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赵咨字文楚,东郡燕人也。父畅,为博士。咨少孤,有孝行,州郡召举孝廉,并不就。延熹元年,大司农陈奇举咨至孝有道,仍迁博士。 灵帝初,太傅陈蕃、大将军窦武为宦官所诛,咨乃谢病去。太尉赐特辟,使饰巾出入,...
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2013年聊城市陈尧咨善射百发百中世以为神常自号曰小由基①及守荆南回其母冯夫人问汝典郡②有何异政尧咨
赵咨字文楚东郡燕人也父畅为博士咨少孤有孝行州郡召举孝廉并不就延熹元年大司农陈奇举咨至孝有道仍迁博士灵
暠送至亭次,
望尘不及
咨恐母
惊惧
居贫,
朝夕无储
前后再三
,不得已应召
阅读下面一段文言文完成下列各题每小题3分共12分赵咨字文楚东郡燕人也父畅为博士咨少孤有孝行州郡召举孝
阅读下面的文字完成25-31题赵咨字文楚东部燕人也父畅为博士咨少孤有孝行州郡召举孝廉并不就延嘉元年大
赵咨字文楚东郡燕人也父畅为博士咨少孤有孝行州郡召举孝廉并不就延熹元年大司农陈奇举咨至孝有道仍迁博士灵
①与②相同,③与④也相同
①与②相同,③与④不相同
①与②不相同,③与④相同
①与②不相同,③与④也不相同
10阅读下面的文言文完成下列小题赵咨字文楚东郡燕人也父畅为博士咨少孤有孝行州郡召举孝廉并不就延熹元年
陈晓咨善射百发百中世以为神常自号曰小由基①及守荆南回其母冯夫人问汝典郡②有何异政尧咨云荆南当要冲日有
秦灭六国的先后顺序是
韩、赵、魏、燕、齐、楚
韩、赵、魏、楚、燕、齐
齐、楚、燕、韩、赵、魏
韩、燕、赵、魏、楚、齐
益阳市中小学校已普遍开设经典诵读课经典诵读已成为学生学习传统文化弘扬传统美德的重要方式始春秋终战国五
齐、楚、秦、燕、赵、魏、韩
楚、秦、赵、宋、魏、齐、韩
晋、楚、齐、韩、赵、燕、魏
吴、魏、燕、赵、楚、秦、韩
赵咨字文楚东郡燕人也父畅为博士咨少孤有孝行州郡召举孝廉并不就延熹元年大司农陈奇举咨至孝有道仍迁博士灵
①③⑤
②③⑥
①④⑥
②④⑤
阅读下面文言文完成下面各题赵咨字文楚东郡燕人也父畅为博士咨少孤有孝行州郡召举孝廉不就延熹元年陈奇举咨
赵咨字文楚东郡燕人也父畅为博士咨少孤有孝行州郡召举孝廉并不就延熹元年大司农陈奇举咨至孝有道仍迁博士灵
阅读下面的文字完成小题赵咨字文楚东郡燕人也父畅为博士咨少孤有孝行州郡召举孝廉并不就延熹元年大司农陈奇
阅读下面的文言文完成后面题赵咨字文楚东郡燕人也父畅为博士咨少孤有孝行州郡召举孝廉并不就延熹元年大司农
战国七雄是指
齐、楚、燕、韩、赵、魏、秦
秦、晋、宋、燕、楚、吴、越
韩、魏、赵、鲁、楚、燕、秦
晋、楚、燕、韩、赵、魏、秦
秦国兼并六国的顺序依次是
齐、楚、燕、韩、赵、魏
韩、赵、魏、楚、燕、齐
齐、楚、韩、燕、赵、魏
楚、燕、齐、韩、赵、魏
赵咨字文楚东郡燕人也父畅为博士咨少孤有孝行州郡召举孝廉并不就延熹元年大司农陈奇举咨至孝有道仍迁博士灵
赵咨少年丧父,因行孝道而闻名,州郡长官推荐他为孝廉,但他淡泊名利,推辞不就
有一伙强盗到赵咨家抢劫,赵咨怕强盗吓坏母亲,先到门口迎盗,强盗被他的孝行感动,惭愧而去
赵咨上任途中,经过荥阳,不因为曹膏效法自己的孝廉而停留,于是曹暠感到很惭愧,抛弃印绶,追至东海,拜见赵咨后就辞官归家。这件事,足以说明赵咨在当时的影响力很大
赵咨去世之后,其子赵胤不忍父亲简葬,打算更改葬法。赵咨的故吏将赵咨临终遗命相告,终于按原计划实行
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—Couldyoupleasetellme—Goupstairsandturnleft.
