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第二篇 Caffeine Caffeine is probably the most widely used drug in the world....
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DomesticViolence Nearlythreein10menhaveexperiencedviolenceatthehandsofanintimatepartnerduringtheirlifetimeaccording_________51oneofthefewstudiestolookatdomesticviolenceandhealthamongmen. Manymenactuallydo_________52domesticviolencealthoughwedon’thearaboutitoften.Dr.RobertJReidoftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattleoneofthestudy’sauthorstoldReutersHealth.Theyoftendon’t_________53andwedon’task.Wewanttogetthemessageouttomenwhodoexperiencedomesticviolence_________54theyarenotaloneandthereareresourcesavailabletothem. Theresearchersaskedstudy_________55aboutphysicalabuse人身伤害andnon-physicalabusesuchas_________56thatmadethemfearfortheirsafetycontrollingbehaviorandconstantname-calling. Amongmen18to64yearsold14.2percentsaidtheyhadexperiencedintimatepartnerviolenceinthepastfiveyears_________576.1percentreporteddomesticviolenceinthepreviousyear. Rateswerelowerformen55andolderwith5.3percent_________58violenceinthepastfiveyearsand2.4percenthavingexperienceditinthepast12months. _________5930.5percentofmenyoungerthan55and26.5percentofoldermensaidtheyhadbeen_________60ofdomesticviolenceatsomepointintheirlives.Abouthalfofthe_________61themenexperiencedwasphysical. Howeverthephysicalviolencemenreportedwasn’tasharshasthat_________62bywomeninapreviousstudy;20percentto40percentofthemenrated_________63asseverecomparedwith61percentofwomen. Menwhoreportedexperiencingdomesticviolencehadmoreemotionalandmentalhealth_________64thanthosewhohadnot_________65oldermentheresearchersfound.
Itseemedincrediblethathehadbeenthereaweekalready.
DomesticViolence Nearlythreein10menhaveexperiencedviolenceatthehandsofanintimatepartnerduringtheirlifetimeaccording_________51oneofthefewstudiestolookatdomesticviolenceandhealthamongmen. Manymenactuallydo_________52domesticviolencealthoughwedon’thearaboutitoften.Dr.RobertJReidoftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattleoneofthestudy’sauthorstoldReutersHealth.Theyoftendon’t_________53andwedon’task.Wewanttogetthemessageouttomenwhodoexperiencedomesticviolence_________54theyarenotaloneandthereareresourcesavailabletothem. Theresearchersaskedstudy_________55aboutphysicalabuse人身伤害andnon-physicalabusesuchas_________56thatmadethemfearfortheirsafetycontrollingbehaviorandconstantname-calling. Amongmen18to64yearsold14.2percentsaidtheyhadexperiencedintimatepartnerviolenceinthepastfiveyears_________576.1percentreporteddomesticviolenceinthepreviousyear. Rateswerelowerformen55andolderwith5.3percent_________58violenceinthepastfiveyearsand2.4percenthavingexperienceditinthepast12months. _________5930.5percentofmenyoungerthan55and26.5percentofoldermensaidtheyhadbeen_________60ofdomesticviolenceatsomepointintheirlives.Abouthalfofthe_________61themenexperiencedwasphysical. Howeverthephysicalviolencemenreportedwasn’tasharshasthat_________62bywomeninapreviousstudy;20percentto40percentofthemenrated_________63asseverecomparedwith61percentofwomen. Menwhoreportedexperiencingdomesticviolencehadmoreemotionalandmentalhealth_________64thanthosewhohadnot_________65oldermentheresearchersfound.
DomesticViolence Nearlythreein10menhaveexperiencedviolenceatthehandsofanintimatepartnerduringtheirlifetimeaccording_________51oneofthefewstudiestolookatdomesticviolenceandhealthamongmen. Manymenactuallydo_________52domesticviolencealthoughwedon’thearaboutitoften.Dr.RobertJReidoftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattleoneofthestudy’sauthorstoldReutersHealth.Theyoftendon’t_________53andwedon’task.Wewanttogetthemessageouttomenwhodoexperiencedomesticviolence_________54theyarenotaloneandthereareresourcesavailabletothem. Theresearchersaskedstudy_________55aboutphysicalabuse人身伤害andnon-physicalabusesuchas_________56thatmadethemfearfortheirsafetycontrollingbehaviorandconstantname-calling. Amongmen18to64yearsold14.2percentsaidtheyhadexperiencedintimatepartnerviolenceinthepastfiveyears_________576.1percentreporteddomesticviolenceinthepreviousyear. Rateswerelowerformen55andolderwith5.3percent_________58violenceinthepastfiveyearsand2.4percenthavingexperienceditinthepast12months. _________5930.5percentofmenyoungerthan55and26.5percentofoldermensaidtheyhadbeen_________60ofdomesticviolenceatsomepointintheirlives.Abouthalfofthe_________61themenexperiencedwasphysical. Howeverthephysicalviolencemenreportedwasn’tasharshasthat_________62bywomeninapreviousstudy;20percentto40percentofthemenrated_________63asseverecomparedwith61percentofwomen. Menwhoreportedexperiencingdomesticviolencehadmoreemotionalandmentalhealth_________64thanthosewhohadnot_________65oldermentheresearchersfound.
