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第一篇Active Gallery: The best of Bionics(仿生学) Humans m...
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第二篇PuttingPlantstoWork Usingthepowerofthesunisnothingnew.Peoplehavehadsolar-poweredcalculatorsandbuildingswithsolarpanelsfordecades.Butplantsaretherealexperts:They’vebeenusingsunlightasanenergysourceforbillionsofyears. Cellsinthegreenleavesofplantsworkliketinyfactoriestoconvertsunlightcarbondioxideandwaterintosugarsandstarchesstoredenergythattheplantscanuse.Thisconversionprocessiscalledphotosynthesis.Unfortunatelyunlessyou’reaplantit’sdifficultandexpensivetoconvertsunlightintostorableenergy.That’swhyscientistsaretakingacloserlookatexactlyhowplantsdoit. Somescientistsaretryingtogetplantsorbiologicalcellsthatactlikeplantstoworkasminiaturephotosyntheticpowerstations.ForexampleMariaGhirardioftheNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryinGoldenColo.isworkingwithgreenalgae.She’stryingtotrickthemintoproducinghydrogeninsteadofsugarswhentheyperformphotosynthesis.Oncetheresearcherscangetthealgaeworkingefficientlythehydrogenthattheyproducecouldbeusedtopowerfuelcellsincarsortogenerateelectricity. Thealgaearegrowninnarrow-neckedglassbottlestoproducehydrogeninthelab.Duringphotosynthesisplantsnormallymakesugarsorstarches.Butundercertainconditionsalotofalgaeareabletousethesunlightenergynottostorestarchbuttomakehydrogen.Ghirardisays.Forexamplealgaewillproducehydrogeninanairfreeenvironment.It’stheoxygenintheairthatpreventsalgaefrommakinghydrogenmostofthetime. Workinginanairfreeenvironmenthoweverisdifficult.It’snotapracticalwaytoproducecheapenergy.ButGhirardiandhercolleagueshavediscoveredthatbyremovingachemicalcalledsulfatefromtheenvironmentthatthealgaegrowintheywillmakehydrogeninsteadofsugarsevenwhenairispresent. Unfortunatelyremovingthesulfatealsomakesthealgae’scellsworkveryslowlyandnotmuchhydrogenisproduced.Stilltheresearchersseethisasafirststepintheirgoaltoproducehydrogenefficientlyfromalgae.Withmoreworktheymaybeabletospeedthecells’activityandproducelargerquantitiesofhydrogen. Theresearchershopethatalgaewillonedaybeaneasy-to-usefuelsource.TheorganismsarecheaptogetandtofeedGhirardisaysandtheycangrowalmostanywhere:Youcangrowtheminareactorinapond.Youcangrowthemintheocean.There’salotofflexibilityinhowyoucanusetheseorganisms.WhatdoesGhirardisayaboutalgae?
第二篇WhenOurEyesServeOurStomach Oursensesaren’tjustdeliveringastrictviewofwhat’sgoingonintheworldthey’reaffectedbywhat’sgoingoninourheads.Anewstudyfindsthathungrypeopleseefood-relatedwordsmoreclearlythanpeoplewho’vejusteaten. Psychologistshaveknownfordecadesthatwhat’sgoingoninsideourheadaffectsoursenses.Forexamplepoorerchildrenthinkcoinsarelargerthantheyareandhungrypeoplethinkpicturesoffoodarebrighter.RemiRadelofUniversityofNiceSophia-AntipolisFrancewantedtoinvestigatehowthishappens.Doesithappenrightawayasthebrainreceivessignalsfromtheeyesoralittlelaterasthebrain’shigh-levelthinkingprocessesgetinvolved. Radelrecruited42studentswithanormalbodymassindex.Onthedayofhisorhertesteachstudentwastoldtoarriveatthelabatnoonafterthreeorfourhoursofnoteating.Thentheyweretoldtherewasadelay.Someweretoldtocomebackin10minutes;othersweregivenanhourtogetlunchfirst.Sohalfthestudentswerehungrywhentheydidtheexperimentandtheotherhalfhadjusteaten. Fortheexperimenttheparticipantlookedatacomputerscreen.Onebyone80wordsflashedonthescreenforaboutl/300thofasecondeach.Theyflashedatsosmallasizethatthestudentscouldonlyconsciouslyperceive.Aquarterofthewordswerefood-related.Aftereachwordeachpersonwasaskedhowbrightthewordwasandaskedtochoosewhichoftwowordsthey’dseen—afood-relatedwordlikecakeoraneutralwordlikeboat.Eachwordappearedtoobrieflyfortheparticipanttoreallyreadit. Hungrypeoplesawthefood-relatedwordsasbrighterandwerebetteratidentifyingfood-relatedwords.BecausethewordappearedtooquicklyforthemtobereliablyseenthismeansthatthedifferenceisinperceptionnotinthinkingprocessesRadelsays. Thisissomethinggreattome.Humanscanreallyperceivewhattheyneedorwhattheystrivefor.FromtheexperimentIknowthatourbraincanreallybeatthedisposalof6ourmotivesandneedsRadelsays.Whydidthe80wordsflashsofastandatsosmallasizeonthescreen?
Thecontractbetweenthetwocompanieswillexpiresoon.
GiantStructures Itisanimpossibletasktoselectthemostamazingwondersofthemodernworldsinceeveryyearmore51constructionsappear.Herearethreegiantstructureswhichareworthyofouradmiration52theymayhavebeensurpassedbysomemorerecentwonders. ThePetronasTwinTowers ThePetronasTowerswerethetallestbuildingsintheworldwhentheywerecompletedin1999.53aheightof452metresthetalltwintowersliketwothinpencilsdominatethecityofKualaLumpur.Atthe41stfloorthetowersare54byabridgesymbolizingagatewaytothecity.TheAmericanarchitectCesarPellidesignedtheskyscrapers. Constructedofhigh-strengthconcretethebuilding55around1800squaremetresofofficespaceoneveryfloor.Andithasashoppingcentreandaconcerthallatthebase.Other56ofthisimpressivebuildingincludedouble-deckerliftsandglassandsteelsunshades. TheMillauBridge TheMillauBridgewasopenedin2004intheTarnValleyinsouthernFrance.Atthe57itwasbuiltitwastheworld’shighestbridge58over340matthehighestpoint.Thebridgeisdescribedasoneofthemostamazinglybeautifulbridgesintheworld.Itwasbuiltto59Millau’scongestionproblems.ThecongestionwasthencausedbytrafficpassingfromParistoBarcelonainSpain.Thebridgewasbuilttowithstandthe60extremeseismicandclimaticconditions.Besidesitisguaranteedfor120years! TheItaipuDam TheItaipuhydroelectricpowerplantisoneofthelargestconstructionsofitskindintheworld.It61ofaseriesofdamsacrosstheRiverParana62formsanaturalborderbetweenBrazilandParaguay.Startedin1975andtaking16yearstocompletetheconstructionwascarriedoutasajointprojectbetweenthetwo63.Thedamiswell-knownforbothitselectricityoutputanditssize.In1995itproduced78%ofParaguay’sand25%ofBrazil’s64needs.Initsconstructiontheamountofironandsteelusedwasequivalenttoover300EiffelTowers.Itisa65amazingwonderofengineering.
