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Rockclimbingis{{U}}hazardous{{/U}}．
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RichardWagner RichardWagner1813~1883isregardedbymany【51】TheRevolutionistofOperawhodemolishedalloldformsandwhoreconstructedthemusicdrama【52】principlesentirelyhisown.Inthestrictest【53】thisbeliefisnotjustifiedforWagnersimplyreturnedtotheoldestversionofthemusicdrama.HefoundthattheidealconstructionoftheoperainFlorencehadbeentoproduceworkinwhichthemusicdramaandinterpretationshouldbe【54】equalimportance.WagnerstudiedthechangesandabuseswhichGluckhad【55】correctandfoundthattheopera【56】ofthenineteenthcenturyhad【57】backintomanyoftheoldcustomswiththeresultthattherewasnolongeracomplete【58】ofthethreefundamentalsofopera. WagnertellsusinhisautobiographythathisearlylifewasinfluencedbythedramasofShakespearthesymphoniesofBeethovenandtheoperasofVonWeber.HisfirstoperaswereconstructedonthelinesoftheFrenchgrandopera.Thefirsttwowereabsolutefailuresbutwiththe【59】ofRienziin1842Wagnerwasproclaimedtheequalifnotthesuperior【60】BelliniDonizettiandMeyerbeer.Inthewritingofthisworkhehaddiscoveredthedramaticabsurditiesoftheform【61】inhisnextworkTheFlyingDutchmanheattemptedhisfirstimportantuseoftheleitmotiforcharacteristic【62】forhisdifferentpersonagesandalsousedthesethemesinanticipationoftheadventofhischaractersinamannerhelaterdescribedasmakingtheaudienceapartofthebeing.【63】hiswaytoDresdentoconductRienziWagnervisitedtheWartburgCastleandtherehebecamefamiliar【64】thelegendarystorieswhichheusedinallhislaterworks.TannhausergivesanactualdescriptionoftheMinnesingerKnightswhoinspiredWagner【65】TeutonicversionsofTheRingoftheNibelungsLohengrinTristanandIsoldeandParsifal.
RichardWagner RichardWagner1813~1883isregardedbymany【51】TheRevolutionistofOperawhodemolishedalloldformsandwhoreconstructedthemusicdrama【52】principlesentirelyhisown.Inthestrictest【53】thisbeliefisnotjustifiedforWagnersimplyreturnedtotheoldestversionofthemusicdrama.HefoundthattheidealconstructionoftheoperainFlorencehadbeentoproduceworkinwhichthemusicdramaandinterpretationshouldbe【54】equalimportance.WagnerstudiedthechangesandabuseswhichGluckhad【55】correctandfoundthattheopera【56】ofthenineteenthcenturyhad【57】backintomanyoftheoldcustomswiththeresultthattherewasnolongeracomplete【58】ofthethreefundamentalsofopera. WagnertellsusinhisautobiographythathisearlylifewasinfluencedbythedramasofShakespearthesymphoniesofBeethovenandtheoperasofVonWeber.HisfirstoperaswereconstructedonthelinesoftheFrenchgrandopera.Thefirsttwowereabsolutefailuresbutwiththe【59】ofRienziin1842Wagnerwasproclaimedtheequalifnotthesuperior【60】BelliniDonizettiandMeyerbeer.Inthewritingofthisworkhehaddiscoveredthedramaticabsurditiesoftheform【61】inhisnextworkTheFlyingDutchmanheattemptedhisfirstimportantuseoftheleitmotiforcharacteristic【62】forhisdifferentpersonagesandalsousedthesethemesinanticipationoftheadventofhischaractersinamannerhelaterdescribedasmakingtheaudienceapartofthebeing.【63】hiswaytoDresdentoconductRienziWagnervisitedtheWartburgCastleandtherehebecamefamiliar【64】thelegendarystorieswhichheusedinallhislaterworks.TannhausergivesanactualdescriptionoftheMinnesingerKnightswhoinspiredWagner【65】TeutonicversionsofTheRingoftheNibelungsLohengrinTristanandIsoldeandParsifal.
RichardWagner RichardWagner1813~1883isregardedbymany【51】TheRevolutionistofOperawhodemolishedalloldformsandwhoreconstructedthemusicdrama【52】principlesentirelyhisown.Inthestrictest【53】thisbeliefisnotjustifiedforWagnersimplyreturnedtotheoldestversionofthemusicdrama.HefoundthattheidealconstructionoftheoperainFlorencehadbeentoproduceworkinwhichthemusicdramaandinterpretationshouldbe【54】equalimportance.WagnerstudiedthechangesandabuseswhichGluckhad【55】correctandfoundthattheopera【56】ofthenineteenthcenturyhad【57】backintomanyoftheoldcustomswiththeresultthattherewasnolongeracomplete【58】ofthethreefundamentalsofopera. WagnertellsusinhisautobiographythathisearlylifewasinfluencedbythedramasofShakespearthesymphoniesofBeethovenandtheoperasofVonWeber.HisfirstoperaswereconstructedonthelinesoftheFrenchgrandopera.Thefirsttwowereabsolutefailuresbutwiththe【59】ofRienziin1842Wagnerwasproclaimedtheequalifnotthesuperior【60】BelliniDonizettiandMeyerbeer.Inthewritingofthisworkhehaddiscoveredthedramaticabsurditiesoftheform【61】inhisnextworkTheFlyingDutchmanheattemptedhisfirstimportantuseoftheleitmotiforcharacteristic【62】forhisdifferentpersonagesandalsousedthesethemesinanticipationoftheadventofhischaractersinamannerhelaterdescribedasmakingtheaudienceapartofthebeing.【63】hiswaytoDresdentoconductRienziWagnervisitedtheWartburgCastleandtherehebecamefamiliar【64】thelegendarystorieswhichheusedinallhislaterworks.TannhausergivesanactualdescriptionoftheMinnesingerKnightswhoinspiredWagner【65】TeutonicversionsofTheRingoftheNibelungsLohengrinTristanandIsoldeandParsifal.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断 ??Attemptstounderstandtherelationship betweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969 suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimalsinthattheytoo reliedupontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans recognizedacauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingand alleviating减轻symptomsofadiseaseorimprovingtheconditionofawound. Sincetherewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnotunderstandaboutthe functioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsabout thecausesaridcutesofhealthdisorders.Soitisnotsurprisingthatearly humansthoughtthatillnesswascausedbyevilspirits.Primitivemedicinesmade fromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformof ritualtoexpelharmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody.??Oneofthe earliestattemptsinthewesternworldtoformulate系统地阐述principles?of healthcarebaseduponrejectionofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundinthework oftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.LittleisknownofHippocrateswholived around400B.C.notevenwhetherheactuallyauthoredthecollectionofbooks thatbearshisname.Neverthelessthewritingsattributedtohimhaveprovided anumberofprinciplesunderlyingmodernpractice.Oneofhismostfamous contributionstheHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedical ethics道德.Amongotherthingsitrequiresthephysiciantoswearthatheor shewillhelpthesickkeeponeselffromintentional?wrong-doingorharm andkeepsecretallmatterstokeepthedoctorpatientrelation-ship.? ?Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroman understandingofthenaturalsciencesandthelogicofcauseandeffect relation-ships.InthisclassicthesisOnAirsWatersandPlacesHippocrates pointedoutthathumanwellbeingisinfluencedbythetotalityofenvironmental factors:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthe qualityofairandfood.Interestingenoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthe qualityofairwaterandplacesarestillverymuchwritteninthetwentieth century.TheHippocraticOathisthefoundationofmedicalethics.
