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In the span of 18 months, Isaac Newton invented calculus, constructed a theory of optics, explain...
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Text2 IfsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquistionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontoberentedatthelowestpossiblecostmuchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentralusuallythesecondmostimportantaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies. Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. What'sthepositionoftheheadofhumanresourcesmanagementinAmericancompanies
Text1 Peopleinbusinesscanuseforesighttoidentifynewproductsandservicesaswellasmarketsforthoseproductsandservices.Anincreaseinminoritypopulationsinaneighborhoodwouldpromptagrocerwithforesighttostockmorefoodslinkedtoethnictastes.Anartmuseumdirectorwithforesightmightfollowtrendsincomputergraphicstomakeexhibitsmoreappealingtoyoungervisitors. Foresightmayrevealpotentialthreatsthatwecanpreparetodealwithbeforetheybecomecrises.Forinstanceacorporatemanagerwithforesightmightseeanalarmingriseinlocalhousingpricesthatcouldaffecttheavailabilityofskilledworkersintheregion.Thepublic’schangingvaluesandprioritiesaswellasemergingtechnologiesdemographicshiftseconomicconstraintsoropportunitiesandenvironmentalandresourceconcernsareallpartsoftheincreasinglycomplexworldsysteminwhichleadersmustlead. Peopleingovernmentalsoneedforesighttokeepsystemsrunningsmoothlytoplanbudgetsandtopreventwars.Governmentleaderstodaymustdealwithahostofnewproblemsemergingfromrapidadvancesintechnology. Evenatthecommunitylevelforesightiscritical:schoolofficialsforexampleneedforesighttoassessnumbersofstudentstoaccommodatenumbersofteacherstohireneweducationaltechnologiestodeployandnewskillsforstudentsandtheirteacherstodevelop. Manyofthebest-knowntechniquesforforesightweredevelopedbygovernmentplannersespeciallyinthemilitarywhenthepost-WorldWarⅡatomicagemadeitcriticalto"thinkabouttheunthinkable"andprepareforit.Pioneeringfuturistsatthe:RANDCorporationthefirst"thinktank"beganseriouslyconsideringwhatnewtechnologiesmightemergeinthefutureandhowthesemightaffectUSsecurity.ThesepioneeringfuturistsatRANDalongwithotherselsewhererefinedavarietyofnewwaysforthinkingaboutthefuture. Thefuturistsrecognizedthatthefutureworldiscontinuouswiththepresentworldsowecanlearnagreatdealaboutwhatmayhappeninthefuturebylookingsystematicallyatwhatishappeningnow.Thekeythingtowatchisnoteventssuddendevelopmentsorone-dayoccurrencesbuttrendslong-termongoingshiftsinsuchthingsaspopulationlandusetechnologyandgovernmentalsystems. Usingthesetechniquesandmanyothersfuturistsnowcantellusmanythingsthatmayhappeninthefuture.Somearenearlycertaintohappensuchasthecontinuingexpansionintheworld’spopulation.Othereventsareviewedasfarlesslikelybutcouldbeextremelyimportantiftheydooccursuchasanasteroidcollidingwiththeplanet. Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 18
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 6
Text4 Thetelecityisacitywhoselifedirectionandfunctioningarelargelyshapedbytelecommunications.Inthetwentyfirstcenturycitieswillbebasedmoreandmoreonaneconomythatisdependentonservicesandintellectualproperty.Telecommunicationsandinformationnetworkswilldefineacity’sarchitectureshapeandcharacter.Proximityinthetelecitywillbedefinedbythespeedandbandwidthofnetworksasmuchasbygeographicalpropinquity.IntheageofthetelecityNewYorkandSingaporemaybecloserthansayNewYorkandArkadelphiaArkansas. Telecitieswillsupersedemegacitiesforseveralreasonsincludingthedrivetowardcleanairreducingpollutionenergyconservationmorejobsbasedonservicesandcopingwiththehighcostofurbanproperty.Nowwemustaddtheneedtocopewithterroristthreatsinahigh-technologyworld. Westernmind-setswereclearlyjoltedinthewakeoftheterroristattackontheWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkCityandattacksinIndonesiaSaudiArabiaandelsewhere.Buttherisksposedbytwentieth-centurypatternsofurbanizationandarchitecturehaveyetoregisterfullywithpoliticalfiguresandleadersofindustry.ThePentagonforexamplehasbeenrebuiltinsituationratherthandistributedtomultiplelocationsandconnectedbysecurelandlinesandbroadbandwirelesssystems.LikewisethereconstructionoftheWorldTradeCentercomplexstillrepresentsamassiveconcentrationofhumanityandinfrastructure.Thisisaremarkablyshortsightedanddangerousvisionofthefuture. Thesecurityriskseconomicexpensesandenvironmentalhazardsofover-centralizationareeverywhereandtheydonotstopwithskyscrapersandlargegovernmentalstructures.Therearerisksalsoatseaportsandairportsinfoodandwatersuppliesatnuclearpowerplantsandhydroelectricturbinesatmajordamsintransportationsystemsandininformationandcommunicationssystems. Thisvulnerabilityappliesnotonlytoterroristthreatsbutalsotohumanerrorsuchassystem-wideblackoutsinNorthAmericainAugust2003andinItalyinSeptember2003andnaturaldisasterssuchastyphoonshurricanesfloodsandearthquakes.Leadersandplannersareonlyslowlybecomingawarethatovercentralizedfacilitiesarethemostvulnerabletoattackorcatastrophicdestruction. Thereisalsogrowingawarenessthatnewbroadbandelectronicsystemsnowallowgovernmentsandcorporationstosafeguardtheirkeyassetsandpeopleinnewandinnovativeways.Sofarcorporationshavebeenquickesttoadjusttothesenewrealitiesandsomegovernmentshavebeguntoadjustaswell. Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardthereconstructionofThePentagonandtheWorldTradeCenter
