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Text 2 Breakfast is indispensable. Not only does it provide essential early-morning nourishment...
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quicklyadv.很快地quickadj.很快的eatquickly/haveaquickbr
2分Doesyourbreakfast﹣roomgetawonderfulviewofthelak
---It'stime.---I'mcomingmum.
for breakfast
have breakfast
for I to have breakfast
for have breakfast
---It'stime_________.---I'mcomingMum.
for breakfast
have breakfast
for you have breakfast
for have breakfast
Breakfastisveryimportant.It’soneofthemostimportant
Idon'thavemuchtimeforbreakfastsoIeatbreakfastquic
It’stimeforbreakfast.改为同义句It'stime breakfast.
Hehas______athome
a breakfast
breakfast
the breakfast
the breakfast
Janehasmilkforbreakfast.Jane’sparentsdon’thavemilk
After_______jackhurriedtowork.
a quick breakfast
quick breakfast
eating quickly breakfast
eating quickly the breakfast
---It'stime.---I'mcomingmum.
for breakfast
have breakfast
for I to have breakfast
for have breakfast
Weshouldhavebreakfastwellbecausebreakfastisveryim
Abalanceddietmeansthenutritionofthreemealsinadays
It’stime.
for breakfast
have breakfast
for I to have breakfast
for have breakfast
2分We'dlikesomecakesforbreakfast.改为否定句 Welikecake
Hedoesn'thavemuchtimeforbreakfastsoheusuallyeatsb
Healwayshasbreakfastateightintheevening.That'safun
Jackathomeeveryday.
have breakfast
have a breakfast
has breakfast
has a breakfast
---It'stime.---I'mcomingmum.
for breakfast
have breakfast
for I to have breakfast
for have breakfast
Studiesshowthatchildrenwhoeatbreakfastdobetterinsc
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Text2 Womenareonthewholemoreverbalthanmen.Theyaregoodatlanguageandverbalreasoningwhilementendtobeskilledattasksdemandingvisualspatialabilities.Infactalongwithaggressionthesearethemostcommonlyaccepteddifferencesbetweenthesexes. Wordsaretoolsforcommunicatingwithotherpeopleespeciallyinformationaboutpeople.Theyaremainlysocialtools.Visualandspatialabilitiesaregoodforimaginingandmanipulatingobjectsandforcommunicatinginformationaboutthem.ArethesetalentsprogrammedintothebrainInsomeofthenewestandmostcontroversialresearchinneurophysiologyithasbeensuggestedthatwhenitcomestothebrainmalesarespecialistswhilewomenaregeneralists. Butnooneknowswhatifanythingthismeansintermsoftheabilitiesofthetwosexes.Engineeringisbothvisualandspatialandit’struethattherearerelativelyfewwomenengineers.Butwomenbecomejustasskilledasmenatshootingarifleordrivingacartasksthatinvolvevisualspatialskills.Theyalsodoequallywellatprogrammingacomputerwhichisneithervisualnorspatial.Womendohoweverseemlesslikelytofallinlovewiththeobjectsthemselves.Weallknowmenforwhommachinesseemtobeextensionsoftheiridentity.Awomanismorelikelytoseehercarrifleorcomputerasausefultoolbutnotinitselffascinating. Accordingtothepassagewomenareusuallygoodat
Text4 Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.Itfastensitsattentionuponthosephysicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhichdistinguishonecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudymoreothersocietiesthanourown.ForitspurposesanysocialregulationofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourownthoughitmaybethatoftheSeaDyaksandhavenopossiblehistoricalrelationtothatofourcivilization.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfordealingwithacommonproblemaridinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheisboundtoavoidanyweightingofoneinfavoroftheotherlieisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytraditionwhatsoever.Heisinterestedinawiderangeofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeanddifferentiatedthedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthemannerinwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesoftheindividuals. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffactitistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest. Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage
Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation. 4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert. Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms. Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage. AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface. Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Text2 JeffreySachsisamacroeconomistbytraininganexpertinthevagariesofbusinesscyclesandinternationalfinance.Butgivethemanl0minutesonstageandascholarlysymposiumstartstofeellikearevivalmeeting."LetmetakeyoutoMalawi"heurgesatypicalaudienceleaningintothemicrophoneandloweringhisvoice.LikemostcountriesinsouthernAfricaMalawihasSeenravagedbyAIDSfortwodecades.OneadultinsevenisHIV-positiveandsome2millionchildrenhavebeenorphaned.ButinsteadofhurlingnumbersathislistenersSachstransportsthemtoQueenElizabethCentralHospitalinBlantyreasitehevisitedthisyearwhiletravelingwiththerockstarBono. Atoneendofthefacilityisasmalloutpatientclinicwherepeoplewhocanpay$1adayreceivelife-sustainingAIDSdrugs."Theytakethemedicineandtheygetbetter"Sachsdeclares."Theyreturntowork.Theygobacktocarefortheirchildren"Unfortunately$1adayisnearlytwicewhatatypicalMalawianliveson.SomostAIDSpatientsendupinwardsliketheonejustdownthehallfromtheoutpatientclinic."ladiesandgentlemen’Sachstellsthenowhushedhall"thisplagueisexploding.Itsconsequenceswillmaketheworldquake.Richcountriescouldstopthedevastation.Andmostarestilllookingaway." Sachsisnotthefirsttosoundthisalarmbuthespeakswithspecialauthority.AsthenewlyappointeddirectorofColumbiaUniversity’sEarthInstituteheheadsahugeinterdisciplinaryefforttohelppoorcountriesbuildsustainableeconomies.Insteadoftreatingclimatechangeepidemicdiseaseandsocialupheavalasdistinctphenomenatheinstitute’s800scientistsstudythelinksamongsuchproblems--andworktotranslatetheirinsightsintoaction.Sachsalsochairsblue-ribbonpanelsfortheWorldHealthOrganizationadvisesU.N.Secretary-GeneralKofiAnnanondevelopmentissuesandcirclestheglobepleadingwithpolicymakerstosupporttheGlobalFundtoFightAIDS.Inthecomingyearhe’llhelpseednewtreatment-and-preventionprogramsthroughoutAsiaandAfrica. FromSachs’sperspectivecontrollingAIDSisnotonlyamoralimperativebutalsoapracticalnecessity.Asheisforevertryingtoconvincepoliticalleadersdiseasecanperpetuatepovertyruineconomiesandunderminecivicorder.AsaSachs-ledWHOcommissionconcludedlastyear"Theburdenofdiseaseinsomelow-incomeregions...standsasabarriertoeconomicgrowthandmustbeaddressedfrontallyandcentrallyinanycomprehensivedevelopmentstrategy."Asagrouptheworld’srichestcountriesnowspend.just$6billionayearinhealth-relateddevelopmentassistance.TheSachscommissionconcludedthatbyraisingthecommitmentto$27billionby2007and$38billionby2015wewouldsave8millionliveseveryyearwhileimprovingathirdoftheworld’sprospectsforprosperity. AnimmediateandeffectiveactionthatSachs-ledcommissiontookisto
Directions:SupposeyournameisWudongwritealettertoyourlocalEnglish-languagenewspapergivingyourviewsonadiscussioninspiredbyanarticletheypublishedentitledWhydoWeNeedEnglishYourlettermustbewritteninatleast200wordsexcludingtheaddressesetc.YoushouldwritedearlyonANSWERSHEETⅡ.
Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation. 4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert. Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms. Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage. AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface. Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Text2 JeffreySachsisamacroeconomistbytraininganexpertinthevagariesofbusinesscyclesandinternationalfinance.Butgivethemanl0minutesonstageandascholarlysymposiumstartstofeellikearevivalmeeting."LetmetakeyoutoMalawi"heurgesatypicalaudienceleaningintothemicrophoneandloweringhisvoice.LikemostcountriesinsouthernAfricaMalawihasSeenravagedbyAIDSfortwodecades.OneadultinsevenisHIV-positiveandsome2millionchildrenhavebeenorphaned.ButinsteadofhurlingnumbersathislistenersSachstransportsthemtoQueenElizabethCentralHospitalinBlantyreasitehevisitedthisyearwhiletravelingwiththerockstarBono. Atoneendofthefacilityisasmalloutpatientclinicwherepeoplewhocanpay$1adayreceivelife-sustainingAIDSdrugs."Theytakethemedicineandtheygetbetter"Sachsdeclares."Theyreturntowork.Theygobacktocarefortheirchildren"Unfortunately$1adayisnearlytwicewhatatypicalMalawianliveson.SomostAIDSpatientsendupinwardsliketheonejustdownthehallfromtheoutpatientclinic."ladiesandgentlemen’Sachstellsthenowhushedhall"thisplagueisexploding.Itsconsequenceswillmaketheworldquake.Richcountriescouldstopthedevastation.Andmostarestilllookingaway." Sachsisnotthefirsttosoundthisalarmbuthespeakswithspecialauthority.AsthenewlyappointeddirectorofColumbiaUniversity’sEarthInstituteheheadsahugeinterdisciplinaryefforttohelppoorcountriesbuildsustainableeconomies.Insteadoftreatingclimatechangeepidemicdiseaseandsocialupheavalasdistinctphenomenatheinstitute’s800scientistsstudythelinksamongsuchproblems--andworktotranslatetheirinsightsintoaction.Sachsalsochairsblue-ribbonpanelsfortheWorldHealthOrganizationadvisesU.N.Secretary-GeneralKofiAnnanondevelopmentissuesandcirclestheglobepleadingwithpolicymakerstosupporttheGlobalFundtoFightAIDS.Inthecomingyearhe’llhelpseednewtreatment-and-preventionprogramsthroughoutAsiaandAfrica. FromSachs’sperspectivecontrollingAIDSisnotonlyamoralimperativebutalsoapracticalnecessity.Asheisforevertryingtoconvincepoliticalleadersdiseasecanperpetuatepovertyruineconomiesandunderminecivicorder.AsaSachs-ledWHOcommissionconcludedlastyear"Theburdenofdiseaseinsomelow-incomeregions...standsasabarriertoeconomicgrowthandmustbeaddressedfrontallyandcentrallyinanycomprehensivedevelopmentstrategy."Asagrouptheworld’srichestcountriesnowspend.just$6billionayearinhealth-relateddevelopmentassistance.TheSachscommissionconcludedthatbyraisingthecommitmentto$27billionby2007and$38billionby2015wewouldsave8millionliveseveryyearwhileimprovingathirdoftheworld’sprospectsforprosperity. TheauthormadealistofSachs'spositionstoshowthat