第三篇TheDevelopmentofBallet Balletisadanceformthathasalonghistory.Thefactthatitsurvivestothisdayshowsthatithasadjustedastimeshavechanged. BalletbeganintheroyalcourtsduringtheRenaissance.Atthattimeitbecamecommonforkingsandqueensaswellasothernobilitytoparticipateinpageantsthatincludedmusicpoetryanddance.AstheseentertainmentsmovedfromtheItaliancourtstotheFrenchonescourtladiesbeganparticipatinginthem.Thoughtheirlongdressespreventedmuchmovementtheywereabletoperformelaboratewalkingpatterns.Itwasnotuntilthe1600sthatwomendancersshortenedtheirskirtschangedtoflatshoesandbegandoingsomeoftheleapsandturnsperformedbymen. Itwasalsointhe1600sthatprofessionalballetbegan.KingLouisXIVofFrancehimselfadevoteddancerfoundedtheRoyalAcademyofDance.Thefivebasicfeetpositionsfromwhichallballetstepsbeginwerefinalized.Inthelate1700sanotherimportantchangeoccurred.Balletbegantotellastoryonitsown.Itwasnolongersimplydancetobeperformedbetweenactsofplays.Elaboratewigsandcostumeswereeliminated.Bytheearly1800sdancerstoriseontheirtoestomakeitappearthatwerefloating. ClassicalballetasweknowittodaywasinfluencedprimarilybyRussiandancing.TheRussiansremainedinterestedinballetwhenitdeclinedinotherEuropeancountriesinthemid-1800s.Oneofthemostinfluentialfiguresoftheearly20thcenturywasSergeiDiaghilev.HisdancecompanytheBalletsRussesbroughtanewenergyandexcitementtoballet.OneofhischiefassistantsGeorgeBalanchinewentontofoundtheNewYorkCityBalletin1948andtoinfluencenewgenerationsofdancers.Whohadanimportantinfluenceonearlyballet?
第三篇TheDevelopmentofBallet Balletisadanceformthathasalonghistory.Thefactthatitsurvivestothisdayshowsthatithasadjustedastimeshavechanged. BalletbeganintheroyalcourtsduringtheRenaissance.Atthattimeitbecamecommonforkingsandqueensaswellasothernobilitytoparticipateinpageantsthatincludedmusicpoetryanddance.AstheseentertainmentsmovedfromtheItaliancourtstotheFrenchonescourtladiesbeganparticipatinginthem.Thoughtheirlongdressespreventedmuchmovementtheywereabletoperformelaboratewalkingpatterns.Itwasnotuntilthe1600sthatwomendancersshortenedtheirskirtschangedtoflatshoesandbegandoingsomeoftheleapsandturnsperformedbymen. Itwasalsointhe1600sthatprofessionalballetbegan.KingLouisXIVofFrancehimselfadevoteddancerfoundedtheRoyalAcademyofDance.Thefivebasicfeetpositionsfromwhichallballetstepsbeginwerefinalized.Inthelate1700sanotherimportantchangeoccurred.Balletbegantotellastoryonitsown.Itwasnolongersimplydancetobeperformedbetweenactsofplays.Elaboratewigsandcostumeswereeliminated.Bytheearly1800sdancerstoriseontheirtoestomakeitappearthatwerefloating. ClassicalballetasweknowittodaywasinfluencedprimarilybyRussiandancing.TheRussiansremainedinterestedinballetwhenitdeclinedinotherEuropeancountriesinthemid-1800s.Oneofthemostinfluentialfiguresoftheearly20thcenturywasSergeiDiaghilev.HisdancecompanytheBalletsRussesbroughtanewenergyandexcitementtoballet.OneofhischiefassistantsGeorgeBalanchinewentontofoundtheNewYorkCityBalletin1948andtoinfluencenewgenerationsofdancers.ThewordpageantsinParagraph2means
WideWorldofRobots Engineerswhobuildandprogramrobotshavefascinatingjobs.Theseresearcherstinker修补withmachinesinthelabandwritecomputersoftwaretocontrolthesedevices.They’rethebesttoysouttheresaysHowieChosetatCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh.Chosetisaroboticsapersonwhodesignsbuildsorprogramsrobots. WhenChosetwasakidhewasinterestedinanythingthatmoved—carstrainsanimals.HeputmotorsonTinkertoycarstomakethemmove.Laterinhighschoolhebuiltmobilerobotssimilartosmallcars. Hopingtocontinueworkingonrobotshestudiedcomputerscienceincollege.ButwhenhegottograduateschoolattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadenaChoset’slabmateswereworkingonsomethingevencoolerthanremotelycontrolledcars:roboticsnakes.Somerobotscanmoveonlyforwardbackwardleftandright.Butsnakescantwist扭曲inmanydirectionsandtraveloveralotofdifferenttypesofterrain地形.SnakesarefarmoreinterestingthanthecarsChosetconcluded. AfterhestartedworkingatCarnegieMellonChosetandhiscolleaguestherebegandevelopingtheirownsnakerobots.Choset’steamprogrammedrobotstoperformthesamemovementsasrealsnakessuchasslidingandinchingforward.Therobotsalsomovedinwaysthatsnakesusuallydon’tsuchasrolling.Choset’ssnakerobotscouldcrawl爬行throughthegrassswiminapondandevenclimbaflagpole. ButChosetwonderedifhissnakesmightbeusefulformedicineaswell.Forsomeheartsurgeriesthedoctorhastoopenapatient’schestcuttingthroughthebreastbone.Recoveringfromthesesurgeriescanbeverypainful.Whatifthedoctorcouldperformtheoperationbyinsteadmakingasmallholeinthebodyandsendinginathinroboticsnake? ChosetteamedupwithMarcoZenatiaheartsurgeonnowatHarvardMedicalSchooltoinvestigatetheidea.Zenatipracticedusingtherobotonaplasticmodelofthechestandthentestedtherobotinpigs. AcompanycalledMedroboticsinBostonisnowadaptingthetechnologyforsurgeriesonpeople. Evenafter15yearsofworkingwithhisteam’screationsIstilldon’tgetboredofwatchingthemotionofmyrobotsChosetsays.Chosetdidn’tbegindevelopinghisownsnakerobotsuntilhestartedworkingatCarnegieMellon.