A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayofabout160—200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1.Describethedrawingandinterpretitsmeaning 2.Andpointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.20points
Directions: Studythefollowingtableaboutthechangesinpeople’sdietandwriteanessayto 1describethetable 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourcomments. Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Text4 Thetelecityisacitywhoselifedirectionandfunctioningarelargelyshapedbytelecommunications.Inthetwentyfirstcenturycitieswillbebasedmoreandmoreonaneconomythatisdependentonservicesandintellectualproperty.Telecommunicationsandinformationnetworkswilldefineacity’sarchitectureshapeandcharacter.Proximityinthetelecitywillbedefinedbythespeedandbandwidthofnetworksasmuchasbygeographicalpropinquity.IntheageofthetelecityNewYorkandSingaporemaybecloserthansayNewYorkandArkadelphiaArkansas. Telecitieswillsupersedemegacitiesforseveralreasonsincludingthedrivetowardcleanairreducingpollutionenergyconservationmorejobsbasedonservicesandcopingwiththehighcostofurbanproperty.Nowwemustaddtheneedtocopewithterroristthreatsinahigh-technologyworld. Westernmind-setswereclearlyjoltedinthewakeoftheterroristattackontheWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkCityandattacksinIndonesiaSaudiArabiaandelsewhere.Buttherisksposedbytwentieth-centurypatternsofurbanizationandarchitecturehaveyetoregisterfullywithpoliticalfiguresandleadersofindustry.ThePentagonforexamplehasbeenrebuiltinsituationratherthandistributedtomultiplelocationsandconnectedbysecurelandlinesandbroadbandwirelesssystems.LikewisethereconstructionoftheWorldTradeCentercomplexstillrepresentsamassiveconcentrationofhumanityandinfrastructure.Thisisaremarkablyshortsightedanddangerousvisionofthefuture. Thesecurityriskseconomicexpensesandenvironmentalhazardsofover-centralizationareeverywhereandtheydonotstopwithskyscrapersandlargegovernmentalstructures.Therearerisksalsoatseaportsandairportsinfoodandwatersuppliesatnuclearpowerplantsandhydroelectricturbinesatmajordamsintransportationsystemsandininformationandcommunicationssystems. Thisvulnerabilityappliesnotonlytoterroristthreatsbutalsotohumanerrorsuchassystem-wideblackoutsinNorthAmericainAugust2003andinItalyinSeptember2003andnaturaldisasterssuchastyphoonshurricanesfloodsandearthquakes.Leadersandplannersareonlyslowlybecomingawarethatovercentralizedfacilitiesarethemostvulnerabletoattackorcatastrophicdestruction. Thereisalsogrowingawarenessthatnewbroadbandelectronicsystemsnowallowgovernmentsandcorporationstosafeguardtheirkeyassetsandpeopleinnewandinnovativeways.Sofarcorporationshavebeenquickesttoadjusttothesenewrealitiesandsomegovernmentshavebeguntoadjustaswell. JudgingfromthecontextthewordtheyLine2Paragraph4mightreferto
Text1 Peopleinbusinesscanuseforesighttoidentifynewproductsandservicesaswellasmarketsforthoseproductsandservices.Anincreaseinminoritypopulationsinaneighborhoodwouldpromptagrocerwithforesighttostockmorefoodslinkedtoethnictastes.Anartmuseumdirectorwithforesightmightfollowtrendsincomputergraphicstomakeexhibitsmoreappealingtoyoungervisitors. Foresightmayrevealpotentialthreatsthatwecanpreparetodealwithbeforetheybecomecrises.Forinstanceacorporatemanagerwithforesightmightseeanalarmingriseinlocalhousingpricesthatcouldaffecttheavailabilityofskilledworkersintheregion.Thepublic’schangingvaluesandprioritiesaswellasemergingtechnologiesdemographicshiftseconomicconstraintsoropportunitiesandenvironmentalandresourceconcernsareallpartsoftheincreasinglycomplexworldsysteminwhichleadersmustlead. Peopleingovernmentalsoneedforesighttokeepsystemsrunningsmoothlytoplanbudgetsandtopreventwars.Governmentleaderstodaymustdealwithahostofnewproblemsemergingfromrapidadvancesintechnology. Evenatthecommunitylevelforesightiscritical:schoolofficialsforexampleneedforesighttoassessnumbersofstudentstoaccommodatenumbersofteacherstohireneweducationaltechnologiestodeployandnewskillsforstudentsandtheirteacherstodevelop. Manyofthebest-knowntechniquesforforesightweredevelopedbygovernmentplannersespeciallyinthemilitarywhenthepost-WorldWarⅡatomicagemadeitcriticalto"thinkabouttheunthinkable"andprepareforit.Pioneeringfuturistsatthe:RANDCorporationthefirst"thinktank"beganseriouslyconsideringwhatnewtechnologiesmightemergeinthefutureandhowthesemightaffectUSsecurity.ThesepioneeringfuturistsatRANDalongwithotherselsewhererefinedavarietyofnewwaysforthinkingaboutthefuture. Thefuturistsrecognizedthatthefutureworldiscontinuouswiththepresentworldsowecanlearnagreatdealaboutwhatmayhappeninthefuturebylookingsystematicallyatwhatishappeningnow.Thekeythingtowatchisnoteventssuddendevelopmentsorone-dayoccurrencesbuttrendslong-termongoingshiftsinsuchthingsaspopulationlandusetechnologyandgovernmentalsystems. Usingthesetechniquesandmanyothersfuturistsnowcantellusmanythingsthatmayhappeninthefuture.Somearenearlycertaintohappensuchasthecontinuingexpansionintheworld’spopulation.Othereventsareviewedasfarlesslikelybutcouldbeextremelyimportantiftheydooccursuchasanasteroidcollidingwiththeplanet. Correctlyexercisingforesightisshowninthecaseof