四 Therearetwotypesofpeopleintheworld.Althoughtheyhaveequaldegreeofhealthandwealthandothercomfortsoflifeonebecomeshappyandtheotherbecomesunhappy.Thisarisesfromthedifferentwaysinwhichtheyconsiderthingspersonseventsandtheresultingeffectsupontheirminds. Peoplewhoaretobehappyfixtheirattentionontheconvenienceofthings;thepleasantpartsofconversationthewellprepareddishesthegoodnessofthewineandthefineweather.Theyenjoyallthecheerfulthings.Thosewhoaretobeunhappythinkandspeakonlyoftheoppositethings.Thereforetheyarecontinuallydissatisfied.Bytheirremarkstheysourthepleasureofsocietyoffendhurtmanypeopleandmakethemselvesdisagreeableeverywhere.Ifthisturnofmindwasfoundedinnaturesuchunhappypersonswouldbethemoretobepitied.Theintentionofcriticizingandbeingdislikedisperhapstakenupbyimitation.Itgrowsintoahabitunknowntoitspossessors.Thehabitmaybestrongbutitmaybecuredwhenthosewhohaveitrealizeitsbadeffectsontheirinterestsandtastes.Ihopethislittlewarningmayheofservicetothemandhelpthemchangethishabit. Althoughinfactitischieflyanactoftheimaginationithasseriousresultsinlifesinceitbringsondeepsorrowandbadluck.Thosepeopleoffendmanyothers;nobodylovesthemandnoonetreatsthemwithmorethanthemostcommonpolitenessandrespect.Thisfrequentlyputstheminbadtemperanddrawsthemintoarguments.Iftheyaimatgettingsomeadvantagesinsocialpositionorfortunenobodywishesthemsuccess.Norwillanyonestartasteporspeakawordtofavortheirhopes.Iftheybringonthemselvespublicobjectionsnoonewilldefendorexcusethemandmanywilljointocriticizetheirwrongdoings.Theseshouldchangethisbadhabitandbepleasedwithwhatispleasingwithoutworryingneedlesslyaboutthemselvesandothers.Iftheydonotitwillbegoodforotherstoavoidanycontactwiththem.Otherwiseitcanbedisagreeableandsometimesveryinconvenientespeciallywhenonebecomesmixedupintheirquarrels. Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat.
新型的师生关系要求
科学知识再生产的主要途径是
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement.Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fireworkslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions.Themoonappearedabovethehorizon:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:"theNightoftheFullMoon"afestivalthatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople.MoreandmoreyoungJavanese10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11Jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtempleatthe14ofthemountain.Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmooncakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon.Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 第9空应选择
班会一般分为三类
三 LikeeverylanguageAmericanEnglishisfullofspecialexpressionsphrasesthatcomefromtheday-to-daylifeofthepeopleanddevelopintheirownway.Ourexpressiontodayis"tofacethemusic". Whensomeonesays"wellIguessI’llhavetofacethemusic"itdoesnotmeanhe’splanningtogototheconcert.Itissomethingfarlesspleasantlikebeingcalledinbyyourbosstoexplainwhyyoudidthisanddidthatandwhyyoudidn’tdothisorthat.Sourmusicindeedbutithastobefaced.Atsometimeoranothereveryoneofushashadtofacethemusicespeciallyaschildren.Wecanallrememberfather’sangryvoice"Iwanttotalktoyou."andonlybecausewedidnotobeyhim.Whatanunpleasantbusinessitwas! Thephrase"tofacethemusic"isfamiliartoeveryAmericanyoungandold.Itisatleast100yearsold.AndwheredidthisexpressioncomefromThefirstexplanationcomesfromtheAmericannovelistJamesFenimoreLooper.HesaidinI851thattheexpressionwasfirstusedbyactorswhilewaitinginthewingstogoonthestage.Whentheygottheircuetogoontheyoftensaid"Wellit’stimetofacethemusic."Andthatwasexactlywhattheydid—facingtheorchestrawhichwasjustbelowthem.Andanactormightbefrightenedornervousashemovedontothestageinfrontofanaudiencethatmightbefriendlyorperhapshostileespeciallyifheforgothisfines.Buthehadtogoout.Ifhedidnottherewouldbenoplay.Sotheexpression"tofacethemusic"cometomean"havingtogothroughsomethingnomatterhowunpleasanttheexperiencemightbebecauseyouknewyouhadnochoice". Otherexplanationsabouttheexpressiongobacktothearmy.WhenthemenfacedaninspectionbytheirleaderthesoldierswouldbeworriedabouthowwelltheylookedwastheirequipmentcleanshinnyenoughtopasstheinspectionStillthemenhadtogooutandfacethemusicofthebandaswellastheinspection.Whatelsecouldtheydo Anotherarmyexplanationismorecloselyrelatedtotheideaoffacingtheresultsandacceptingtheresponsibilityforsomethingthatshouldnothavebeendone.Asforexamplewhenamanisforcedoutofthearmybecausehedidsomethingterribleheisdishonored.Thebanddoesnotplay.Onlythedrumstapasadslowbeat.Thesoldierisforcedtoleavefacingsuchmusicasitisandfacingthebackofhishorse. Howmanywaysdoesthephrasetofacethemusiccomesfrom.
四 Therearetwotypesofpeopleintheworld.Althoughtheyhaveequaldegreeofhealthandwealthandothercomfortsoflifeonebecomeshappyandtheotherbecomesunhappy.Thisarisesfromthedifferentwaysinwhichtheyconsiderthingspersonseventsandtheresultingeffectsupontheirminds. Peoplewhoaretobehappyfixtheirattentionontheconvenienceofthings;thepleasantpartsofconversationthewellprepareddishesthegoodnessofthewineandthefineweather.Theyenjoyallthecheerfulthings.Thosewhoaretobeunhappythinkandspeakonlyoftheoppositethings.Thereforetheyarecontinuallydissatisfied.Bytheirremarkstheysourthepleasureofsocietyoffendhurtmanypeopleandmakethemselvesdisagreeableeverywhere.Ifthisturnofmindwasfoundedinnaturesuchunhappypersonswouldbethemoretobepitied.Theintentionofcriticizingandbeingdislikedisperhapstakenupbyimitation.Itgrowsintoahabitunknowntoitspossessors.Thehabitmaybestrongbutitmaybecuredwhenthosewhohaveitrealizeitsbadeffectsontheirinterestsandtastes.Ihopethislittlewarningmayheofservicetothemandhelpthemchangethishabit. Althoughinfactitischieflyanactoftheimaginationithasseriousresultsinlifesinceitbringsondeepsorrowandbadluck.Thosepeopleoffendmanyothers;nobodylovesthemandnoonetreatsthemwithmorethanthemostcommonpolitenessandrespect.Thisfrequentlyputstheminbadtemperanddrawsthemintoarguments.Iftheyaimatgettingsomeadvantagesinsocialpositionorfortunenobodywishesthemsuccess.Norwillanyonestartasteporspeakawordtofavortheirhopes.Iftheybringonthemselvespublicobjectionsnoonewilldefendorexcusethemandmanywilljointocriticizetheirwrongdoings.Theseshouldchangethisbadhabitandbepleasedwithwhatispleasingwithoutworryingneedlesslyaboutthemselvesandothers.Iftheydonotitwillbegoodforotherstoavoidanycontactwiththem.Otherwiseitcanbedisagreeableandsometimesveryinconvenientespeciallywhenonebecomesmixedupintheirquarrels. Peoplewhoareunhappy.
