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Directions: Write an essay of about 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In this essay, yo...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 2
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 4
Text2 Breakfastisindispensable.Notonlydoesitprovideessentialearly-morningnourishmenttopeopleofallagesthroughouttheweekit’salsoBecomingmoreandmoretrendyforbothbusinessmeetingsandsocialgatherings.Anytimefamiliesandfriendswanttogettogetherinarelaxedsettingtheyconsiderbreakfast. WhyBecausethemealhasauniversalappealtoallagesandallpocketbooks. Low-carbdietsalsohavebroughtonce-forbiddenbreakfastfoodsbackintofavor.Eggconsumptionhasrisensteadilyinrecentyears."In1993itwas234.6percapita;in2003thefigurewas254.1"saysLindaBraundirectorofconsumereducationfortheAmericanEggBoard. MissBraunattributessomeofthistodietarytrendsbutsaysamorecompellingreasonisthateggsoffersomenewlyidentifiedbenefits."Theyolksarerichincholineanutrientthatshowspromiseinearlystudiesforpreventingmemorylossinlaterlifeandluteinknowntocombatage-relatedmaculardegenerationandcataracts"shesays. Whatevertherationalesteakandeggsandabarnyardfullofothereggdishesfromfrittatastohuevosrancherosarebeingdevouredwithgusto. Athomeomeletsandtoasthavealwaysbeenpopularintheweehoursafteranightonthetownorwhenyou’realoneandwanttocurlupwithsomecomfortfoodablanketandagoodbook. Inrestaurantsthemealoncewasprettymuchoverby10a.m..Todaythat’snolongertrue.Withchanginglifestylespeopleareenjoyingbreakfastfareatallhoursofthedayandeveningtoo.NumerousrestaurantsacrossAmericaincludingthemostfashionableeateriesservetraditionalmorningfoodswellpastnoon. AttheStamfordConn.CityLimitsDineroneofthreedinersbythisnameintheareamanagerMargaretCallanansaysthatwithinthepastfewyearsbreakfastbusinessprobablyhasdoubled. "Thefirstsegmenttoarriveinmorningarethe’suits’competitivelawyersandbusinessmenwhousethehourtotreatclientslikeguestsratherthanservingthembagelsintheiroffice"shesays. TypicalofmanydinersCityLimitsoffersanenormousmenu.Alongwithwafflesandpancakesitservesrefineddishesthataresurprisingataplaceinthiscategory.AgreatfavoriteisMaryland-lump-crab-and-lobstercakeBenedict.IfyouleaveouttheEnglishmuffintherichcombinationisevenlow-carb-friendly. Themostpopularitemisthecountrybreakfast.Itincludeseggshouse-madehashbrownpotatoessausagebaconandhamplusmultigraintoastfrombreadbakedonthepremises.At$7itisabargain. ThewordgustoLine2Paragraph5mayprobablymean
A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayofabout160—200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1.Deducewhatisintendedinthepicture 2.Andpointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.20points
Text2 Breakfastisindispensable.Notonlydoesitprovideessentialearly-morningnourishmenttopeopleofallagesthroughouttheweekit’salsoBecomingmoreandmoretrendyforbothbusinessmeetingsandsocialgatherings.Anytimefamiliesandfriendswanttogettogetherinarelaxedsettingtheyconsiderbreakfast. WhyBecausethemealhasauniversalappealtoallagesandallpocketbooks. Low-carbdietsalsohavebroughtonce-forbiddenbreakfastfoodsbackintofavor.Eggconsumptionhasrisensteadilyinrecentyears."In1993itwas234.6percapita;in2003thefigurewas254.1"saysLindaBraundirectorofconsumereducationfortheAmericanEggBoard. MissBraunattributessomeofthistodietarytrendsbutsaysamorecompellingreasonisthateggsoffersomenewlyidentifiedbenefits."Theyolksarerichincholineanutrientthatshowspromiseinearlystudiesforpreventingmemorylossinlaterlifeandluteinknowntocombatage-relatedmaculardegenerationandcataracts"shesays. Whatevertherationalesteakandeggsandabarnyardfullofothereggdishesfromfrittatastohuevosrancherosarebeingdevouredwithgusto. Athomeomeletsandtoasthavealwaysbeenpopularintheweehoursafteranightonthetownorwhenyou’realoneandwanttocurlupwithsomecomfortfoodablanketandagoodbook. Inrestaurantsthemealoncewasprettymuchoverby10a.m..Todaythat’snolongertrue.Withchanginglifestylespeopleareenjoyingbreakfastfareatallhoursofthedayandeveningtoo.NumerousrestaurantsacrossAmericaincludingthemostfashionableeateriesservetraditionalmorningfoodswellpastnoon. AttheStamfordConn.CityLimitsDineroneofthreedinersbythisnameintheareamanagerMargaretCallanansaysthatwithinthepastfewyearsbreakfastbusinessprobablyhasdoubled. "Thefirstsegmenttoarriveinmorningarethe’suits’competitivelawyersandbusinessmenwhousethehourtotreatclientslikeguestsratherthanservingthembagelsintheiroffice"shesays. TypicalofmanydinersCityLimitsoffersanenormousmenu.Alongwithwafflesandpancakesitservesrefineddishesthataresurprisingataplaceinthiscategory.AgreatfavoriteisMaryland-lump-crab-and-lobstercakeBenedict.IfyouleaveouttheEnglishmuffintherichcombinationisevenlow-carb-friendly. Themostpopularitemisthecountrybreakfast.Itincludeseggshouse-madehashbrownpotatoessausagebaconandhamplusmultigraintoastfrombreadbakedonthepremises.At$7itisabargain. Theauthorappearstobeveryapprobatorythat