46Todaythere’sscarcelyanaspectofourlifethatisn’tbeingupendedbythetorrentofinformationavailableonthehundredsofmillionsofsitescrowdingtheInternetnottomentionitsabilitytokeepusinconstanttouchwitheachotherviaelectronicmail."Iftheautomobileandaerospacetechnologyhadexplodedatthesamepaceascomputerandinformationtechnology"saysMicrosoft"anewcarwouldcostabout＄2andgo600milesonathimbleofgas.AndyoucouldbuyaBoeing747forthecostofapizza." ProbablythebiggestpayoffhoweveristhebillionsofdollarstheInternetissavingcompaniesinproducinggoodsandservingtheneedsoftheircustomers.47NothinglikeithasbeenseensincethebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionwhenpower-drivenmachinesbeganproducingmoreinadaythanmencouldturnoutinnearlyayear. Allthetimespentonlinehasleftmanyyounginfotechworkerswithoutmuchtimeforlife--orlove--offline.48TheUSfreeenterprisesystemwhichreachesafrenzyinSiliconValleyhasrecognizedthatthelocalloveboatistakingonwaterandisrushingintosavetheday.Datingservicesareapproachingoverload.Seminarsandlovedoctorsareteachingtheserichbusyyoungsingleshowtofindandcapturetheirheart’sdesireinthisromanticwasteland.Anddot-comfacilitatorssuchasMatchmaker.comarestrugglingtobringthesexestogetheronline. Onerealitythatlosersinthislovebazaarmustfaceisthattheyweren’tpickedbecausetheywereoutofshape.ButnottoworrysincetheCyberAgehastheanswertothisonetoo.Computerizedfitnessprogramswithaudiovisualandcyberpersonaltrainersarcreadytoturnyourhomeandtreadmillintoyourownpersonalhealthclub.TurnoniFit.corn’s"OneOn-OneTraining"audioworkoutsandyoucanbendandstretchtoyourfavoritemusic.49Its"Adventure"seriesvideoworkoutswillautomaticallyadjustthespeedandinclineofyouriFit-compatibletreadmillasyougazeintoyourTVscreenandexperiencethe"beautifulrockformationsofUtah’sRedRock"or"thetropicalparadiseofHawaii". 50Americansspendmoreonentertainmentthanonclothingorhealthcareandtheconvergenceofcomputersandtelecommunicationsisgeneratingnewwaystoamuseourselvesundreamedofuntilnow.TheInternetisalandofendlessamusementsandamongthewildestistheSims--simulations.Theseareaboutcreatingmanagingandcontrollingthelivesoftinycomputerizedpeople. 48TheUSfreeenterprisesystemwhichreachesafrenzyinSiliconValleyhasrecognizedthatthelocalloveboatistakingonwaterandisrushingintosavetheday
Text2 IfsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquistionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontoberentedatthelowestpossiblecostmuchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentralusuallythesecondmostimportantaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies. Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. What'sthemainideaofthetext
46Todaythere’sscarcelyanaspectofourlifethatisn’tbeingupendedbythetorrentofinformationavailableonthehundredsofmillionsofsitescrowdingtheInternetnottomentionitsabilitytokeepusinconstanttouchwitheachotherviaelectronicmail."Iftheautomobileandaerospacetechnologyhadexplodedatthesamepaceascomputerandinformationtechnology"saysMicrosoft"anewcarwouldcostabout＄2andgo600milesonathimbleofgas.AndyoucouldbuyaBoeing747forthecostofapizza." ProbablythebiggestpayoffhoweveristhebillionsofdollarstheInternetissavingcompaniesinproducinggoodsandservingtheneedsoftheircustomers.47NothinglikeithasbeenseensincethebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionwhenpower-drivenmachinesbeganproducingmoreinadaythanmencouldturnoutinnearlyayear. Allthetimespentonlinehasleftmanyyounginfotechworkerswithoutmuchtimeforlife--orlove--offline.48TheUSfreeenterprisesystemwhichreachesafrenzyinSiliconValleyhasrecognizedthatthelocalloveboatistakingonwaterandisrushingintosavetheday.Datingservicesareapproachingoverload.Seminarsandlovedoctorsareteachingtheserichbusyyoungsingleshowtofindandcapturetheirheart’sdesireinthisromanticwasteland.Anddot-comfacilitatorssuchasMatchmaker.comarestrugglingtobringthesexestogetheronline. Onerealitythatlosersinthislovebazaarmustfaceisthattheyweren’tpickedbecausetheywereoutofshape.ButnottoworrysincetheCyberAgehastheanswertothisonetoo.Computerizedfitnessprogramswithaudiovisualandcyberpersonaltrainersarcreadytoturnyourhomeandtreadmillintoyourownpersonalhealthclub.TurnoniFit.corn’s"OneOn-OneTraining"audioworkoutsandyoucanbendandstretchtoyourfavoritemusic.49Its"Adventure"seriesvideoworkoutswillautomaticallyadjustthespeedandinclineofyouriFit-compatibletreadmillasyougazeintoyourTVscreenandexperiencethe"beautifulrockformationsofUtah’sRedRock"or"thetropicalparadiseofHawaii". 50Americansspendmoreonentertainmentthanonclothingorhealthcareandtheconvergenceofcomputersandtelecommunicationsisgeneratingnewwaystoamuseourselvesundreamedofuntilnow.TheInternetisalandofendlessamusementsandamongthewildestistheSims--simulations.Theseareaboutcreatingmanagingandcontrollingthelivesoftinycomputerizedpeople. 50Americansspendmoreonentertainmentthanonclothingorhealthcareandtheconvergenceofcomputersandtelecommunicationsisgeneratingnewwaystoamuseourselvesundreamedofuntilnow.
