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在y轴上的0≤y≤2一段上，有一根细棒，其上每一点处的线密度等于该点到棒两端的距离平方之积，则其质心
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设正值函数y=fxx≥0连续可微且f0=1已知曲线y=fx与x轴y轴以及过点x0且垂直于x轴的直线所
设函数fxx≥0连续可微f0=1．已知曲线y=fxx轴y轴及过点x0且垂直于x轴的直线所围成的图形的
设曲线y=yx过00点M是曲线上任意一点MP是法线段P点在x轴上已知MP的中点在抛物线2y2=x上求
设曲线y=yx过00点M是曲线上任意一点MP是法线段P点在x轴上已知MP的中点在抛物线2y2=x上求
设抛物线y2＝8x上一点P.到y轴的距离是4则点P.到该抛物线焦点的距离是______.
如图抛物线y=ax2+bx+ca≠0与x轴交于A.﹣10B.40两点与y轴交于点C.02点M.mn是
坐标平面内有一点P.abab=0则
原点
坐标轴上
X.轴上
Y.轴上
已知直角坐标系内有一点M.ab且ab=0则点M.的位置一定在
原点上
x轴上
y轴上
坐标轴上
一根长为1的细棒位于x轴的区间[01]上若其线密度ρx=-x2+2x+1则该细棒的质心坐标=
如图所示xoy坐标系在竖直平面内在y>0的区域有场强大小为E.方向沿－y的匀强电场在y≤0的区域有场
已知直线y=kx＋bkb为常数分别与x轴y轴交于点A.－40B.03抛物线y=－x2＋2x＋1与y轴
设函数fxx≥0连续可导且f0=1．又已知曲线y=fxx轴y轴及过点x0且垂直于x轴的直线所围成的图
在平面直角坐标系xOy中关于y轴对称的抛物线与x轴交于A.B.两点点A.在点B.的左侧与y轴交于点C
抛物线C的方程为y=ax2a＜0过抛物线C上一点Px0y0x0≠0作斜率为k1k2的两条直线分别交抛
2621分如图在x轴下方有匀强磁场磁感应强度大小为B.方向垂直于xy平面向外P.是y轴上距原点为h的
如图在第一象限内作射线OC与x轴的夹角为30o在射线OC上取一点A.过点A.作AH⊥x轴于点H..在
抛物线y=-x2+bx+c经过点A.B.C.已知A.-10C.03.1求抛物线的解析式2如图1P.为
求一曲线方程使在其上每一点处与嘲族x2+y2=cxc≠0正交．
设y=fxx≥0连续可微且f0=1．现已知曲线y=fxx轴y轴及过点x0且垂直于x轴的直线所围成的图
抛物线y=-x2+bx+c经过点A.B.C.已知A.-10C.03.1求抛物线的解析式2如图1P.为
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Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Forthreedecadeswe’’veheardendlesslyaboutthevirtuesofaerobicincreasingoxygenconsumptionexercise.MedicalauthoritieshavepraisedrunningandjumpingasthekeytogoodhealthandmillionsofAmericanshavetakentothetreadmill踏车toreaptherewards.Butthestoryischanging.EveryonefromtheAmericanHeartAssociationtothesurgeongeneral’’sofficehasrecentlyembracedstrengthtrainingasacomplementtoaerobics.AndasweightliftinghasgonemainstreamsohastheonceobscurepracticeknownasSuperSlowtraining.Enthusiastsclaimthatbypumpingironatasnail’’space-makingeachreprepeatlast14secondsinsteadoftheusualseven-youcansafelyplaceextraordinarydemandsonyourmusclesandcallforthanextraordinaryresponse.Slowliftingmaynotbetheonlyexerciseyouneedassomeadvocatesbelievebutthebenefitsareoftendramatic. Almostanyonecanhandlethisroutine.Theonlyrequirementsarecompletefocusandatolerancefordeepmuscularburn.Foxeachexercise-legpressbenchpressshoulderpressandsoon-yousetthemachinetoprovideonlymoderateresistance.Butasyoudrawouteachrepdeprivingyourselfofimpetustheweightsoonfeelsunbearable.Defyingtheimpulsetostopyoukeepgoinguntilyoucan’’tcompletearep.Thenyousustainyourvaineffortfor10moresecondswhiletheweightsinksgraduallytowarditscradle.IntenseUncomfortableTotally.Butonceyouembracemusclefailureasthegoaloftheworkoutitcanbecomealmostpleasure. Thegoalisnottoburncalorieswhileyou’’reexercisingbuttomakeyourbodyburnthemallthetime.Runningafewmilesmanymakeyousweatbutitexpendsonly100caloriespermileanditdoesn’’tstimulatemuchboneormuscledevelopment.Strengthtrainingdoesn’’tburnmanycalorieseither.Butwhenyoupushamuscletofailureyousetoffapourofphysiologicalchanges.Asthemusclerecoversoverseveraldaysitwillthicken-andthenewmuscletissuewilldemandsustenance.Bythetimeyouaddthreepoundsofmuscleyourbodyrequiresanextra9000caloriesamonthjusttobreakeven.Holdyourdietsteadyandveryquicklyyouarevaporizingbodyfat. Onemighthavebenefitedfromanystrength-trainingprogram.Butadvocatesinsisttheslowtechniqueissaferandmoreeffectivethantraditionalmethods. Inpracticingslowliftingonehasto