TheGrandCanyon StandingontherimoftheGrandCanyon大峡谷gazingacrossthisgiantwoundintheEarth’’ssurfaceavisitormightassumethatthecanyonhadbeencausedbysomeancientconvulsion震动.Infacttheeventsthatproducedthecanyonfarfrombeingsuddenandcatastrophicsimplyadduptotheslowandorderlyprocessoferosion. ManymillionsofyearsagotheColoradoPlateauintheGrandCanyonareacontained1000morefeetofrockthanitdoestodayandwasrelativelylevel.Theadditionalmaterialconsistedofsome14layeredformationsofrock.IntheGrandCanyonregiontheselayerswerelargelywornawayoverthecourseofmillionsofyears. Approximately65millionyearsagotheplateausflatsurfaceintheGrandCanyonareabulgedupwardfrominternalpressuregeologistsrefertothisbulgingactionsupwarding弯曲上升;itwasfollowedbyageneralelevationofthewholeColoradoPlateauaprocessthatisstillgoingon.Astheplateaugraduallyroseshallowriversthatwindedacrossitbegantorunmoreswiftlyandcutmoredefinitecourses.OneoftheseriverslocatedeastoftheupwardwastheancestoroftheColorado.AnotherriversystemcalledtheHualapaiflowingwestoftheupwardextendeditselfeastwardbycuttingbackintotheupwarditeventuallyconnectedwiththeancientColoradoandcaptureditswaters.Thenewriverthenbegantocarveoutthe277-mile-longtrenchthateventuallybecametheGrandCanyon.Geologistsestimatethatthisinitialcuttingactionbegannoearlierthan10millionyearsago. SincethentheCanyonforminghasbeencumulative.Tothecorrosiveforceoftheriveritselfhavebeenaddedotherfactors.Heatandcoldrainandsnowalongwiththevaryingresistanceoftherocksincreasetheopportunitiesforerosions.TheCanyonwallscrumbletheriveracquiresacuttingtool.Tonsofdebrisrainfallrunningoffthehighplateaucreatesfeederstreamsthatcarresidecanyons.Pushingslowlybackwardintotheplateauthesidecanyonsexposenewrocksandthepatternoferosioncontinues. ItcanbeconcludedfromthispassageabouttheGrandCanyonthat______.
TheGeneIndustry Majorcompaniesarealreadyinpursuitofcommercialapplicationsofthenewbiology.Theydreamofplacingenzymesintheautomobiletomonitorexhaustandsenddataonpollutiontoamicroprocessorthatwillthenadjusttheengine.TheyspeakofwhattheNewYorkTimescallsmetal—hungrymicrobesthatmightbeusedtominevaluabletracemetalsfromoceanwater.Theyhavealreadydemandedandwontherighttopatentnewlifeforms. Nervouscriticsincludingmanyscientistsworrythatthereiscorporatenationalinternationalandinter-scientificrivalryintheentirebiotechnologicalfield.Theycreateimagesnotofoilspillsbutofmicrobespillsthatcouldspreaddiseaseanddestroyentirepopulations.Thecreationandaccidentalreleaseofextremelypoisonousmicrobeshoweverisonlyonecauseforalarm.Completelyrationalandrespectablescientistsaretalkingaboutpossibilitiesthatstaggertheimagination. Shouldwebreedpeoplewithcow-likestomachssotheycandigestgrassandhaytherebyrelievingthefoodproblembymodifyingustoeatlowerdownonthefoodchain?Shouldwebiologicallyalterworkerstofitthejobrequirementforexamplecreatingpilotswithfasterreactiontimesorassembly-lineworkersdesignedtodoourmonotonousworkforus?Shouldweattempttoeliminateinferiorpeopleandbreedasuper-race?Hitlertriedthisbutwithoutthegeneticweaponrythatmaysoonissuefromourlaboratories.Shouldweproducesoldierstodoourfighting?Shouldweusegeneticforecastingtopre-eliminateunfitbabies?Shouldwegrowreserveorgansforourselveseachofushavingasitwereasavingsbankfullofsparekidneyliversorhands? Wildasthesenotionsmaysoundeveryonehasitsadvocatesandopposersinthescientificcommunityaswellasitsstrikingcommercialapplication.AstwocriticsofgeneticengineeringJeremyRifkinandTedHowardstateintheirbookWhoShouldPlayGod?BroadScalegeneticengineeringwillprobablybeintroducedtoAmericamuchthesamewayasassemblylinesautomobilesvaccinescomputersandalltheothertechnologies.Aseachnewgeneticadvancebecomescommerciallypracticalanewconsumerneedwillbeexploitedandamarketforthenewtechnologywillbecreated. WhichofthefollowingnotionsisNOTmentioned?
