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1937年日本侵略军攻陷我国民政府所在地在那里屠杀中国同胞达30万人以上而现在这件事却被日本右翼势力
济南惨案
皇姑屯事件
潘家峪惨案
南京大屠杀
国民革命军北伐宣言而过去数年间之经验已证明帝国主义者及其卖国军阀实为和平统一之障碍为革命势力之仇敌下
①③④
②③④
①②③④
①②④
抗日战争期间日本军队在中国制造的一起大屠杀惨案被中外舆论界称为人类现代史上破天荒的残酷记录现代文明史
南京
北京
沈阳
上海
1937年12月13日日军占领南京制造了惨绝人寰的南京大惨案中国平民和被俘士兵被集体枪杀焚烧活埋及用
10万人
20万人
30万人
北伐战争期间帝国主义公开干涉中国革命先后制造屠杀中国军民的惨案有
济南惨案
五卅惨案
沙基惨案
南京惨案
万县惨案
下列暴行属于日本侵略者制造的是①火烧圆明园面威风②旅顺大屠杀③南京大屠杀④潘家峪惨案
①②③④
②③④
②③
①②③
1946年2月10日和6月23日国民党的当局先后在重庆和南京制造了校场口惨案
北伐战争期间帝国主义国家先后制造万县惨案一三惨案和南京惨案其直接目的是
维护其在华利益
破坏中国革命
支持蒋介石
屠杀中国军民
1931年12月国民党军警__学生抗日爱国运动制造了
济南惨案
南京惨案
珍珠桥惨案
下关惨案
12月13日侵华日军发动了南京大屠杀这一惨案使南京同胞遇难
1945年20万
1937年10万
1931年30万
1937年30万
抗日战争时期日军在湖南的暴行有①厂窖惨案②文夕大火③南京大屠杀④常德细菌战
②③
①④
③④
①②
在北伐战争进行期间帝国主义为破坏和干涉中国革命而制造的惨案有
五卅惨案
万县惨案
南京惨案
济南惨案
1937年日本侵略军攻陷国民政府所在地在那里屠杀中国同胞达30万人以上而现在这件事却被日本右翼势力称
济南惨案
皇姑屯事件
潘家峪惨案
南京大屠杀
抗日战争期间日本军队在中国制造的一起大屠杀惨案被中外舆论界称为人类现代史上破天荒的残酷记录现代文明史
沈阳
上海
南京
广州
1946年2月10日和6月一23日国民党当局先后在重庆和南京制造了
沧白堂事件
较场口惨案
下关惨案
于子三惨案
1926年下半年至1927年上半年美英帝国主义在中国制造的惨案有
济南惨案
四川万县惨案
南京惨案
确山惨案
抗日战争期间日本军队在中国制造的一起大屠杀惨案被中外舆论界称为人类现代史上破天荒的残酷记录现代文明史
沈阳
上海
南京
广州
1928年5月日本为阻止以美元为背景的南军北上而制造的事件是
汉口暴动
济南惨案
南京惨案
皇姑屯事件
我国将南京大屠杀惨案开始的日子设立为南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭日公祭日是
9月18日
12月13日
9月3日
9月9日
1941年6月5日哪个城市的防空洞发生了6•5惨案这场惨案又称较场口隧道惨案它与1938年6月9日的
上海
南京
重庆
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Text2 Untilrecentlymobileradiowasto wirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.Withamixed clientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiesto taxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessanda technologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitis knownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesin theall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshave figuredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoan advancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT＆Tandthe giantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughthe industrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor＄1.8 billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony. AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsare digitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork. SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellular phonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.And whilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000the technologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacityso fastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattan andLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservice couldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredict theywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.There arenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanother contendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiply theconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleast halfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservices includingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.Phoneand cabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesare developingso-calledpersonal-communicationsnetworksorPCNsahighly advancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnect toagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventional cellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrong technologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesame marketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutis over.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocan makethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindful oftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyone callsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasy choice.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems
Text4 Shouldanyonemuchcarewhetheran AmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuch hasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan 18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethat anotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternational IncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.Anaffairhas outragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateabout moralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawand order.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.The questionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle:though Singaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknow Americanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.Doesateenager convictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozen powerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBy whatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessand licensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaning sentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebate overwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.Too badMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.Notonlydoesheseem destinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandard forjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.is fairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshore republicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLOSAngelesto whichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthe hard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithout itsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbe muchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajor factordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommon identitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU. S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversal societythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld. Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproduceda gridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamily lifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookon complacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceis becomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthis affair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismAct fordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasan unwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthuman rights.ThewordcacophonousPara.3mostprobablymeans