第一篇EnergyandPublicLands TheUnitedStatesboastssubstantialenergyresources.FederallandsprovideagooddealofU.S.energyproduction;theU.S.DepartmentoftheInteriormanagesfederalenergyleasingbothonlandandontheoffshoreOuterContinentalShelf.Productionfromthesesourcesamountstonearly30percentoftotalannualU.S.energyproduction. In200032percentofU.S.oil35percentofnaturalgasand37percentofcoalwereproducedfromfederallandsrepresenting20000producingoilandgasleasesand135producingcoalleases.Federallandsarealsoestimatedtocontainapproximately68percentofallundiscoveredU.S.oilreservesand74percentofundiscoverednaturalgas. RevenuesfromfederaloilgasandcoalleasingprovidesignificantreturnstoU.S.taxpayersaswellasStategovernments.In1999forexample$553millioninoilandgasrevenueswerepaidtotheU.S.Treasuryandnon-Indiancoalleasesaccountedforover$304millioninrevenuesofwhich50percentwerepaidtoStategovernments.Publiclandsalsoplayacriticalroleinenergydelivery.Eachyearfederallandmanagersauthorizerightsofwayfortransmissionlinesrailsystemspipelinesandotherfacilitiesrelatedtoenergyproductionanduse. Alternativeenergyproductionfromfederallandslagsbehindconventionalenergyproductionthoughtheamountisstillsignificant.Forexamplefederalgeothermalresourcesproduceabout7.5billionkilowatt-hoursofelectricityperyear47percentofallelectricitygeneratedfromU.S.geothermalenergy.Thereare2960windturbinesonpubliclandsinCaliforniaaloneproducingelectricityforabout300000people.Federalhydropowerfacilitiesproduceabout17percentofallhydropowerproducedintheUnitedStates. BecauseofthegrowingU.S.thirstforenergyandincreasingpublicuneasewithdependenceonforeignoilsourcespressureonthepubliclandstomeetU.S.energydemandsisintensifying.Publiclandsareavailableforenergydevelopmentonlyaftertheyhavebeenevaluatedthroughthelanduseplanningprocess.Ifdevelopmentofenergyresourcesconflictswithmanagementoruseofotherresourcesdevelopmentrestrictionsorimpactmitigationmeasuresmaybeimposedormineralproductionmaybebannedaltogether.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofpubliclandsintheU.S.?
Asapoliticianheknowshowtomanipulatepublicopinion.
WideWorldofRobots Engineerswhobuildandprogramrobotshavefascinatingjobs.Theseresearcherstinker修补withmachinesinthelabandwritecomputersoftwaretocontrolthesedevices.They’rethebesttoysouttheresaysHowieChosetatCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh.Chosetisaroboticsapersonwhodesignsbuildsorprogramsrobots. WhenChosetwasakidhewasinterestedinanythingthatmoved—carstrainsanimals.HeputmotorsonTinkertoycarstomakethemmove.Laterinhighschoolhebuiltmobilerobotssimilartosmallcars. Hopingtocontinueworkingonrobotshestudiedcomputerscienceincollege.ButwhenhegottograduateschoolattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadenaChoset’slabmateswereworkingonsomethingevencoolerthanremotelycontrolledcars:roboticsnakes.Somerobotscanmoveonlyforwardbackwardleftandright.Butsnakescantwist扭曲inmanydirectionsandtraveloveralotofdifferenttypesofterrain地形.SnakesarefarmoreinterestingthanthecarsChosetconcluded. AfterhestartedworkingatCarnegieMellonChosetandhiscolleaguestherebegandevelopingtheirownsnakerobots.Choset’steamprogrammedrobotstoperformthesamemovementsasrealsnakessuchasslidingandinchingforward.Therobotsalsomovedinwaysthatsnakesusuallydon’tsuchasrolling.Choset’ssnakerobotscouldcrawl爬行throughthegrassswiminapondandevenclimbaflagpole. ButChosetwonderedifhissnakesmightbeusefulformedicineaswell.Forsomeheartsurgeriesthedoctorhastoopenapatient’schestcuttingthroughthebreastbone.Recoveringfromthesesurgeriescanbeverypainful.Whatifthedoctorcouldperformtheoperationbyinsteadmakingasmallholeinthebodyandsendinginathinroboticsnake? ChosetteamedupwithMarcoZenatiaheartsurgeonnowatHarvardMedicalSchooltoinvestigatetheidea.Zenatipracticedusingtherobotonaplasticmodelofthechestandthentestedtherobotinpigs. AcompanycalledMedroboticsinBostonisnowadaptingthetechnologyforsurgeriesonpeople. Evenafter15yearsofworkingwithhisteam’screationsIstilldon’tgetboredofwatchingthemotionofmyrobotsChosetsays.Chosetbegantobuildrobotsinhighschool.
WideWorldofRobots Engineerswhobuildandprogramrobotshavefascinatingjobs.Theseresearcherstinker修补withmachinesinthelabandwritecomputersoftwaretocontrolthesedevices.They’rethebesttoysouttheresaysHowieChosetatCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh.Chosetisaroboticsapersonwhodesignsbuildsorprogramsrobots. WhenChosetwasakidhewasinterestedinanythingthatmoved—carstrainsanimals.HeputmotorsonTinkertoycarstomakethemmove.Laterinhighschoolhebuiltmobilerobotssimilartosmallcars. Hopingtocontinueworkingonrobotshestudiedcomputerscienceincollege.ButwhenhegottograduateschoolattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadenaChoset’slabmateswereworkingonsomethingevencoolerthanremotelycontrolledcars:roboticsnakes.Somerobotscanmoveonlyforwardbackwardleftandright.Butsnakescantwist扭曲inmanydirectionsandtraveloveralotofdifferenttypesofterrain地形.SnakesarefarmoreinterestingthanthecarsChosetconcluded. AfterhestartedworkingatCarnegieMellonChosetandhiscolleaguestherebegandevelopingtheirownsnakerobots.Choset’steamprogrammedrobotstoperformthesamemovementsasrealsnakessuchasslidingandinchingforward.Therobotsalsomovedinwaysthatsnakesusuallydon’tsuchasrolling.Choset’ssnakerobotscouldcrawl爬行throughthegrassswiminapondandevenclimbaflagpole. ButChosetwonderedifhissnakesmightbeusefulformedicineaswell.Forsomeheartsurgeriesthedoctorhastoopenapatient’schestcuttingthroughthebreastbone.Recoveringfromthesesurgeriescanbeverypainful.Whatifthedoctorcouldperformtheoperationbyinsteadmakingasmallholeinthebodyandsendinginathinroboticsnake? ChosetteamedupwithMarcoZenatiaheartsurgeonnowatHarvardMedicalSchooltoinvestigatetheidea.Zenatipracticedusingtherobotonaplasticmodelofthechestandthentestedtherobotinpigs. AcompanycalledMedroboticsinBostonisnowadaptingthetechnologyforsurgeriesonpeople. Evenafter15yearsofworkingwithhisteam’screationsIstilldon’tgetboredofwatchingthemotionofmyrobotsChosetsays.Theapplicationofathinroboticsnakemakesheartsurgerieslesstime-consuming.