Text1 Theclocktowerlooksoutovera38-hectarecampusgracedbyanornamentallakeandapillaredcentralhall.AddalittleivyanditcouldbealmostanyrespectedseatoflearningintheWest.Onlythehemisphereiswrong.ThisisNingbocampusofNottinghamUniversityinChina’sZhejiangprovincehalfaworldawayfromitsBritishhome.TeachingisinEnglishthefirstlanguageofthestaff.LastyearthecollegeajointventurewithaChineseenterpriseopeneditsdoorsto900localstudentslookingforaninternationaleducationwithoutleavinghome.Withinfiveyearstheirnumbersareforecasttoreach4000.SayNottinghamUniversityprovostInaGow:"WhygoallthewaytoBritainwhenyoucanstudyinChinaathalftheprice" Goodquestion.Internationaleducationisnowaglobalindustryworth$30billionayearwithsome2millionstudentsstudyingabroadafigurethat’sforecasttotrebleby2020.InparticularthesurgingeconomiesofIndiaandChinaareproducingfarmorewould-begraduatesthantheirowncollegescanaccommodate.ButpreferencesarechangingfastasthriftystudentsgiveuptheirtraditionalfavoritesintheWestandchoosetostayclosertohome.Thatmeansachangeinstrategyforrecruit-hungrycollegesandgovernments.SaysAndreasSchleicheraneducationexpertattheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment"Therealinternationaldimensionisthatwenolongermovestudentsaroundtheworld;wemovetheprovidersandcontentsinstead." Itdoesn’ttakeaPh.D.tospotthetrends.TheUnitedStatesstillattractsmorethanaquarterofalloverseasstudentsbutitsmarketshareisslipping.BritaininthesecondslotsawthenumberofapplicantsfromChinadipby20percentlastyear.Factorsincludeexpenseandtighterentryregulation.TheUnitedStateslastyearrelaxedsomeofitscontrolsbutnotbeforelosingsomeoftherichstudentbusinessfromtheMiddleEast.Britishuniversitiesarecomplainingloudlyatthegovernment’sdecisiontodoublethepriceofastudentvisa. ThebigbeneficiariesarebackintheEastclosetohomeforIndianandChinesestudents.WithgenerousstatehelpAustraliancollegesnowattract9percentofoverseasstudentsafteradecadeofdouble-digitincreases.Australians’goal:560000foreignstudents--almostthreetimestoday’sfigure--by2025withAsiansaccountingforsome70percentofthetotal.What’sgoodforthecollegesisalsogoodforthenationalaccounts.InternationaleducationnowranksasAustralia’sfourthlargestsourceofexportdollarsaftercoaltourismandironore. WhathashappenedtotheU.SandBritainintermsofoverseasstudents
Text4 Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.Itfastensitsattentionuponthosephysicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhichdistinguishonecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudymoreothersocietiesthanourown.ForitspurposesanysocialregulationofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourownthoughitmaybethatoftheSeaDyaksandhavenopossiblehistoricalrelationtothatofourcivilization.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfordealingwithacommonproblemaridinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheisboundtoavoidanyweightingofoneinfavoroftheotherlieisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytraditionwhatsoever.Heisinterestedinawiderangeofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeanddifferentiatedthedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthemannerinwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesoftheindividuals. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffactitistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest. Accordingtothepassagewecansaythatanthropology
Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation. 4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert. Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms. Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage. AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface. Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
46TheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageESLinschoolshashadahistoryofconflictingargumentsinterestinginnovationsandsomeverypositivemethodologicalchanges.Tounderstandthepresentsituationitisnecessarytoconsiderthepastandthewidereducationalcontextwhichhasabearingonit. UntilquiterecentlyapproachestoESLworkhavebeenstronglyinfluencedbymethodsdevelopedtoteachEnglishasaforeignlanguagetoolderlearners.Thesemethodsplacedmuchemphasisondrillsexercisesandremedialprogramsthatfocusonlanguageinabstraction.47Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher’stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkwouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.48SuchanapproachdoesnotfitcomfortablyintocurrentnotionsoflearningandteachingintheprimaryschoolnordoesitsufficientlvequipESLlearnersinthesecondaryschooltobenefitfromnormalschooling.Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaughtithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn.Furthermorethelocationandorganizationoflanguageprovisiondidnotmeasureuptothedemand.49ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroupsvaryinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteenWhateverthepatternofprovisionthemainaimwastogivepupilssufficientEnglishtoenablethemtojoinnormalschoolsasquicklyaspossible.Thesuccessofsuchspecialprovisiondependedverymuchonthecloseandconstantliaisonoflanguageteacherswiththesubjectteachersandtheclassteachersandonthecontinuityoflearningexperiencesprovidedbythem.OneoftheimportantdisadvantagesoflanguagecentersandwithdrawalgroupswasthatESLchildrenwerebeingtaughtawayfromthoseEnglish-speakerswhoprovidethemostpowerfulmodelsi.e.theirpeer地位相同的group. PeergroupinteractionisanimportantelementinanylearningsituationbutitsparticularstrengthsinaclassroomwithESLlearnerscannotbeover-emphasized. 50Theseparationofsecond-languagelearnersfromthemain-streamclassroomcannoteasilybejustifiedoneducationalgroundssinceinpracticeitleadstoboththeircurriculumandlanguagelearningbeingimpoverished. SuchanapproachdoesnotfitcomfortablyintocurrentnotionsoflearningandteachingintheprimaryschoolnordoesitsufficientlvequipESLlearnersinthesecondaryschooltobenefitfromnormalschooling.
Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation. 4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert. Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms. Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage. AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface. Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation. 4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert. Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms. Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage. AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface. Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Text2 JeffreySachsisamacroeconomistbytraininganexpertinthevagariesofbusinesscyclesandinternationalfinance.Butgivethemanl0minutesonstageandascholarlysymposiumstartstofeellikearevivalmeeting."LetmetakeyoutoMalawi"heurgesatypicalaudienceleaningintothemicrophoneandloweringhisvoice.LikemostcountriesinsouthernAfricaMalawihasSeenravagedbyAIDSfortwodecades.OneadultinsevenisHIV-positiveandsome2millionchildrenhavebeenorphaned.ButinsteadofhurlingnumbersathislistenersSachstransportsthemtoQueenElizabethCentralHospitalinBlantyreasitehevisitedthisyearwhiletravelingwiththerockstarBono. Atoneendofthefacilityisasmalloutpatientclinicwherepeoplewhocanpay$1adayreceivelife-sustainingAIDSdrugs."Theytakethemedicineandtheygetbetter"Sachsdeclares."Theyreturntowork.Theygobacktocarefortheirchildren"Unfortunately$1adayisnearlytwicewhatatypicalMalawianliveson.SomostAIDSpatientsendupinwardsliketheonejustdownthehallfromtheoutpatientclinic."ladiesandgentlemen’Sachstellsthenowhushedhall"thisplagueisexploding.Itsconsequenceswillmaketheworldquake.Richcountriescouldstopthedevastation.Andmostarestilllookingaway." Sachsisnotthefirsttosoundthisalarmbuthespeakswithspecialauthority.AsthenewlyappointeddirectorofColumbiaUniversity’sEarthInstituteheheadsahugeinterdisciplinaryefforttohelppoorcountriesbuildsustainableeconomies.Insteadoftreatingclimatechangeepidemicdiseaseandsocialupheavalasdistinctphenomenatheinstitute’s800scientistsstudythelinksamongsuchproblems--andworktotranslatetheirinsightsintoaction.Sachsalsochairsblue-ribbonpanelsfortheWorldHealthOrganizationadvisesU.N.Secretary-GeneralKofiAnnanondevelopmentissuesandcirclestheglobepleadingwithpolicymakerstosupporttheGlobalFundtoFightAIDS.Inthecomingyearhe’llhelpseednewtreatment-and-preventionprogramsthroughoutAsiaandAfrica. FromSachs’sperspectivecontrollingAIDSisnotonlyamoralimperativebutalsoapracticalnecessity.Asheisforevertryingtoconvincepoliticalleadersdiseasecanperpetuatepovertyruineconomiesandunderminecivicorder.AsaSachs-ledWHOcommissionconcludedlastyear"Theburdenofdiseaseinsomelow-incomeregions...standsasabarriertoeconomicgrowthandmustbeaddressedfrontallyandcentrallyinanycomprehensivedevelopmentstrategy."Asagrouptheworld’srichestcountriesnowspend.just$6billionayearinhealth-relateddevelopmentassistance.TheSachscommissionconcludedthatbyraisingthecommitmentto$27billionby2007and$38billionby2015wewouldsave8millionliveseveryyearwhileimprovingathirdoftheworld’sprospectsforprosperity. JeffreySachsisnowdevotedto
Text1 Theclocktowerlooksoutovera38-hectarecampusgracedbyanornamentallakeandapillaredcentralhall.AddalittleivyanditcouldbealmostanyrespectedseatoflearningintheWest.Onlythehemisphereiswrong.ThisisNingbocampusofNottinghamUniversityinChina’sZhejiangprovincehalfaworldawayfromitsBritishhome.TeachingisinEnglishthefirstlanguageofthestaff.LastyearthecollegeajointventurewithaChineseenterpriseopeneditsdoorsto900localstudentslookingforaninternationaleducationwithoutleavinghome.Withinfiveyearstheirnumbersareforecasttoreach4000.SayNottinghamUniversityprovostInaGow:"WhygoallthewaytoBritainwhenyoucanstudyinChinaathalftheprice" Goodquestion.Internationaleducationisnowaglobalindustryworth$30billionayearwithsome2millionstudentsstudyingabroadafigurethat’sforecasttotrebleby2020.InparticularthesurgingeconomiesofIndiaandChinaareproducingfarmorewould-begraduatesthantheirowncollegescanaccommodate.ButpreferencesarechangingfastasthriftystudentsgiveuptheirtraditionalfavoritesintheWestandchoosetostayclosertohome.Thatmeansachangeinstrategyforrecruit-hungrycollegesandgovernments.SaysAndreasSchleicheraneducationexpertattheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment"Therealinternationaldimensionisthatwenolongermovestudentsaroundtheworld;wemovetheprovidersandcontentsinstead." Itdoesn’ttakeaPh.D.tospotthetrends.TheUnitedStatesstillattractsmorethanaquarterofalloverseasstudentsbutitsmarketshareisslipping.BritaininthesecondslotsawthenumberofapplicantsfromChinadipby20percentlastyear.Factorsincludeexpenseandtighterentryregulation.TheUnitedStateslastyearrelaxedsomeofitscontrolsbutnotbeforelosingsomeoftherichstudentbusinessfromtheMiddleEast.Britishuniversitiesarecomplainingloudlyatthegovernment’sdecisiontodoublethepriceofastudentvisa. ThebigbeneficiariesarebackintheEastclosetohomeforIndianandChinesestudents.WithgenerousstatehelpAustraliancollegesnowattract9percentofoverseasstudentsafteradecadeofdouble-digitincreases.Australians’goal:560000foreignstudents--almostthreetimestoday’sfigure--by2025withAsiansaccountingforsome70percentofthetotal.What’sgoodforthecollegesisalsogoodforthenationalaccounts.InternationaleducationnowranksasAustralia’sfourthlargestsourceofexportdollarsaftercoaltourismandironore. Studentschoosetostayclosertohomemainlybecauseof