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断 ??Attemptstounderstandtherelationship betweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969 suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimalsinthattheytoo reliedupontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans recognizedacauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingand alleviating减轻symptomsofadiseaseorimprovingtheconditionofawound. Sincetherewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnotunderstandaboutthe functioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsabout thecausesaridcutesofhealthdisorders.Soitisnotsurprisingthatearly humansthoughtthatillnesswascausedbyevilspirits.Primitivemedicinesmade fromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformof ritualtoexpelharmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody.??Oneofthe earliestattemptsinthewesternworldtoformulate系统地阐述principles?of healthcarebaseduponrejectionofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundinthework oftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.LittleisknownofHippocrateswholived around400B.C.notevenwhetherheactuallyauthoredthecollectionofbooks thatbearshisname.Neverthelessthewritingsattributedtohimhaveprovided anumberofprinciplesunderlyingmodernpractice.Oneofhismostfamous contributionstheHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedical ethics道德.Amongotherthingsitrequiresthephysiciantoswearthatheor shewillhelpthesickkeeponeselffromintentional?wrong-doingorharm andkeepsecretallmatterstokeepthedoctorpatientrelation-ship.? ?Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroman understandingofthenaturalsciencesandthelogicofcauseandeffect relation-ships.InthisclassicthesisOnAirsWatersandPlacesHippocrates pointedoutthathumanwellbeingisinfluencedbythetotalityofenvironmental factors:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthe qualityofairandfood.Interestingenoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthe qualityofairwaterandplacesarestillverymuchwritteninthetwentieth century.It’snotsurewhetherHippocratesactuallyauthoredthecollectionofbooksthatbearshisname.
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{{*HTML*}}? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为规定段每段选择1个正确的小标题2第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子 1.Moreeffortsarebeingmadetowardenvironmentallysafeworkplaces.An environmentalpolicyresearchorganizationhasdonethatinWashingtonD.C.The WorldResourcesInstitutere-designeditsofficetomakeitsaferforpeopleand theenvironment.?Thisnewly-designedofficeiscalledagreen office.??2.Thenewlydesignedofficewasmadewith environmentallysafebuildingmaterialsinsteadofbuildingproductsthatare harmfultotheenvironment.Forexampletheflooroftheofficeismadeof bark树皮fromacorktree.Thebarkofacorktreewillrenewitselfsothetree doesnotdie.Thecorkflooralsofeelsgoodtostandon.??3.The floorinanotherpartoftheofficeismadeofbamboo竹子.Bambooisa fast-growinggrassthatquicklyreplacesitself.Otherareasofthefloorare coveredwithcarpeting.Howeverunlikemanyofficesthecarpetwasmade withoutharmfulchemicals.??4.Storageareasintheofficeare madefromthecrushedshellsofsunflowerseeds.Theofficedoorsaremadefrom pressedwheatstraw.Wheatstrawisanagriculturewasteproductthatwould normallybeburned.Thatprocessaddschemicalstotheatmosphere.? ?5.WorldResourcesInstituteofficialsalsochoselightingandother electricalequipmentthatuselessenergy.Andtheyimprovedtheir communicationsystems.Newvideocommunicationequipmentletsworkersseeand talktopeopleinothercities.Thenewequipmentwasaddedtoreducetheamount oftravelbyofficeworkers.Thatreducestheamountofharmfulgasesthatare releasedintotheatmospherebycarsorplanes.??6.The organization’sofficialsalsoannouncedaplanthatwouldreduceharmfulcarbon dioxidegasesfromtheirofficebytheyear2005.??7.World ResourcesInstituteofficialssaythecostofbuildingagreenofficeis similartothatofatraditionaloffice.Theysaybuildingmoregreenoffices couldleadtoahealthierenvironment.Theysayahealthyenvironmentanda strongeconomycanexisttogether.Theorganizationsaysitiscreatingawork environmentthatisbetterforpeople.Thedoorsaremadefrompressed______.??A.wheatstraw.
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RichardWagner RichardWagner1813~1883isregardedbymany【51】TheRevolutionistofOperawhodemolishedalloldformsandwhoreconstructedthemusicdrama【52】principlesentirelyhisown.Inthestrictest【53】thisbeliefisnotjustifiedforWagnersimplyreturnedtotheoldestversionofthemusicdrama.HefoundthattheidealconstructionoftheoperainFlorencehadbeentoproduceworkinwhichthemusicdramaandinterpretationshouldbe【54】equalimportance.WagnerstudiedthechangesandabuseswhichGluckhad【55】correctandfoundthattheopera【56】ofthenineteenthcenturyhad【57】backintomanyoftheoldcustomswiththeresultthattherewasnolongeracomplete【58】ofthethreefundamentalsofopera. WagnertellsusinhisautobiographythathisearlylifewasinfluencedbythedramasofShakespearthesymphoniesofBeethovenandtheoperasofVonWeber.HisfirstoperaswereconstructedonthelinesoftheFrenchgrandopera.Thefirsttwowereabsolutefailuresbutwiththe【59】ofRienziin1842Wagnerwasproclaimedtheequalifnotthesuperior【60】BelliniDonizettiandMeyerbeer.Inthewritingofthisworkhehaddiscoveredthedramaticabsurditiesoftheform【61】inhisnextworkTheFlyingDutchmanheattemptedhisfirstimportantuseoftheleitmotiforcharacteristic【62】forhisdifferentpersonagesandalsousedthesethemesinanticipationoftheadventofhischaractersinamannerhelaterdescribedasmakingtheaudienceapartofthebeing.【63】hiswaytoDresdentoconductRienziWagnervisitedtheWartburgCastleandtherehebecamefamiliar【64】thelegendarystorieswhichheusedinallhislaterworks.TannhausergivesanactualdescriptionoftheMinnesingerKnightswhoinspiredWagner【65】TeutonicversionsofTheRingoftheNibelungsLohengrinTristanandIsoldeandParsifal.