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement.Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fireworkslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions.Themoonappearedabovethehorizon:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:"theNightoftheFullMoon"afestivalthatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople.MoreandmoreyoungJavanese10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11Jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtempleatthe14ofthemountain.Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmooncakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon.Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 第1空应选择
二 Everyobjecttellsastory.Eventhemostordinaryobjectscanpresenttouspowerfulimages.Sometimesitistheordinarynatureoftheseobjectsthatactuallymakesthemsoextraordinary.SuchisthecasewithanoldleathershoeinamuseuminAlaska.Atfirstglanceitdoesnotlooklikemuch.Itisawoman’sshoeofastylepopularinthe1890s.Butwhatisuniqueaboutthisshoeiswhereitwasfound.ItwasdiscoveredontheCheckoutPassthefamoustrailusedbythepeopleseekinggoldinAlaska.Whoitbelongedtoorwhyitwasleftthereisnotknown.Wasitperhapsdroppedbyaccidentasthewomanclimbedupthe1500stairscarvedoutfaceOrdidshethrowawaygoodsthatshedidn’tneedinordertotravellighter Over100000peoplewith"goldfever"madethistriphopingtobecomemillionaires.Fewofthemunderstoodthatontheirwaytheywouldhavetocrossaharshwildness.Unpreparedforsuchadangerousjourneymanydiedofstarvationandexposuretothecoldweather. TheCanadiangovernmentfinallystartedrequiringthegoldseekerstobringonetonofsupplieswiththem.Thiswasthoughttobeenoughforapersontosurviveforoneyear.Theywouldcarrytheirsuppliesinbackpackseachweighinguptofiftypounds;itusuallytookatleast40tripstogeteverythingtothetopandoverthepass.Whoeverdroppedtheshoemusthavebeenabraveanddeterminedwoman.PerhapsshewassuccessfulandmadeittoAlaska.Perhapsshehadtoturnbackindefeat.Noonewilleverknowforsurebutwhatwedoknowisthatshetookpartinoneofthegreatestadventuresinthe19thcentury. Theordinarywoman’sleathershoeisconsideredunusualbecause.
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement.Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fireworkslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions.Themoonappearedabovethehorizon:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:"theNightoftheFullMoon"afestivalthatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople.MoreandmoreyoungJavanese10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11Jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtempleatthe14ofthemountain.Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmooncakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon.Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance 第3空应选择
那本告诉我很多有趣的事的书是用英语写的
衡量各科教学质量的重要标准是
五 Ineveryschoolthereisa"top"crowdthatsetsthepacewhiletheothersfollowtheirlead.Let’ssaythetopcrowddecidesthatitissmarttowearbrightredsweaters.Prettysooneverybodyiswearingabrightredsweater. Thereisnothingwrongwiththatexceptthefactthatonsomepeoplebrightredsweaterisextremelyunbecoming.Thesituationcanevenbecomedangerousifthetopcrowddecidesthatitissmarttodrinkortodrivecarsatseventymilesanhour.Thenthepeoplewhofollowtheleadareendangeringtheirlives.Theyarelikethesheepbeingledtothebutcher. Nowchancesarethatyouhavecomeacrosssituationslikethesemorethanonceinyourlife;chancesarethatonetimeoranotheryouprobablydidsomethingyouknewtobewrong.Youmayhaveexcusedyourselfbysaying"Geethecrowddoesit."Wellletthecrowddoitbutdon’tdoityourself.Learntosay"No". Developyourownstandardsandyourownjudgment.Ifyouknowthecrowdisplanningsomethingyoudisagreetohavethecouragetobowoutmannerly.You’llhavethesatisfactionofstandingonyourowntwofeet. Theauthordoesn’tthinkitgoodwearingredsweatersif.
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement.Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fireworkslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions.Themoonappearedabovethehorizon:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:"theNightoftheFullMoon"afestivalthatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople.MoreandmoreyoungJavanese10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11Jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtempleatthe14ofthemountain.Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmooncakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon.Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 第11空应选择
我听说这场比赛将延期
Thatshehadn'tkeptheronherworkresultedinthefailure.