PartADirections:Readingthefollowingfourtexts. AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswers onANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Howdidthecompanycometoproducea recordglorifyingthemurderofpolicewhichisentitledCopKillerbythe rapperIce-TonthealbumBobyCountThealbumisreleasedbyWarnerBros. RecordspartoftheTimeWarnermediaandentertainmentconglomerate. InaWallStreetJournalopedpiecelayingoutthecompany’sposition TimeWarnerco-CEOGeraldLevinmakestwodefenses.FirstIce-T’sCopKiller ismisunderstood.Itdoesn’tinduceorglorifyviolence...It’shis fictionalizedattempttogetinsideacharacter’shead...CopKillerisnomore acallforgunningdownthepolicethanFrankieandJohnnyisasummonsfor jiltedloverstoshootoneanother.Insteadoffindingwaystosilencethe messengerweshouldbeheedingtheanguishedcrycontainedinhis message.Thisdefenseisself-contradictory.Frankieand Johnnydoesnotpretendtohaveapoliticalmessagethatmustbeheeded.If CopKillerhasamessageitisthatthemurderofpolicemenisajustified responsetopolicebrutality.Andnotinself-defensebutinpremeditated actsofrevengeagainstrandomcops.Killingpolicemenisagoodthing--thatis theplainmeaningofthesongandnolargerunderstandingofblackculture therageofthestreetsoranythingelsecanexplainitaway.Asinmuchof today’spopularmusicthelinebetweenperformerandperformanceispurposely blurred.Thesearepoliticalsermonettesclearlyintendedtosupportthe sentimentsbeingexpressed.TraeyMarrowIce-ThimselfhassaidIscaredthe policeandtheyneedtobescared.Thatseemsclear.The company’sseconddefenseofCopKilleristheclassiconeoffreeexpression: Westandforcreativefreedom.Webelievethattheworthofwhatanartistor journalisthastosaydoesnotdependonpreapprovalfromagovernmentofficial oracorporatecensor.OfcourseIce-Thastherighttosay whateverhewants.Butthatdoesn’trequireanycompanytoprovidehiman outlet.Anditdoesn’trelieveacompanyofresponsibilityforthemessagesit choosestopromote.Judgmentisnotcensorship.Manyananguishedcrygoes unrecorded.Thisonewasrecordedandpromotedbecauseasuccessfulartist undercontractwantedtorecordit.Nothingwrongwithmakingmoneybuta companycannottakethemoneyandrunfromtheresponsibility. ThefounderofTimeHenryLucewouldhavescornedthenotionthathis companyprovidedavalue-freeforumfortheexchangeofideas.InLuce’ssystem editorsweresupposedtomakevaluejudgmentsandpromotethetruthastheysaw it.TheauthorassertsthatGeraldLevin’sdefensesofCopKillerare
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.Forquestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--G tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdo notfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inany interactionwithothers;itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures. Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesare unclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures. 41_____________________.Low-contextculturesliketheUnited StatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbal communication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappen orthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplaceless importanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.In high-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbal componentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingthe intendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42_____________________.Forinstanceitmaybemoresocially acceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnot angerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametime interpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaand Japanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundthe worldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothof whichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43_____________________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomean friendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencold underthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilar acrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportant tounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinorderto interpretemotionsexpressedincross-cultural interactions.44_____________________.Inacomparisonof NorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthatthe Frenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparents whileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45_____________________.Theseexamplesofdifferences relatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Careful observationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivating relationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytowork effectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences.[A]These differencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonis explainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemay dosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriateto inflictthepainofgriefonothers.[B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshas todowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencountervery differentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.North Americanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyare surroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmore closelywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonal spaces.[C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewith theirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleoffirstcomefirstserved.The Frenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmany BritishandUSAmericans.[D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromour culturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggestures posturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouchphysical appearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegrees ofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior.[E]Thedifficultywithspace preferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem. Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalking withanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidence ofcoldnessoralackofinterest.[F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutive workingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemoving theguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor.[G] Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.For exampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfear sadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearound theworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptableto displayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom.