TheGeneIndustry Majorcompaniesarealreadyinpursuitofcommercialapplicationsofthenewbiology.Theydreamofplacingenzymesintheautomobiletomonitorexhaustandsenddataonpollutiontoamicroprocessorthatwillthenadjusttheengine.TheyspeakofwhattheNewYorkTimescallsmetal—hungrymicrobesthatmightbeusedtominevaluabletracemetalsfromoceanwater.Theyhavealreadydemandedandwontherighttopatentnewlifeforms. Nervouscriticsincludingmanyscientistsworrythatthereiscorporatenationalinternationalandinter-scientificrivalryintheentirebiotechnologicalfield.Theycreateimagesnotofoilspillsbutofmicrobespillsthatcouldspreaddiseaseanddestroyentirepopulations.Thecreationandaccidentalreleaseofextremelypoisonousmicrobeshoweverisonlyonecauseforalarm.Completelyrationalandrespectablescientistsaretalkingaboutpossibilitiesthatstaggertheimagination. Shouldwebreedpeoplewithcow-likestomachssotheycandigestgrassandhaytherebyrelievingthefoodproblembymodifyingustoeatlowerdownonthefoodchain?Shouldwebiologicallyalterworkerstofitthejobrequirementforexamplecreatingpilotswithfasterreactiontimesorassembly-lineworkersdesignedtodoourmonotonousworkforus?Shouldweattempttoeliminateinferiorpeopleandbreedasuper-race?Hitlertriedthisbutwithoutthegeneticweaponrythatmaysoonissuefromourlaboratories.Shouldweproducesoldierstodoourfighting?Shouldweusegeneticforecastingtopre-eliminateunfitbabies?Shouldwegrowreserveorgansforourselveseachofushavingasitwereasavingsbankfullofsparekidneyliversorhands? Wildasthesenotionsmaysoundeveryonehasitsadvocatesandopposersinthescientificcommunityaswellasitsstrikingcommercialapplication.AstwocriticsofgeneticengineeringJeremyRifkinandTedHowardstateintheirbookWhoShouldPlayGod?BroadScalegeneticengineeringwillprobablybeintroducedtoAmericamuchthesamewayasassemblylinesautomobilesvaccinescomputersandalltheothertechnologies.Aseachnewgeneticadvancebecomescommerciallypracticalanewconsumerneedwillbeexploitedandamarketforthenewtechnologywillbecreated. Accordingtothepassagetheexhaustfromacarenginecouldprobablybecheckedby______.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断 ??Attemptstounderstandtherelationship betweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969 suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimalsinthattheytoo reliedupontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans recognizedacauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingand alleviating减轻symptomsofadiseaseorimprovingtheconditionofawound. Sincetherewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnotunderstandaboutthe functioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsabout thecausesaridcutesofhealthdisorders.Soitisnotsurprisingthatearly humansthoughtthatillnesswascausedbyevilspirits.Primitivemedicinesmade fromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformof ritualtoexpelharmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody.??Oneofthe earliestattemptsinthewesternworldtoformulate系统地阐述principles?of healthcarebaseduponrejectionofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundinthework oftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.LittleisknownofHippocrateswholived around400B.C.notevenwhetherheactuallyauthoredthecollectionofbooks thatbearshisname.Neverthelessthewritingsattributedtohimhaveprovided anumberofprinciplesunderlyingmodernpractice.Oneofhismostfamous contributionstheHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedical ethics道德.Amongotherthingsitrequiresthephysiciantoswearthatheor shewillhelpthesickkeeponeselffromintentional?wrong-doingorharm andkeepsecretallmatterstokeepthedoctorpatientrelation-ship.? ?Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroman understandingofthenaturalsciencesandthelogicofcauseandeffect relation-ships.InthisclassicthesisOnAirsWatersandPlacesHippocrates pointedoutthathumanwellbeingisinfluencedbythetotalityofenvironmental factors:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthe qualityofairandfood.Interestingenoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthe qualityofairwaterandplacesarestillverymuchwritteninthetwentieth century.FromLongagepeoplestartedtounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealth.
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TheGeneIndustry Majorcompaniesarealreadyinpursuitofcommercialapplicationsofthenewbiology.Theydreamofplacingenzymesintheautomobiletomonitorexhaustandsenddataonpollutiontoamicroprocessorthatwillthenadjusttheengine.TheyspeakofwhattheNewYorkTimescallsmetal—hungrymicrobesthatmightbeusedtominevaluabletracemetalsfromoceanwater.Theyhavealreadydemandedandwontherighttopatentnewlifeforms. Nervouscriticsincludingmanyscientistsworrythatthereiscorporatenationalinternationalandinter-scientificrivalryintheentirebiotechnologicalfield.Theycreateimagesnotofoilspillsbutofmicrobespillsthatcouldspreaddiseaseanddestroyentirepopulations.Thecreationandaccidentalreleaseofextremelypoisonousmicrobeshoweverisonlyonecauseforalarm.Completelyrationalandrespectablescientistsaretalkingaboutpossibilitiesthatstaggertheimagination. Shouldwebreedpeoplewithcow-likestomachssotheycandigestgrassandhaytherebyrelievingthefoodproblembymodifyingustoeatlowerdownonthefoodchain?Shouldwebiologicallyalterworkerstofitthejobrequirementforexamplecreatingpilotswithfasterreactiontimesorassembly-lineworkersdesignedtodoourmonotonousworkforus?Shouldweattempttoeliminateinferiorpeopleandbreedasuper-race?Hitlertriedthisbutwithoutthegeneticweaponrythatmaysoonissuefromourlaboratories.Shouldweproducesoldierstodoourfighting?Shouldweusegeneticforecastingtopre-eliminateunfitbabies?Shouldwegrowreserveorgansforourselveseachofushavingasitwereasavingsbankfullofsparekidneyliversorhands? Wildasthesenotionsmaysoundeveryonehasitsadvocatesandopposersinthescientificcommunityaswellasitsstrikingcommercialapplication.AstwocriticsofgeneticengineeringJeremyRifkinandTedHowardstateintheirbookWhoShouldPlayGod?BroadScalegeneticengineeringwillprobablybeintroducedtoAmericamuchthesamewayasassemblylinesautomobilesvaccinescomputersandalltheothertechnologies.Aseachnewgeneticadvancebecomescommerciallypracticalanewconsumerneedwillbeexploitedandamarketforthenewtechnologywillbecreated. WhatdoseJeremyRifkinandTedHoward’sstatementimply?