Forthreedecadeswe’’veheardendlesslyaboutthevirtuesofaerobicincreasingoxygenconsumptionexercise.MedicalauthoritieshavepraisedrunningandjumpingasthekeytogoodhealthandmillionsofAmericanshavetakentothetreadmill踏车toreaptherewards.Butthestoryischanging.EveryonefromtheAmericanHeartAssociationtothesurgeongeneral’’sofficehasrecentlyembracedstrengthtrainingasacomplementtoaerobics.AndasweightliftinghasgonemainstreamsohastheonceobscurepracticeknownasSuperSlowtraining.Enthusiastsclaimthatbypumpingironatasnail’’space-makingeachreprepeatlast14secondsinsteadoftheusualseven-youcansafelyplaceextraordinarydemandsonyourmusclesandcallforthanextraordinaryresponse.Slowliftingmaynotbetheonlyexerciseyouneedassomeadvocatesbelievebutthebenefitsareoftendramatic. Almostanyonecanhandlethisroutine.Theonlyrequirementsarecompletefocusandatolerancefordeepmuscularburn.Foxeachexercise-legpressbenchpressshoulderpressandsoon-yousetthemachinetoprovideonlymoderateresistance.Butasyoudrawouteachrepdeprivingyourselfofimpetustheweightsoonfeelsunbearable.Defyingtheimpulsetostopyoukeepgoinguntilyoucan’’tcompletearep.Thenyousustainyourvaineffortfor10moresecondswhiletheweightsinksgraduallytowarditscradle.IntenseUncomfortableTotally.Butonceyouembracemusclefailureasthegoaloftheworkoutitcanbecomealmostpleasure. Thegoalisnottoburncalorieswhileyou’’reexercisingbuttomakeyourbodyburnthemallthetime.Runningafewmilesmanymakeyousweatbutitexpendsonly100caloriespermileanditdoesn’’tstimulatemuchboneormuscledevelopment.Strengthtrainingdoesn’’tburnmanycalorieseither.Butwhenyoupushamuscletofailureyousetoffapourofphysiologicalchanges.Asthemusclerecoversoverseveraldaysitwillthicken-andthenewmuscletissuewilldemandsustenance.Bythetimeyouaddthreepoundsofmuscleyourbodyrequiresanextra9000caloriesamonthjusttobreakeven.Holdyourdietsteadyandveryquicklyyouarevaporizingbodyfat. Onemighthavebenefitedfromanystrength-trainingprogram.Butadvocatesinsisttheslowtechniqueissaferandmoreeffectivethantraditionalmethods. AccordingtotheauthorSuperSlowtraining
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveproducedawealthofnewmaterialsandnewwaysofusingoldmaterials.Fortheartistthismeanswideropportunities.Thereisnodoubtthatthelimitationsofmaterialsandnatureoftoolsbothrestrictandshapeaman’’swork.Observehowthedevelopmentofplasticsandlightmetalsalongwithnewmethodsofweldinghaschangedthedirectionofsculpture.TransparentplasticmaterialsallowonetolookthroughanobjecttoseeitsvarioussidessuperimposedoneachotherasinCubismorinanX-ray.Todayweldingisasprevalentascastingwasinthepast.Thisnewmethodencouragesopendesignswheresurroundingandinterveningspacebecomesasimportantasformitself. MoreambiguousthanotherscientificinventionsfamiliartomodernartistsbutnolessinfluentialarethepsychoanalyticstudiesofFreudandhisfollowersdiscoveriesthathaveinfiltratedrecentartespeciallySurrealism超现实主义.TheSurrealistsintheirstruggletoescapethemonotonyandfrustrationsofeverydaylifeclaimedthatdreamsweretheonlyhope.Turningtotheirrationalworldoftheirunconscioustheybanishedalltimebarriersandmoraljudgmentstocombinedisconnecteddreamexperiencesfromthepastpresentandinterveningpsychologicalstates.TheSurrealistswereconcernedwithoverlappingemotionsmorethanwithoverlappingforms.Theirpaintingsoftenbecomesegmentedcapsulesofassociativeexperiences.ForthemobsessiveandoftenunrelatedimagesreplacedthedirectemotionalmessagesofExpressionism.Theydidnotneedtosmashpaintandcanvas;theywentbeyondthistosmashthewholecontinuityoflogicalthought. Thereislittledoubtthatcontemporaryarthastakenmuchfromcontemporarylife.Inaperiodwhensciencehasmaderevolutionarystridesartistsintheirstudioshavenotbeenunawareofscientistsintheirlaboratories.Butthishasrarelybeenaone-waystreet.Paintersandsculptorsthoughadmittedlyinfluencedbymodernsciencehavealsomoldedandchangedourworld.Ifbreak-uphasbeenavitalpartoftheirexpressionithasnotalwaysbeenasymbolofdestruction.Quitethecontrary:ithasbeenusedtoexaminemorefullytopenetratemoredeeplytoanalyzemorethoroughlytoenlargeisolateandmakemorefamiliarcertainaspectsoflifethatearlierwewereapttoneglect.Inadditionitsometimesprovidesrichmultipleexperiencessoorganizedasnotmerelytoreflectourworldbutinfacttointerpretit. TheauthorarguesthatFreud’’sstudies
Amongthemanyotherthingsitisaportraitisalwaysarecordofthepersonalandartisticencounterthatproducedit.Itispossibleforartiststoproduceportraitsofindividualswhohavenotsatforthembuttheportraitthatfinallyemergesnormallybetraystherestrictionsunderwhichtheartisthasbeenforcedtolabor.Evenwhenanartist’’sportraitissimplyacopyofsomeoneelse’’swork-asinthemanyportraitsofQueenElizabethIthatwereproducedduringherlifetime-thenever-changingfeaturesofarulerwhorefusedtositforhercourtpaintersreflectnotonlythesupposedpowersofanever-youthfulqueenbuttheremotenessofthoseattemptingtodepictheraswell. Portraitsareoccasionalnotonlyinthesensethattheyarecloselytiedtoparticulareventsinthelivesoftheirsubjectsbutinthesensethatthereisusuallyanoccasion-howeverbriefuncomfortableartificialorunsatisfactoryitmayprovetobe-inwhichtheartistandsubjectdirectlyconfronteachother;andthustheencounteraportraitrecordsismostreallythesittingitself.Thesittingmaybebrieforextendedcollegialorconfrontational.Cartier-Bressonhasexpressedhispassionforportraitphotographybycharacterizingitasaduelwithoutrules.WhileCartier-BressonrevealshimselfasaninterloperandopportunistRichardAvedonconfessestoaroleasdiagnosticianandpsychichealer:notassomeonewhonecessarilytransformshissubjectsbutassomeonewhorevealstheiressentialnature.Bothphotographersappeartoagreeononebasishoweverwhichisthatthefundamentaldynamicinthisprocessliessquarelyinthehandsoftheartist. Aquite-differentexamplehasitsrootsnotinconfrontationorconsultationbutinactivecollaborationbetweentheartistandsitter.ThisverydifferentkindofrelationshipwasformulatedmostvividlybyWilliamHazlittinhisessayentitledOnSittingforOne’’sPicture.ToHazlittthebondofconnectionbetweenpainterandsitterismostliketherelationshipbetweentwolovers:Theyarealwaysthinkingandtalkingofthesamethinginwhichtheirselflovefindsanequalcounterpart.HazlittflashesouthisthesisbyrecountingparticularepisodesfromthecareerofSirJoshuaReynolds.AccordingtoHazlittReynolds’’sittersaccompaniedbytheirfriendsweremeanttoenjoyanatmospherethatwasbothcomfortableforthemandconductivetotheenterpriseoftheportraitpainterwhowassimultaneouslytheirhostandtheircontractualemployee.InthecaseofartistslikeReynoldsnofundamentaldifferenceexistsbetweentheartist’’sstudioandallthoseotherroomsinwhichthesittersspinoutthedaysoftheirlives.TheactofenteringReynolds’’studiodidnotnecessarilytransformthosewhosatforhim.CollaborationinportraituresuchasReynolds’’isbasedonthesitter’’scomfortandsecurityaswellasonhisorherdesiretoexperimentwithsomethingnewanditisinthiscreationofanotherselfasHazlittputitthatthepainter’’ssubjectsmayproperlyseethemselvesforthefirsttime. ItwouldbemostconsistentwiththetexttoinferthatReynolds
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveproducedawealthofnewmaterialsandnewwaysofusingoldmaterials.Fortheartistthismeanswideropportunities.Thereisnodoubtthatthelimitationsofmaterialsandnatureoftoolsbothrestrictandshapeaman’’swork.Observehowthedevelopmentofplasticsandlightmetalsalongwithnewmethodsofweldinghaschangedthedirectionofsculpture.TransparentplasticmaterialsallowonetolookthroughanobjecttoseeitsvarioussidessuperimposedoneachotherasinCubismorinanX-ray.Todayweldingisasprevalentascastingwasinthepast.Thisnewmethodencouragesopendesignswheresurroundingandinterveningspacebecomesasimportantasformitself. MoreambiguousthanotherscientificinventionsfamiliartomodernartistsbutnolessinfluentialarethepsychoanalyticstudiesofFreudandhisfollowersdiscoveriesthathaveinfiltratedrecentartespeciallySurrealism超现实主义.TheSurrealistsintheirstruggletoescapethemonotonyandfrustrationsofeverydaylifeclaimedthatdreamsweretheonlyhope.Turningtotheirrationalworldoftheirunconscioustheybanishedalltimebarriersandmoraljudgmentstocombinedisconnecteddreamexperiencesfromthepastpresentandinterveningpsychologicalstates.TheSurrealistswereconcernedwithoverlappingemotionsmorethanwithoverlappingforms.Theirpaintingsoftenbecomesegmentedcapsulesofassociativeexperiences.ForthemobsessiveandoftenunrelatedimagesreplacedthedirectemotionalmessagesofExpressionism.Theydidnotneedtosmashpaintandcanvas;theywentbeyondthistosmashthewholecontinuityoflogicalthought. Thereislittledoubtthatcontemporaryarthastakenmuchfromcontemporarylife.Inaperiodwhensciencehasmaderevolutionarystridesartistsintheirstudioshavenotbeenunawareofscientistsintheirlaboratories.Butthishasrarelybeenaone-waystreet.Paintersandsculptorsthoughadmittedlyinfluencedbymodernsciencehavealsomoldedandchangedourworld.Ifbreak-uphasbeenavitalpartoftheirexpressionithasnotalwaysbeenasymbolofdestruction.Quitethecontrary:ithasbeenusedtoexaminemorefullytopenetratemoredeeplytoanalyzemorethoroughlytoenlargeisolateandmakemorefamiliarcertainaspectsoflifethatearlierwewereapttoneglect.Inadditionitsometimesprovidesrichmultipleexperiencessoorganizedasnotmerelytoreflectourworldbutinfacttointerpretit. Theinventionsofnewmaterialsandweldingtechniques