Thedaysaregettingshorterandthehouse-priceforecastsaredroppingfasterthanthelastoftheautumnleaves.Forecastsofapricecrashwhichbeganlifeasaminorityviewarenowbanginginthemiddleofthemainstream. 41______. Oneofthemostaggressiveinterest-rateforecastsisfromJohnO’SullivanatDresdnerKleinwortWasserstein.HeexpectstheBankofEnglandtocutthebaserateto40%bytheendofnextyearineffortstolimitthehouse-pricedropto5%. 42______.Butthesethingscanchangerapidly. TheshiftinrateexpectationsparticularlyamongCityecon0mistshasbeendramaticanditisreflectedinthecurrencymarkets.43______. Theotherimpactofhousingwillbeonfirmsparticularlyretailers.TheBankhasbeenworkinghardtotrytoprovethathousingandconsumerspendinghave"decoupled"becausethefinaltwoyearsoftheboominhousepricescoincidedwithasofteningofspendinggrowth.44______. CharlieBeantheBank’schiefeconomistrepeatedthe"decoupling"caselastweekbutadmittedtherewerebiguncertainties. Andunderlyingthisquestforunderstandinghasbeenthefearcertainlyforthechancellorandhispoliticaladvisersthatboomcouldturntobust.Foragovernmentthatpromisednoreturntoboomandbusttheexcusethatonlyonepartoftheeconomyhadturnedtobustwouldcutlittleicewithvoters. Therelationshipbetweenhousepricesandelectionoutcomesisnotaperfectone.Havingslippedin2000priceswererisingstronglyatthetimeofthe2001electionwhichLabourwoncomfortably.45______. Thechangeinthehousingclimatewillbeatestinanotherway.InthebudgettheTreasuryfactoredinamodestslowdowninconsumerspendingnextyearfromjustover3%to2.5%butwithinthecontextofstrongoverallgrowthof3%to3.5%withexportsandinvestmenttakinguptheslack. [A]CapitalEconomicswhichgottherefirsthadits20%pricefallstartingthisyearwitha5%dropandcontinuingforanothercoupleofyears. [B]MyviewisthattheBank’smonetarypolicycommitteehavingworkedhardtogetratesupfromlastyear’semergencylowlevelof3.5%tothepresent4.75%won’tsurrendercutswithoutafightandwouldliketokeeprateswheretheyareforquitealongtime. [C]ButMervynKingthegovernoristoogoodaneconomisttohaverealconfidenceinaviewbasedonashortrunofdata.Whenthehousingmarkettankedinthepastconsumerspendingsuffered.Intheabsenceofbetterevidencetothecontrarythathastobetheassumptionthistime. [D]BoominghousepriceswereaswelcomeattheTreasuryasflowerarrangementsatahay-feverconvention.TheTreasurycouldnotunderstandhowhavingdeliveredlow-inflationeconomicstabilityithadahousingboomaspowerfulasintheunstabledaysofthelate1980s. [E]Ithashitthefinancialmarketsinatleastthreeways.Thehousingdownturnhaschangedperceptionsabouttheinterest-rateoutlook. [F]Thepoundhasbeenclimbingagainstthedollarbutslippingagainsttheeuro.Itsriseagainstthesicklydollarwouldhavebeenmuchbiggerhaditnotcoincidedwiththesofteningoftheoutlookforrates. [G]OntheotherhandtheTorieslostthe1997electiondespiteastronghousingmarkethavingwonin1992atatimewhenpriceswerefalling.MargaretThatcher’s1983and1987victoriescamewhenpricesweresoaring. 44
Informationchannelingisundergoingremarkableprogressinvarioussectorsofsocietyinindustrialactivitiespublicservicesandmorerecentlyindailyliving. Inthesectorofindustrialactivitiesautomationiscontinuingwiththeaimofincreasingproductivity—introductionofcomputersforprocesscontrolbythemanufacturingindustryandintroductionofnumericallycontrolledmachinetoolsindustrialrobotscomputer-aideddesignsystemsandmorerecentlyflexiblemanufacturingsystembyprocessingandassemblingindustries. 46MeanwhileinofficesrapidofficeautomationispresentlyinprogressstimulatedbythepopularacceptanceofcomputerizedsystemsexpansionofcommunicationsnetworksandtheremarkabletechnologicalprogressachievedinrelatedequipmentsuchasJapanesewordprocessors.Rapidautomationandefficiencyimprovementarealsobeingachievedinthesectorofcommoditydistributionthroughtheintroductionofadvancedpointofsalessystems. Informationchannelingisbeingutilizedactivelyinthefieldofpublicservices.47Forexamplelargecapacitycomputerswereintroducedfromanearlystageforthecontrolofrailwaytrainsandforextendingseatreservationservicesandmorerecentlydiagnosticsystemsutilizingcomputershavebecomecommonplaceinmedicalcare.48Tocopewiththesteadyshifttowardanagingsocietyresearchisinprogresstodeveloptechnologiesrelatedtomedicalinformationsystemswiththeaimofimprovingefficiencyinmedicalservices.RegardingeducationcomputerizedsystemsincludingtheCAIcomputerassistedinstructionsystemandCMIcomputermanagedinstructionsystemarepresentlybeingputtotrialoperation. Inthesectorofadministrationefficiencyofclericalworkisbeingimprovedthroughtheintroductionofcomputersandhugevolumesofadministrativedataaremorerecentlybeingstoredindatabasesystems.49Inthewakeofthesemovescomputershavebecomeindispensableforadvancinglarge-scaleR&Dresearchanddevelopmentprojectsasinconnectionwithspacedevelopmentandatomicpowerdevelopmentandalsointhefieldofbasicresearchinlifescience. Dailylivingisalsoasectorinwhichinformationchannelingistakingfirmroot.50Tocopewithcivilianneedsformoreconvenienceinhomelivingandinordertomeettheneedsraisedbygrowingdiversificationoflifestyleactiveresearchispresentlyinprogresstodevelopandcommercializenewmediaincorporatingsophisticateddataprocessingfunctionsforuseinadditiontoexistingmediainvolvingthetelevisionradioandtelephone.Inconcertresearchisbeingdirectedatdevelopingtechnologiesrelatedtoautomationinthehome. Tocopewithcivilianneedsformoreconvenienceinhomelivingandinordertomeettheneedsraisedbygrowingdiversificationoflifestyleactiveresearchispresentlyinprogresstodevelopandcommercializenewmediaincorporatingsophisticateddataprocessingfunctionsforuseinadditiontoexistingmediainvolvingthetelevisionradioandtelephone
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 20
Whatdoesitsayaboutasocietythatoutsourcesthelastyearsandmomentsoflifetoaclinicalsettingthatisneitherlovingnorparticularlycaring 46Moresuccinctlywhatdoesitsayaboutuswhenweshipourparentsofftonursinghomesinsteadofcaringfortheminthetoughesttimesathome Aswegrowolderweallfacelifeindifferentways.47Weallseeuponoccasiontheravagesofdiseaseandthefrailtyandindomitablespiritofourhumannessaslovedonesstruggletofacetheirownaging.ParkinsonsdementiaAlzheimer’scancerstrokesandotherailmentstakelovedonesissuingasummonstotheyoungergenerationtorespond.Howwerespondtellsuswhowereallyareandwhatwearemadeof. Dispiritedbytheseeminglyshallow"caring"ofmedicalfacilitieslike"nursinghomes"manyAmericansareembracing"homecare".Andthebenefitsofhome-careexperiencecanfaroutweighthecostsoneexpectsinanguishandthepocketbook.48Onemightfindinspirationanupliftingandnewfoundrealizationofthesanctityandimportanceofhumanlifeandalife-alteringfamilysenseoflovecaringgivingandtogetherness. Manyfamiliessay"Mylovedonegavemoretousthanweevergavetoherorhim." Sufferingcanbringfamiliestogether--orsendtheselfishtoflight.49Thegivingexperienceofknowingwealllovedenoughtobringthesufferingmemberofthefamilyhometoourheartsandourabilitytocaremayforeverchangethewaywerememberwhoweare.TheremaybenoHallmarkmomentnorewardfromtheailingfamilymember.Butyoumightsurpriseyourselfandyoumightbesurprisedbyhowyoursufferinglovedoneinspiresyou. Therearetimeswhenthehospitalnursinghomeandeventhehospicearemandated.Butdon’tsellyourselfandyourfamilyshort.Yourloveandcaremaywellexceedthatofallothers. 