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PromisingResultsfromCancerStudy Anewexperimentalvaccine疫苗hasshownpromisingresultsinthefightagainstlungcancer.InasmallTexas-basedstudyavaccinedevelopedbyscientistsatBaylorUniversityMedicalCentreinDallasUSAcuredlungcancerinsomepatientsandslowedtheprogressofthediseaseinothers. Researchershavereportedencouragingfindingsfromthissmallstudy.Forty-threepatientssufferingfromlungcancerwereinvolvedinthesetrials.Tenofthesepatientswereintheearlystagesandthirty-threeintheadvancedstagesofthedisease.Theywereinjectedwiththevaccineeverytwoweeksforthreemonthsandwerecarefullymonitoredforthreeyears.Inthreeofthepatientsintheadvancedstagesofcancerthediseasedisappearedandintheothersitdidnotspreadforfivetotwenty-fourmonths.Howevernogreatdifferencewasseeninthepatientsintheearlystagesoftheillness. Thisnewvaccineusesthepatients’ownimmunesystem.Itismadespecificallyforeachpatientandisinjectedintothearmorleg.Itstimulatesthebody’simmunesystemwhichthenrecognizesthatthecancercellsareharmfulandattacksanddestroysthem. Thevaccinecouldbeeffectiveagainstotherformsofcancer.Itoffersgreathopeforthetreatmentofcanceringeneralalthoughfurtherstudiesareneededbeforesuchtreatmentcanbewidelyused.Overfortypeopleparticipatedinthestudy.
Thepolicewillneedtokeepawaryeyeonthisareaoftown.
第三篇TheWorld’sBest-SellingMedicine Sinceancienttimespeopleallovertheworldhaveusedwillowtostoppain.Thewillowtreecontainssalicylicacid水杨酸.Thisstopspainbutthereisoneproblem.Salicylicacidalsohurtsthestomach.In1853aFrenchscientistmadeamixturefromwillowthatdidnothurtthestomach.Howeverhismixturewasdifficulttomakeandhedidnottrytoproduceorsellit. In1897inGermanyFelixHoffmannalsomadeamixturewithsalicylicacid.Hetriedithimselffirstandthengaveittohisfatherbecausehisfatherwasoldandinalotofpain.Hisfather’spainwentawayandthemixturedidnothurthisstomach. HoffmannworkedforBayeraGermancompany.Heshowedhisnewdrugtohismanagerwhotestedthedrugandfoundthatitworkedwell.Bayerdecidedtomakethedrug.TheycalleditaspirinandputtheBayernameoneverypill. Aspirinwasanimmediatesuccess.Almosteveryonehaspainofsomekindsoaspirinansweredatrueneed.Aspirinwascheapeasytotakeandeffectiveitalsoloweredfevers.Aspirinwasawonderdrug. AtfirstBayersoldthedrugthroughdoctorswhothensoldittotheirpatients.In1915thecompanystartedtosellaspirinindrugstores.IntheUnitedStatesBayerhadapatentonthedrug.OthercompaniescouldmakesimilarproductsandselltheminothercountriesbutonlyBayercouldmakeandsellaspirinintheUnitedStates.IntimeBayercouldnolongerownthenameaspirinintheUnitedStates.Othercompaniescouldmakeittheretoo.HoweverBayeraspirinwasthemostwellknownandformanyyearsitwasthemarketleader. Bythe1950snewpainkillerswereonthemarket.Aspirinwasnolongertheonlywaytotreatpainandreducefever.Bayerandothercompanieslookedforotherdrugstomake.Howeverinthe1970stheygotasurprise.Doctorsnoticedthatpatientswhoweretakingaspirinhadfewerheartattacksthanotherpeople.ABritishresearchernamedJohnVanefoundthereasonaspirinhelpedtopreventheartattacks.In1982hewontheNobelPrizeforhisresearch.Doctorsstartedtotellsomeoftheirpatientstotakeaspirineverydaytopreventheartattacks.Ithasmadelifebetterforthemanypeoplewhotakeit.IthasalsomadealotofmoneyforcompanieslikeBayerthatproduceandsellit!Bayerstartedmakingaspirinbecause
DomesticViolence Nearlythreein10menhaveexperiencedviolenceatthehandsofanintimatepartnerduringtheirlifetimeaccording_________51oneofthefewstudiestolookatdomesticviolenceandhealthamongmen. Manymenactuallydo_________52domesticviolencealthoughwedon’thearaboutitoften.Dr.RobertJReidoftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattleoneofthestudy’sauthorstoldReutersHealth.Theyoftendon’t_________53andwedon’task.Wewanttogetthemessageouttomenwhodoexperiencedomesticviolence_________54theyarenotaloneandthereareresourcesavailabletothem. Theresearchersaskedstudy_________55aboutphysicalabuse人身伤害andnon-physicalabusesuchas_________56thatmadethemfearfortheirsafetycontrollingbehaviorandconstantname-calling. Amongmen18to64yearsold14.2percentsaidtheyhadexperiencedintimatepartnerviolenceinthepastfiveyears_________576.1percentreporteddomesticviolenceinthepreviousyear. Rateswerelowerformen55andolderwith5.3percent_________58violenceinthepastfiveyearsand2.4percenthavingexperienceditinthepast12months. _________5930.5percentofmenyoungerthan55and26.5percentofoldermensaidtheyhadbeen_________60ofdomesticviolenceatsomepointintheirlives.Abouthalfofthe_________61themenexperiencedwasphysical. Howeverthephysicalviolencemenreportedwasn’tasharshasthat_________62bywomeninapreviousstudy;20percentto40percentofthemenrated_________63asseverecomparedwith61percentofwomen. Menwhoreportedexperiencingdomesticviolencehadmoreemotionalandmentalhealth_________64thanthosewhohadnot_________65oldermentheresearchersfound.