Therulesaretoorigidtoallowforhumaneerror.
WideWorldofRobots Engineerswhobuildandprogramrobotshavefascinatingjobs.Theseresearcherstinker修补withmachinesinthelabandwritecomputersoftwaretocontrolthesedevices.They’rethebesttoysouttheresaysHowieChosetatCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh.Chosetisaroboticsapersonwhodesignsbuildsorprogramsrobots. WhenChosetwasakidhewasinterestedinanythingthatmoved—carstrainsanimals.HeputmotorsonTinkertoycarstomakethemmove.Laterinhighschoolhebuiltmobilerobotssimilartosmallcars. Hopingtocontinueworkingonrobotshestudiedcomputerscienceincollege.ButwhenhegottograduateschoolattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadenaChoset’slabmateswereworkingonsomethingevencoolerthanremotelycontrolledcars:roboticsnakes.Somerobotscanmoveonlyforwardbackwardleftandright.Butsnakescantwist扭曲inmanydirectionsandtraveloveralotofdifferenttypesofterrain地形.SnakesarefarmoreinterestingthanthecarsChosetconcluded. AfterhestartedworkingatCarnegieMellonChosetandhiscolleaguestherebegandevelopingtheirownsnakerobots.Choset’steamprogrammedrobotstoperformthesamemovementsasrealsnakessuchasslidingandinchingforward.Therobotsalsomovedinwaysthatsnakesusuallydon’tsuchasrolling.Choset’ssnakerobotscouldcrawl爬行throughthegrassswiminapondandevenclimbaflagpole. ButChosetwonderedifhissnakesmightbeusefulformedicineaswell.Forsomeheartsurgeriesthedoctorhastoopenapatient’schestcuttingthroughthebreastbone.Recoveringfromthesesurgeriescanbeverypainful.Whatifthedoctorcouldperformtheoperationbyinsteadmakingasmallholeinthebodyandsendinginathinroboticsnake? ChosetteamedupwithMarcoZenatiaheartsurgeonnowatHarvardMedicalSchooltoinvestigatetheidea.Zenatipracticedusingtherobotonaplasticmodelofthechestandthentestedtherobotinpigs. AcompanycalledMedroboticsinBostonisnowadaptingthetechnologyforsurgeriesonpeople. Evenafter15yearsofworkingwithhisteam’screationsIstilldon’tgetboredofwatchingthemotionofmyrobotsChosetsays.TherobotictechnologyforsurgeriesonpeoplehasbroughtahandsomeprofittoMedrobotics.
第二篇PuttingPlantstoWork Usingthepowerofthesunisnothingnew.Peoplehavehadsolar-poweredcalculatorsandbuildingswithsolarpanelsfordecades.Butplantsaretherealexperts:They’vebeenusingsunlightasanenergysourceforbillionsofyears. Cellsinthegreenleavesofplantsworkliketinyfactoriestoconvertsunlightcarbondioxideandwaterintosugarsandstarchesstoredenergythattheplantscanuse.Thisconversionprocessiscalledphotosynthesis.Unfortunatelyunlessyou’reaplantit’sdifficultandexpensivetoconvertsunlightintostorableenergy.That’swhyscientistsaretakingacloserlookatexactlyhowplantsdoit. Somescientistsaretryingtogetplantsorbiologicalcellsthatactlikeplantstoworkasminiaturephotosyntheticpowerstations.ForexampleMariaGhirardioftheNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryinGoldenColo.isworkingwithgreenalgae.She’stryingtotrickthemintoproducinghydrogeninsteadofsugarswhentheyperformphotosynthesis.Oncetheresearcherscangetthealgaeworkingefficientlythehydrogenthattheyproducecouldbeusedtopowerfuelcellsincarsortogenerateelectricity. Thealgaearegrowninnarrow-neckedglassbottlestoproducehydrogeninthelab.Duringphotosynthesisplantsnormallymakesugarsorstarches.Butundercertainconditionsalotofalgaeareabletousethesunlightenergynottostorestarchbuttomakehydrogen.Ghirardisays.Forexamplealgaewillproducehydrogeninanairfreeenvironment.It’stheoxygenintheairthatpreventsalgaefrommakinghydrogenmostofthetime. Workinginanairfreeenvironmenthoweverisdifficult.It’snotapracticalwaytoproducecheapenergy.ButGhirardiandhercolleagueshavediscoveredthatbyremovingachemicalcalledsulfatefromtheenvironmentthatthealgaegrowintheywillmakehydrogeninsteadofsugarsevenwhenairispresent. Unfortunatelyremovingthesulfatealsomakesthealgae’scellsworkveryslowlyandnotmuchhydrogenisproduced.Stilltheresearchersseethisasafirststepintheirgoaltoproducehydrogenefficientlyfromalgae.Withmoreworktheymaybeabletospeedthecells’activityandproducelargerquantitiesofhydrogen. Theresearchershopethatalgaewillonedaybeaneasy-to-usefuelsource.TheorganismsarecheaptogetandtofeedGhirardisaysandtheycangrowalmostanywhere:Youcangrowtheminareactorinapond.Youcangrowthemintheocean.There’salotofflexibilityinhowyoucanusetheseorganisms.Algaeareabletousesolarenergytoproducehydrogenwhen
GiantStructures Itisanimpossibletasktoselectthemostamazingwondersofthemodernworldsinceeveryyearmore51constructionsappear.Herearethreegiantstructureswhichareworthyofouradmiration52theymayhavebeensurpassedbysomemorerecentwonders. ThePetronasTwinTowers ThePetronasTowerswerethetallestbuildingsintheworldwhentheywerecompletedin1999.53aheightof452metresthetalltwintowersliketwothinpencilsdominatethecityofKualaLumpur.Atthe41stfloorthetowersare54byabridgesymbolizingagatewaytothecity.TheAmericanarchitectCesarPellidesignedtheskyscrapers. Constructedofhigh-strengthconcretethebuilding55around1800squaremetresofofficespaceoneveryfloor.Andithasashoppingcentreandaconcerthallatthebase.Other56ofthisimpressivebuildingincludedouble-deckerliftsandglassandsteelsunshades. TheMillauBridge TheMillauBridgewasopenedin2004intheTarnValleyinsouthernFrance.Atthe57itwasbuiltitwastheworld’shighestbridge58over340matthehighestpoint.Thebridgeisdescribedasoneofthemostamazinglybeautifulbridgesintheworld.Itwasbuiltto59Millau’scongestionproblems.ThecongestionwasthencausedbytrafficpassingfromParistoBarcelonainSpain.Thebridgewasbuilttowithstandthe60extremeseismicandclimaticconditions.Besidesitisguaranteedfor120years! TheItaipuDam TheItaipuhydroelectricpowerplantisoneofthelargestconstructionsofitskindintheworld.It61ofaseriesofdamsacrosstheRiverParana62formsanaturalborderbetweenBrazilandParaguay.Startedin1975andtaking16yearstocompletetheconstructionwascarriedoutasajointprojectbetweenthetwo63.Thedamiswell-knownforbothitselectricityoutputanditssize.In1995itproduced78%ofParaguay’sand25%ofBrazil’s64needs.Initsconstructiontheamountofironandsteelusedwasequivalenttoover300EiffelTowers.Itisa65amazingwonderofengineering.