RichardWagner RichardWagner1813~1883isregardedbymany【51】TheRevolutionistofOperawhodemolishedalloldformsandwhoreconstructedthemusicdrama【52】principlesentirelyhisown.Inthestrictest【53】thisbeliefisnotjustifiedforWagnersimplyreturnedtotheoldestversionofthemusicdrama.HefoundthattheidealconstructionoftheoperainFlorencehadbeentoproduceworkinwhichthemusicdramaandinterpretationshouldbe【54】equalimportance.WagnerstudiedthechangesandabuseswhichGluckhad【55】correctandfoundthattheopera【56】ofthenineteenthcenturyhad【57】backintomanyoftheoldcustomswiththeresultthattherewasnolongeracomplete【58】ofthethreefundamentalsofopera. WagnertellsusinhisautobiographythathisearlylifewasinfluencedbythedramasofShakespearthesymphoniesofBeethovenandtheoperasofVonWeber.HisfirstoperaswereconstructedonthelinesoftheFrenchgrandopera.Thefirsttwowereabsolutefailuresbutwiththe【59】ofRienziin1842Wagnerwasproclaimedtheequalifnotthesuperior【60】BelliniDonizettiandMeyerbeer.Inthewritingofthisworkhehaddiscoveredthedramaticabsurditiesoftheform【61】inhisnextworkTheFlyingDutchmanheattemptedhisfirstimportantuseoftheleitmotiforcharacteristic【62】forhisdifferentpersonagesandalsousedthesethemesinanticipationoftheadventofhischaractersinamannerhelaterdescribedasmakingtheaudienceapartofthebeing.【63】hiswaytoDresdentoconductRienziWagnervisitedtheWartburgCastleandtherehebecamefamiliar【64】thelegendarystorieswhichheusedinallhislaterworks.TannhausergivesanactualdescriptionoftheMinnesingerKnightswhoinspiredWagner【65】TeutonicversionsofTheRingoftheNibelungsLohengrinTristanandIsoldeandParsifal.
Tebbut'sownproductcalledBrainstormisa{{U}}sophisticated{{/U}}software'ideasorganizer'thatischeapeasytouseandquitehelpful.
ViceVaccines Atfirstglancevicevaccineslookjustgreat.Theseinjectionspromisetoinactivatedrugssuchascocaineheroinandnicotineinthebloodstreambeforetheyreachthebrain.Withoutthehitpeoplejustwon’’tcomebackformore. It’’struethatthesevaccinesarestillbeingdevelopedsotheirfullrisksandbenefitsarenotyetclear.Butallthesignsarethatforpeoplewhoareindangerofoverdosingorforaddictswhowanttogetthemselvescleanbutneedsomehelptoovercometheircravingthevaccineswillbeimmenselyvaluable. Butlikemanynewtechnologiestheyalsobringdifficultchoices.Willconvictedcriminalswhostealtofeedtheirdrughabitbeallowedbackontothestreetiftheyagreetobevaccinatedforexample?Couldajudgeevencompelthesepeopletobevaccinated? Perhapsthemostcontroversialdebatethatvicevaccineshaveraisediswhethertheyshouldbegivenroutinelytochildrenlikepolioormeaslesvaccines.Thisis.notadistantworry.Nosoonertheyhavefoundthemselvessubmergedwithrequestsfromworriedparentswhowanttheirchildrenvaccinated.Isthisreallywhatwewantforfuturegenerations? Foranysocietythatvaluespersonalfreedomtheanswerhastobeno.Peoplehavetherighttochoosehowtobehavewhetherit’’sgoodorbadlegalornot.Letnotignorethefactthatmillionsofpeopletakeillegaldrugsforpleasurewithoutbecomingaddicted.Administeringvicevaccineswillmeanthatyoungstersarenolongerfreetomakesuchchoicesforthemselves.ItwouldbelikeareturntoPleasantvile. Andrememberwe’’rejusttalkingaboutillegaldrugshere.Onevaccineunderdevelopmentactsagainstnicotineandifitsnicotinetodaywhynotcaffeinetomorrow?Society’’sattitudestodrugschange.Fortyyearsagosmokingwasfine.AcenturyagoAmericanshipoperatorsweregivingstevedores码头工人cocainetospeeduptheirwork. Likeitornotpeoplehavebeentakingmind-alteringchemicalssincebeforerecordedhistory.Eachvaccineactsonlyagainstaspecificdrugandstoppingpeoplegettinghighononedrugwillsimplypushthemtotakeothers—asaddictionresearchershavealreadyfound.Sodrugusewon’’tgoawaythedrugswilljustchange. Opposingthewidespreaduseofvicevaccinesforyoungstersisnottoadvocatedruguse.Byallmeansletvicevaccinessparkarevolutionindetox解毒clinics.Butwhenitcomestohelpingchildrendealwithdrugsthewaytohelpthemisthrougheducationensuringthattheycanfollowlifestylesthatareincompatiblewithdrugtakingandgivingthemthetoolstospotrisksandmakeinformedchoices. Theproblemofdrugabuseisboundupwithmodernsocietyincomplexways.Simplechemicalsolutionsareunlikelytoprovidethewholeanswer. Routinevaccinationofthevicevaccinetochildrenwill______.