第三篇TheWorld’sBest-SellingMedicine Sinceancienttimespeopleallovertheworldhaveusedwillowtostoppain.Thewillowtreecontainssalicylicacid水杨酸.Thisstopspainbutthereisoneproblem.Salicylicacidalsohurtsthestomach.In1853aFrenchscientistmadeamixturefromwillowthatdidnothurtthestomach.Howeverhismixturewasdifficulttomakeandhedidnottrytoproduceorsellit. In1897inGermanyFelixHoffmannalsomadeamixturewithsalicylicacid.Hetriedithimselffirstandthengaveittohisfatherbecausehisfatherwasoldandinalotofpain.Hisfather’spainwentawayandthemixturedidnothurthisstomach. HoffmannworkedforBayeraGermancompany.Heshowedhisnewdrugtohismanagerwhotestedthedrugandfoundthatitworkedwell.Bayerdecidedtomakethedrug.TheycalleditaspirinandputtheBayernameoneverypill. Aspirinwasanimmediatesuccess.Almosteveryonehaspainofsomekindsoaspirinansweredatrueneed.Aspirinwascheapeasytotakeandeffectiveitalsoloweredfevers.Aspirinwasawonderdrug. AtfirstBayersoldthedrugthroughdoctorswhothensoldittotheirpatients.In1915thecompanystartedtosellaspirinindrugstores.IntheUnitedStatesBayerhadapatentonthedrug.OthercompaniescouldmakesimilarproductsandselltheminothercountriesbutonlyBayercouldmakeandsellaspirinintheUnitedStates.IntimeBayercouldnolongerownthenameaspirinintheUnitedStates.Othercompaniescouldmakeittheretoo.HoweverBayeraspirinwasthemostwellknownandformanyyearsitwasthemarketleader. Bythe1950snewpainkillerswereonthemarket.Aspirinwasnolongertheonlywaytotreatpainandreducefever.Bayerandothercompanieslookedforotherdrugstomake.Howeverinthe1970stheygotasurprise.Doctorsnoticedthatpatientswhoweretakingaspirinhadfewerheartattacksthanotherpeople.ABritishresearchernamedJohnVanefoundthereasonaspirinhelpedtopreventheartattacks.In1982hewontheNobelPrizeforhisresearch.Doctorsstartedtotellsomeoftheirpatientstotakeaspirineverydaytopreventheartattacks.Ithasmadelifebetterforthemanypeoplewhotakeit.IthasalsomadealotofmoneyforcompanieslikeBayerthatproduceandsellit!Whathashappenedtoaspirinsincenewpainkillerscameonthemarket?
第一篇TheDevelopmentofBallet Balletisadanceformthathasalonghistory.Thefactthatitsurvivestothisdayshowsthatithasadjustedastimeshavechanged. BalletbeganintheroyalcourtsduringtheRenaissance.Atthattimeitbecamecommonforkingsandqueensaswellasothernobilitytoparticipateinpageantsthatincludedmusicpoetryanddance.AstheseentertainmentsmovedfromtheItaliancourtstotheFrenchonescourtladiesbeganparticipatinginthem.Thoughtheirlongdressespreventedmuchmovementtheywereabletoperformelaboratewalkingpatterns.Itwasnotuntilthe1600sthatwomendancersshortenedtheirskirtschangedtoflatshoesandbegandoingsomeoftheleapsandturnsperformedbymen. Itwasalsointhe1600sthatprofessionalballetbegan.KingLouisXIVofFrancehimselfadevoteddancerfoundedtheRoyalAcademyofDance.Thefivebasicfeetpositionsfromwhichallballetstepsbeginwerefinalized.Inthelate1700sanotherimportantchangeoccurred.Balletbegantotellastoryonitsown.Itwasnolongersimplydancetobeperformedbetweenactsofplays.Elaboratewigsandcostumeswereeliminated.Bytheearly1800sdancerstoriseontheirtoestomakeitappearthatwerefloating. ClassicalballetasweknowittodaywasinfluencedprimarilybyRussiandancing.TheRussiansremainedinterestedinballetwhenitdeclinedinotherEuropeancountriesinthemid-1800s.Oneofthemostinfluentialfiguresoftheearly20thcenturywasSergeiDiaghilev.HisdancecompanytheBalletsRussesbroughtanewenergyandexcitementtoballet.OneofhischiefassistantsGeorgeBalanchinewentontofoundtheNewYorkCityBalletin1948andtoinfluencenewgenerationsofdancers.Wecanconcludefromthispassagethatballet
第二篇Late-nightDrinking Coffeeloversbecareful.Havingaquickpick-me-upcupofcoffeelateinthedaywillinterruptyoursleep.Aswellasbeingastimulant兴奋剂caffeineinterruptstheflowofmelatonin褪黑激素thebrainhormonethatsendspeopleintoasleep. Melatoninlevelsnormallystarttoriseabouttwohoursbeforebedtime.Levelsthenpeakbetween2amand4ambeforefallingagain.It’stheneurohormone神经激素thatcontrolsoursleepandtellsourbodywhentosleepandwhentowakesaysMauriceOhayonoftheStanfordSteepEpidemiologyResearchCenteratStanfordUniversityinCalifornia.ButresearchersinIsraelhavefoundthatcaffeinatedcoffeehalvesthebody’slevelsofthissleephormone. LotanShitoandateamattheSapirMedicalCenterinTelAvivUniversityfoundthatsixvolunteerssleptlesswellafteracupofcaffeinatedcoffeethanafterdrinkingthesameamountofdecaf脱咖啡因咖啡.Onaveragesubjectsslept336minutespernightafterdrinkingcaffeinatedcoffeecomparedwith415minutesafterdecaf.Theyalsotookhalfanhourtodropofftwiceaslongasusual. Inthesecondphaseoftheexperimenttheresearcherswokethevolunteerseverythreehoursandaskedthemtogiveaurine尿sample.Shilomeasuredconcentrationsofabreakdownproductofmelatonin.Theresultssuggestthatmelatoninconcentrationsincaffeinedrinkerswerehalfthoseindecafdrinkers.InapaperacceptedforpublicationinSleepMedicinetheresearcherssuggestthatcaffeineblocksproductionoftheenzyme餘thatdrivesmelatoninproduction. BecauseitcantakemanyhourstoeliminatecaffeinefromthebodyOhayonrecommendsthatcoffeeloversswitchtodecafafterlunch.Whichofthefollowingtellsushowcaffeineaffectssleep?