Amongthemanyotherthingsitisaportraitisalwaysarecordofthepersonalandartisticencounterthatproducedit.Itispossibleforartiststoproduceportraitsofindividualswhohavenotsatforthembuttheportraitthatfinallyemergesnormallybetraystherestrictionsunderwhichtheartisthasbeenforcedtolabor.Evenwhenanartist’’sportraitissimplyacopyofsomeoneelse’’swork-asinthemanyportraitsofQueenElizabethIthatwereproducedduringherlifetime-thenever-changingfeaturesofarulerwhorefusedtositforhercourtpaintersreflectnotonlythesupposedpowersofanever-youthfulqueenbuttheremotenessofthoseattemptingtodepictheraswell. Portraitsareoccasionalnotonlyinthesensethattheyarecloselytiedtoparticulareventsinthelivesoftheirsubjectsbutinthesensethatthereisusuallyanoccasion-howeverbriefuncomfortableartificialorunsatisfactoryitmayprovetobe-inwhichtheartistandsubjectdirectlyconfronteachother;andthustheencounteraportraitrecordsismostreallythesittingitself.Thesittingmaybebrieforextendedcollegialorconfrontational.Cartier-Bressonhasexpressedhispassionforportraitphotographybycharacterizingitasaduelwithoutrules.WhileCartier-BressonrevealshimselfasaninterloperandopportunistRichardAvedonconfessestoaroleasdiagnosticianandpsychichealer:notassomeonewhonecessarilytransformshissubjectsbutassomeonewhorevealstheiressentialnature.Bothphotographersappeartoagreeononebasishoweverwhichisthatthefundamentaldynamicinthisprocessliessquarelyinthehandsoftheartist. Aquite-differentexamplehasitsrootsnotinconfrontationorconsultationbutinactivecollaborationbetweentheartistandsitter.ThisverydifferentkindofrelationshipwasformulatedmostvividlybyWilliamHazlittinhisessayentitledOnSittingforOne’’sPicture.ToHazlittthebondofconnectionbetweenpainterandsitterismostliketherelationshipbetweentwolovers:Theyarealwaysthinkingandtalkingofthesamethinginwhichtheirselflovefindsanequalcounterpart.HazlittflashesouthisthesisbyrecountingparticularepisodesfromthecareerofSirJoshuaReynolds.AccordingtoHazlittReynolds’’sittersaccompaniedbytheirfriendsweremeanttoenjoyanatmospherethatwasbothcomfortableforthemandconductivetotheenterpriseoftheportraitpainterwhowassimultaneouslytheirhostandtheircontractualemployee.InthecaseofartistslikeReynoldsnofundamentaldifferenceexistsbetweentheartist’’sstudioandallthoseotherroomsinwhichthesittersspinoutthedaysoftheirlives.TheactofenteringReynolds’’studiodidnotnecessarilytransformthosewhosatforhim.CollaborationinportraituresuchasReynolds’’isbasedonthesitter’’scomfortandsecurityaswellasonhisorherdesiretoexperimentwithsomethingnewanditisinthiscreationofanotherselfasHazlittputitthatthepainter’’ssubjectsmayproperlyseethemselvesforthefirsttime. InreferringtoQueenElizabethIasever-youthfultheauthorimpliesthat
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979―80whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthatthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetaxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979―80whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthatthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetaxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%.