Text3 Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe 13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofa devastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.People getcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli. LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.Afterdrifting loweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverage abruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhourof trading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertany senseofcrisisafterthemarketClosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholas Brady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’t signalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomy remainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.But MassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeon telecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestock marketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbefore wehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontothese problems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblamefor thelatestshipwreck.Aseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedon Fridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporate profitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.The singulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa＄6.75billionlabor managementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecond largestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWall Streetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrection ofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsand awaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000 pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearly worried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon. Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedby ChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited. Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinanced throughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidin theneartermbuttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewthe Uniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohn DowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshave lookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintrouble everyonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough. Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation
Text4 Shouldanyonemuchcarewhetheran AmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuch hasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan 18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethat anotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternational IncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.Anaffairhas outragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateabout moralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawand order.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.The questionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle:though Singaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknow Americanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.Doesateenager convictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozen powerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBy whatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessand licensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaning sentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebate overwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.Too badMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.Notonlydoesheseem destinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandard forjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.is fairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshore republicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLOSAngelesto whichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthe hard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithout itsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbe muchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajor factordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommon identitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU. S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversal societythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld. Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproduceda gridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamily lifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookon complacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceis becomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthis affair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismAct fordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasan unwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthuman rights.WhatdidthewritersayhappenedtoMichaelFayinSingapore
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.Forquestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--G tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdo notfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inany interactionwithothers;itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures. Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesare unclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures. 41_____________________.Low-contextculturesliketheUnited StatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbal communication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappen orthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplaceless importanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.In high-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbal componentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingthe intendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42_____________________.Forinstanceitmaybemoresocially acceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnot angerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametime interpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaand Japanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundthe worldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothof whichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43_____________________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomean friendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencold underthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilar acrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportant tounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinorderto interpretemotionsexpressedincross-cultural interactions.44_____________________.Inacomparisonof NorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthatthe Frenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparents whileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45_____________________.Theseexamplesofdifferences relatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Careful observationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivating relationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytowork effectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences.[A]These differencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonis explainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemay dosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriateto inflictthepainofgriefonothers.[B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshas todowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencountervery differentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.North Americanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyare surroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmore closelywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonal spaces.[C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewith theirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleoffirstcomefirstserved.The Frenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmany BritishandUSAmericans.[D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromour culturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggestures posturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouchphysical appearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegrees ofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior.[E]Thedifficultywithspace preferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem. Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalking withanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidence ofcoldnessoralackofinterest.[F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutive workingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemoving theguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor.[G] Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.For exampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfear sadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearound theworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptableto displayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom.
Text4 Shouldanyonemuchcarewhetheran AmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuch hasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan 18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethat anotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternational IncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.Anaffairhas outragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateabout moralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawand order.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.The questionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle:though Singaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknow Americanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.Doesateenager convictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozen powerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBy whatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessand licensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaning sentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebate overwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.Too badMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.Notonlydoesheseem destinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandard forjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.is fairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshore republicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLOSAngelesto whichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthe hard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithout itsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbe muchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajor factordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommon identitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU. S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversal societythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld. Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproduceda gridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamily lifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookon complacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceis becomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthis affair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismAct fordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasan unwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthuman rights.ItcanbelearnedfromthetextthatthedebatetriggeredbyFay’scasefocusesmainlyupon
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulent historysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorously challengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacentury primarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposed drift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sand early60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmost universallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworked out.ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysix largeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesareboundedbyan interconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.Ridges alsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeach other.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthe void.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityof theplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymany thousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgeson theoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanet butonlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovethe oceansurface.Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreated alongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoing away.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccur alongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49 Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta40oangleand plungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintothe liquidmantlebelow.Asthesuhductingplateisheatedbackuptomantle temperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50 Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurrounding materialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplateto eruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyrise abovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeofthe overridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewestern Pacificwerecreatedinthisway.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulent historysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorously challengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacentury primarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposed drift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sand early60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmost universallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworked out.ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysix largeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesareboundedbyan interconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.Ridges alsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeach other.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthe void.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityof theplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymany thousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgeson theoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanet butonlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovethe oceansurface.Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreated alongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoing away.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccur alongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49 Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta40oangleand plungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintothe liquidmantlebelow.Asthesuhductingplateisheatedbackuptomantle temperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50 Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurrounding materialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplateto eruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyrise abovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeofthe overridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewestern Pacificwerecreatedinthisway.