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DomesticViolence Nearlythreein10menhaveexperiencedviolenceatthehandsofanintimatepartnerduringtheirlifetimeaccording_________51oneofthefewstudiestolookatdomesticviolenceandhealthamongmen. Manymenactuallydo_________52domesticviolencealthoughwedon’thearaboutitoften.Dr.RobertJReidoftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattleoneofthestudy’sauthorstoldReutersHealth.Theyoftendon’t_________53andwedon’task.Wewanttogetthemessageouttomenwhodoexperiencedomesticviolence_________54theyarenotaloneandthereareresourcesavailabletothem. Theresearchersaskedstudy_________55aboutphysicalabuse人身伤害andnon-physicalabusesuchas_________56thatmadethemfearfortheirsafetycontrollingbehaviorandconstantname-calling. Amongmen18to64yearsold14.2percentsaidtheyhadexperiencedintimatepartnerviolenceinthepastfiveyears_________576.1percentreporteddomesticviolenceinthepreviousyear. Rateswerelowerformen55andolderwith5.3percent_________58violenceinthepastfiveyearsand2.4percenthavingexperienceditinthepast12months. _________5930.5percentofmenyoungerthan55and26.5percentofoldermensaidtheyhadbeen_________60ofdomesticviolenceatsomepointintheirlives.Abouthalfofthe_________61themenexperiencedwasphysical. Howeverthephysicalviolencemenreportedwasn’tasharshasthat_________62bywomeninapreviousstudy;20percentto40percentofthemenrated_________63asseverecomparedwith61percentofwomen. Menwhoreportedexperiencingdomesticviolencehadmoreemotionalandmentalhealth_________64thanthosewhohadnot_________65oldermentheresearchersfound.
DomesticViolence Nearlythreein10menhaveexperiencedviolenceatthehandsofanintimatepartnerduringtheirlifetimeaccording_________51oneofthefewstudiestolookatdomesticviolenceandhealthamongmen. Manymenactuallydo_________52domesticviolencealthoughwedon’thearaboutitoften.Dr.RobertJReidoftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattleoneofthestudy’sauthorstoldReutersHealth.Theyoftendon’t_________53andwedon’task.Wewanttogetthemessageouttomenwhodoexperiencedomesticviolence_________54theyarenotaloneandthereareresourcesavailabletothem. Theresearchersaskedstudy_________55aboutphysicalabuse人身伤害andnon-physicalabusesuchas_________56thatmadethemfearfortheirsafetycontrollingbehaviorandconstantname-calling. Amongmen18to64yearsold14.2percentsaidtheyhadexperiencedintimatepartnerviolenceinthepastfiveyears_________576.1percentreporteddomesticviolenceinthepreviousyear. Rateswerelowerformen55andolderwith5.3percent_________58violenceinthepastfiveyearsand2.4percenthavingexperienceditinthepast12months. _________5930.5percentofmenyoungerthan55and26.5percentofoldermensaidtheyhadbeen_________60ofdomesticviolenceatsomepointintheirlives.Abouthalfofthe_________61themenexperiencedwasphysical. Howeverthephysicalviolencemenreportedwasn’tasharshasthat_________62bywomeninapreviousstudy;20percentto40percentofthemenrated_________63asseverecomparedwith61percentofwomen. Menwhoreportedexperiencingdomesticviolencehadmoreemotionalandmentalhealth_________64thanthosewhohadnot_________65oldermentheresearchersfound.
第二篇TheWorld’sBest-SellingMedicine Sinceancienttimespeopleallovertheworldhaveusedwillowtostoppain.Thewillowtreecontainssalicylicacid水杨酸.Thisstopspainbutthereisoneproblem.Salicylicacidalsohurtsthestomach.In1853aFrenchscientistmadeamixturefromwillowthatdidnothurtthestomach.Howeverhismixturewasdifficulttomakeandhedidnottrytoproduceorsellit. In1897inGermanyFelixHoffmannalsomadeamixturewithsalicylicacid.Hetriedithimselffirstandthengaveittohisfatherbecausehisfatherwasoldandinalotofpain.Hisfather’spainwentawayandthemixturedidnothurthisstomach. HoffmannworkedforBayeraGermancompany.Heshowedhisnewdrugtohismanagerwhotestedthedrugandfoundthatitworkedwell.Bayerdecidedtomakethedrug.TheycalleditaspirinandputtheBayernameoneverypill. Aspirinwasanimmediatesuccess.Almosteveryonehaspainofsomekindsoaspirinansweredatrueneed.Aspirinwascheapeasytotakeandeffectiveitalsoloweredfevers.Aspirinwasawonderdrug. AtfirstBayersoldthedrugthroughdoctorswhothensoldittotheirpatients.In1915thecompanystartedtosellaspirinindrugstores.IntheUnitedStatesBayerhadapatentonthedrug.OthercompaniescouldmakesimilarproductsandselltheminothercountriesbutonlyBayercouldmakeandsellaspirinintheUnitedStates.IntimeBayercouldnolongerownthenameaspirinintheUnitedStates.Othercompaniescouldmakeittheretoo.HoweverBayeraspirinwasthemostwellknownandformanyyearsitwasthemarketleader. Bythe1950snewpainkillerswereonthemarket.Aspirinwasnolongertheonlywaytotreatpainandreducefever.Bayerandothercompanieslookedforotherdrugstomake.Howeverinthe1970stheygotasurprise.Doctorsnoticedthatpatientswhoweretakingaspirinhadfewerheartattacksthanotherpeople.ABritishresearchernamedJohnVanefoundthereasonaspirinhelpedtopreventheartattacks.In1982hewontheNobelPrizeforhisresearch.Doctorsstartedtotellsomeoftheirpatientstotakeaspirineverydaytopreventheartattacks.Ithasmadelifebetterforthemanypeoplewhotakeit.IthasalsomadealotofmoneyforcompanieslikeBayerthatproduceandsellit!Bayeraspirinwas