Ihavelittleinformationasregardsherfitnessforthepost.
第二篇WhenOurEyesServeOurStomach Oursensesaren’tjustdeliveringastrictviewofwhat’sgoingonintheworldthey’reaffectedbywhat’sgoingoninourheads.Anewstudyfindsthathungrypeopleseefood-relatedwordsmoreclearlythanpeoplewho’vejusteaten. Psychologistshaveknownfordecadesthatwhat’sgoingoninsideourheadaffectsoursenses.Forexamplepoorerchildrenthinkcoinsarelargerthantheyareandhungrypeoplethinkpicturesoffoodarebrighter.RemiRadelofUniversityofNiceSophia-AntipolisFrancewantedtoinvestigatehowthishappens.Doesithappenrightawayasthebrainreceivessignalsfromtheeyesoralittlelaterasthebrain’shigh-levelthinkingprocessesgetinvolved. Radelrecruited42studentswithanormalbodymassindex.Onthedayofhisorhertesteachstudentwastoldtoarriveatthelabatnoonafterthreeorfourhoursofnoteating.Thentheyweretoldtherewasadelay.Someweretoldtocomebackin10minutes;othersweregivenanhourtogetlunchfirst.Sohalfthestudentswerehungrywhentheydidtheexperimentandtheotherhalfhadjusteaten. Fortheexperimenttheparticipantlookedatacomputerscreen.Onebyone80wordsflashedonthescreenforaboutl/300thofasecondeach.Theyflashedatsosmallasizethatthestudentscouldonlyconsciouslyperceive.Aquarterofthewordswerefood-related.Aftereachwordeachpersonwasaskedhowbrightthewordwasandaskedtochoosewhichoftwowordsthey’dseen—afood-relatedwordlikecakeoraneutralwordlikeboat.Eachwordappearedtoobrieflyfortheparticipanttoreallyreadit. Hungrypeoplesawthefood-relatedwordsasbrighterandwerebetteratidentifyingfood-relatedwords.BecausethewordappearedtooquicklyforthemtobereliablyseenthismeansthatthedifferenceisinperceptionnotinthinkingprocessesRadelsays. Thisissomethinggreattome.Humanscanreallyperceivewhattheyneedorwhattheystrivefor.FromtheexperimentIknowthatourbraincanreallybeatthedisposalof6ourmotivesandneedsRadelsays.PoorerchildrenandhungrypeoplearementionedinParagraph2toshow
Hewastemptedbythehighsalaryofferedbythecompany.
第一篇EnergyandPublicLands TheUnitedStatesboastssubstantialenergyresources.FederallandsprovideagooddealofU.S.energyproduction;theU.S.DepartmentoftheInteriormanagesfederalenergyleasingbothonlandandontheoffshoreOuterContinentalShelf.Productionfromthesesourcesamountstonearly30percentoftotalannualU.S.energyproduction. In200032percentofU.S.oil35percentofnaturalgasand37percentofcoalwereproducedfromfederallandsrepresenting20000producingoilandgasleasesand135producingcoalleases.Federallandsarealsoestimatedtocontainapproximately68percentofallundiscoveredU.S.oilreservesand74percentofundiscoverednaturalgas. RevenuesfromfederaloilgasandcoalleasingprovidesignificantreturnstoU.S.taxpayersaswellasStategovernments.In1999forexample$553millioninoilandgasrevenueswerepaidtotheU.S.Treasuryandnon-Indiancoalleasesaccountedforover$304millioninrevenuesofwhich50percentwerepaidtoStategovernments.Publiclandsalsoplayacriticalroleinenergydelivery.Eachyearfederallandmanagersauthorizerightsofwayfortransmissionlinesrailsystemspipelinesandotherfacilitiesrelatedtoenergyproductionanduse. Alternativeenergyproductionfromfederallandslagsbehindconventionalenergyproductionthoughtheamountisstillsignificant.Forexamplefederalgeothermalresourcesproduceabout7.5billionkilowatt-hoursofelectricityperyear47percentofallelectricitygeneratedfromU.S.geothermalenergy.Thereare2960windturbinesonpubliclandsinCaliforniaaloneproducingelectricityforabout300000people.Federalhydropowerfacilitiesproduceabout17percentofallhydropowerproducedintheUnitedStates. BecauseofthegrowingU.S.thirstforenergyandincreasingpublicuneasewithdependenceonforeignoilsourcespressureonthepubliclandstomeetU.S.energydemandsisintensifying.Publiclandsareavailableforenergydevelopmentonlyaftertheyhavebeenevaluatedthroughthelanduseplanningprocess.Ifdevelopmentofenergyresourcesconflictswithmanagementoruseofotherresourcesdevelopmentrestrictionsorimpactmitigationmeasuresmaybeimposedormineralproductionmaybebannedaltogether.ThereisamountingpressureonpubliclandstosatisfyUSenergydemandsbecause
Shegetsaggressivewhensheisdrunk.