Text2 Untilrecentlymobileradiowasto wirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.Withamixed clientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiesto taxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessanda technologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitis knownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesin theall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshave figuredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoan advancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT＆Tandthe giantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughthe industrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor＄1.8 billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony. AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsare digitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork. SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellular phonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.And whilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000the technologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacityso fastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattan andLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservice couldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredict theywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.There arenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanother contendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiply theconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleast halfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservices includingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.Phoneand cabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesare developingso-calledpersonal-communicationsnetworksorPCNsahighly advancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnect toagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventional cellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrong technologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesame marketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutis over.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocan makethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindful oftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyone callsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasy choice.Howdidmobileradiosystemsfinditsbusinesscompetitiveness
Text2 Untilrecentlymobileradiowasto wirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.Withamixed clientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiesto taxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessanda technologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitis knownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesin theall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshave figuredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoan advancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT＆Tandthe giantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughthe industrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor＄1.8 billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony. AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsare digitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork. SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellular phonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.And whilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000the technologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacityso fastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattan andLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservice couldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredict theywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.There arenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanother contendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiply theconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleast halfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservices includingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.Phoneand cabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesare developingso-calledpersonal-communicationsnetworksorPCNsahighly advancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnect toagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventional cellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrong technologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesame marketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutis over.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocan makethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindful oftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyone callsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasy choice.Welearnfromthetextthatusersofwirelessproductsaremoreoftenthannotconfrontedwith
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulent historysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorously challengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacentury primarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposed drift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sand early60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmost universallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworked out.ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysix largeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesareboundedbyan interconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.Ridges alsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeach other.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthe void.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityof theplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymany thousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgeson theoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanet butonlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovethe oceansurface.Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreated alongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoing away.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccur alongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49 Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta40oangleand plungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintothe liquidmantlebelow.Asthesuhductingplateisheatedbackuptomantle temperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50 Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurrounding materialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplateto eruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyrise abovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeofthe overridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewestern Pacificwerecreatedinthisway.
Text3 Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe 13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofa devastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.People getcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli. LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.Afterdrifting loweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverage abruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhourof trading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertany senseofcrisisafterthemarketClosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholas Brady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’t signalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomy remainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.But MassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeon telecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestock marketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbefore wehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontothese problems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblamefor thelatestshipwreck.Aseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedon Fridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporate profitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.The singulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa＄6.75billionlabor managementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecond largestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWall Streetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrection ofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsand awaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000 pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearly worried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon. Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedby ChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited. Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinanced throughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidin theneartermbuttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewthe Uniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohn DowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshave lookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintrouble everyonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough. Themainreasonforthelatestcrisisinstockmarketaspointedoutbythewriterliesin
Directions: A.Studythefollowingaccountofapersonalexperiencecarefullyandwriteanessayinno lessthan200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Elaborateyourimpressionsonthestorytold. 2Andpointoutitsimplicationsinourlife. OnesummermywifeChrisandIwereinvitedbyfriendstorowdowntheColoradoRiverinaboat.Ourexpeditionincludedmanyhighlysuccessfulpeople--thekindwhohavestaffstotakecareoflife’sdailywork.Butinthewilderrapidsallofusnaturallysetasideanypretensesandputoutbacksintoeverystroketokeeptheboatfromtumblingover.Ateachnight’sencampmentweallhauledsuppliesandcleaneddishes.Afteronlytwodaysintheriverpeopleaccustomedtobeingspoiledandindulgedhadbecomeateamworkingtogethertocopewiththeunpredictabletwistsandturnsoftheriver.Ibelievethatinlife--aswellasonboattrips-teamworkwillmakeallourjourneyssuccessfulones.Therhythmsofteamworkhavebeentherhythmsofmylife....
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