhohaveunnecessarilyinjuredanimals.Thejudgeshaveahardtimemonitoringlocalandregionalfairsthatmayormaynotchoosetocomplywiththeinternationalfair’srulesthatstresspropercareofanimalsGraftonsaid.HesaidthatseveralyearsagotheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchbannedharmfulexperimentstoanimalswhensponsorsthreatenedtocanceltheirsupportafteranimalwelfaregroupslobbiedforchange.Theteachersadoptedthenewpoliciesalsotofendoffproposedlegislation--instatesincludingMissouriandNewYork--thatwouldrestrictorprohibitexperimentsonanimals.Officialsofthetwoteachersorganizationssaythattheydon’tknowhowmanyanimalshavebeenabusedintheclassroom.OntheonehandmanybiologyteachersarenottrainedinthepropercareofanimalssaidWayneMoyerexecutivedirectorofthebiologyteachers’association.Ontheothertheuseofanimalsinexperimentshasdroppedinrecentyearsbecauseofschoolbudgetcuts.Theassociationmaysetupseminarstoteachbetteranimalcaretoitsmembers.414wordsNotes:pathology病理学lizard蜥蜴tabletop桌面short-tempered脾气急躁的lobbyfor游说支持fendoff躲开Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthattheteachersbanharmfulexperimentstoanimalsinorderto
[A]Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaginge.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paperwithadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperisinfactprobablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnowwithmassiveincreasesinpaperpricesthetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable. [B]Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottleswhicharereturnedtothedairieswashedoutandrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.MoreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottlesandithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplasticthenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays! [C]Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopperwhousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.SowhyisitdoneSomeofitlikethecellophaneonmeatisnecessarybutmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment. [D]Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshopsasuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks. [E]Littleresearchhoweverisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisitforinstanceforlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaperpulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxesWoulditbecheapertoplantanotherforestPaperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging--20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday--butverylittleissalvaged. [F]Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandre-useofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackagingintendedtobeusedjustonceandmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythemisclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatisafterallarelativelyunimportantfunction.[ G]Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpackingtheboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoffthelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophanepolytheneorpaper.539words Notes:cellophane包装用的玻璃纸doup打包装饰polythene聚乙烯refusen.废料废物messup型脏弄乱salvage回收利用pulp使……成为浆状carton纸板盒encircle环绕mound小丘小堆doawaywith处理掉asopposedto与……对照notsomuch...as与其……倒不如…… Order: 43
Ascivilizationproceedsinthedirectionoftechnologyitpassesthepointofsupplyingallthebasicessentialsoflife--foodshelterclothesandwarmth.46Thenweeitherraiseourstandardoflivingabovethenecessaryforcomfortandhappinessorleaveitatthislevelandworkshorterhours.Mankindhasprobablychosenthelatteralternative.Menwillbeworkingshorterandshorterhoursintheirpaidemployment.Andthegreatmajorityofthehousewiveswillwishtoberelievedcompletelyoftheroutineoperationsofthehomesuchaswashingtheclothesorwashingup. 47Byfarthemostlogicalsteptorelievethehousewifeofroutineistoprovidearobotslavewhichcanbetrainedtomeettherequirementsofaparticularhomeandcanbeprogrammedtocarryouthalfadozenormorestandardoperationswhensoswitchedbythehousewife.48Itwillbeamachinehavingnomoreemotionsthanacarbuthavingamemoryforinstructionsandalimiteddegreeofinstructedorbuilt-inadaptabilityaccordingtothepositionsinwhichitfindsvarioustypesofobjects.Itwilloperateothermorespecializedmachinesforexamplethevacuumcleanerorclothes-washingmachine. Therearenoproblemsintheproductionofsuchadomesticrobottowhichwedonothavealreadytheglimmeringofasolution.WhenIhavediscussedthiskindofdevicewithhousewivessome90percentofthemhavetheimmediatereaction"HowsooncanIbuyone"Theother10percenthavethereaction"Iwouldbeterrifiedtohaveitmovingaboutmyhouse."49Butwhenoneexplainstothemthatitcouldbeswitchedofforunpluggedorstoppedwithouttheslightestdifficultyormadetogoandputitselfawayinacupboardatanytimetheyquicklyrealizethatitisahighlydesirableobject.50Nowitisgenerallyrecognizedthatthereisnogreaterpleasurethantogotobedintheeveningandknowthatthewashingupisbeingdonedownstairsafteroneisasleep.Mostfamiliesarenowdelightednodoubttohavearobotslavedoingallthedownstairshouseworkaftertheywereinbedatnight.376words Notes:glimmering迹象 47