Text3 Investmentinthepublicsectorsuchaselectricityirrigationpublicservicesandtransportexcludingvehiclesshipsandplanesincreasedbyabout10%althoughtheemphasismovedtothetransportandawayfromtheothersectorsmentioned.Tradeandservicesrecordeda16%～17%investmentgrowthincludinga30%increaseininvestmentinbusinesspremises.Industrialinvestmentisestimatedtohaverisenby8%.Althoughtheshareofagricultureintotalgrossinvestmentintheeconomycontinuedtodeclineinvestmentgrew9%inabsolutetermslargelyspurredonbya23%expansionofinvestmentinagriculturalequipment.Housingconstructionhad12%moreinvestedinitin1964notsomuchowingtoincreaseddemandastofearsofnewtaxesandlimitationofbuilding. Totalconsumptioninrealtermsrosebycloseon11%during1964andpercapitalpersonalconsumptionbyunder7%asin1963.Theundesirabletrendtowardsarapidriseinconsumptionevidentinpreviousyearsremainedunaltered.Sinceatcurrentpricesconsumptionroseby16%anddisposableincomeby13%therewasevidentlyafallintherateofsavingintheprivatesectoroftheeconomy.Onceagainconsumptionpatternsindicatedaswiftadvanceinthestandardofliving.Expenditureonfooddeclinedinsignificancealthoughconsumptionoffruitincreased. Spendingonfurnitureandhouseholdequipmenthealtheducationandrecreationcontinuedtoincrease.Thegreatestproofofalteredlivingstandardswastherapidexpansionofexpenditureontransportincludingprivatecarsandpersonalservicesofallkindswhichoccurredduring1964.Theprogressivewealthoflargesectorsofthepublicwasdemonstratedbythechangingcompositionofdurablegoodspurchased.Saturationpointwasrapidlybeingapproachedforitemssuchasthefirsthouseholdradiogascookersandelectricrefrigeratorswhereasincreasingpurchasesofautomobilesandtelevisionsetswereregistered. theauthorthinksthatthetrendtowardsarapidriseinconsumptionwasundesirablebecause
Text2 Womenareonthewholemoreverbalthanmen.Theyaregoodatlanguageandverbalreasoningwhilementendtobeskilledattasksdemandingvisualspatialabilities.Infactalongwithaggressionthesearethemostcommonlyaccepteddifferencesbetweenthesexes. Wordsaretoolsforcommunicatingwithotherpeopleespeciallyinformationaboutpeople.Theyaremainlysocialtools.Visualandspatialabilitiesaregoodforimaginingandmanipulatingobjectsandforcommunicatinginformationaboutthem.ArethesetalentsprogrammedintothebrainInsomeofthenewestandmostcontroversialresearchinneurophysiologyithasbeensuggestedthatwhenitcomestothebrainmalesarespecialistswhilewomenaregeneralists. Butnooneknowswhatifanythingthismeansintermsoftheabilitiesofthetwosexes.Engineeringisbothvisualandspatialandit’struethattherearerelativelyfewwomenengineers.Butwomenbecomejustasskilledasmenatshootingarifleordrivingacartasksthatinvolvevisualspatialskills.Theyalsodoequallywellatprogrammingacomputerwhichisneithervisualnorspatial.Womendohoweverseemlesslikelytofallinlovewiththeobjectsthemselves.Weallknowmenforwhommachinesseemtobeextensionsoftheiridentity.Awomanismorelikelytoseehercarrifleorcomputerasausefultoolbutnotinitselffascinating. AllthefollowingtasksinvolvevisualspatialskillsEXCEPT
Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation. 4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert. Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms. Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage. AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface. Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Ifthe20thcenturyhasbeentheAmericancenturythenthereareplentyofpeoplesayingwatchthisspace:thetwentyfirstcenturywillbedifferent.Thedistinguishingcharacteristicofthepost-cold-warworldisthatthereisonlyonesuperpower.41_______________. Themilitarymuscle-flexingwehaveseenfromChinaoverthelastfewyearscouldbeanindicationofhowthingsarelikelytogoalthoughithastobesaidthattomanypeople’ssurprisetheChinesehavebeenquiteconstructiveoverEastTimor.ButIthinkwemustassumethatthemainstruggleinthe21stcenturywillbewithChinaalreadytheworld’slargestnation.HappilytheChineseseemtohavenoglobalpretensions.Onecan’tseetheminterferinginsomefar-distantconflictandinbothmilitaryandeconomictermstheyarestilllightyearsbehindAmerica. 42_______________. Europeisalreadythelargesttradingblockintheworld43_______________..It’sworthrememberingthatwhileEuropespends60percentofwhattheUSAdoesindefenceithasonly10percentoftheAmericans’firepower. IntheMiddleEastinarelativelyshortspaceoftimebubblingconflictshavemovedclosertoresolution.TheArabIsraelidisputehasbeenreducedtoitscoreessentialswhileagreementbetweenSyriaandIsraelremainsthestrategicprizeforpeace.IranisundergoingaslowtransformationbuttheoutstandingpoliticalissuehereisIraqandSaddamHussein’sextraordinarysurvival.Theinternationalcommunityremainsbitterlydividedaboutwhattodo. AfricaIfearisgoingtoremainadisasterareasimplybecauseitdoesnotfigureonpeople’smentalmaps.CurrentlythereiswarraginginsixcountriesaroundtheCongoyetthere’sverylittlesensetheinternationalcommunitywilldoanythingaboutit.Thereisthoughsomegoodnews.IfyoulookbackayearagotoAlgeriaitwasdrowninginitsownblood.Nowitseemstobebackontherighttrack. 