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979―80whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthatthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetaxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979―80whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthatthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetaxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
. Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethecartoon 2interpretitsmainideaand 3proposepossiblesolutions. Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects. Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Amongthemanyotherthingsitisaportraitisalwaysarecordofthepersonalandartisticencounterthatproducedit.Itispossibleforartiststoproduceportraitsofindividualswhohavenotsatforthembuttheportraitthatfinallyemergesnormallybetraystherestrictionsunderwhichtheartisthasbeenforcedtolabor.Evenwhenanartist’’sportraitissimplyacopyofsomeoneelse’’swork-asinthemanyportraitsofQueenElizabethIthatwereproducedduringherlifetime-thenever-changingfeaturesofarulerwhorefusedtositforhercourtpaintersreflectnotonlythesupposedpowersofanever-youthfulqueenbuttheremotenessofthoseattemptingtodepictheraswell. Portraitsareoccasionalnotonlyinthesensethattheyarecloselytiedtoparticulareventsinthelivesoftheirsubjectsbutinthesensethatthereisusuallyanoccasion-howeverbriefuncomfortableartificialorunsatisfactoryitmayprovetobe-inwhichtheartistandsubjectdirectlyconfronteachother;andthustheencounteraportraitrecordsismostreallythesittingitself.Thesittingmaybebrieforextendedcollegialorconfrontational.Cartier-Bressonhasexpressedhispassionforportraitphotographybycharacterizingitasaduelwithoutrules.WhileCartier-BressonrevealshimselfasaninterloperandopportunistRichardAvedonconfessestoaroleasdiagnosticianandpsychichealer:notassomeonewhonecessarilytransformshissubjectsbutassomeonewhorevealstheiressentialnature.Bothphotographersappeartoagreeononebasishoweverwhichisthatthefundamentaldynamicinthisprocessliessquarelyinthehandsoftheartist. Aquite-differentexamplehasitsrootsnotinconfrontationorconsultationbutinactivecollaborationbetweentheartistandsitter.ThisverydifferentkindofrelationshipwasformulatedmostvividlybyWilliamHazlittinhisessayentitledOnSittingforOne’’sPicture.ToHazlittthebondofconnectionbetweenpainterandsitterismostliketherelationshipbetweentwolovers:Theyarealwaysthinkingandtalkingofthesamethinginwhichtheirselflovefindsanequalcounterpart.HazlittflashesouthisthesisbyrecountingparticularepisodesfromthecareerofSirJoshuaReynolds.AccordingtoHazlittReynolds’’sittersaccompaniedbytheirfriendsweremeanttoenjoyanatmospherethatwasbothcomfortableforthemandconductivetotheenterpriseoftheportraitpainterwhowassimultaneouslytheirhostandtheircontractualemployee.InthecaseofartistslikeReynoldsnofundamentaldifferenceexistsbetweentheartist’’sstudioandallthoseotherroomsinwhichthesittersspinoutthedaysoftheirlives.TheactofenteringReynolds’’studiodidnotnecessarilytransformthosewhosatforhim.CollaborationinportraituresuchasReynolds’’isbasedonthesitter’’scomfortandsecurityaswellasonhisorherdesiretoexperimentwithsomethingnewanditisinthiscreationofanotherselfasHazlittputitthatthepainter’’ssubjectsmayproperlyseethemselvesforthefirsttime. AportraitartistoperatingundertheReynoldsexamplewouldprobablydisagreethat
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
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