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement.Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fireworkslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions.Themoonappearedabovethehorizon:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:"theNightoftheFullMoon"afestivalthatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople.MoreandmoreyoungJavanese10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11Jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtempleatthe14ofthemountain.Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmooncakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon.Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 第15空应选择
三 LikeeverylanguageAmericanEnglishisfullofspecialexpressionsphrasesthatcomefromtheday-to-daylifeofthepeopleanddevelopintheirownway.Ourexpressiontodayis"tofacethemusic". Whensomeonesays"wellIguessI’llhavetofacethemusic"itdoesnotmeanhe’splanningtogototheconcert.Itissomethingfarlesspleasantlikebeingcalledinbyyourbosstoexplainwhyyoudidthisanddidthatandwhyyoudidn’tdothisorthat.Sourmusicindeedbutithastobefaced.Atsometimeoranothereveryoneofushashadtofacethemusicespeciallyaschildren.Wecanallrememberfather’sangryvoice"Iwanttotalktoyou."andonlybecausewedidnotobeyhim.Whatanunpleasantbusinessitwas! Thephrase"tofacethemusic"isfamiliartoeveryAmericanyoungandold.Itisatleast100yearsold.AndwheredidthisexpressioncomefromThefirstexplanationcomesfromtheAmericannovelistJamesFenimoreLooper.HesaidinI851thattheexpressionwasfirstusedbyactorswhilewaitinginthewingstogoonthestage.Whentheygottheircuetogoontheyoftensaid"Wellit’stimetofacethemusic."Andthatwasexactlywhattheydid—facingtheorchestrawhichwasjustbelowthem.Andanactormightbefrightenedornervousashemovedontothestageinfrontofanaudiencethatmightbefriendlyorperhapshostileespeciallyifheforgothisfines.Buthehadtogoout.Ifhedidnottherewouldbenoplay.Sotheexpression"tofacethemusic"cometomean"havingtogothroughsomethingnomatterhowunpleasanttheexperiencemightbebecauseyouknewyouhadnochoice". Otherexplanationsabouttheexpressiongobacktothearmy.WhenthemenfacedaninspectionbytheirleaderthesoldierswouldbeworriedabouthowwelltheylookedwastheirequipmentcleanshinnyenoughtopasstheinspectionStillthemenhadtogooutandfacethemusicofthebandaswellastheinspection.Whatelsecouldtheydo Anotherarmyexplanationismorecloselyrelatedtotheideaoffacingtheresultsandacceptingtheresponsibilityforsomethingthatshouldnothavebeendone.Asforexamplewhenamanisforcedoutofthearmybecausehedidsomethingterribleheisdishonored.Thebanddoesnotplay.Onlythedrumstapasadslowbeat.Thesoldierisforcedtoleavefacingsuchmusicasitisandfacingthebackofhishorse. Whichofthefollowingisasituationoffacingthemusic.
一 Humansaresocialanimals.Theyliveingroupsallovertheworld.Asthesegroupsofpeopleliveapartfromothergroupsovertheyearsandcenturiestheydeveloptheirownhabitsandideaswhichformdifferentcultures.Oneimportantparticularsideofeverycultureishowitspeopledealwithtime. Timeisnotveryimportantinnon-industrialsocieties.TheNuerpeopleofEastAfricaforexampledonotevenhaveawordTIMEthatisinagreementwiththeabstractthingwecalltime.Thedailylivesofthepeopleofsuchnon-industrialsocietiesarelikelytobepatternedaroundtheirphysicalneedsandnaturaleventsratherthanaroundatimeschedulebasedontheclock.Theycookandeatwhentheyarehungryandsleepwhenthesungoesdown.Theyplantcropsduringthegrowingseasonsandharvestthemwhenthecropsareripe.Theymeasuretimenotbyaclockorcalendarbutbysayingthataneventtakesplacebeforeoraftersomeotherevents.Frequentlysuchasocietymeasuresdaysintermsof"sleeps"orlongerperiodsintermsof"moons".SomeculturessuchastheEskimosofGreenlandmeasureseasonsaccordingtothemigrationofcertainanimals. Somecultureswhichdonothaveawrittenlanguageorkeepwrittenrecordshavedevelopedinterestingwaysof"tellingtime".ForexamplewhenseveralAustralianaborigineswanttoplananeventforafuturetimeoneofthemplacesastoneonaclifforinatree.Eachdaytheangleofthesunchangesslightly.Inafewdaystheraysofthesunstrikethestoneinacertainway.Whenthishappensthepeopleseethattheagreed-upontimehasarrivedandtheeventcantakeplace. Incontrastexactlycorrectmeasurementoftimeisveryimportantinmodernindustrializedsocieties.Thisisbecauseindustrializedsocietiesrequirethehelpfuleffortsofmanypeopleinordertowork.Forafactorytoworkefficientlywellquicklyandwithoutwasteforexamplealloftheworkersmustworkatthesametime.Thereforetheymustknowwhattimetostartworkinthemorningandwhattimetheymaygohomeintheafternoon.Passengersmustknowtheexacttimethatanairplanewillarriveordepart.Studentsandteachersneedtoknowwhenaclassstartsandends.Storesmustopenontimeinordertoservetheircustomers.Complicatedsocietiesneedclocksandcalendars.Thuswecanseethatifeachpersonworkedaccordingtohisorherownscheduleacomplicatedsocietycouldhardlyworkatall. TheAustralianaborigines’wayoftellingtimeisbasedon.