44_______________.Formanyyearsthenon-proliferationregimeactuallyworkedsurprisinglywellbutIndiaandPakistangoingnuclearhasbeenagreatblowtothestatusquo.Andnowtherearenewbiologicalandchemicalweapons—undreamed-ofhorrors—nottomentionthewholelegacyofthecoldwarwhichhasn’tbeencleanedupsuchasRussiannuclearwasteintheArctic. Thefundamentalproblemisthattherearecountriesthataresimplybeingleftbehindbytheonwardmarchofglobalization.Globalissuessuchastheenvironmentanddrugs—andperhapsevenhumanrights—aregoingtocomemuchmoretothefore.45_______________. [A]Itiscalledtobeaneconomicgiantespeciallywhentheeurohasbeenissued. [B]butwhiletheeurocouldhelpitbecomeaneconomicgiantandevenchallengethedollaritlookslikelytoremainapoliticalandmilitarypygmy. [C]Andthere’sonlyonecandidateonthehorizontochallengetheUS—China. [D]Astheworldshrinkssoweshallhaveanincreasingsenseoftheneedforaninternationalhumanitarianorder.Globalizationmaybeagoodthingbutithasadarkunderbelly. [E]Russiaisapowerfulcountrywhichownsmilitarysuperiority [F]WemustalsoassumethecontinueddeclineofRussia.ItshowshowfarthingshavegoneandhowquicklywhenwhatwasoncethesecondmostpowerfulcountryintheworldisbeingbatteredbyIslamicrebelsfromtheCaucasus.NowwehaveaRussianstatewhichsimplycannotcope. [G]Idothinkarmscontrolwillbeabigitemontheagendainfuture. 44
Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation. 4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert. Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms. Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage. AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface. Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Text2 Womenareonthewholemoreverbalthanmen.Theyaregoodatlanguageandverbalreasoningwhilementendtobeskilledattasksdemandingvisualspatialabilities.Infactalongwithaggressionthesearethemostcommonlyaccepteddifferencesbetweenthesexes. Wordsaretoolsforcommunicatingwithotherpeopleespeciallyinformationaboutpeople.Theyaremainlysocialtools.Visualandspatialabilitiesaregoodforimaginingandmanipulatingobjectsandforcommunicatinginformationaboutthem.ArethesetalentsprogrammedintothebrainInsomeofthenewestandmostcontroversialresearchinneurophysiologyithasbeensuggestedthatwhenitcomestothebrainmalesarespecialistswhilewomenaregeneralists. Butnooneknowswhatifanythingthismeansintermsoftheabilitiesofthetwosexes.Engineeringisbothvisualandspatialandit’struethattherearerelativelyfewwomenengineers.Butwomenbecomejustasskilledasmenatshootingarifleordrivingacartasksthatinvolvevisualspatialskills.Theyalsodoequallywellatprogrammingacomputerwhichisneithervisualnorspatial.Womendohoweverseemlesslikelytofallinlovewiththeobjectsthemselves.Weallknowmenforwhommachinesseemtobeextensionsoftheiridentity.Awomanismorelikelytoseehercarrifleorcomputerasausefultoolbutnotinitselffascinating. Thewordacceptedinthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphroughlymeans
Ifthe20thcenturyhasbeentheAmericancenturythenthereareplentyofpeoplesayingwatchthisspace:thetwentyfirstcenturywillbedifferent.Thedistinguishingcharacteristicofthepost-cold-warworldisthatthereisonlyonesuperpower.41_______________. Themilitarymuscle-flexingwehaveseenfromChinaoverthelastfewyearscouldbeanindicationofhowthingsarelikelytogoalthoughithastobesaidthattomanypeople’ssurprisetheChinesehavebeenquiteconstructiveoverEastTimor.ButIthinkwemustassumethatthemainstruggleinthe21stcenturywillbewithChinaalreadytheworld’slargestnation.HappilytheChineseseemtohavenoglobalpretensions.Onecan’tseetheminterferinginsomefar-distantconflictandinbothmilitaryandeconomictermstheyarestilllightyearsbehindAmerica. 42_______________. Europeisalreadythelargesttradingblockintheworld43_______________..It’sworthrememberingthatwhileEuropespends60percentofwhattheUSAdoesindefenceithasonly10percentoftheAmericans’firepower. IntheMiddleEastinarelativelyshortspaceoftimebubblingconflictshavemovedclosertoresolution.TheArabIsraelidisputehasbeenreducedtoitscoreessentialswhileagreementbetweenSyriaandIsraelremainsthestrategicprizeforpeace.IranisundergoingaslowtransformationbuttheoutstandingpoliticalissuehereisIraqandSaddamHussein’sextraordinarysurvival.Theinternationalcommunityremainsbitterlydividedaboutwhattodo. AfricaIfearisgoingtoremainadisasterareasimplybecauseitdoesnotfigureonpeople’smentalmaps.CurrentlythereiswarraginginsixcountriesaroundtheCongoyetthere’sverylittlesensetheinternationalcommunitywilldoanythingaboutit.Thereisthoughsomegoodnews.IfyoulookbackayearagotoAlgeriaitwasdrowninginitsownblood.Nowitseemstobebackontherighttrack. 44_______________.Formanyyearsthenon-proliferationregimeactuallyworkedsurprisinglywellbutIndiaandPakistangoingnuclearhasbeenagreatblowtothestatusquo.Andnowtherearenewbiologicalandchemicalweapons—undreamed-ofhorrors—nottomentionthewholelegacyofthecoldwarwhichhasn’tbeencleanedupsuchasRussiannuclearwasteintheArctic. Thefundamentalproblemisthattherearecountriesthataresimplybeingleftbehindbytheonwardmarchofglobalization.Globalissuessuchastheenvironmentanddrugs—andperhapsevenhumanrights—aregoingtocomemuchmoretothefore.45_______________. [A]Itiscalledtobeaneconomicgiantespeciallywhentheeurohasbeenissued. [B]butwhiletheeurocouldhelpitbecomeaneconomicgiantandevenchallengethedollaritlookslikelytoremainapoliticalandmilitarypygmy. [C]Andthere’sonlyonecandidateonthehorizontochallengetheUS—China. [D]Astheworldshrinkssoweshallhaveanincreasingsenseoftheneedforaninternationalhumanitarianorder.Globalizationmaybeagoodthingbutithasadarkunderbelly. [E]Russiaisapowerfulcountrywhichownsmilitarysuperiority [F]WemustalsoassumethecontinueddeclineofRussia.ItshowshowfarthingshavegoneandhowquicklywhenwhatwasoncethesecondmostpowerfulcountryintheworldisbeingbatteredbyIslamicrebelsfromtheCaucasus.NowwehaveaRussianstatewhichsimplycannotcope. [G]Idothinkarmscontrolwillbeabigitemontheagendainfuture. 42
Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation. 4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert. Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms. Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage. AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface. Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation. 4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert. Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms. Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage. AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface. Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Text3 CananyonecompetewithMicrosoftintheworldofsoftwareapplicationsForyearsnowBillGates&Co.havehadclearsailing:theWindowsoperatingsystemmonopolyhashelpedmaketheirkeyproducts--likeWordandOutlook--intounbeatablejuggernauts.MeanwhileinnovationinthoseareasproceedsonlyatthepacethatMicrosoftdeemsappropriate. TheOpenSourceApplicationsFoundationhasadifferentidea:topromotefreesoftwareandinnovationbycreatingcoolnewapplicationsonabare-bonesbudget.Thenot-for-profitOSAFwasinitiallyfundedwith$5millionfromformerLotusDevelopmentCorp.founderMitchKapor.ForKaporthisisafascinatingdeparture.TwentyyearsagoheintroducedoneofthefirstkillerapplicationsofthePCagetheLotus1-2-3spreadsheet;itwasunabashedlyfor-profitandwasclosed-source. ButKaporalwayshadhisheartinthecountercultureandafterleavinghiscompanyheco-foundedtheElectronicFrontierFoundationacyber-rightsorganization.Thoughhehasseensuccessasaninvestorhefeelsstronglyabouttheopen-sourcemovementwhichpositsthatintheageofcomplexsoftwaremanypeopleworkingfornothingcanduplicateorevenexceedtheeffortsoftherake-in-thebucksgang.Andbecausethesourcecodeisavailabletoallanyonecanimprovetheproduct.ThecontinuedsuccessoftheLinux-poweredoperatingsystemandApacheWebserversshowsthatopensourceisnowilddreambutaseriouschallengetotheestablishment. SometimenextyeartheOSAFwillbegintestingitsfirstproductapersonal-informationmanagerthatdirectlytakesonMicrosoft’sOutlook.NamedafterthefamousmysterynovelistChandlerwillrunonMacWindowsandLinuxbeloadedwithcleverfeaturesandallowuserstoshareinformationwithothersonthingslikecalendarentries.Andofcourseitwillbefree.Kaporhassignedupanall-starteamincludingLouMontulliNetscapeNavigatorbrowserandprogramminglegendAndyHertzfeld.Alsoparticipating:thousandsofvolunteerswhobelieveinthebarn-raisingspiritoftheopen-sourcemovement. UltimatelyKaporhopestheprojectwillbeself-supportingwithmoneycomingfromcorporatesponsorshipsfoundationsandlicensingfees. FortheimmediatefutureKaporthinksthatChandlerwillbesimplyanotheralternativeintheshadowofthegiant.ButlongtermtheOSAFseesaseachangeintheindustryitself."IfChandlerworksIcan’tseewhywecouldn’tdoawordprocessororaspreadsheet"saysKapor.Afterallhepredicts"in10yearsOfficeandWindowswillbecommodities."MeaningthattheOpenSourceApplicationsFoundationoranyoneelsewillbeabletoplugitsproducts--includinganoperatingsystem-intoyourcomputingworld.Microsoft’swillcostmoney.Theotherswillbefree.IfKaporhashiswayit’salonggood-byeforMicrosoft’sdominance. BasedonthepassageitcanbepredictedthatChandler
46TheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageESLinschoolshashadahistoryofconflictingargumentsinterestinginnovationsandsomeverypositivemethodologicalchanges.Tounderstandthepresentsituationitisnecessarytoconsiderthepastandthewidereducationalcontextwhichhasabearingonit. UntilquiterecentlyapproachestoESLworkhavebeenstronglyinfluencedbymethodsdevelopedtoteachEnglishasaforeignlanguagetoolderlearners.Thesemethodsplacedmuchemphasisondrillsexercisesandremedialprogramsthatfocusonlanguageinabstraction.47Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher’stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkwouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.48SuchanapproachdoesnotfitcomfortablyintocurrentnotionsoflearningandteachingintheprimaryschoolnordoesitsufficientlvequipESLlearnersinthesecondaryschooltobenefitfromnormalschooling.Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaughtithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn.Furthermorethelocationandorganizationoflanguageprovisiondidnotmeasureuptothedemand.49ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroupsvaryinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteenWhateverthepatternofprovisionthemainaimwastogivepupilssufficientEnglishtoenablethemtojoinnormalschoolsasquicklyaspossible.Thesuccessofsuchspecialprovisiondependedverymuchonthecloseandconstantliaisonoflanguageteacherswiththesubjectteachersandtheclassteachersandonthecontinuityoflearningexperiencesprovidedbythem.OneoftheimportantdisadvantagesoflanguagecentersandwithdrawalgroupswasthatESLchildrenwerebeingtaughtawayfromthoseEnglish-speakerswhoprovidethemostpowerfulmodelsi.e.theirpeer地位相同的group. PeergroupinteractionisanimportantelementinanylearningsituationbutitsparticularstrengthsinaclassroomwithESLlearnerscannotbeover-emphasized. 50Theseparationofsecond-languagelearnersfromthemain-streamclassroomcannoteasilybejustifiedoneducationalgroundssinceinpracticeitleadstoboththeircurriculumandlanguagelearningbeingimpoverished. Theseparationofsecond-languagelearnersfromthemain-streamclassroomcannoteasilybejustifiedoneducationalgroundssinceinpracticeitleadstoboththeircurriculumandlanguagelearningbeingimpoverished.