[A]Periodicalsininitialstage [B]Thefunctionofperiodicals [C]Newspapersandotherperiodicalsonline [D]Theintroductionofreviews [E]Featureso~periodicals [F]Theemergenceofmodernperiodicals Periodicalsrefertopublicationsreleasedonaregularbasisthatmayincludenewsfeaturearticlespoemsfictionalstoriesorothertypesofwriting.Manyperiodicalsalsoincludephotographsanddrawings.Periodicalsthatareaimedatageneralaudiencesuchasweeklynewsroundupsormonthlyspecial-interestpublicationsarealsocalledmagazines.Thosewithamorenarrowaudiencesuchaspublicationsofscholarlyorganizationscanbetermedjournals.Whilenewspapersareperiodicalsthetermgenerallyhascometorefertopublicationsotherthandailies. 41.______. Historicallymostperiodicalshavedifferedfromnewspapersintheirformatpublicationscheduleandcontent.Mostnewspapersdealwiththenewsofthedayandareissuedonpulppaperwithrelativelylargeunboundpages.Bycontrastothertypesofperiodicalsfocusonmorespecializedmaterialandwhentheydealwithnewstheytendtodosointheformofsummariesorcommentaries.Forcenturiestheseperiodicalsgenerallyhavebeenprintedonfinerpaperthannewspaperswithsmallerboundpagesandissuedatintervalslongerthanadayweeklyeverytwoweeksmonthlyquarterlyorevenannually. 42.______. Inthe1990swiththegrowthoftheInternetpublishersbegantoreleasenewspapersandotherperiodicalsonline.Thisdevelopmentblurredthelinebetweenthetwoformsbecausethegeneralformatanddesignofonlinenewspapersandperiodicalsaresimilarandthepublicationschedulesofbothformsbecamemoreflexible.Forexamplemanynewspaperpublishersupdatetheironlineversionsthroughoutthedayandsomeonlineperiodicalsdothesame.Despitethesetechnologicalchangesthetwoforms’differingemphasisinchoiceofcontentremainsadistinguishingfactor. 43.______. TheearliestperiodicalsincludetheGermanErbaulicheMonaths-UnterredungenEdifyingMonthlyDiscussions1663-1668theFrenchJournaldesSayahs1665;subsequentlytitledJournaldesSavantsandtheEnglishPhilosophicalTransactions1665oftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.Thesewereessentiallycollectionsofsummarieslateressaysondevelopmentsinartliteraturephilosophyandscience. 44.______. ThefirstperiodicalofthemoderngeneraltypedevotedtoamiscellanyofreadingentertainmentwastheEnglishpublicationTheGentleman’sMagazine1731-1907--thefirstinstanceoftheuseofthewordmagazinetodenoteaforumforentertainingreading.Itcontainedreportsofpoliticaldebatesessaysstoriesandpoemsandwaswidelyinfluential.ItservedasthemodelforthefirsttrueAmericanperiodicalsGeneralMagazineandHistoricalChronicleandAmericanMagazine.BothoftheseperiodicalsfirstappearedinPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniainJanuary1741asrivalpublications;neitherlastedmorethanafewmonthshowever.TheformerwasfoundedbytheAmericanstatesmanandscientistBenjaminFranklinandthelatterbytheAmericanprinterAndrewBradford. 45.______. MonthlyorquarterlyreviewsusuallypartisaninpolitiesandwitharticlescontributedbyeminentauthorsandpoliticianswereintroducedinBritainearlyinthe19thcentury.Ofthesetwobecameoutstanding.TheEdinburghReview1802-1929foundedinsupportoftheWhigPartywasoneofthemostinfluentialcriticaljournalsofitsdayandnumberedamongitscontributorstheEnglishwritersSirWalterScottThomasCarlyleMatthewArnoldandWilliamHazlitt.Blackwood’sEdinburghMagazine1817-1981aTorypublicationwasearlyinitscareernotedforitsserializationofScottishfictionanditssatiricalcommentariesonScottishaffairs. OneofthemostimportantseriousperiodicalsintheUnitedStatesinthe19thcenturywastheNorthAmericanReview1815-1940;revivedin1964.EditorsduringitslongandillustriouscareerincludedsuchliteraryfiguresasJamesRussellLowellCharlesEliotNortonandHenryAdams;contributorsincludedHenryJamesH.G.WellsandMarkTwain.AmongtheEuropeanequivalentsofsuchperiodicalsweretheFrenchRevuedesDeuxMondesandtheGermanLiterarischesWochenblatt. 44
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 10
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 8
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 14