二 Everyobjecttellsastory.Eventhemostordinaryobjectscanpresenttouspowerfulimages.Sometimesitistheordinarynatureoftheseobjectsthatactuallymakesthemsoextraordinary.SuchisthecasewithanoldleathershoeinamuseuminAlaska.Atfirstglanceitdoesnotlooklikemuch.Itisawoman’sshoeofastylepopularinthe1890s.Butwhatisuniqueaboutthisshoeiswhereitwasfound.ItwasdiscoveredontheCheckoutPassthefamoustrailusedbythepeopleseekinggoldinAlaska.Whoitbelongedtoorwhyitwasleftthereisnotknown.Wasitperhapsdroppedbyaccidentasthewomanclimbedupthe1500stairscarvedoutfaceOrdidshethrowawaygoodsthatshedidn’tneedinordertotravellighter Over100000peoplewith"goldfever"madethistriphopingtobecomemillionaires.Fewofthemunderstoodthatontheirwaytheywouldhavetocrossaharshwildness.Unpreparedforsuchadangerousjourneymanydiedofstarvationandexposuretothecoldweather. TheCanadiangovernmentfinallystartedrequiringthegoldseekerstobringonetonofsupplieswiththem.Thiswasthoughttobeenoughforapersontosurviveforoneyear.Theywouldcarrytheirsuppliesinbackpackseachweighinguptofiftypounds;itusuallytookatleast40tripstogeteverythingtothetopandoverthepass.Whoeverdroppedtheshoemusthavebeenabraveanddeterminedwoman.PerhapsshewassuccessfulandmadeittoAlaska.Perhapsshehadtoturnbackindefeat.Noonewilleverknowforsurebutwhatwedoknowisthatshetookpartinoneofthegreatestadventuresinthe19thcentury. TheCanadiangovernmentmadegoldseekersbringoneyear’ssupplieswiththemsothat.
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement.Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fireworkslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions.Themoonappearedabovethehorizon:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:"theNightoftheFullMoon"afestivalthatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople.MoreandmoreyoungJavanese10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11Jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtempleatthe14ofthemountain.Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmooncakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon.Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 第13空应选择
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ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement.Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fireworkslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions.Themoonappearedabovethehorizon:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:"theNightoftheFullMoon"afestivalthatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople.MoreandmoreyoungJavanese10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11Jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtempleatthe14ofthemountain.Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmooncakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon.Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 第7空应选择
一 Humansaresocialanimals.Theyliveingroupsallovertheworld.Asthesegroupsofpeopleliveapartfromothergroupsovertheyearsandcenturiestheydeveloptheirownhabitsandideaswhichformdifferentcultures.Oneimportantparticularsideofeverycultureishowitspeopledealwithtime. Timeisnotveryimportantinnon-industrialsocieties.TheNuerpeopleofEastAfricaforexampledonotevenhaveawordTIMEthatisinagreementwiththeabstractthingwecalltime.Thedailylivesofthepeopleofsuchnon-industrialsocietiesarelikelytobepatternedaroundtheirphysicalneedsandnaturaleventsratherthanaroundatimeschedulebasedontheclock.Theycookandeatwhentheyarehungryandsleepwhenthesungoesdown.Theyplantcropsduringthegrowingseasonsandharvestthemwhenthecropsareripe.Theymeasuretimenotbyaclockorcalendarbutbysayingthataneventtakesplacebeforeoraftersomeotherevents.Frequentlysuchasocietymeasuresdaysintermsof"sleeps"orlongerperiodsintermsof"moons".SomeculturessuchastheEskimosofGreenlandmeasureseasonsaccordingtothemigrationofcertainanimals. Somecultureswhichdonothaveawrittenlanguageorkeepwrittenrecordshavedevelopedinterestingwaysof"tellingtime".ForexamplewhenseveralAustralianaborigineswanttoplananeventforafuturetimeoneofthemplacesastoneonaclifforinatree.Eachdaytheangleofthesunchangesslightly.Inafewdaystheraysofthesunstrikethestoneinacertainway.Whenthishappensthepeopleseethattheagreed-upontimehasarrivedandtheeventcantakeplace. Incontrastexactlycorrectmeasurementoftimeisveryimportantinmodernindustrializedsocieties.Thisisbecauseindustrializedsocietiesrequirethehelpfuleffortsofmanypeopleinordertowork.Forafactorytoworkefficientlywellquicklyandwithoutwasteforexamplealloftheworkersmustworkatthesametime.Thereforetheymustknowwhattimetostartworkinthemorningandwhattimetheymaygohomeintheafternoon.Passengersmustknowtheexacttimethatanairplanewillarriveordepart.Studentsandteachersneedtoknowwhenaclassstartsandends.Storesmustopenontimeinordertoservetheircustomers.Complicatedsocietiesneedclocksandcalendars.Thuswecanseethatifeachpersonworkedaccordingtohisorherownscheduleacomplicatedsocietycouldhardlyworkatall. BysayingHumansaresocialanimalstheauthormeans.