{{*HTML*}}? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为规定段每段选择1个正确的小标题2第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子 1.Moreeffortsarebeingmadetowardenvironmentallysafeworkplaces.An environmentalpolicyresearchorganizationhasdonethatinWashingtonD.C.The WorldResourcesInstitutere-designeditsofficetomakeitsaferforpeopleand theenvironment.?Thisnewly-designedofficeiscalledagreen office.??2.Thenewlydesignedofficewasmadewith environmentallysafebuildingmaterialsinsteadofbuildingproductsthatare harmfultotheenvironment.Forexampletheflooroftheofficeismadeof bark树皮fromacorktree.Thebarkofacorktreewillrenewitselfsothetree doesnotdie.Thecorkflooralsofeelsgoodtostandon.??3.The floorinanotherpartoftheofficeismadeofbamboo竹子.Bambooisa fast-growinggrassthatquicklyreplacesitself.Otherareasofthefloorare coveredwithcarpeting.Howeverunlikemanyofficesthecarpetwasmade withoutharmfulchemicals.??4.Storageareasintheofficeare madefromthecrushedshellsofsunflowerseeds.Theofficedoorsaremadefrom pressedwheatstraw.Wheatstrawisanagriculturewasteproductthatwould normallybeburned.Thatprocessaddschemicalstotheatmosphere.? ?5.WorldResourcesInstituteofficialsalsochoselightingandother electricalequipmentthatuselessenergy.Andtheyimprovedtheir communicationsystems.Newvideocommunicationequipmentletsworkersseeand talktopeopleinothercities.Thenewequipmentwasaddedtoreducetheamount oftravelbyofficeworkers.Thatreducestheamountofharmfulgasesthatare releasedintotheatmospherebycarsorplanes.??6.The organization’sofficialsalsoannouncedaplanthatwouldreduceharmfulcarbon dioxidegasesfromtheirofficebytheyear2005.??7.World ResourcesInstituteofficialssaythecostofbuildingagreenofficeis similartothatofatraditionaloffice.Theysaybuildingmoregreenoffices couldleadtoahealthierenvironment.Theysayahealthyenvironmentanda strongeconomycanexisttogether.Theorganizationsaysitiscreatingawork environmentthatisbetterforpeople.Para7______.
RichardWagner RichardWagner1813~1883isregardedbymany【51】TheRevolutionistofOperawhodemolishedalloldformsandwhoreconstructedthemusicdrama【52】principlesentirelyhisown.Inthestrictest【53】thisbeliefisnotjustifiedforWagnersimplyreturnedtotheoldestversionofthemusicdrama.HefoundthattheidealconstructionoftheoperainFlorencehadbeentoproduceworkinwhichthemusicdramaandinterpretationshouldbe【54】equalimportance.WagnerstudiedthechangesandabuseswhichGluckhad【55】correctandfoundthattheopera【56】ofthenineteenthcenturyhad【57】backintomanyoftheoldcustomswiththeresultthattherewasnolongeracomplete【58】ofthethreefundamentalsofopera. WagnertellsusinhisautobiographythathisearlylifewasinfluencedbythedramasofShakespearthesymphoniesofBeethovenandtheoperasofVonWeber.HisfirstoperaswereconstructedonthelinesoftheFrenchgrandopera.Thefirsttwowereabsolutefailuresbutwiththe【59】ofRienziin1842Wagnerwasproclaimedtheequalifnotthesuperior【60】BelliniDonizettiandMeyerbeer.Inthewritingofthisworkhehaddiscoveredthedramaticabsurditiesoftheform【61】inhisnextworkTheFlyingDutchmanheattemptedhisfirstimportantuseoftheleitmotiforcharacteristic【62】forhisdifferentpersonagesandalsousedthesethemesinanticipationoftheadventofhischaractersinamannerhelaterdescribedasmakingtheaudienceapartofthebeing.【63】hiswaytoDresdentoconductRienziWagnervisitedtheWartburgCastleandtherehebecamefamiliar【64】thelegendarystorieswhichheusedinallhislaterworks.TannhausergivesanactualdescriptionoftheMinnesingerKnightswhoinspiredWagner【65】TeutonicversionsofTheRingoftheNibelungsLohengrinTristanandIsoldeandParsifal.
{{*HTML*}}? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为规定段每段选择1个正确的小标题2第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子 1.Moreeffortsarebeingmadetowardenvironmentallysafeworkplaces.An environmentalpolicyresearchorganizationhasdonethatinWashingtonD.C.The WorldResourcesInstitutere-designeditsofficetomakeitsaferforpeopleand theenvironment.?Thisnewly-designedofficeiscalledagreen office.??2.Thenewlydesignedofficewasmadewith environmentallysafebuildingmaterialsinsteadofbuildingproductsthatare harmfultotheenvironment.Forexampletheflooroftheofficeismadeof bark树皮fromacorktree.Thebarkofacorktreewillrenewitselfsothetree doesnotdie.Thecorkflooralsofeelsgoodtostandon.??3.The floorinanotherpartoftheofficeismadeofbamboo竹子.Bambooisa fast-growinggrassthatquicklyreplacesitself.Otherareasofthefloorare coveredwithcarpeting.Howeverunlikemanyofficesthecarpetwasmade withoutharmfulchemicals.??4.Storageareasintheofficeare madefromthecrushedshellsofsunflowerseeds.Theofficedoorsaremadefrom pressedwheatstraw.Wheatstrawisanagriculturewasteproductthatwould normallybeburned.Thatprocessaddschemicalstotheatmosphere.? ?5.WorldResourcesInstituteofficialsalsochoselightingandother electricalequipmentthatuselessenergy.Andtheyimprovedtheir communicationsystems.Newvideocommunicationequipmentletsworkersseeand talktopeopleinothercities.Thenewequipmentwasaddedtoreducetheamount oftravelbyofficeworkers.Thatreducestheamountofharmfulgasesthatare releasedintotheatmospherebycarsorplanes.??6.The organization’sofficialsalsoannouncedaplanthatwouldreduceharmfulcarbon dioxidegasesfromtheirofficebytheyear2005.??7.World ResourcesInstituteofficialssaythecostofbuildingagreenofficeis similartothatofatraditionaloffice.Theysaybuildingmoregreenoffices couldleadtoahealthierenvironment.Theysayahealthyenvironmentanda strongeconomycanexisttogether.Theorganizationsaysitiscreatingawork environmentthatisbetterforpeople.Para2______.