50Innumerouswaysmanyofusliveinaworldwithoutconnectiontothelife-and-deathstrugglesthatmakeuslovingcaringhumanbeings.Werushtoworkthekids’soccertournamentsevenvacationsatbreak-neckspeed.WhenwepausetogiveweshopatWal-Martfortheappropriatehandout.WeAmericansspendmorethan$4billionannuallyonourpetsbutsometimesneglectourfamilydutiesandresponsibilities. 46Moresuccinctlywhatdoesitsayaboutuswhenweshipourparentsofftonursinghomesinsteadofcaringfortheminthetoughesttimesathome
Text4 MountingfinancialandlegalwoesaregivingMerckaprescription-strengthheadache.WithChiefExecutiveOfficerRayGilmartintestifyingonCapitolHillaboutwhatMerckknewaboutVioxxandwhenitiseasytooverlookthedruggiant’songoingeffortstotreatandcuredisease. Beforeitsstockpricesagged40percentandbothlitigatorsandregulatorsbegancirclingoverheadMerckinvitedseveraljournaliststoits415-acreresearchanddevelopmentcenter30milesfromPhiladelphia.AsotherpharmaceuticalinvestigatorscanattestMerck’s10000scientistsandsupportpersonnelherehelpexplainwhynewdrugsoftencostsomuch.Standinginthemiddleofhis$4millionlabDr.GrahamSmithpointstoanLCMSMassSpectrometerthatatomizestestcompoundsandevaluatesthemforhealingproperties. "Ofthe1200moleculestestedherelastyear"Dr.Smithsays"eightwentontothenextstep.Andnotallofthosewillgoontobecomedrugs."Dr.Smithandhisteamofanalyticchemistsfailsteadilyonaveragefor6weeksbeforediscoveringapotentialherapy.Another32daysusuallypassbeforethathappensagain. Merckisnotaloneinthrowingmostofitsdartsstraightintothefloor.AccordingtoJohnT.KellyM.D.oftheWashington-basedPharmaceuticalResearchandManufacturersofAmerica"Only5in5000compoundsthatenterpreclinicaltestingmakeittohumantesting.Andonly1ofthese5testedinpeopleisapprovedforsale.: CitingTuftsUniversitydataDr.Kellyadded:"Onaverageitcostsacompany$802milliontogetonenewmedicinefromthelaboratorytoUSpatients.Thisprocessnormallytakes10to15years." EliavBartM.D.Merck’sseniordirectorforclinicalresearchworksonavaccinetopreventtheHumanPapillomavirus.SoonerorlaterHPVafflicts50to75percentofsexuallyactiveadults.HPVcausesgenitalwartsaswellascancersofthecervixvulvaandanus.Sofartestshavefoundthevaccine100percenteffectiveagainstHPV16oneofthevirus’particularlymenacingstrains. Noneofthiscomescheapeither. "SeveralhundredpeopleareworkingonthisexclusivelyaroundtheworldforMerck"Dr.Barrsays.ConsequentlythecompanyhasbuiltclinicsinIcelandPeruandThailand."Merckputequipmentinandwe’llleaveitin"Dr.Barrsays.Thiswillprovideasteadystreamofscientificdataforobstetriciansandgynecologists. Merckalsohasbuilta$100millionstructurespecificallytomanufacturetheHPVvaccine.Ifapprovedthedrug’spricewillreflectinpartthishugeup-frontinvestment.ButifitfailstosecureFoodandDrugAdministrationapprovalMerckwillbetheproudownerofagleaming$100millionwhiteelephant.ThissunkcostwillhavetobespreadacrosstherestofMerck’sproductline.Alternativelythismoneycouldbesubtractedfromshareholderdividendsemployeesalariesornewresearchanddevelopment.Thesearelamelongtermstrategies.Thatandmoreaddsup. ThevaccineagainstthisailmentisforpharmaceuticalcompaniestoteachAmericans-startingwithWashington’sbipartisanpoliticalclass--asimplebutviraltruth:Thoselittlepillsdonotinventthemselves. WhatDr.Smithsaysinthethirdparagraphindicatesthat
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 12
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 10
Text3 TheUSdollarreachedanall-timelowagainsttheeuroyesterdayforthefourthstraightdaybrieflypushingtheEuropeancurrencyabove$1.33beforerecoveringslightlyamidconcernsaboutthetwinUSdeficitsandthelackofanycentralbankactiontostopthedollar’sdecline. Thedollaralsodippedtoanearlyfive-yearlowagainsttheyenbutlaterregainedground. Yesterdaytheeuroroseto$1.3329inearlytradingbeforedippingbackto$1.3290laterinNewYork.Theeurotopped$1.32forthefirsttimethedaybeforeinEuropeantrading.USmarketswereclosedThursdayfortheThanksgivingholiday. ThedollaralsotradednearitslowestlevelssinceDecember1999againsttheJapaneseyenyesterdayslippingto102.56yendownfrom102.81lateWednesdayinNewYork. Onereasontheeurohaskeptrisingisalackofconcertedactionbycentralbankstosupportthedollarbysellingholdingsoftheothermajorcurrencies. "$1.35isdefinitelyonthecardsnow--asforhowsoonwe’llgetthereI’mnotsure"saidRizDinacurrencyanalystwithBarclay’sCapitalinLondon. "Itincreasinglylooksasifdespiteweakerdataintheeuroareatheprospectsforintervention..areveryverylowatcurrentrates." ThelatestdollarcollapsefueledbyconcernsovertheUStradeandbudgetdeficitshastakentheeurofromaround$1.20abouttwomonthsago. Becausetheeuro’srisetendstomakeEuropeanproductsmoreexpensiveEuropeanleadershavevoicedfearsthatitmighthurtthecontinent’sexport-driveneconomicrecovery.TheEuropeanCentralBank’spresidenthascalledtherapidincrease"brutal". Butthedollar’sweaknessisgoodnewsforUSexportershelpingmakeAmericanproductslessexpensiveoverseas. CommerzbankeconomistMichaelSchubertsaidspeculationagainstthedollarwasmakingitsslide"abitfasterthanIhadexpected". "Obviouslyit’sdifficulttostopthetrain"Mr.SchubertsaidinFrankfurt.AcombinationofinterventionbycentralbanksandpositiveUSeconomicdatacouldapplythebrakesheadded. EconomistssaytheEuropeanCentralBankECBiswaryofinterveninginthecurrencymarketsonitsownandtheUnitedStatesWouldbeunlikelytojoininsuchamove. Europeanleadersprimarilyfearthat