PromisingResultsfromCancerStudy Anewexperimentalvaccine疫苗hasshownpromisingresultsinthefightagainstlungcancer.InasmallTexas-basedstudyavaccinedevelopedbyscientistsatBaylorUniversityMedicalCentreinDallasUSAcuredlungcancerinsomepatientsandslowedtheprogressofthediseaseinothers. Researchershavereportedencouragingfindingsfromthissmallstudy.Forty-threepatientssufferingfromlungcancerwereinvolvedinthesetrials.Tenofthesepatientswereintheearlystagesandthirty-threeintheadvancedstagesofthedisease.Theywereinjectedwiththevaccineeverytwoweeksforthreemonthsandwerecarefullymonitoredforthreeyears.Inthreeofthepatientsintheadvancedstagesofcancerthediseasedisappearedandintheothersitdidnotspreadforfivetotwenty-fourmonths.Howevernogreatdifferencewasseeninthepatientsintheearlystagesoftheillness. Thisnewvaccineusesthepatients’ownimmunesystem.Itismadespecificallyforeachpatientandisinjectedintothearmorleg.Itstimulatesthebody’simmunesystemwhichthenrecognizesthatthecancercellsareharmfulandattacksanddestroysthem. Thevaccinecouldbeeffectiveagainstotherformsofcancer.Itoffersgreathopeforthetreatmentofcanceringeneralalthoughfurtherstudiesareneededbeforesuchtreatmentcanbewidelyused.AllthepatientswerefromDallas.
第二篇Late-nightDrinking Coffeeloversbecareful.Havingaquickpick-me-upcupofcoffeelateinthedaywillinterruptyoursleep.Aswellasbeingastimulant兴奋剂caffeineinterruptstheflowofmelatonin褪黑激素thebrainhormonethatsendspeopleintoasleep. Melatoninlevelsnormallystarttoriseabouttwohoursbeforebedtime.Levelsthenpeakbetween2amand4ambeforefallingagain.It’stheneurohormone神经激素thatcontrolsoursleepandtellsourbodywhentosleepandwhentowakesaysMauriceOhayonoftheStanfordSteepEpidemiologyResearchCenteratStanfordUniversityinCalifornia.ButresearchersinIsraelhavefoundthatcaffeinatedcoffeehalvesthebody’slevelsofthissleephormone. LotanShitoandateamattheSapirMedicalCenterinTelAvivUniversityfoundthatsixvolunteerssleptlesswellafteracupofcaffeinatedcoffeethanafterdrinkingthesameamountofdecaf脱咖啡因咖啡.Onaveragesubjectsslept336minutespernightafterdrinkingcaffeinatedcoffeecomparedwith415minutesafterdecaf.Theyalsotookhalfanhourtodropofftwiceaslongasusual. Inthesecondphaseoftheexperimenttheresearcherswokethevolunteerseverythreehoursandaskedthemtogiveaurine尿sample.Shilomeasuredconcentrationsofabreakdownproductofmelatonin.Theresultssuggestthatmelatoninconcentrationsincaffeinedrinkerswerehalfthoseindecafdrinkers.InapaperacceptedforpublicationinSleepMedicinetheresearcherssuggestthatcaffeineblocksproductionoftheenzyme餘thatdrivesmelatoninproduction. BecauseitcantakemanyhourstoeliminatecaffeinefromthebodyOhayonrecommendsthatcoffeeloversswitchtodecafafterlunch.TheexperimentmentionedinParagraph4findsthatcaffeinedrinkers
第一篇Don’tDrinkAloneGetsNewMeaning InwhatmaybebadnewsforbarsandpubsaEuropeanresearchgrouphasfoundthatpeopledrinkingalcoholoutsideofmealshaveasignificantlyhigherriskofcancerinthemouthandneckthandothosetakingtheirlibationswithfood.LuiginoDalMasoandhiscolleaguesstudiedthedrinkingpatternsof1500patientsfromfourcancerstudiesandanother3500adultswhohadneverhadcancer. Aftertheresearchersaccountedfortheamountofalcoholconsumedtheyfoundthatindividualswhodownedasignificantshareoftheiralcoholoutsideofmealsfacedatleasta50to80percentriskofcancerintheoralcavitypharynxandesophaguswhencomparedwithpeoplewhodrankonlyatmeals.Consumingalcoholwithoutfoodalsoincreasedbyatleast20percentthelikelihoodoflaryngealcancer.Roughly95percentofcancersatthesefoursitestracedtosmokingordrinkingbythestudyvolunteersDalMasosays.Thediscouragingnewshisteamreportsisthatdrinkingwithmealsdidn’teliminatecancerriskatanyofthesites. FortheirnewanalysistheEuropeanscientistsdividedpeopleinthestudyintofourgroupsbasedonhowmanydrinkstheyreportedhavinginanaverageweek.Thelowest-intakegroupincludedpeoplewhoaveragedupto20drinksaweek.Thehighestgroupreporteddowningatleast56servingsofalcoholweeklyforanaverageofeightormoreperday.Cancerrisksforthemouthandnecksitesrosesteadilywithconsumptionevenforpeoplewhoreporteddrinkingonlywithmeals.Forinstancecomparedwithpeopleinthelowest-consumptiongroupparticipantswhodrank21to34alcoholservingsaweekatleastdoubledtheircancerriskforallsitesotherthanthelarynx.Ifpeopleintheseconsumptiongroupstooksomeofthosedrinksoutsidemealsthoseinthehigherconsumptiongroupatleastquadrupledtheirriskfororalcavityandesophagealcancers. Peopleinthehighest-consumptiongroupwhodrankonlywithmealshad10timestheriskoforalcancer7timestheriskofpharyngealcancerand16timestheriskofesophagealcancercomparedwiththosewhoaveraged20orfewerdrinksaweekwithmeals.Incontrastlaryngealcancerriskinthehigh-intakewith-meals-onlygroupwasonlytriplethatinthelow-intakeconsumerswhodrankwithmeals. Alcoholcaninflametissues.Overtimethatinflammationcantriggercancer.DalMasosays.Hesuspectsthatfoodreducedcancerriskeitherbypartiallycoatingdigestive-tracttissuesorbyscrubbingalcoholoffthosetissues.Hespeculatesthatthereasonlaryngealrisksweredramaticallylowerforallstudyparticipantstracestothetissue’slowerexposuretoalcohol.Howmanydrinksdothelowest-intakegroupaverageperweek?