TheGrandCanyon StandingontherimoftheGrandCanyon大峡谷gazingacrossthisgiantwoundintheEarth’’ssurfaceavisitormightassumethatthecanyonhadbeencausedbysomeancientconvulsion震动.Infacttheeventsthatproducedthecanyonfarfrombeingsuddenandcatastrophicsimplyadduptotheslowandorderlyprocessoferosion. ManymillionsofyearsagotheColoradoPlateauintheGrandCanyonareacontained1000morefeetofrockthanitdoestodayandwasrelativelylevel.Theadditionalmaterialconsistedofsome14layeredformationsofrock.IntheGrandCanyonregiontheselayerswerelargelywornawayoverthecourseofmillionsofyears. Approximately65millionyearsagotheplateausflatsurfaceintheGrandCanyonareabulgedupwardfrominternalpressuregeologistsrefertothisbulgingactionsupwarding弯曲上升;itwasfollowedbyageneralelevationofthewholeColoradoPlateauaprocessthatisstillgoingon.Astheplateaugraduallyroseshallowriversthatwindedacrossitbegantorunmoreswiftlyandcutmoredefinitecourses.OneoftheseriverslocatedeastoftheupwardwastheancestoroftheColorado.AnotherriversystemcalledtheHualapaiflowingwestoftheupwardextendeditselfeastwardbycuttingbackintotheupwarditeventuallyconnectedwiththeancientColoradoandcaptureditswaters.Thenewriverthenbegantocarveoutthe277-mile-longtrenchthateventuallybecametheGrandCanyon.Geologistsestimatethatthisinitialcuttingactionbegannoearlierthan10millionyearsago. SincethentheCanyonforminghasbeencumulative.Tothecorrosiveforceoftheriveritselfhavebeenaddedotherfactors.Heatandcoldrainandsnowalongwiththevaryingresistanceoftherocksincreasetheopportunitiesforerosions.TheCanyonwallscrumbletheriveracquiresacuttingtool.Tonsofdebrisrainfallrunningoffthehighplateaucreatesfeederstreamsthatcarresidecanyons.Pushingslowlybackwardintotheplateauthesidecanyonsexposenewrocksandthepatternoferosioncontinues. ThewordwoundLine1Para.1indicatesthat______.
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RichardWagner RichardWagner1813~1883isregardedbymany【51】TheRevolutionistofOperawhodemolishedalloldformsandwhoreconstructedthemusicdrama【52】principlesentirelyhisown.Inthestrictest【53】thisbeliefisnotjustifiedforWagnersimplyreturnedtotheoldestversionofthemusicdrama.HefoundthattheidealconstructionoftheoperainFlorencehadbeentoproduceworkinwhichthemusicdramaandinterpretationshouldbe【54】equalimportance.WagnerstudiedthechangesandabuseswhichGluckhad【55】correctandfoundthattheopera【56】ofthenineteenthcenturyhad【57】backintomanyoftheoldcustomswiththeresultthattherewasnolongeracomplete【58】ofthethreefundamentalsofopera. WagnertellsusinhisautobiographythathisearlylifewasinfluencedbythedramasofShakespearthesymphoniesofBeethovenandtheoperasofVonWeber.HisfirstoperaswereconstructedonthelinesoftheFrenchgrandopera.Thefirsttwowereabsolutefailuresbutwiththe【59】ofRienziin1842Wagnerwasproclaimedtheequalifnotthesuperior【60】BelliniDonizettiandMeyerbeer.Inthewritingofthisworkhehaddiscoveredthedramaticabsurditiesoftheform【61】inhisnextworkTheFlyingDutchmanheattemptedhisfirstimportantuseoftheleitmotiforcharacteristic【62】forhisdifferentpersonagesandalsousedthesethemesinanticipationoftheadventofhischaractersinamannerhelaterdescribedasmakingtheaudienceapartofthebeing.【63】hiswaytoDresdentoconductRienziWagnervisitedtheWartburgCastleandtherehebecamefamiliar【64】thelegendarystorieswhichheusedinallhislaterworks.TannhausergivesanactualdescriptionoftheMinnesingerKnightswhoinspiredWagner【65】TeutonicversionsofTheRingoftheNibelungsLohengrinTristanandIsoldeandParsifal.
{{*HTML*}}? ?下面有3篇短文每篇短文后有5道题每题后面有4个选项请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} ??Thereseemstobeacloserelationship betweendrinksandone’slife.??Theadolescent少年usuallyloves softdrinksfortheirsweetnessandvariety.Heknowsnothingofsadnessandhis tasteoflifeissweetnesstotheexclusionofalltheothers.?Inhis eyestheworldisfulloffacetsjustassoftdrinksarevariedin flavor.??Youthseeshimonajoborinlove.Nowsoftdrinks willhavetogivewaytocoffeewhichisbitteryetsomewhatsweetand fragrant.Itgivesastimulatingsensationsuggestiveofmaturityappealingto himasheisfickleandmoody.Athisstagehebeginshiscareerfullof ambitionandidealsontheotherhandhealsoneedsandaspiresafterahomeof hisown.Howevereitherhisworkorhisloveaffairsmaybringsmallsetbacks forwhichheissometimesseenforcingatearfulsmileandsometimessmiling throughhistears.Considerationsofgainsandlossesseemtohimanenjoyment aswellasatorture.??MiddleageturnshimtoChineseteathat givesadelicatefragranceverygradualtocomeoutonlydiscernableoffand on.Itisblandanelegantdeepandprofound.Itneverstimulatesyoursenseof tastebutalipofitwillleaveafaintfragrancelingeringinyourmouthFree fromimpracticallongingsandfullyawareoftheevanescentofthesunsethe cherisheseveryminuteofthedayandeachdayofhisissweetenedwithasimple butrealhappiness.??Theelderlydrinksplainboiledwaterwhich isdevoidofsaccharincaffeineortheophyline茶碱.Ittastesinsipidyeta slowsippingwilldoubtlessyieldaweebitofsweetness.Hehasbeentossedin life’sstormsandtaughtbyroughandbitterexperiencetoknowbetterthanto careaboutgloriesandsuccesseswhichappeartohimnowastransientasa fleetingcloud.Forthisisthetimehecansitcomfortableinanarmchair lettinghismindwander.Allthathappenedinthepastandallthatexistinthe worldseemtohimasplainandinsipdas water...Accordingtothepassagetheadolescentlovessoftdrinksbecause______.