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 16
Text1 RetailersarelookingatbiggersalesnumbersfordigitaltelevisionsetsthisChristmasseasonboostingthespiritsoffederalregulatorsandtheindustry.GovernmentandindustryanalystsalikehaveworriedthatthisnationofTVviewersisshiftingitsgazetooslowlytodigitalfromold-fashionedanalogsets. Yetalmost7milliondigitaltelevisionorDTVsetswillbesoldthisyearaccordingtotheConsumerElectronicsAssociationatradegroupformanufacturersandretailers.Roughly3millionofthesesetswillbesoldduringthelastthreemonthsoftheyear. Independentgroupsalsopredictabigsalesspike. HomesintheUnitedStateswillhave12.1millionhigh-definitionorHDTVsets--themostsophisticatedformofDTVsets--bytheendoftheyearcomparedwith7millionattheendof2003accordingtotheYankeeGroupaBostontechnologyresearchoutfit. HDTVshaveaccountedforthevastmajorityofabout13milliondigitaltelevisionssoldsincethefallof1998. "Thenumbersareveryencouraging.Webelieveconsumersareembracingthistechnology"saysJennyMillertheConsumerElectronicsAssociation’sspokeswoman. AboostinsalesofdigitaltelevisionswillbewelcomenewsformajorretailersanxiouslywatchingtheChristmasshoppingseasonthatbeganyesterday.Manynationalretailersluredcustomersintotheirstoreswithextra-earlyhoursanddeepdiscounts. DTVsetsstillsellbehindtraditionalanalogsets.Almost22millionanalogsetsareexpectedtobesoldthisyearoutpacingeventherosiestpredictionsforDTVsales. UntilrecentlyconsumerswhowantedtobuyDTVexperiencedstickershock.Whenthesetsfirstreachedthemarketinthelate1990stheycostseveralthousanddollarsturningoffmanyconsumers. NowpricesforbasicDTVsetsgenerallystartatabout$500.HDTVsetsofferthebest-qualitypictureandsoundandcancostasmuchas$15000accordingtoConsumerReportspublishedbythenonprofitConsumersUnionadvocacygroup. "You’retalkingaboutacoupleofhundreddollarsattheveryleastunlessyougoforaflatpanelorplasmascreeninwhichcaseyou’retalkingthousandsofdollars"saysAdityaKishoresenioranalystfortheYankeeGroup. InadditiontofallingpricesanalystscreditthesalesboostforDTVtoanincreaseinthenumberofprogramsbroadcastindigitallycompatible"highdefinition"aswellasagovernment-ledconsumereducationcampaign. ThemostimportantreasonwhyDTVsselllessthantraditionalsetsisthat
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 14
Thedaysaregettingshorterandthehouse-priceforecastsaredroppingfasterthanthelastoftheautumnleaves.Forecastsofapricecrashwhichbeganlifeasaminorityviewarenowbanginginthemiddleofthemainstream. 41______. Oneofthemostaggressiveinterest-rateforecastsisfromJohnO’SullivanatDresdnerKleinwortWasserstein.HeexpectstheBankofEnglandtocutthebaserateto40%bytheendofnextyearineffortstolimitthehouse-pricedropto5%. 42______.Butthesethingscanchangerapidly. TheshiftinrateexpectationsparticularlyamongCityecon0mistshasbeendramaticanditisreflectedinthecurrencymarkets.43______. Theotherimpactofhousingwillbeonfirmsparticularlyretailers.TheBankhasbeenworkinghardtotrytoprovethathousingandconsumerspendinghave"decoupled"becausethefinaltwoyearsoftheboominhousepricescoincidedwithasofteningofspendinggrowth.44______. CharlieBeantheBank’schiefeconomistrepeatedthe"decoupling"caselastweekbutadmittedtherewerebiguncertainties. Andunderlyingthisquestforunderstandinghasbeenthefearcertainlyforthechancellorandhispoliticaladvisersthatboomcouldturntobust.Foragovernmentthatpromisednoreturntoboomandbusttheexcusethatonlyonepartoftheeconomyhadturnedtobustwouldcutlittleicewithvoters. Therelationshipbetweenhousepricesandelectionoutcomesisnotaperfectone.Havingslippedin2000priceswererisingstronglyatthetimeofthe2001electionwhichLabourwoncomfortably.45______. Thechangeinthehousingclimatewillbeatestinanotherway.InthebudgettheTreasuryfactoredinamodestslowdowninconsumerspendingnextyearfromjustover3%to2.5%butwithinthecontextofstrongoverallgrowthof3%to3.5%withexportsandinvestmenttakinguptheslack. [A]CapitalEconomicswhichgottherefirsthadits20%pricefallstartingthisyearwitha5%dropandcontinuingforanothercoupleofyears. [B]MyviewisthattheBank’smonetarypolicycommitteehavingworkedhardtogetratesupfromlastyear’semergencylowlevelof3.5%tothepresent4.75%won’tsurrendercutswithoutafightandwouldliketokeeprateswheretheyareforquitealongtime. [C]ButMervynKingthegovernoristoogoodaneconomisttohaverealconfidenceinaviewbasedonashortrunofdata.Whenthehousingmarkettankedinthepastconsumerspendingsuffered.Intheabsenceofbetterevidencetothecontrarythathastobetheassumptionthistime. [D]BoominghousepriceswereaswelcomeattheTreasuryasflowerarrangementsatahay-feverconvention.TheTreasurycouldnotunderstandhowhavingdeliveredlow-inflationeconomicstabilityithadahousingboomaspowerfulasintheunstabledaysofthelate1980s. [E]Ithashitthefinancialmarketsinatleastthreeways.Thehousingdownturnhaschangedperceptionsabouttheinterest-rateoutlook. [F]Thepoundhasbeenclimbingagainstthedollarbutslippingagainsttheeuro.Itsriseagainstthesicklydollarwouldhavebeenmuchbiggerhaditnotcoincidedwiththesofteningoftheoutlookforrates. [G]OntheotherhandtheTorieslostthe1997electiondespiteastronghousingmarkethavingwonin1992atatimewhenpriceswerefalling.MargaretThatcher’s1983and1987victoriescamewhenpricesweresoaring. 42