Text4 Thetelecityisacitywhoselifedirectionandfunctioningarelargelyshapedbytelecommunications.Inthetwentyfirstcenturycitieswillbebasedmoreandmoreonaneconomythatisdependentonservicesandintellectualproperty.Telecommunicationsandinformationnetworkswilldefineacity’sarchitectureshapeandcharacter.Proximityinthetelecitywillbedefinedbythespeedandbandwidthofnetworksasmuchasbygeographicalpropinquity.IntheageofthetelecityNewYorkandSingaporemaybecloserthansayNewYorkandArkadelphiaArkansas. Telecitieswillsupersedemegacitiesforseveralreasonsincludingthedrivetowardcleanairreducingpollutionenergyconservationmorejobsbasedonservicesandcopingwiththehighcostofurbanproperty.Nowwemustaddtheneedtocopewithterroristthreatsinahigh-technologyworld. Westernmind-setswereclearlyjoltedinthewakeoftheterroristattackontheWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkCityandattacksinIndonesiaSaudiArabiaandelsewhere.Buttherisksposedbytwentieth-centurypatternsofurbanizationandarchitecturehaveyetoregisterfullywithpoliticalfiguresandleadersofindustry.ThePentagonforexamplehasbeenrebuiltinsituationratherthandistributedtomultiplelocationsandconnectedbysecurelandlinesandbroadbandwirelesssystems.LikewisethereconstructionoftheWorldTradeCentercomplexstillrepresentsamassiveconcentrationofhumanityandinfrastructure.Thisisaremarkablyshortsightedanddangerousvisionofthefuture. Thesecurityriskseconomicexpensesandenvironmentalhazardsofover-centralizationareeverywhereandtheydonotstopwithskyscrapersandlargegovernmentalstructures.Therearerisksalsoatseaportsandairportsinfoodandwatersuppliesatnuclearpowerplantsandhydroelectricturbinesatmajordamsintransportationsystemsandininformationandcommunicationssystems. Thisvulnerabilityappliesnotonlytoterroristthreatsbutalsotohumanerrorsuchassystem-wideblackoutsinNorthAmericainAugust2003andinItalyinSeptember2003andnaturaldisasterssuchastyphoonshurricanesfloodsandearthquakes.Leadersandplannersareonlyslowlybecomingawarethatovercentralizedfacilitiesarethemostvulnerabletoattackorcatastrophicdestruction. Thereisalsogrowingawarenessthatnewbroadbandelectronicsystemsnowallowgovernmentsandcorporationstosafeguardtheirkeyassetsandpeopleinnewandinnovativeways.Sofarcorporationshavebeenquickesttoadjusttothesenewrealitiesandsomegovernmentshavebeguntoadjustaswell. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage
UnitedStatesSenatorJohnGlennreturnedtoorbitaboardthespaceshuttleDiscoveryinlateOctober199836yearsafterhisfirstlift-offfromCapeCanaveralinFlorida.46The77-year-oldpoliticianwhoin1962becameAmerica’sfirstmantoorbittheEarthblastedoffwithsixotherastronautsonamissionthatwouldincluderesearchintoageing.Takingleaveofhimatthespacecenteralongwith3000mediarepresentatives20000invitedguestsandanestimatedhalfmillionpeoplewhocrowdedvantagepointsroundabouttowatchthelaunch—werehiswifeofmorethan50yearsAnniehistwochildrenandtwograndchildren. GlennfeverstruckFlorida’sspacecoastmonthsaheadofthelaunchwithhotelroomsbookeduphalfayearinadvance.Onelocalnewspapercalledthephenomenon"HurricaneGlenn"anironicreferencetothespateofdevastatinghurricanethathadalreadyhittheFloridacoastduring1998. TheOhiosenatorhadcampaignedforseveralyearstobeallowedthisreturntripintospace.47NASAadministersfinallyagreedtohisproposedstudyontheeffectsofweightlessnessonelderlypeopleandthepossibleparallelsbetweentheside-effectsofweightlessnessandtheageingprocessitself.48CriticshowevercomplainedthatthemissionwaslittlemorethanapublicrelationsexerciseaimedatraisingtheprofileofNASAandwoulddonothingtoadvanceresearchintothegeriatriccondition.Somewereevensayingthatthetriprepresentedtheultimatecongressionaljunket. Glenninsistedfromthebeginningthatthespacemissionwasaseriousonehowever.Hesubjectedhimself—andothers—toaseriesoftestsinaspeciallaboratorywhileinorbit.49Heswallowedaspecialthermometerbeforelift-offsothathistemperaturecouldbemonitoredandhadatubeimplantedinhisarmtofacilitatethetakingofbloodsampleswithouttheneedforfreshneedleseachtime.OthertestsconductedonhisreturntoEarthweredesignedtomeasurehisbonedensityandchangesinhisspinalcord. 50NASAofficialsfuelledsuspicionthatGlenn’striphaddubiouspracticalvaluehoweverbyannouncingthattherewerenoplanstotestanymoreelderlyastronautsafterhistrip.Thiswasdespitethefactthat67-year-oldJerrieCobboneof13womenwhotrainedfortheSpaceprogrammewithGlennintheearly1960sbutwhowereneverallowedtoflyexpressedherdeterminationtobecomethenextgeriatricguineapiginorbit. Thespaceexperiencehaschangedagreatdealinthe36yearssinceGlennwaslastinorbit.Unlikehisfive-hour1962tripthiswasnosolomission. NASAofficialsfuelledsuspicionthatGlenn’striphaddubiouspracticalvaluehoweverbyannouncingthattherewerenoplanstotestanymoreelderlyastronautsafterhistrip