第一篇Don’tDrinkAloneGetsNewMeaning InwhatmaybebadnewsforbarsandpubsaEuropeanresearchgrouphasfoundthatpeopledrinkingalcoholoutsideofmealshaveasignificantlyhigherriskofcancerinthemouthandneckthandothosetakingtheirlibationswithfood.LuiginoDalMasoandhiscolleaguesstudiedthedrinkingpatternsof1500patientsfromfourcancerstudiesandanother3500adultswhohadneverhadcancer. Aftertheresearchersaccountedfortheamountofalcoholconsumedtheyfoundthatindividualswhodownedasignificantshareoftheiralcoholoutsideofmealsfacedatleasta50to80percentriskofcancerintheoralcavitypharynxandesophaguswhencomparedwithpeoplewhodrankonlyatmeals.Consumingalcoholwithoutfoodalsoincreasedbyatleast20percentthelikelihoodoflaryngealcancer.Roughly95percentofcancersatthesefoursitestracedtosmokingordrinkingbythestudyvolunteersDalMasosays.Thediscouragingnewshisteamreportsisthatdrinkingwithmealsdidn’teliminatecancerriskatanyofthesites. FortheirnewanalysistheEuropeanscientistsdividedpeopleinthestudyintofourgroupsbasedonhowmanydrinkstheyreportedhavinginanaverageweek.Thelowest-intakegroupincludedpeoplewhoaveragedupto20drinksaweek.Thehighestgroupreporteddowningatleast56servingsofalcoholweeklyforanaverageofeightormoreperday.Cancerrisksforthemouthandnecksitesrosesteadilywithconsumptionevenforpeoplewhoreporteddrinkingonlywithmeals.Forinstancecomparedwithpeopleinthelowest-consumptiongroupparticipantswhodrank21to34alcoholservingsaweekatleastdoubledtheircancerriskforallsitesotherthanthelarynx.Ifpeopleintheseconsumptiongroupstooksomeofthosedrinksoutsidemealsthoseinthehigherconsumptiongroupatleastquadrupledtheirriskfororalcavityandesophagealcancers. Peopleinthehighest-consumptiongroupwhodrankonlywithmealshad10timestheriskoforalcancer7timestheriskofpharyngealcancerand16timestheriskofesophagealcancercomparedwiththosewhoaveraged20orfewerdrinksaweekwithmeals.Incontrastlaryngealcancerriskinthehigh-intakewith-meals-onlygroupwasonlytriplethatinthelow-intakeconsumerswhodrankwithmeals. Alcoholcaninflametissues.Overtimethatinflammationcantriggercancer.DalMasosays.Hesuspectsthatfoodreducedcancerriskeitherbypartiallycoatingdigestive-tracttissuesorbyscrubbingalcoholoffthosetissues.Hespeculatesthatthereasonlaryngealrisksweredramaticallylowerforallstudyparticipantstracestothetissue’slowerexposuretoalcohol.Whoaremorelikelytodevelopcancerinthemouthandneck?
第一篇TheDevelopmentofBallet Balletisadanceformthathasalonghistory.Thefactthatitsurvivestothisdayshowsthatithasadjustedastimeshavechanged. BalletbeganintheroyalcourtsduringtheRenaissance.Atthattimeitbecamecommonforkingsandqueensaswellasothernobilitytoparticipateinpageantsthatincludedmusicpoetryanddance.AstheseentertainmentsmovedfromtheItaliancourtstotheFrenchonescourtladiesbeganparticipatinginthem.Thoughtheirlongdressespreventedmuchmovementtheywereabletoperformelaboratewalkingpatterns.Itwasnotuntilthe1600sthatwomendancersshortenedtheirskirtschangedtoflatshoesandbegandoingsomeoftheleapsandturnsperformedbymen. Itwasalsointhe1600sthatprofessionalballetbegan.KingLouisXIVofFrancehimselfadevoteddancerfoundedtheRoyalAcademyofDance.Thefivebasicfeetpositionsfromwhichallballetstepsbeginwerefinalized.Inthelate1700sanotherimportantchangeoccurred.Balletbegantotellastoryonitsown.Itwasnolongersimplydancetobeperformedbetweenactsofplays.Elaboratewigsandcostumeswereeliminated.Bytheearly1800sdancerstoriseontheirtoestomakeitappearthatwerefloating. ClassicalballetasweknowittodaywasinfluencedprimarilybyRussiandancing.TheRussiansremainedinterestedinballetwhenitdeclinedinotherEuropeancountriesinthemid-1800s.Oneofthemostinfluentialfiguresoftheearly20thcenturywasSergeiDiaghilev.HisdancecompanytheBalletsRussesbroughtanewenergyandexcitementtoballet.OneofhischiefassistantsGeorgeBalanchinewentontofoundtheNewYorkCityBalletin1948andtoinfluencenewgenerationsofdancers.Professionalballetwasfirstperformedin