Text4 MountingfinancialandlegalwoesaregivingMerckaprescription-strengthheadache.WithChiefExecutiveOfficerRayGilmartintestifyingonCapitolHillaboutwhatMerckknewaboutVioxxandwhenitiseasytooverlookthedruggiant’songoingeffortstotreatandcuredisease. Beforeitsstockpricesagged40percentandbothlitigatorsandregulatorsbegancirclingoverheadMerckinvitedseveraljournaliststoits415-acreresearchanddevelopmentcenter30milesfromPhiladelphia.AsotherpharmaceuticalinvestigatorscanattestMerck’s10000scientistsandsupportpersonnelherehelpexplainwhynewdrugsoftencostsomuch.Standinginthemiddleofhis$4millionlabDr.GrahamSmithpointstoanLCMSMassSpectrometerthatatomizestestcompoundsandevaluatesthemforhealingproperties. "Ofthe1200moleculestestedherelastyear"Dr.Smithsays"eightwentontothenextstep.Andnotallofthosewillgoontobecomedrugs."Dr.Smithandhisteamofanalyticchemistsfailsteadilyonaveragefor6weeksbeforediscoveringapotentialherapy.Another32daysusuallypassbeforethathappensagain. Merckisnotaloneinthrowingmostofitsdartsstraightintothefloor.AccordingtoJohnT.KellyM.D.oftheWashington-basedPharmaceuticalResearchandManufacturersofAmerica"Only5in5000compoundsthatenterpreclinicaltestingmakeittohumantesting.Andonly1ofthese5testedinpeopleisapprovedforsale.: CitingTuftsUniversitydataDr.Kellyadded:"Onaverageitcostsacompany$802milliontogetonenewmedicinefromthelaboratorytoUSpatients.Thisprocessnormallytakes10to15years." EliavBartM.D.Merck’sseniordirectorforclinicalresearchworksonavaccinetopreventtheHumanPapillomavirus.SoonerorlaterHPVafflicts50to75percentofsexuallyactiveadults.HPVcausesgenitalwartsaswellascancersofthecervixvulvaandanus.Sofartestshavefoundthevaccine100percenteffectiveagainstHPV16oneofthevirus’particularlymenacingstrains. Noneofthiscomescheapeither. "SeveralhundredpeopleareworkingonthisexclusivelyaroundtheworldforMerck"Dr.Barrsays.ConsequentlythecompanyhasbuiltclinicsinIcelandPeruandThailand."Merckputequipmentinandwe’llleaveitin"Dr.Barrsays.Thiswillprovideasteadystreamofscientificdataforobstetriciansandgynecologists. Merckalsohasbuilta$100millionstructurespecificallytomanufacturetheHPVvaccine.Ifapprovedthedrug’spricewillreflectinpartthishugeup-frontinvestment.ButifitfailstosecureFoodandDrugAdministrationapprovalMerckwillbetheproudownerofagleaming$100millionwhiteelephant.ThissunkcostwillhavetobespreadacrosstherestofMerck’sproductline.Alternativelythismoneycouldbesubtractedfromshareholderdividendsemployeesalariesornewresearchanddevelopment.Thesearelamelongtermstrategies.Thatandmoreaddsup. ThevaccineagainstthisailmentisforpharmaceuticalcompaniestoteachAmericans-startingwithWashington’sbipartisanpoliticalclass--asimplebutviraltruth:Thoselittlepillsdonotinventthemselves. Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthat
Text2 Breakfastisindispensable.Notonlydoesitprovideessentialearly-morningnourishmenttopeopleofallagesthroughouttheweekit’salsoBecomingmoreandmoretrendyforbothbusinessmeetingsandsocialgatherings.Anytimefamiliesandfriendswanttogettogetherinarelaxedsettingtheyconsiderbreakfast. WhyBecausethemealhasauniversalappealtoallagesandallpocketbooks. Low-carbdietsalsohavebroughtonce-forbiddenbreakfastfoodsbackintofavor.Eggconsumptionhasrisensteadilyinrecentyears."In1993itwas234.6percapita;in2003thefigurewas254.1"saysLindaBraundirectorofconsumereducationfortheAmericanEggBoard. MissBraunattributessomeofthistodietarytrendsbutsaysamorecompellingreasonisthateggsoffersomenewlyidentifiedbenefits."Theyolksarerichincholineanutrientthatshowspromiseinearlystudiesforpreventingmemorylossinlaterlifeandluteinknowntocombatage-relatedmaculardegenerationandcataracts"shesays. Whatevertherationalesteakandeggsandabarnyardfullofothereggdishesfromfrittatastohuevosrancherosarebeingdevouredwithgusto. Athomeomeletsandtoasthavealwaysbeenpopularintheweehoursafteranightonthetownorwhenyou’realoneandwanttocurlupwithsomecomfortfoodablanketandagoodbook. Inrestaurantsthemealoncewasprettymuchoverby10a.m..Todaythat’snolongertrue.Withchanginglifestylespeopleareenjoyingbreakfastfareatallhoursofthedayandeveningtoo.NumerousrestaurantsacrossAmericaincludingthemostfashionableeateriesservetraditionalmorningfoodswellpastnoon. AttheStamfordConn.CityLimitsDineroneofthreedinersbythisnameintheareamanagerMargaretCallanansaysthatwithinthepastfewyearsbreakfastbusinessprobablyhasdoubled. "Thefirstsegmenttoarriveinmorningarethe’suits’competitivelawyersandbusinessmenwhousethehourtotreatclientslikeguestsratherthanservingthembagelsintheiroffice"shesays. TypicalofmanydinersCityLimitsoffersanenormousmenu.Alongwithwafflesandpancakesitservesrefineddishesthataresurprisingataplaceinthiscategory.AgreatfavoriteisMaryland-lump-crab-and-lobstercakeBenedict.IfyouleaveouttheEnglishmuffintherichcombinationisevenlow-carb-friendly. Themostpopularitemisthecountrybreakfast.Itincludeseggshouse-madehashbrownpotatoessausagebaconandhamplusmultigraintoastfrombreadbakedonthepremises.At$7itisabargain. Wecaninferfromthetextthat
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 8
Text1 RetailersarelookingatbiggersalesnumbersfordigitaltelevisionsetsthisChristmasseasonboostingthespiritsoffederalregulatorsandtheindustry.GovernmentandindustryanalystsalikehaveworriedthatthisnationofTVviewersisshiftingitsgazetooslowlytodigitalfromold-fashionedanalogsets. Yetalmost7milliondigitaltelevisionorDTVsetswillbesoldthisyearaccordingtotheConsumerElectronicsAssociationatradegroupformanufacturersandretailers.Roughly3millionofthesesetswillbesoldduringthelastthreemonthsoftheyear. Independentgroupsalsopredictabigsalesspike. HomesintheUnitedStateswillhave12.1millionhigh-definitionorHDTVsets--themostsophisticatedformofDTVsets--bytheendoftheyearcomparedwith7millionattheendof2003accordingtotheYankeeGroupaBostontechnologyresearchoutfit. HDTVshaveaccountedforthevastmajorityofabout13milliondigitaltelevisionssoldsincethefallof1998. "Thenumbersareveryencouraging.Webelieveconsumersareembracingthistechnology"saysJennyMillertheConsumerElectronicsAssociation’sspokeswoman. AboostinsalesofdigitaltelevisionswillbewelcomenewsformajorretailersanxiouslywatchingtheChristmasshoppingseasonthatbeganyesterday.Manynationalretailersluredcustomersintotheirstoreswithextra-earlyhoursanddeepdiscounts. DTVsetsstillsellbehindtraditionalanalogsets.Almost22millionanalogsetsareexpectedtobesoldthisyearoutpacingeventherosiestpredictionsforDTVsales. UntilrecentlyconsumerswhowantedtobuyDTVexperiencedstickershock.Whenthesetsfirstreachedthemarketinthelate1990stheycostseveralthousanddollarsturningoffmanyconsumers. NowpricesforbasicDTVsetsgenerallystartatabout$500.HDTVsetsofferthebest-qualitypictureandsoundandcancostasmuchas$15000accordingtoConsumerReportspublishedbythenonprofitConsumersUnionadvocacygroup. "You’retalkingaboutacoupleofhundreddollarsattheveryleastunlessyougoforaflatpanelorplasmascreeninwhichcaseyou’retalkingthousandsofdollars"saysAdityaKishoresenioranalystfortheYankeeGroup. InadditiontofallingpricesanalystscreditthesalesboostforDTVtoanincreaseinthenumberofprogramsbroadcastindigitallycompatible"highdefinition"aswellasagovernment-ledconsumereducationcampaign. WecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheboostofDTVsalesisNOTdueto
Informationchannelingisundergoingremarkableprogressinvarioussectorsofsocietyinindustrialactivitiespublicservicesandmorerecentlyindailyliving. Inthesectorofindustrialactivitiesautomationiscontinuingwiththeaimofincreasingproductivity—introductionofcomputersforprocesscontrolbythemanufacturingindustryandintroductionofnumericallycontrolledmachinetoolsindustrialrobotscomputer-aideddesignsystemsandmorerecentlyflexiblemanufacturingsystembyprocessingandassemblingindustries. 46MeanwhileinofficesrapidofficeautomationispresentlyinprogressstimulatedbythepopularacceptanceofcomputerizedsystemsexpansionofcommunicationsnetworksandtheremarkabletechnologicalprogressachievedinrelatedequipmentsuchasJapanesewordprocessors.Rapidautomationandefficiencyimprovementarealsobeingachievedinthesectorofcommoditydistributionthroughtheintroductionofadvancedpointofsalessystems. Informationchannelingisbeingutilizedactivelyinthefieldofpublicservices.47Forexamplelargecapacitycomputerswereintroducedfromanearlystageforthecontrolofrailwaytrainsandforextendingseatreservationservicesandmorerecentlydiagnosticsystemsutilizingcomputershavebecomecommonplaceinmedicalcare.48Tocopewiththesteadyshifttowardanagingsocietyresearchisinprogresstodeveloptechnologiesrelatedtomedicalinformationsystemswiththeaimofimprovingefficiencyinmedicalservices.RegardingeducationcomputerizedsystemsincludingtheCAIcomputerassistedinstructionsystemandCMIcomputermanagedinstructionsystemarepresentlybeingputtotrialoperation. Inthesectorofadministrationefficiencyofclericalworkisbeingimprovedthroughtheintroductionofcomputersandhugevolumesofadministrativedataaremorerecentlybeingstoredindatabasesystems.49Inthewakeofthesemovescomputershavebecomeindispensableforadvancinglarge-scaleR&Dresearchanddevelopmentprojectsasinconnectionwithspacedevelopmentandatomicpowerdevelopmentandalsointhefieldofbasicresearchinlifescience. Dailylivingisalsoasectorinwhichinformationchannelingistakingfirmroot.50Tocopewithcivilianneedsformoreconvenienceinhomelivingandinordertomeettheneedsraisedbygrowingdiversificationoflifestyleactiveresearchispresentlyinprogresstodevelopandcommercializenewmediaincorporatingsophisticateddataprocessingfunctionsforuseinadditiontoexistingmediainvolvingthetelevisionradioandtelephone.Inconcertresearchisbeingdirectedatdevelopingtechnologiesrelatedtoautomationinthehome. Tocopewiththesteadyshifttowardanagingsocietyresearchisinprogresstodeveloptechnologiesrelatedtomedicalinformationsystemswiththeaimofimprovingefficiencyinmedicalservices
Whatdoesitsayaboutasocietythatoutsourcesthelastyearsandmomentsoflifetoaclinicalsettingthatisneitherlovingnorparticularlycaring 46Moresuccinctlywhatdoesitsayaboutuswhenweshipourparentsofftonursinghomesinsteadofcaringfortheminthetoughesttimesathome Aswegrowolderweallfacelifeindifferentways.47Weallseeuponoccasiontheravagesofdiseaseandthefrailtyandindomitablespiritofourhumannessaslovedonesstruggletofacetheirownaging.ParkinsonsdementiaAlzheimer’scancerstrokesandotherailmentstakelovedonesissuingasummonstotheyoungergenerationtorespond.Howwerespondtellsuswhowereallyareandwhatwearemadeof. Dispiritedbytheseeminglyshallow"caring"ofmedicalfacilitieslike"nursinghomes"manyAmericansareembracing"homecare".Andthebenefitsofhome-careexperiencecanfaroutweighthecostsoneexpectsinanguishandthepocketbook.48Onemightfindinspirationanupliftingandnewfoundrealizationofthesanctityandimportanceofhumanlifeandalife-alteringfamilysenseoflovecaringgivingandtogetherness. Manyfamiliessay"Mylovedonegavemoretousthanweevergavetoherorhim." Sufferingcanbringfamiliestogether--orsendtheselfishtoflight.49Thegivingexperienceofknowingwealllovedenoughtobringthesufferingmemberofthefamilyhometoourheartsandourabilitytocaremayforeverchangethewaywerememberwhoweare.TheremaybenoHallmarkmomentnorewardfromtheailingfamilymember.Butyoumightsurpriseyourselfandyoumightbesurprisedbyhowyoursufferinglovedoneinspiresyou. Therearetimeswhenthehospitalnursinghomeandeventhehospicearemandated.Butdon’tsellyourselfandyourfamilyshort.Yourloveandcaremaywellexceedthatofallothers. 50Innumerouswaysmanyofusliveinaworldwithoutconnectiontothelife-and-deathstrugglesthatmakeuslovingcaringhumanbeings.Werushtoworkthekids’soccertournamentsevenvacationsatbreak-neckspeed.WhenwepausetogiveweshopatWal-Martfortheappropriatehandout.WeAmericansspendmorethan$4billionannuallyonourpetsbutsometimesneglectourfamilydutiesandresponsibilities. 50Innumerouswaysmanyofusliveinaworldwithoutconnectiontothelife-and-deathstrugglesthatmakeuslovingcaringhumanbeings.