UnitedStatesSenatorJohnGlennreturnedtoorbitaboardthespaceshuttleDiscoveryinlateOctober199836yearsafterhisfirstlift-offfromCapeCanaveralinFlorida.46The77-year-oldpoliticianwhoin1962becameAmerica’sfirstmantoorbittheEarthblastedoffwithsixotherastronautsonamissionthatwouldincluderesearchintoageing.Takingleaveofhimatthespacecenteralongwith3000mediarepresentatives20000invitedguestsandanestimatedhalfmillionpeoplewhocrowdedvantagepointsroundabouttowatchthelaunch—werehiswifeofmorethan50yearsAnniehistwochildrenandtwograndchildren. GlennfeverstruckFlorida’sspacecoastmonthsaheadofthelaunchwithhotelroomsbookeduphalfayearinadvance.Onelocalnewspapercalledthephenomenon"HurricaneGlenn"anironicreferencetothespateofdevastatinghurricanethathadalreadyhittheFloridacoastduring1998. TheOhiosenatorhadcampaignedforseveralyearstobeallowedthisreturntripintospace.47NASAadministersfinallyagreedtohisproposedstudyontheeffectsofweightlessnessonelderlypeopleandthepossibleparallelsbetweentheside-effectsofweightlessnessandtheageingprocessitself.48CriticshowevercomplainedthatthemissionwaslittlemorethanapublicrelationsexerciseaimedatraisingtheprofileofNASAandwoulddonothingtoadvanceresearchintothegeriatriccondition.Somewereevensayingthatthetriprepresentedtheultimatecongressionaljunket. Glenninsistedfromthebeginningthatthespacemissionwasaseriousonehowever.Hesubjectedhimself—andothers—toaseriesoftestsinaspeciallaboratorywhileinorbit.49Heswallowedaspecialthermometerbeforelift-offsothathistemperaturecouldbemonitoredandhadatubeimplantedinhisarmtofacilitatethetakingofbloodsampleswithouttheneedforfreshneedleseachtime.OthertestsconductedonhisreturntoEarthweredesignedtomeasurehisbonedensityandchangesinhisspinalcord. 50NASAofficialsfuelledsuspicionthatGlenn’striphaddubiouspracticalvaluehoweverbyannouncingthattherewerenoplanstotestanymoreelderlyastronautsafterhistrip.Thiswasdespitethefactthat67-year-oldJerrieCobboneof13womenwhotrainedfortheSpaceprogrammewithGlennintheearly1960sbutwhowereneverallowedtoflyexpressedherdeterminationtobecomethenextgeriatricguineapiginorbit. Thespaceexperiencehaschangedagreatdealinthe36yearssinceGlennwaslastinorbit.Unlikehisfive-hour1962tripthiswasnosolomission. The77-year-oldpoliticianwhoin1962becameAmerica’sfirstmantoorbittheEarthblastedoffwithsixotherastronautsonamissionthatwouldincluderesearchintoageing
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 4
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 16
Text2 IfsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquistionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontoberentedatthelowestpossiblecostmuchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentralusuallythesecondmostimportantaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies. Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. Accordingtothetextthedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm'scompetitiveadvantageis
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 2
[A]Periodicalsininitialstage [B]Thefunctionofperiodicals [C]Newspapersandotherperiodicalsonline [D]Theintroductionofreviews [E]Featureso~periodicals [F]Theemergenceofmodernperiodicals Periodicalsrefertopublicationsreleasedonaregularbasisthatmayincludenewsfeaturearticlespoemsfictionalstoriesorothertypesofwriting.Manyperiodicalsalsoincludephotographsanddrawings.Periodicalsthatareaimedatageneralaudiencesuchasweeklynewsroundupsormonthlyspecial-interestpublicationsarealsocalledmagazines.Thosewithamorenarrowaudiencesuchaspublicationsofscholarlyorganizationscanbetermedjournals.Whilenewspapersareperiodicalsthetermgenerallyhascometorefertopublicationsotherthandailies. 41.______. Historicallymostperiodicalshavedifferedfromnewspapersintheirformatpublicationscheduleandcontent.Mostnewspapersdealwiththenewsofthedayandareissuedonpulppaperwithrelativelylargeunboundpages.Bycontrastothertypesofperiodicalsfocusonmorespecializedmaterialandwhentheydealwithnewstheytendtodosointheformofsummariesorcommentaries.Forcenturiestheseperiodicalsgenerallyhavebeenprintedonfinerpaperthannewspaperswithsmallerboundpagesandissuedatintervalslongerthanadayweeklyeverytwoweeksmonthlyquarterlyorevenannually. 42.______. Inthe1990swiththegrowthoftheInternetpublishersbegantoreleasenewspapersandotherperiodicalsonline.Thisdevelopmentblurredthelinebetweenthetwoformsbecausethegeneralformatanddesignofonlinenewspapersandperiodicalsaresimilarandthepublicationschedulesofbothformsbecamemoreflexible.Forexamplemanynewspaperpublishersupdatetheironlineversionsthroughoutthedayandsomeonlineperiodicalsdothesame.Despitethesetechnologicalchangesthetwoforms’differingemphasisinchoiceofcontentremainsadistinguishingfactor. 