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 9
Theworldisundergoingtremendouschanges.Theriseofglobalizationbothaneconomicandculturaltrendthathassweptthroughouttheworldhasforgednewgroundasweenterthe21stcentury.ButaretheeffectsofglobalizationalwayspositiveSomesayno.MichaelTenetheadoftheInternationalInstituteforForeignRelationsinAtlantaisworriedaboutcurrentresentmentthroughouttheworldtowardtheriseofglobalization.Eversincethe1980sandtheeconomiccollapseoftheAsianTigersinthelate1990stherehasbeenare-evaluationoftheroleofglobalizationasaforceforgoodhesaid.Incomesinmanycountrieshavedeclinedandthegapbetweenthemostrichandthemostpoorhasbeenaggravated.WithoutfurtherinterventionbygovernmentswecouldseeatragedyexpressedinanincreasedlevelofpovertythroughouttheLatinAmericaandAsia.YetGeorgeFrankaninfluentialeconomistwhoworksonWallStreetseesnosuchdanger.Economicliberalizationincreasedtransparencyandmarket-basedreformshavepositiveeffectinthelongrunevenifmarketmechanismscanproduceshort-termdestabilizationproblemshesaid.WhatismostimportantisthatbarrierstotradecontinuetofallsothatactivecompetitionforConsumergoodsreducespricesandinturnraisestheaveragelevelofincome.Othersfeelthatglobalization’sculturalimpactmaybemoreimportantthanitseconomicimplications.JaniceYaweeanativeofAfricafeelsstronglythatglobalizationisunderminingherlocalcultureandlanguage.Mostoftheworld’sdialectswillbecomeextinctunderglobalization.We’repavingtheworldwithMcDonald’sandEnglishslang.Ittearsmeupinsideshesaid.Governmentsofdifferentcountrieshavehadmixedresponsestothewaveofglobalization.TheUnitedStatesisgenerallyseenasanactiveproponentofgreaterfreetradeanditcertainlyhasenormousculturalinfluencebyvirtueofitsnearmonopolyonworldwideentertainment.ButothercountriesmostnotablyinEuropeanddevelopingnationshavesoughttoreducetheimpactthatglobalizationhasontheirdomesticaffairs.WhenIwasaboywehadverylittletospeakofsaysoneSingaporeanresident.Nowourcountryhasdevelopedintoaboominghubforinternationalfinance.Othershoweverarenotsooptimistic.GlobalizationisanevilforcethatmustbehaltedaunionofficialatacarplantinDetroitrecentlycommentedIt’ssuckingawayjobsandkillingthespiritofourcountry.401wordsNotes:slang俚语tearup撕碎挖开proponent支持者拥护者hub轮毂suckaway减少Accordingtoparagraph5theresponsesofdifferentcountriestoglobalizationmaybelookedonas
AfterWorldWarⅡtheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP.ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments.ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain.373wordsNotes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地WhichofthefollowingisnotareasonfortherapidityandintensityofpollutioninJapan
AfterWorldWarⅡtheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP.ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments.ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain.373wordsNotes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地AccordingtothetextnomeasureswereresortedtoinenvironmentalprotectionafterWorldWarⅡinJapanbecause
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 17
EuthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversyinEuropesinceatleast1936.OnanaverageofsixtimesadayadoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasia:1administeringalethaldrugtoa2illpatientwhohasaskedtoberelieved3suffering.Twentytimesadaylifeprolongingtreatmentiswithheldorwithdrawn4thereisnohopethatitcan5anultimatecure."Active"euthanasiaremainsacrimeontheDutchstatutebookspunishable612yearsinprison.Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15yearshasmadeitclearthatacompetentphysicianwho7itoutwillnotbeprosecuted. Euthanasiaoftencalled"mercykilling"isacrimeeverywhereinWesternEurope.8moreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritainGermanyHollandandelsewherereadily9topracticingitmostofteninthe"passive"formofwithholdingorwithdrawing10Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately11intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate12bothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness.Those13tothepracticeseethemselves14sacredprinciplesofrespectforlife15thoseinfavorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment.Afteryears16thedefensivetheadvocatesnowseemtobe17ground.RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish18favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances.Anastonishing76percentof19toapolltakenlatelastyearinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelawchangedto20mercykillings.Obviouslypressuregroupsfavoringeuthanasiaand"assistedsuicide"havegrownsteadilyinEuropeovertheyears.272words Notes:euthanasia安乐死lethal致命的statutebook法典prosecute起诉simmering处于沸腾的状态mantle重任责任 13
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