Inrecentyearsanewfarmingrevolutionhasbegunonethatinvolvesthe1oflifeatafundamentallevel-thegene.Thestudyofgeneticshas2anewindustrycalledbiotechnology.Asthenamesuggestsit3biologyandmoderntechnologythroughsuchtechniquesasgeneticengineering.Someofthenewbiotechcompaniesspecializeinagricultureandareworkingfeverishlyto4seedsthatgiveahighyieldthat5diseasedroughtandfrostandthatreducetheneedfor6chemicals.Ifsuchgoalscouldbeachieveditwouldbemost7.Butsomehaveraisedconcernsaboutgeneticallyengineeredcrops. Innaturegeneticdiversityiscreatedwithincertain8.Arosecanbecrossedwithadifferentkindofrosebutarosewillnevercrosswithapotato.Geneticengineering9usuallyinvolvestakinggenesfromonespeciesandinsertingthemintoanother10totransferadesiredcharacteristic.Thiscouldmeanforexampleselectingagenewhichleadstotheproductionofachemicalwithanti-freeze11fromanarcticfishandinsertingitintoapotatoorstrawberrytomakeitfrost-resistant.12thenbiotechnologyallowshumansto13thegeneticwallsthatseparatespecies.Likethegreenrevolution14somecallthegenerevolutioncontributestotheproblemofgeneticuniformity-somesayevenmore15geneticistscanemploytechniquessuchascloningand16cultureprocessesthatproduceperfectly17copies.Concernsabouttheerosionofbiodiversitythereforeremain.Geneticallyalteredplantshoweverraisenew18suchastheeffecttheymayhaveonusandenvironment.".Weareflyingblindlyintoanew19ofagriculturalbiotechnologywithhighhopesfewconstraintsandlittleideaofthepotential20"saidsciencewriterJemeryRifkin. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 6
Text4 MountingfinancialandlegalwoesaregivingMerckaprescription-strengthheadache.WithChiefExecutiveOfficerRayGilmartintestifyingonCapitolHillaboutwhatMerckknewaboutVioxxandwhenitiseasytooverlookthedruggiant’songoingeffortstotreatandcuredisease. Beforeitsstockpricesagged40percentandbothlitigatorsandregulatorsbegancirclingoverheadMerckinvitedseveraljournaliststoits415-acreresearchanddevelopmentcenter30milesfromPhiladelphia.AsotherpharmaceuticalinvestigatorscanattestMerck’s10000scientistsandsupportpersonnelherehelpexplainwhynewdrugsoftencostsomuch.Standinginthemiddleofhis$4millionlabDr.GrahamSmithpointstoanLCMSMassSpectrometerthatatomizestestcompoundsandevaluatesthemforhealingproperties. "Ofthe1200moleculestestedherelastyear"Dr.Smithsays"eightwentontothenextstep.Andnotallofthosewillgoontobecomedrugs."Dr.Smithandhisteamofanalyticchemistsfailsteadilyonaveragefor6weeksbeforediscoveringapotentialherapy.Another32daysusuallypassbeforethathappensagain. Merckisnotaloneinthrowingmostofitsdartsstraightintothefloor.AccordingtoJohnT.KellyM.D.oftheWashington-basedPharmaceuticalResearchandManufacturersofAmerica"Only5in5000compoundsthatenterpreclinicaltestingmakeittohumantesting.Andonly1ofthese5testedinpeopleisapprovedforsale.: CitingTuftsUniversitydataDr.Kellyadded:"Onaverageitcostsacompany$802milliontogetonenewmedicinefromthelaboratorytoUSpatients.Thisprocessnormallytakes10to15years." EliavBartM.D.Merck’sseniordirectorforclinicalresearchworksonavaccinetopreventtheHumanPapillomavirus.SoonerorlaterHPVafflicts50to75percentofsexuallyactiveadults.HPVcausesgenitalwartsaswellascancersofthecervixvulvaandanus.Sofartestshavefoundthevaccine100percenteffectiveagainstHPV16oneofthevirus’particularlymenacingstrains. Noneofthiscomescheapeither. "SeveralhundredpeopleareworkingonthisexclusivelyaroundtheworldforMerck"Dr.Barrsays.ConsequentlythecompanyhasbuiltclinicsinIcelandPeruandThailand."Merckputequipmentinandwe’llleaveitin"Dr.Barrsays.Thiswillprovideasteadystreamofscientificdataforobstetriciansandgynecologists. Merckalsohasbuilta$100millionstructurespecificallytomanufacturetheHPVvaccine.Ifapprovedthedrug’spricewillreflectinpartthishugeup-frontinvestment.ButifitfailstosecureFoodandDrugAdministrationapprovalMerckwillbetheproudownerofagleaming$100millionwhiteelephant.ThissunkcostwillhavetobespreadacrosstherestofMerck’sproductline.Alternativelythismoneycouldbesubtractedfromshareholderdividendsemployeesalariesornewresearchanddevelopment.Thesearelamelongtermstrategies.Thatandmoreaddsup. ThevaccineagainstthisailmentisforpharmaceuticalcompaniestoteachAmericans-startingwithWashington’sbipartisanpoliticalclass--asimplebutviraltruth:Thoselittlepillsdonotinventthemselves. Thebesttitleforthistextmightbe