第一篇Don’tDrinkAloneGetsNewMeaning InwhatmaybebadnewsforbarsandpubsaEuropeanresearchgrouphasfoundthatpeopledrinkingalcoholoutsideofmealshaveasignificantlyhigherriskofcancerinthemouthandneckthandothosetakingtheirlibationswithfood.LuiginoDalMasoandhiscolleaguesstudiedthedrinkingpatternsof1500patientsfromfourcancerstudiesandanother3500adultswhohadneverhadcancer. Aftertheresearchersaccountedfortheamountofalcoholconsumedtheyfoundthatindividualswhodownedasignificantshareoftheiralcoholoutsideofmealsfacedatleasta50to80percentriskofcancerintheoralcavitypharynxandesophaguswhencomparedwithpeoplewhodrankonlyatmeals.Consumingalcoholwithoutfoodalsoincreasedbyatleast20percentthelikelihoodoflaryngealcancer.Roughly95percentofcancersatthesefoursitestracedtosmokingordrinkingbythestudyvolunteersDalMasosays.Thediscouragingnewshisteamreportsisthatdrinkingwithmealsdidn’teliminatecancerriskatanyofthesites. FortheirnewanalysistheEuropeanscientistsdividedpeopleinthestudyintofourgroupsbasedonhowmanydrinkstheyreportedhavinginanaverageweek.Thelowest-intakegroupincludedpeoplewhoaveragedupto20drinksaweek.Thehighestgroupreporteddowningatleast56servingsofalcoholweeklyforanaverageofeightormoreperday.Cancerrisksforthemouthandnecksitesrosesteadilywithconsumptionevenforpeoplewhoreporteddrinkingonlywithmeals.Forinstancecomparedwithpeopleinthelowest-consumptiongroupparticipantswhodrank21to34alcoholservingsaweekatleastdoubledtheircancerriskforallsitesotherthanthelarynx.Ifpeopleintheseconsumptiongroupstooksomeofthosedrinksoutsidemealsthoseinthehigherconsumptiongroupatleastquadrupledtheirriskfororalcavityandesophagealcancers. Peopleinthehighest-consumptiongroupwhodrankonlywithmealshad10timestheriskoforalcancer7timestheriskofpharyngealcancerand16timestheriskofesophagealcancercomparedwiththosewhoaveraged20orfewerdrinksaweekwithmeals.Incontrastlaryngealcancerriskinthehigh-intakewith-meals-onlygroupwasonlytriplethatinthelow-intakeconsumerswhodrankwithmeals. Alcoholcaninflametissues.Overtimethatinflammationcantriggercancer.DalMasosays.Hesuspectsthatfoodreducedcancerriskeitherbypartiallycoatingdigestive-tracttissuesorbyscrubbingalcoholoffthosetissues.Hespeculatesthatthereasonlaryngealrisksweredramaticallylowerforallstudyparticipantstracestothetissue’slowerexposuretoalcohol.Accordingtothelastparagraphtissue’slowerexposuretoalcohol
Ihavelittleinformationasregardsherfitnessforthepost.
DomesticViolence Nearlythreein10menhaveexperiencedviolenceatthehandsofanintimatepartnerduringtheirlifetimeaccording_________51oneofthefewstudiestolookatdomesticviolenceandhealthamongmen. Manymenactuallydo_________52domesticviolencealthoughwedon’thearaboutitoften.Dr.RobertJReidoftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattleoneofthestudy’sauthorstoldReutersHealth.Theyoftendon’t_________53andwedon’task.Wewanttogetthemessageouttomenwhodoexperiencedomesticviolence_________54theyarenotaloneandthereareresourcesavailabletothem. Theresearchersaskedstudy_________55aboutphysicalabuse人身伤害andnon-physicalabusesuchas_________56thatmadethemfearfortheirsafetycontrollingbehaviorandconstantname-calling. Amongmen18to64yearsold14.2percentsaidtheyhadexperiencedintimatepartnerviolenceinthepastfiveyears_________576.1percentreporteddomesticviolenceinthepreviousyear. Rateswerelowerformen55andolderwith5.3percent_________58violenceinthepastfiveyearsand2.4percenthavingexperienceditinthepast12months. _________5930.5percentofmenyoungerthan55and26.5percentofoldermensaidtheyhadbeen_________60ofdomesticviolenceatsomepointintheirlives.Abouthalfofthe_________61themenexperiencedwasphysical. Howeverthephysicalviolencemenreportedwasn’tasharshasthat_________62bywomeninapreviousstudy;20percentto40percentofthemenrated_________63asseverecomparedwith61percentofwomen. Menwhoreportedexperiencingdomesticviolencehadmoreemotionalandmentalhealth_________64thanthosewhohadnot_________65oldermentheresearchersfound.