GiantStructures Itisanimpossibletasktoselectthemostamazingwondersofthemodernworldsinceeveryyearmore51constructionsappear.Herearethreegiantstructureswhichareworthyofouradmiration52theymayhavebeensurpassedbysomemorerecentwonders. ThePetronasTwinTowers ThePetronasTowerswerethetallestbuildingsintheworldwhentheywerecompletedin1999.53aheightof452metresthetalltwintowersliketwothinpencilsdominatethecityofKualaLumpur.Atthe41stfloorthetowersare54byabridgesymbolizingagatewaytothecity.TheAmericanarchitectCesarPellidesignedtheskyscrapers. Constructedofhigh-strengthconcretethebuilding55around1800squaremetresofofficespaceoneveryfloor.Andithasashoppingcentreandaconcerthallatthebase.Other56ofthisimpressivebuildingincludedouble-deckerliftsandglassandsteelsunshades. TheMillauBridge TheMillauBridgewasopenedin2004intheTarnValleyinsouthernFrance.Atthe57itwasbuiltitwastheworld’shighestbridge58over340matthehighestpoint.Thebridgeisdescribedasoneofthemostamazinglybeautifulbridgesintheworld.Itwasbuiltto59Millau’scongestionproblems.ThecongestionwasthencausedbytrafficpassingfromParistoBarcelonainSpain.Thebridgewasbuilttowithstandthe60extremeseismicandclimaticconditions.Besidesitisguaranteedfor120years! TheItaipuDam TheItaipuhydroelectricpowerplantisoneofthelargestconstructionsofitskindintheworld.It61ofaseriesofdamsacrosstheRiverParana62formsanaturalborderbetweenBrazilandParaguay.Startedin1975andtaking16yearstocompletetheconstructionwascarriedoutasajointprojectbetweenthetwo63.Thedamiswell-knownforbothitselectricityoutputanditssize.In1995itproduced78%ofParaguay’sand25%ofBrazil’s64needs.Initsconstructiontheamountofironandsteelusedwasequivalenttoover300EiffelTowers.Itisa65amazingwonderofengineering.
GiantStructures Itisanimpossibletasktoselectthemostamazingwondersofthemodernworldsinceeveryyearmore51constructionsappear.Herearethreegiantstructureswhichareworthyofouradmiration52theymayhavebeensurpassedbysomemorerecentwonders. ThePetronasTwinTowers ThePetronasTowerswerethetallestbuildingsintheworldwhentheywerecompletedin1999.53aheightof452metresthetalltwintowersliketwothinpencilsdominatethecityofKualaLumpur.Atthe41stfloorthetowersare54byabridgesymbolizingagatewaytothecity.TheAmericanarchitectCesarPellidesignedtheskyscrapers. Constructedofhigh-strengthconcretethebuilding55around1800squaremetresofofficespaceoneveryfloor.Andithasashoppingcentreandaconcerthallatthebase.Other56ofthisimpressivebuildingincludedouble-deckerliftsandglassandsteelsunshades. TheMillauBridge TheMillauBridgewasopenedin2004intheTarnValleyinsouthernFrance.Atthe57itwasbuiltitwastheworld’shighestbridge58over340matthehighestpoint.Thebridgeisdescribedasoneofthemostamazinglybeautifulbridgesintheworld.Itwasbuiltto59Millau’scongestionproblems.ThecongestionwasthencausedbytrafficpassingfromParistoBarcelonainSpain.Thebridgewasbuilttowithstandthe60extremeseismicandclimaticconditions.Besidesitisguaranteedfor120years! TheItaipuDam TheItaipuhydroelectricpowerplantisoneofthelargestconstructionsofitskindintheworld.It61ofaseriesofdamsacrosstheRiverParana62formsanaturalborderbetweenBrazilandParaguay.Startedin1975andtaking16yearstocompletetheconstructionwascarriedoutasajointprojectbetweenthetwo63.Thedamiswell-knownforbothitselectricityoutputanditssize.In1995itproduced78%ofParaguay’sand25%ofBrazil’s64needs.Initsconstructiontheamountofironandsteelusedwasequivalenttoover300EiffelTowers.Itisa65amazingwonderofengineering.
Makesurethetableissecurelyanchored.
GiantStructures Itisanimpossibletasktoselectthemostamazingwondersofthemodernworldsinceeveryyearmore51constructionsappear.Herearethreegiantstructureswhichareworthyofouradmiration52theymayhavebeensurpassedbysomemorerecentwonders. ThePetronasTwinTowers ThePetronasTowerswerethetallestbuildingsintheworldwhentheywerecompletedin1999.53aheightof452metresthetalltwintowersliketwothinpencilsdominatethecityofKualaLumpur.Atthe41stfloorthetowersare54byabridgesymbolizingagatewaytothecity.TheAmericanarchitectCesarPellidesignedtheskyscrapers. Constructedofhigh-strengthconcretethebuilding55around1800squaremetresofofficespaceoneveryfloor.Andithasashoppingcentreandaconcerthallatthebase.Other56ofthisimpressivebuildingincludedouble-deckerliftsandglassandsteelsunshades. TheMillauBridge TheMillauBridgewasopenedin2004intheTarnValleyinsouthernFrance.Atthe57itwasbuiltitwastheworld’shighestbridge58over340matthehighestpoint.Thebridgeisdescribedasoneofthemostamazinglybeautifulbridgesintheworld.Itwasbuiltto59Millau’scongestionproblems.ThecongestionwasthencausedbytrafficpassingfromParistoBarcelonainSpain.Thebridgewasbuilttowithstandthe60extremeseismicandclimaticconditions.Besidesitisguaranteedfor120years! TheItaipuDam TheItaipuhydroelectricpowerplantisoneofthelargestconstructionsofitskindintheworld.It61ofaseriesofdamsacrosstheRiverParana62formsanaturalborderbetweenBrazilandParaguay.Startedin1975andtaking16yearstocompletetheconstructionwascarriedoutasajointprojectbetweenthetwo63.Thedamiswell-knownforbothitselectricityoutputanditssize.In1995itproduced78%ofParaguay’sand25%ofBrazil’s64needs.Initsconstructiontheamountofironandsteelusedwasequivalenttoover300EiffelTowers.Itisa65amazingwonderofengineering.
GiantStructures Itisanimpossibletasktoselectthemostamazingwondersofthemodernworldsinceeveryyearmore51constructionsappear.Herearethreegiantstructureswhichareworthyofouradmiration52theymayhavebeensurpassedbysomemorerecentwonders. ThePetronasTwinTowers ThePetronasTowerswerethetallestbuildingsintheworldwhentheywerecompletedin1999.53aheightof452metresthetalltwintowersliketwothinpencilsdominatethecityofKualaLumpur.Atthe41stfloorthetowersare54byabridgesymbolizingagatewaytothecity.TheAmericanarchitectCesarPellidesignedtheskyscrapers. Constructedofhigh-strengthconcretethebuilding55around1800squaremetresofofficespaceoneveryfloor.Andithasashoppingcentreandaconcerthallatthebase.Other56ofthisimpressivebuildingincludedouble-deckerliftsandglassandsteelsunshades. TheMillauBridge TheMillauBridgewasopenedin2004intheTarnValleyinsouthernFrance.Atthe57itwasbuiltitwastheworld’shighestbridge58over340matthehighestpoint.Thebridgeisdescribedasoneofthemostamazinglybeautifulbridgesintheworld.Itwasbuiltto59Millau’scongestionproblems.ThecongestionwasthencausedbytrafficpassingfromParistoBarcelonainSpain.Thebridgewasbuilttowithstandthe60extremeseismicandclimaticconditions.Besidesitisguaranteedfor120years! TheItaipuDam TheItaipuhydroelectricpowerplantisoneofthelargestconstructionsofitskindintheworld.It61ofaseriesofdamsacrosstheRiverParana62formsanaturalborderbetweenBrazilandParaguay.Startedin1975andtaking16yearstocompletetheconstructionwascarriedoutasajointprojectbetweenthetwo63.Thedamiswell-knownforbothitselectricityoutputanditssize.In1995itproduced78%ofParaguay’sand25%ofBrazil’s64needs.Initsconstructiontheamountofironandsteelusedwasequivalenttoover300EiffelTowers.Itisa65amazingwonderofengineering.
第二篇PuttingPlantstoWork Usingthepowerofthesunisnothingnew.Peoplehavehadsolar-poweredcalculatorsandbuildingswithsolarpanelsfordecades.Butplantsaretherealexperts:They’vebeenusingsunlightasanenergysourceforbillionsofyears. Cellsinthegreenleavesofplantsworkliketinyfactoriestoconvertsunlightcarbondioxideandwaterintosugarsandstarchesstoredenergythattheplantscanuse.Thisconversionprocessiscalledphotosynthesis.Unfortunatelyunlessyou’reaplantit’sdifficultandexpensivetoconvertsunlightintostorableenergy.That’swhyscientistsaretakingacloserlookatexactlyhowplantsdoit. Somescientistsaretryingtogetplantsorbiologicalcellsthatactlikeplantstoworkasminiaturephotosyntheticpowerstations.ForexampleMariaGhirardioftheNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryinGoldenColo.isworkingwithgreenalgae.She’stryingtotrickthemintoproducinghydrogeninsteadofsugarswhentheyperformphotosynthesis.Oncetheresearcherscangetthealgaeworkingefficientlythehydrogenthattheyproducecouldbeusedtopowerfuelcellsincarsortogenerateelectricity. Thealgaearegrowninnarrow-neckedglassbottlestoproducehydrogeninthelab.Duringphotosynthesisplantsnormallymakesugarsorstarches.Butundercertainconditionsalotofalgaeareabletousethesunlightenergynottostorestarchbuttomakehydrogen.Ghirardisays.Forexamplealgaewillproducehydrogeninanairfreeenvironment.It’stheoxygenintheairthatpreventsalgaefrommakinghydrogenmostofthetime. Workinginanairfreeenvironmenthoweverisdifficult.It’snotapracticalwaytoproducecheapenergy.ButGhirardiandhercolleagueshavediscoveredthatbyremovingachemicalcalledsulfatefromtheenvironmentthatthealgaegrowintheywillmakehydrogeninsteadofsugarsevenwhenairispresent. Unfortunatelyremovingthesulfatealsomakesthealgae’scellsworkveryslowlyandnotmuchhydrogenisproduced.Stilltheresearchersseethisasafirststepintheirgoaltoproducehydrogenefficientlyfromalgae.Withmoreworktheymaybeabletospeedthecells’activityandproducelargerquantitiesofhydrogen. Theresearchershopethatalgaewillonedaybeaneasy-to-usefuelsource.TheorganismsarecheaptogetandtofeedGhirardisaysandtheycangrowalmostanywhere:Youcangrowtheminareactorinapond.Youcangrowthemintheocean.There’salotofflexibilityinhowyoucanusetheseorganisms.Howdoplantsrelatetosolarenergy?
GiantStructures Itisanimpossibletasktoselectthemostamazingwondersofthemodernworldsinceeveryyearmore51constructionsappear.Herearethreegiantstructureswhichareworthyofouradmiration52theymayhavebeensurpassedbysomemorerecentwonders. ThePetronasTwinTowers ThePetronasTowerswerethetallestbuildingsintheworldwhentheywerecompletedin1999.53aheightof452metresthetalltwintowersliketwothinpencilsdominatethecityofKualaLumpur.Atthe41stfloorthetowersare54byabridgesymbolizingagatewaytothecity.TheAmericanarchitectCesarPellidesignedtheskyscrapers. Constructedofhigh-strengthconcretethebuilding55around1800squaremetresofofficespaceoneveryfloor.Andithasashoppingcentreandaconcerthallatthebase.Other56ofthisimpressivebuildingincludedouble-deckerliftsandglassandsteelsunshades. TheMillauBridge TheMillauBridgewasopenedin2004intheTarnValleyinsouthernFrance.Atthe57itwasbuiltitwastheworld’shighestbridge58over340matthehighestpoint.Thebridgeisdescribedasoneofthemostamazinglybeautifulbridgesintheworld.Itwasbuiltto59Millau’scongestionproblems.ThecongestionwasthencausedbytrafficpassingfromParistoBarcelonainSpain.Thebridgewasbuilttowithstandthe60extremeseismicandclimaticconditions.Besidesitisguaranteedfor120years! TheItaipuDam TheItaipuhydroelectricpowerplantisoneofthelargestconstructionsofitskindintheworld.It61ofaseriesofdamsacrosstheRiverParana62formsanaturalborderbetweenBrazilandParaguay.Startedin1975andtaking16yearstocompletetheconstructionwascarriedoutasajointprojectbetweenthetwo63.Thedamiswell-knownforbothitselectricityoutputanditssize.In1995itproduced78%ofParaguay’sand25%ofBrazil’s64needs.Initsconstructiontheamountofironandsteelusedwasequivalenttoover300EiffelTowers.Itisa65amazingwonderofengineering.