Text4 Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.Itfastensitsattentionuponthosephysicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhichdistinguishonecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudymoreothersocietiesthanourown.ForitspurposesanysocialregulationofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourownthoughitmaybethatoftheSeaDyaksandhavenopossiblehistoricalrelationtothatofourcivilization.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfordealingwithacommonproblemaridinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheisboundtoavoidanyweightingofoneinfavoroftheotherlieisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytraditionwhatsoever.Heisinterestedinawiderangeofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeanddifferentiatedthedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthemannerinwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesoftheindividuals. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffactitistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest. Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthormostprobablyagreewith
46TheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageESLinschoolshashadahistoryofconflictingargumentsinterestinginnovationsandsomeverypositivemethodologicalchanges.Tounderstandthepresentsituationitisnecessarytoconsiderthepastandthewidereducationalcontextwhichhasabearingonit. UntilquiterecentlyapproachestoESLworkhavebeenstronglyinfluencedbymethodsdevelopedtoteachEnglishasaforeignlanguagetoolderlearners.Thesemethodsplacedmuchemphasisondrillsexercisesandremedialprogramsthatfocusonlanguageinabstraction.47Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher’stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkwouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.48SuchanapproachdoesnotfitcomfortablyintocurrentnotionsoflearningandteachingintheprimaryschoolnordoesitsufficientlvequipESLlearnersinthesecondaryschooltobenefitfromnormalschooling.Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaughtithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn.Furthermorethelocationandorganizationoflanguageprovisiondidnotmeasureuptothedemand.49ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroupsvaryinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteenWhateverthepatternofprovisionthemainaimwastogivepupilssufficientEnglishtoenablethemtojoinnormalschoolsasquicklyaspossible.Thesuccessofsuchspecialprovisiondependedverymuchonthecloseandconstantliaisonoflanguageteacherswiththesubjectteachersandtheclassteachersandonthecontinuityoflearningexperiencesprovidedbythem.OneoftheimportantdisadvantagesoflanguagecentersandwithdrawalgroupswasthatESLchildrenwerebeingtaughtawayfromthoseEnglish-speakerswhoprovidethemostpowerfulmodelsi.e.theirpeer地位相同的group. PeergroupinteractionisanimportantelementinanylearningsituationbutitsparticularstrengthsinaclassroomwithESLlearnerscannotbeover-emphasized. 50Theseparationofsecond-languagelearnersfromthemain-streamclassroomcannoteasilybejustifiedoneducationalgroundssinceinpracticeitleadstoboththeircurriculumandlanguagelearningbeingimpoverished. TheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageESLinschoolshashadahistoryofconflictingargumentsinterestinginnovationsandsomeverypositivemethodologicalchanges.
Text3 Investmentinthepublicsectorsuchaselectricityirrigationpublicservicesandtransportexcludingvehiclesshipsandplanesincreasedbyabout10%althoughtheemphasismovedtothetransportandawayfromtheothersectorsmentioned.Tradeandservicesrecordeda16%～17%investmentgrowthincludinga30%increaseininvestmentinbusinesspremises.Industrialinvestmentisestimatedtohaverisenby8%.Althoughtheshareofagricultureintotalgrossinvestmentintheeconomycontinuedtodeclineinvestmentgrew9%inabsolutetermslargelyspurredonbya23%expansionofinvestmentinagriculturalequipment.Housingconstructionhad12%moreinvestedinitin1964notsomuchowingtoincreaseddemandastofearsofnewtaxesandlimitationofbuilding. Totalconsumptioninrealtermsrosebycloseon11%during1964andpercapitalpersonalconsumptionbyunder7%asin1963.Theundesirabletrendtowardsarapidriseinconsumptionevidentinpreviousyearsremainedunaltered.Sinceatcurrentpricesconsumptionroseby16%anddisposableincomeby13%therewasevidentlyafallintherateofsavingintheprivatesectoroftheeconomy.Onceagainconsumptionpatternsindicatedaswiftadvanceinthestandardofliving.Expenditureonfooddeclinedinsignificancealthoughconsumptionoffruitincreased. Spendingonfurnitureandhouseholdequipmenthealtheducationandrecreationcontinuedtoincrease.Thegreatestproofofalteredlivingstandardswastherapidexpansionofexpenditureontransportincludingprivatecarsandpersonalservicesofallkindswhichoccurredduring1964.Theprogressivewealthoflargesectorsofthepublicwasdemonstratedbythechangingcompositionofdurablegoodspurchased.Saturationpointwasrapidlybeingapproachedforitemssuchasthefirsthouseholdradiogascookersandelectricrefrigeratorswhereasincreasingpurchasesofautomobilesandtelevisionsetswereregistered. ExpenditureincreasedonallthefollowingconsumptionEXCEPT
Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation. 4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert. Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms. Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage. AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface. Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
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