Directions: StudythefollowinggraphcarefullyandwriteanessayconcerningtheprevalentuseofTVadsbyproducersto 1describethegraph 2analyzethereasonsofthisphenomenonand 3giveyourcomments. Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Whatdoesitsayaboutasocietythatoutsourcesthelastyearsandmomentsoflifetoaclinicalsettingthatisneitherlovingnorparticularlycaring 46Moresuccinctlywhatdoesitsayaboutuswhenweshipourparentsofftonursinghomesinsteadofcaringfortheminthetoughesttimesathome Aswegrowolderweallfacelifeindifferentways.47Weallseeuponoccasiontheravagesofdiseaseandthefrailtyandindomitablespiritofourhumannessaslovedonesstruggletofacetheirownaging.ParkinsonsdementiaAlzheimer’scancerstrokesandotherailmentstakelovedonesissuingasummonstotheyoungergenerationtorespond.Howwerespondtellsuswhowereallyareandwhatwearemadeof. Dispiritedbytheseeminglyshallow"caring"ofmedicalfacilitieslike"nursinghomes"manyAmericansareembracing"homecare".Andthebenefitsofhome-careexperiencecanfaroutweighthecostsoneexpectsinanguishandthepocketbook.48Onemightfindinspirationanupliftingandnewfoundrealizationofthesanctityandimportanceofhumanlifeandalife-alteringfamilysenseoflovecaringgivingandtogetherness. Manyfamiliessay"Mylovedonegavemoretousthanweevergavetoherorhim." Sufferingcanbringfamiliestogether--orsendtheselfishtoflight.49Thegivingexperienceofknowingwealllovedenoughtobringthesufferingmemberofthefamilyhometoourheartsandourabilitytocaremayforeverchangethewaywerememberwhoweare.TheremaybenoHallmarkmomentnorewardfromtheailingfamilymember.Butyoumightsurpriseyourselfandyoumightbesurprisedbyhowyoursufferinglovedoneinspiresyou. Therearetimeswhenthehospitalnursinghomeandeventhehospicearemandated.Butdon’tsellyourselfandyourfamilyshort.Yourloveandcaremaywellexceedthatofallothers. 50Innumerouswaysmanyofusliveinaworldwithoutconnectiontothelife-and-deathstrugglesthatmakeuslovingcaringhumanbeings.Werushtoworkthekids’soccertournamentsevenvacationsatbreak-neckspeed.WhenwepausetogiveweshopatWal-Martfortheappropriatehandout.WeAmericansspendmorethan$4billionannuallyonourpetsbutsometimesneglectourfamilydutiesandresponsibilities. 48Onemightfindinspirationanupliftingandnewfoundrealizationofthesanctityandimportanceofhumanlifeandalife-alteringfamilysenseoflovecaringgivingandtogetherness.
Text3 TheUSdollarreachedanall-timelowagainsttheeuroyesterdayforthefourthstraightdaybrieflypushingtheEuropeancurrencyabove$1.33beforerecoveringslightlyamidconcernsaboutthetwinUSdeficitsandthelackofanycentralbankactiontostopthedollar’sdecline. Thedollaralsodippedtoanearlyfive-yearlowagainsttheyenbutlaterregainedground. Yesterdaytheeuroroseto$1.3329inearlytradingbeforedippingbackto$1.3290laterinNewYork.Theeurotopped$1.32forthefirsttimethedaybeforeinEuropeantrading.USmarketswereclosedThursdayfortheThanksgivingholiday. ThedollaralsotradednearitslowestlevelssinceDecember1999againsttheJapaneseyenyesterdayslippingto102.56yendownfrom102.81lateWednesdayinNewYork. Onereasontheeurohaskeptrisingisalackofconcertedactionbycentralbankstosupportthedollarbysellingholdingsoftheothermajorcurrencies. "$1.35isdefinitelyonthecardsnow--asforhowsoonwe’llgetthereI’mnotsure"saidRizDinacurrencyanalystwithBarclay’sCapitalinLondon. "Itincreasinglylooksasifdespiteweakerdataintheeuroareatheprospectsforintervention..areveryverylowatcurrentrates." ThelatestdollarcollapsefueledbyconcernsovertheUStradeandbudgetdeficitshastakentheeurofromaround$1.20abouttwomonthsago. Becausetheeuro’srisetendstomakeEuropeanproductsmoreexpensiveEuropeanleadershavevoicedfearsthatitmighthurtthecontinent’sexport-driveneconomicrecovery.TheEuropeanCentralBank’spresidenthascalledtherapidincrease"brutal". Butthedollar’sweaknessisgoodnewsforUSexportershelpingmakeAmericanproductslessexpensiveoverseas. CommerzbankeconomistMichaelSchubertsaidspeculationagainstthedollarwasmakingitsslide"abitfasterthanIhadexpected". "Obviouslyit’sdifficulttostopthetrain"Mr.SchubertsaidinFrankfurt.AcombinationofinterventionbycentralbanksandpositiveUSeconomicdatacouldapplythebrakesheadded. EconomistssaytheEuropeanCentralBankECBiswaryofinterveninginthecurrencymarketsonitsownandtheUnitedStatesWouldbeunlikelytojoininsuchamove. ThefactorNOTaccountingfortheslideofdollaris
Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailmentsithasitsown1andcure. Cultureshockis2bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandone3inwhichweorientourselvestothe4ofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeoplewhenandhowtogivetipshowto5purchaseswhentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitationswhentotakestatementseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues6maybewordsgesturesfacial7customsornormsare8byallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmucha9ofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofus10forourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues11ofwhichwedonotcarryonthe12ofconsciousawareness. Nowwhenanindividual13astrangecultureallormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved.Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedor14ofgoodwillyoumaybeaseriesofpropshavebeen15underyoufollowedbyafeelingoffrustrationand16.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthe17way.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthe18."Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymakeusfeelbad."Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogetherto19aboutthehostcountryanditspeopleyoucanbesuretheyare20fromcultureshock. 18
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