GiantStructures Itisanimpossibletasktoselectthemostamazingwondersofthemodernworldsinceeveryyearmore51constructionsappear.Herearethreegiantstructureswhichareworthyofouradmiration52theymayhavebeensurpassedbysomemorerecentwonders. ThePetronasTwinTowers ThePetronasTowerswerethetallestbuildingsintheworldwhentheywerecompletedin1999.53aheightof452metresthetalltwintowersliketwothinpencilsdominatethecityofKualaLumpur.Atthe41stfloorthetowersare54byabridgesymbolizingagatewaytothecity.TheAmericanarchitectCesarPellidesignedtheskyscrapers. Constructedofhigh-strengthconcretethebuilding55around1800squaremetresofofficespaceoneveryfloor.Andithasashoppingcentreandaconcerthallatthebase.Other56ofthisimpressivebuildingincludedouble-deckerliftsandglassandsteelsunshades. TheMillauBridge TheMillauBridgewasopenedin2004intheTarnValleyinsouthernFrance.Atthe57itwasbuiltitwastheworld’shighestbridge58over340matthehighestpoint.Thebridgeisdescribedasoneofthemostamazinglybeautifulbridgesintheworld.Itwasbuiltto59Millau’scongestionproblems.ThecongestionwasthencausedbytrafficpassingfromParistoBarcelonainSpain.Thebridgewasbuilttowithstandthe60extremeseismicandclimaticconditions.Besidesitisguaranteedfor120years! TheItaipuDam TheItaipuhydroelectricpowerplantisoneofthelargestconstructionsofitskindintheworld.It61ofaseriesofdamsacrosstheRiverParana62formsanaturalborderbetweenBrazilandParaguay.Startedin1975andtaking16yearstocompletetheconstructionwascarriedoutasajointprojectbetweenthetwo63.Thedamiswell-knownforbothitselectricityoutputanditssize.In1995itproduced78%ofParaguay’sand25%ofBrazil’s64needs.Initsconstructiontheamountofironandsteelusedwasequivalenttoover300EiffelTowers.Itisa65amazingwonderofengineering.
第一篇EnergyandPublicLands TheUnitedStatesboastssubstantialenergyresources.FederallandsprovideagooddealofU.S.energyproduction;theU.S.DepartmentoftheInteriormanagesfederalenergyleasingbothonlandandontheoffshoreOuterContinentalShelf.Productionfromthesesourcesamountstonearly30percentoftotalannualU.S.energyproduction. In200032percentofU.S.oil35percentofnaturalgasand37percentofcoalwereproducedfromfederallandsrepresenting20000producingoilandgasleasesand135producingcoalleases.Federallandsarealsoestimatedtocontainapproximately68percentofallundiscoveredU.S.oilreservesand74percentofundiscoverednaturalgas. RevenuesfromfederaloilgasandcoalleasingprovidesignificantreturnstoU.S.taxpayersaswellasStategovernments.In1999forexample$553millioninoilandgasrevenueswerepaidtotheU.S.Treasuryandnon-Indiancoalleasesaccountedforover$304millioninrevenuesofwhich50percentwerepaidtoStategovernments.Publiclandsalsoplayacriticalroleinenergydelivery.Eachyearfederallandmanagersauthorizerightsofwayfortransmissionlinesrailsystemspipelinesandotherfacilitiesrelatedtoenergyproductionanduse. Alternativeenergyproductionfromfederallandslagsbehindconventionalenergyproductionthoughtheamountisstillsignificant.Forexamplefederalgeothermalresourcesproduceabout7.5billionkilowatt-hoursofelectricityperyear47percentofallelectricitygeneratedfromU.S.geothermalenergy.Thereare2960windturbinesonpubliclandsinCaliforniaaloneproducingelectricityforabout300000people.Federalhydropowerfacilitiesproduceabout17percentofallhydropowerproducedintheUnitedStates. BecauseofthegrowingU.S.thirstforenergyandincreasingpublicuneasewithdependenceonforeignoilsourcespressureonthepubliclandstomeetU.S.energydemandsisintensifying.Publiclandsareavailableforenergydevelopmentonlyaftertheyhavebeenevaluatedthroughthelanduseplanningprocess.Ifdevelopmentofenergyresourcesconflictswithmanagementoruseofotherresourcesdevelopmentrestrictionsorimpactmitigationmeasuresmaybeimposedormineralproductionmaybebannedaltogether.ThereisamountingpressureonpubliclandstosatisfyUSenergydemandsbecause
第二篇WhenOurEyesServeOurStomach Oursensesaren’tjustdeliveringastrictviewofwhat’sgoingonintheworldthey’reaffectedbywhat’sgoingoninourheads.Anewstudyfindsthathungrypeopleseefood-relatedwordsmoreclearlythanpeoplewho’vejusteaten. Psychologistshaveknownfordecadesthatwhat’sgoingoninsideourheadaffectsoursenses.Forexamplepoorerchildrenthinkcoinsarelargerthantheyareandhungrypeoplethinkpicturesoffoodarebrighter.RemiRadelofUniversityofNiceSophia-AntipolisFrancewantedtoinvestigatehowthishappens.Doesithappenrightawayasthebrainreceivessignalsfromtheeyesoralittlelaterasthebrain’shigh-levelthinkingprocessesgetinvolved. Radelrecruited42studentswithanormalbodymassindex.Onthedayofhisorhertesteachstudentwastoldtoarriveatthelabatnoonafterthreeorfourhoursofnoteating.Thentheyweretoldtherewasadelay.Someweretoldtocomebackin10minutes;othersweregivenanhourtogetlunchfirst.Sohalfthestudentswerehungrywhentheydidtheexperimentandtheotherhalfhadjusteaten. Fortheexperimenttheparticipantlookedatacomputerscreen.Onebyone80wordsflashedonthescreenforaboutl/300thofasecondeach.Theyflashedatsosmallasizethatthestudentscouldonlyconsciouslyperceive.Aquarterofthewordswerefood-related.Aftereachwordeachpersonwasaskedhowbrightthewordwasandaskedtochoosewhichoftwowordsthey’dseen—afood-relatedwordlikecakeoraneutralwordlikeboat.Eachwordappearedtoobrieflyfortheparticipanttoreallyreadit. Hungrypeoplesawthefood-relatedwordsasbrighterandwerebetteratidentifyingfood-relatedwords.BecausethewordappearedtooquicklyforthemtobereliablyseenthismeansthatthedifferenceisinperceptionnotinthinkingprocessesRadelsays. Thisissomethinggreattome.Humanscanreallyperceivewhattheyneedorwhattheystrivefor.FromtheexperimentIknowthatourbraincanreallybeatthedisposalof6ourmotivesandneedsRadelsays.ItcanbelearntfromwhatRadelsaysthat
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