第二篇TheWorld’sBest-SellingMedicine Sinceancienttimespeopleallovertheworldhaveusedwillowtostoppain.Thewillowtreecontainssalicylicacid水杨酸.Thisstopspainbutthereisoneproblem.Salicylicacidalsohurtsthestomach.In1853aFrenchscientistmadeamixturefromwillowthatdidnothurtthestomach.Howeverhismixturewasdifficulttomakeandhedidnottrytoproduceorsellit. In1897inGermanyFelixHoffmannalsomadeamixturewithsalicylicacid.Hetriedithimselffirstandthengaveittohisfatherbecausehisfatherwasoldandinalotofpain.Hisfather’spainwentawayandthemixturedidnothurthisstomach. HoffmannworkedforBayeraGermancompany.Heshowedhisnewdrugtohismanagerwhotestedthedrugandfoundthatitworkedwell.Bayerdecidedtomakethedrug.TheycalleditaspirinandputtheBayernameoneverypill. Aspirinwasanimmediatesuccess.Almosteveryonehaspainofsomekindsoaspirinansweredatrueneed.Aspirinwascheapeasytotakeandeffectiveitalsoloweredfevers.Aspirinwasawonderdrug. AtfirstBayersoldthedrugthroughdoctorswhothensoldittotheirpatients.In1915thecompanystartedtosellaspirinindrugstores.IntheUnitedStatesBayerhadapatentonthedrug.OthercompaniescouldmakesimilarproductsandselltheminothercountriesbutonlyBayercouldmakeandsellaspirinintheUnitedStates.IntimeBayercouldnolongerownthenameaspirinintheUnitedStates.Othercompaniescouldmakeittheretoo.HoweverBayeraspirinwasthemostwellknownandformanyyearsitwasthemarketleader. Bythe1950snewpainkillerswereonthemarket.Aspirinwasnolongertheonlywaytotreatpainandreducefever.Bayerandothercompanieslookedforotherdrugstomake.Howeverinthe1970stheygotasurprise.Doctorsnoticedthatpatientswhoweretakingaspirinhadfewerheartattacksthanotherpeople.ABritishresearchernamedJohnVanefoundthereasonaspirinhelpedtopreventheartattacks.In1982hewontheNobelPrizeforhisresearch.Doctorsstartedtotellsomeoftheirpatientstotakeaspirineverydaytopreventheartattacks.Ithasmadelifebetterforthemanypeoplewhotakeit.IthasalsomadealotofmoneyforcompanieslikeBayerthatproduceandsellit!WhywasFelixHoffmannlookingforapainkiller?
Hewastemptedbythehighsalaryofferedbythecompany.
第三篇TheWorld’sBest-SellingMedicine Sinceancienttimespeopleallovertheworldhaveusedwillowtostoppain.Thewillowtreecontainssalicylicacid水杨酸.Thisstopspainbutthereisoneproblem.Salicylicacidalsohurtsthestomach.In1853aFrenchscientistmadeamixturefromwillowthatdidnothurtthestomach.Howeverhismixturewasdifficulttomakeandhedidnottrytoproduceorsellit. In1897inGermanyFelixHoffmannalsomadeamixturewithsalicylicacid.Hetriedithimselffirstandthengaveittohisfatherbecausehisfatherwasoldandinalotofpain.Hisfather’spainwentawayandthemixturedidnothurthisstomach. HoffmannworkedforBayeraGermancompany.Heshowedhisnewdrugtohismanagerwhotestedthedrugandfoundthatitworkedwell.Bayerdecidedtomakethedrug.TheycalleditaspirinandputtheBayernameoneverypill. Aspirinwasanimmediatesuccess.Almosteveryonehaspainofsomekindsoaspirinansweredatrueneed.Aspirinwascheapeasytotakeandeffectiveitalsoloweredfevers.Aspirinwasawonderdrug. AtfirstBayersoldthedrugthroughdoctorswhothensoldittotheirpatients.In1915thecompanystartedtosellaspirinindrugstores.IntheUnitedStatesBayerhadapatentonthedrug.OthercompaniescouldmakesimilarproductsandselltheminothercountriesbutonlyBayercouldmakeandsellaspirinintheUnitedStates.IntimeBayercouldnolongerownthenameaspirinintheUnitedStates.Othercompaniescouldmakeittheretoo.HoweverBayeraspirinwasthemostwellknownandformanyyearsitwasthemarketleader. Bythe1950snewpainkillerswereonthemarket.Aspirinwasnolongertheonlywaytotreatpainandreducefever.Bayerandothercompanieslookedforotherdrugstomake.Howeverinthe1970stheygotasurprise.Doctorsnoticedthatpatientswhoweretakingaspirinhadfewerheartattacksthanotherpeople.ABritishresearchernamedJohnVanefoundthereasonaspirinhelpedtopreventheartattacks.In1982hewontheNobelPrizeforhisresearch.Doctorsstartedtotellsomeoftheirpatientstotakeaspirineverydaytopreventheartattacks.Ithasmadelifebetterforthemanypeoplewhotakeit.IthasalsomadealotofmoneyforcompanieslikeBayerthatproduceandsellit!Whydidn’ttheFrenchscientistcontinuetomakethemedicinethatstoppedpain?
PromisingResultsfromCancerStudy Anewexperimentalvaccine疫苗hasshownpromisingresultsinthefightagainstlungcancer.InasmallTexas-basedstudyavaccinedevelopedbyscientistsatBaylorUniversityMedicalCentreinDallasUSAcuredlungcancerinsomepatientsandslowedtheprogressofthediseaseinothers. Researchershavereportedencouragingfindingsfromthissmallstudy.Forty-threepatientssufferingfromlungcancerwereinvolvedinthesetrials.Tenofthesepatientswereintheearlystagesandthirty-threeintheadvancedstagesofthedisease.Theywereinjectedwiththevaccineeverytwoweeksforthreemonthsandwerecarefullymonitoredforthreeyears.Inthreeofthepatientsintheadvancedstagesofcancerthediseasedisappearedandintheothersitdidnotspreadforfivetotwenty-fourmonths.Howevernogreatdifferencewasseeninthepatientsintheearlystagesoftheillness. Thisnewvaccineusesthepatients’ownimmunesystem.Itismadespecificallyforeachpatientandisinjectedintothearmorleg.Itstimulatesthebody’simmunesystemwhichthenrecognizesthatthecancercellsareharmfulandattacksanddestroysthem. Thevaccinecouldbeeffectiveagainstotherformsofcancer.Itoffersgreathopeforthetreatmentofcanceringeneralalthoughfurtherstudiesareneededbeforesuchtreatmentcanbewidelyused.Thevaccineactivatestheimmunesystem.
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