四 Therearetwotypesofpeopleintheworld.Althoughtheyhaveequaldegreeofhealthandwealthandothercomfortsoflifeonebecomeshappyandtheotherbecomesunhappy.Thisarisesfromthedifferentwaysinwhichtheyconsiderthingspersonseventsandtheresultingeffectsupontheirminds. Peoplewhoaretobehappyfixtheirattentionontheconvenienceofthings;thepleasantpartsofconversationthewellprepareddishesthegoodnessofthewineandthefineweather.Theyenjoyallthecheerfulthings.Thosewhoaretobeunhappythinkandspeakonlyoftheoppositethings.Thereforetheyarecontinuallydissatisfied.Bytheirremarkstheysourthepleasureofsocietyoffendhurtmanypeopleandmakethemselvesdisagreeableeverywhere.Ifthisturnofmindwasfoundedinnaturesuchunhappypersonswouldbethemoretobepitied.Theintentionofcriticizingandbeingdislikedisperhapstakenupbyimitation.Itgrowsintoahabitunknowntoitspossessors.Thehabitmaybestrongbutitmaybecuredwhenthosewhohaveitrealizeitsbadeffectsontheirinterestsandtastes.Ihopethislittlewarningmayheofservicetothemandhelpthemchangethishabit. Althoughinfactitischieflyanactoftheimaginationithasseriousresultsinlifesinceitbringsondeepsorrowandbadluck.Thosepeopleoffendmanyothers;nobodylovesthemandnoonetreatsthemwithmorethanthemostcommonpolitenessandrespect.Thisfrequentlyputstheminbadtemperanddrawsthemintoarguments.Iftheyaimatgettingsomeadvantagesinsocialpositionorfortunenobodywishesthemsuccess.Norwillanyonestartasteporspeakawordtofavortheirhopes.Iftheybringonthemselvespublicobjectionsnoonewilldefendorexcusethemandmanywilljointocriticizetheirwrongdoings.Theseshouldchangethisbadhabitandbepleasedwithwhatispleasingwithoutworryingneedlesslyaboutthemselvesandothers.Iftheydonotitwillbegoodforotherstoavoidanycontactwiththem.Otherwiseitcanbedisagreeableandsometimesveryinconvenientespeciallywhenonebecomesmixedupintheirquarrels. Inthispassagethewritermainly.
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement.Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fireworkslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions.Themoonappearedabovethehorizon:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:"theNightoftheFullMoon"afestivalthatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople.MoreandmoreyoungJavanese10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11Jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtempleatthe14ofthemountain.Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmooncakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon.Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 第19空应选择
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement.Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fireworkslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions.Themoonappearedabovethehorizon:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:"theNightoftheFullMoon"afestivalthatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople.MoreandmoreyoungJavanese10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11Jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtempleatthe14ofthemountain.Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmooncakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon.Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 第17空应选择
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement.Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fireworkslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions.Themoonappearedabovethehorizon:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:"theNightoftheFullMoon"afestivalthatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople.MoreandmoreyoungJavanese10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11Jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtempleatthe14ofthemountain.Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmooncakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon.Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 第5空应选择
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