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断 ??Attemptstounderstandtherelationship betweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969 suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimalsinthattheytoo reliedupontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans recognizedacauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingand alleviating减轻symptomsofadiseaseorimprovingtheconditionofawound. Sincetherewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnotunderstandaboutthe functioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsabout thecausesaridcutesofhealthdisorders.Soitisnotsurprisingthatearly humansthoughtthatillnesswascausedbyevilspirits.Primitivemedicinesmade fromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformof ritualtoexpelharmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody.??Oneofthe earliestattemptsinthewesternworldtoformulate系统地阐述principles?of healthcarebaseduponrejectionofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundinthework oftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.LittleisknownofHippocrateswholived around400B.C.notevenwhetherheactuallyauthoredthecollectionofbooks thatbearshisname.Neverthelessthewritingsattributedtohimhaveprovided anumberofprinciplesunderlyingmodernpractice.Oneofhismostfamous contributionstheHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedical ethics道德.Amongotherthingsitrequiresthephysiciantoswearthatheor shewillhelpthesickkeeponeselffromintentional?wrong-doingorharm andkeepsecretallmatterstokeepthedoctorpatientrelation-ship.? ?Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroman understandingofthenaturalsciencesandthelogicofcauseandeffect relation-ships.InthisclassicthesisOnAirsWatersandPlacesHippocrates pointedoutthathumanwellbeingisinfluencedbythetotalityofenvironmental factors:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthe qualityofairandfood.Interestingenoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthe qualityofairwaterandplacesarestillverymuchwritteninthetwentieth century.Primitivehumanslookedlikeanimals.
{{*HTML*}}? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为规定段每段选择1个正确的小标题2第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子 1.Moreeffortsarebeingmadetowardenvironmentallysafeworkplaces.An environmentalpolicyresearchorganizationhasdonethatinWashingtonD.C.The WorldResourcesInstitutere-designeditsofficetomakeitsaferforpeopleand theenvironment.?Thisnewly-designedofficeiscalledagreen office.??2.Thenewlydesignedofficewasmadewith environmentallysafebuildingmaterialsinsteadofbuildingproductsthatare harmfultotheenvironment.Forexampletheflooroftheofficeismadeof bark树皮fromacorktree.Thebarkofacorktreewillrenewitselfsothetree doesnotdie.Thecorkflooralsofeelsgoodtostandon.??3.The floorinanotherpartoftheofficeismadeofbamboo竹子.Bambooisa fast-growinggrassthatquicklyreplacesitself.Otherareasofthefloorare coveredwithcarpeting.Howeverunlikemanyofficesthecarpetwasmade withoutharmfulchemicals.??4.Storageareasintheofficeare madefromthecrushedshellsofsunflowerseeds.Theofficedoorsaremadefrom pressedwheatstraw.Wheatstrawisanagriculturewasteproductthatwould normallybeburned.Thatprocessaddschemicalstotheatmosphere.? ?5.WorldResourcesInstituteofficialsalsochoselightingandother electricalequipmentthatuselessenergy.Andtheyimprovedtheir communicationsystems.Newvideocommunicationequipmentletsworkersseeand talktopeopleinothercities.Thenewequipmentwasaddedtoreducetheamount oftravelbyofficeworkers.Thatreducestheamountofharmfulgasesthatare releasedintotheatmospherebycarsorplanes.??6.The organization’sofficialsalsoannouncedaplanthatwouldreduceharmfulcarbon dioxidegasesfromtheirofficebytheyear2005.??7.World ResourcesInstituteofficialssaythecostofbuildingagreenofficeis similartothatofatraditionaloffice.Theysaybuildingmoregreenoffices couldleadtoahealthierenvironment.Theysayahealthyenvironmentanda strongeconomycanexisttogether.Theorganizationsaysitiscreatingawork environmentthatisbetterforpeople.Thefloorinanotherofficeismadeof______.
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RichardWagner RichardWagner1813~1883isregardedbymany【51】TheRevolutionistofOperawhodemolishedalloldformsandwhoreconstructedthemusicdrama【52】principlesentirelyhisown.Inthestrictest【53】thisbeliefisnotjustifiedforWagnersimplyreturnedtotheoldestversionofthemusicdrama.HefoundthattheidealconstructionoftheoperainFlorencehadbeentoproduceworkinwhichthemusicdramaandinterpretationshouldbe【54】equalimportance.WagnerstudiedthechangesandabuseswhichGluckhad【55】correctandfoundthattheopera【56】ofthenineteenthcenturyhad【57】backintomanyoftheoldcustomswiththeresultthattherewasnolongeracomplete【58】ofthethreefundamentalsofopera. WagnertellsusinhisautobiographythathisearlylifewasinfluencedbythedramasofShakespearthesymphoniesofBeethovenandtheoperasofVonWeber.HisfirstoperaswereconstructedonthelinesoftheFrenchgrandopera.Thefirsttwowereabsolutefailuresbutwiththe【59】ofRienziin1842Wagnerwasproclaimedtheequalifnotthesuperior【60】BelliniDonizettiandMeyerbeer.Inthewritingofthisworkhehaddiscoveredthedramaticabsurditiesoftheform【61】inhisnextworkTheFlyingDutchmanheattemptedhisfirstimportantuseoftheleitmotiforcharacteristic【62】forhisdifferentpersonagesandalsousedthesethemesinanticipationoftheadventofhischaractersinamannerhelaterdescribedasmakingtheaudienceapartofthebeing.【63】hiswaytoDresdentoconductRienziWagnervisitedtheWartburgCastleandtherehebecamefamiliar【64】thelegendarystorieswhichheusedinallhislaterworks.TannhausergivesanactualdescriptionoftheMinnesingerKnightswhoinspiredWagner【65】TeutonicversionsofTheRingoftheNibelungsLohengrinTristanandIsoldeandParsifal.
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