43.______. TheearliestperiodicalsincludetheGermanErbaulicheMonaths-UnterredungenEdifyingMonthlyDiscussions1663-1668theFrenchJournaldesSayahs1665;subsequentlytitledJournaldesSavantsandtheEnglishPhilosophicalTransactions1665oftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.Thesewereessentiallycollectionsofsummarieslateressaysondevelopmentsinartliteraturephilosophyandscience. 44.______. ThefirstperiodicalofthemoderngeneraltypedevotedtoamiscellanyofreadingentertainmentwastheEnglishpublicationTheGentleman’sMagazine1731-1907--thefirstinstanceoftheuseofthewordmagazinetodenoteaforumforentertainingreading.Itcontainedreportsofpoliticaldebatesessaysstoriesandpoemsandwaswidelyinfluential.ItservedasthemodelforthefirsttrueAmericanperiodicalsGeneralMagazineandHistoricalChronicleandAmericanMagazine.BothoftheseperiodicalsfirstappearedinPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniainJanuary1741asrivalpublications;neitherlastedmorethanafewmonthshowever.TheformerwasfoundedbytheAmericanstatesmanandscientistBenjaminFranklinandthelatterbytheAmericanprinterAndrewBradford. 45.______. MonthlyorquarterlyreviewsusuallypartisaninpolitiesandwitharticlescontributedbyeminentauthorsandpoliticianswereintroducedinBritainearlyinthe19thcentury.Ofthesetwobecameoutstanding.TheEdinburghReview1802-1929foundedinsupportoftheWhigPartywasoneofthemostinfluentialcriticaljournalsofitsdayandnumberedamongitscontributorstheEnglishwritersSirWalterScottThomasCarlyleMatthewArnoldandWilliamHazlitt.Blackwood’sEdinburghMagazine1817-1981aTorypublicationwasearlyinitscareernotedforitsserializationofScottishfictionanditssatiricalcommentariesonScottishaffairs. OneofthemostimportantseriousperiodicalsintheUnitedStatesinthe19thcenturywastheNorthAmericanReview1815-1940;revivedin1964.EditorsduringitslongandillustriouscareerincludedsuchliteraryfiguresasJamesRussellLowellCharlesEliotNortonandHenryAdams;contributorsincludedHenryJamesH.G.WellsandMarkTwain.AmongtheEuropeanequivalentsofsuchperiodicalsweretheFrenchRevuedesDeuxMondesandtheGermanLiterarischesWochenblatt. 42
Text3 Eatingbetterandmoreadventurouslyisbecominganobsessionespeciallyamongpeoplewithmoneytospend.Healthiereatingandnot-sohealthyeating--aswellasthenumberandvarietyoffoodchoicesandvenuescontinuetoincreaseatanever-quick-eningpace. Globalizationisthemastertrendthatwilldrivetheworldoffoodintheyearsahead.Consumerstravelingtheglobebothvirtuallyandinrealitywillbeabletosweepupingredientspackagedfoodsrecipesandcookingtechniquesfromeverycorneroftheearthatanever-intensifyingandacceleratingpace.Formerlyremoteingredientsandcookingstylesarecreatingawholenewculinarymosaicastheyaretransplantedandreinterpretedallovertheworld. Manyfactorsarebehindthisbutnonemoresothantheinfluenceofthegreatinternationalhotelchains.VirtuallyeverychefwhohasworkedforHiltonWestinPeninsulaoranyothermajorchaingathersglobalexperienceinlocalesasdiverseasSingaporeNewOrleansTorontoandDubai.Ateachstoptheycarryawaycookingideasandtechniquestheycananddouseelsewhere. Thistrendwillgainevengreatermomentumasambitiousyoungadultsstaketheirownfuturesoninternationalizationtreatingbroaderfoodsavvyasanimportantaspectoftheirownadvancement.Youngpeoplewillneedknowledgeoffoodandingredientsfromdifferentcontinentsandculturesasoneaspectofsocializationenculturationculturalexchangeandsuccess.Incountryaftercountrythereseemslittledoubtthatglobalcuisinewillmakeitsbiggestinroadsamongtheyoungerset.Manyinthegenerationsnowcomingofagewilltreatworld-rangingfoodknowledgeandexperienceaskeyelementsinfurtheringtheirpersonalplansbusinessacumenandindividualgrowth. TheInternethasmadeglobalcontactsamatterofroutine.Computernetworkingwillpermitchefsandothersinthefoodindustryincludingconsumerstolinkdirectlywiththebestavailableauthoritiesinfarawaynationssupplementingorbypassingsecondhandsourcesofinformationaltogether. Timewithallitsimplicationswillalsobeafactorinemergingworldfoodtrends.Moreandmoreofusaredestinedtooperateonglobaltime--thatisatfulltilt24hoursaday.Thiswillbecomethenormforcompanieswithresourcesscatteredallovertheplanet.Beyondthe24hoursupermarketsmanyofusalreadytakeforgrantedtherewillalsobethree-shiftshoppingcentersopenatanyhour.Restaurantsinthegreatbusinesscapitalsintentoncultivatinganinternationalclientelewillservemidnightbreakfastsorbreak-of-dawndinnerswiththeappropriatewineswithoutraisingasingleeyebrow. Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe
UnitedStatesSenatorJohnGlennreturnedtoorbitaboardthespaceshuttleDiscoveryinlateOctober199836yearsafterhisfirstlift-offfromCapeCanaveralinFlorida.46The77-year-oldpoliticianwhoin1962becameAmerica’sfirstmantoorbittheEarthblastedoffwithsixotherastronautsonamissionthatwouldincluderesearchintoageing.Takingleaveofhimatthespacecenteralongwith3000mediarepresentatives20000invitedguestsandanestimatedhalfmillionpeoplewhocrowdedvantagepointsroundabouttowatchthelaunch—werehiswifeofmorethan50yearsAnniehistwochildrenandtwograndchildren. GlennfeverstruckFlorida’sspacecoastmonthsaheadofthelaunchwithhotelroomsbookeduphalfayearinadvance.Onelocalnewspapercalledthephenomenon"HurricaneGlenn"anironicreferencetothespateofdevastatinghurricanethathadalreadyhittheFloridacoastduring1998. TheOhiosenatorhadcampaignedforseveralyearstobeallowedthisreturntripintospace.47NASAadministersfinallyagreedtohisproposedstudyontheeffectsofweightlessnessonelderlypeopleandthepossibleparallelsbetweentheside-effectsofweightlessnessandtheageingprocessitself.48CriticshowevercomplainedthatthemissionwaslittlemorethanapublicrelationsexerciseaimedatraisingtheprofileofNASAandwoulddonothingtoadvanceresearchintothegeriatriccondition.Somewereevensayingthatthetriprepresentedtheultimatecongressionaljunket. Glenninsistedfromthebeginningthatthespacemissionwasaseriousonehowever.Hesubjectedhimself—andothers—toaseriesoftestsinaspeciallaboratorywhileinorbit.49Heswallowedaspecialthermometerbeforelift-offsothathistemperaturecouldbemonitoredandhadatubeimplantedinhisarmtofacilitatethetakingofbloodsampleswithouttheneedforfreshneedleseachtime.OthertestsconductedonhisreturntoEarthweredesignedtomeasurehisbonedensityandchangesinhisspinalcord. 50NASAofficialsfuelledsuspicionthatGlenn’striphaddubiouspracticalvaluehoweverbyannouncingthattherewerenoplanstotestanymoreelderlyastronautsafterhistrip.Thiswasdespitethefactthat67-year-oldJerrieCobboneof13womenwhotrainedfortheSpaceprogrammewithGlennintheearly1960sbutwhowereneverallowedtoflyexpressedherdeterminationtobecomethenextgeriatricguineapiginorbit. Thespaceexperiencehaschangedagreatdealinthe36yearssinceGlennwaslastinorbit.Unlikehisfive-hour1962tripthiswasnosolomission. CriticshowevercomplainedthatthemissionwaslittlemorethanapublicrelationsexerciseaimedatraisingtheprofileofNASAandwoulddonothingtoadvanceresearchintothegeriatriccondition.
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 12
46Todaythere’sscarcelyanaspectofourlifethatisn’tbeingupendedbythetorrentofinformationavailableonthehundredsofmillionsofsitescrowdingtheInternetnottomentionitsabilitytokeepusinconstanttouchwitheachotherviaelectronicmail."Iftheautomobileandaerospacetechnologyhadexplodedatthesamepaceascomputerandinformationtechnology"saysMicrosoft"anewcarwouldcostabout＄2andgo600milesonathimbleofgas.AndyoucouldbuyaBoeing747forthecostofapizza." ProbablythebiggestpayoffhoweveristhebillionsofdollarstheInternetissavingcompaniesinproducinggoodsandservingtheneedsoftheircustomers.47NothinglikeithasbeenseensincethebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionwhenpower-drivenmachinesbeganproducingmoreinadaythanmencouldturnoutinnearlyayear. Allthetimespentonlinehasleftmanyyounginfotechworkerswithoutmuchtimeforlife--orlove--offline.48TheUSfreeenterprisesystemwhichreachesafrenzyinSiliconValleyhasrecognizedthatthelocalloveboatistakingonwaterandisrushingintosavetheday.Datingservicesareapproachingoverload.Seminarsandlovedoctorsareteachingtheserichbusyyoungsingleshowtofindandcapturetheirheart’sdesireinthisromanticwasteland.Anddot-comfacilitatorssuchasMatchmaker.comarestrugglingtobringthesexestogetheronline. Onerealitythatlosersinthislovebazaarmustfaceisthattheyweren’tpickedbecausetheywereoutofshape.ButnottoworrysincetheCyberAgehastheanswertothisonetoo.Computerizedfitnessprogramswithaudiovisualandcyberpersonaltrainersarcreadytoturnyourhomeandtreadmillintoyourownpersonalhealthclub.TurnoniFit.corn’s"OneOn-OneTraining"audioworkoutsandyoucanbendandstretchtoyourfavoritemusic.49Its"Adventure"seriesvideoworkoutswillautomaticallyadjustthespeedandinclineofyouriFit-compatibletreadmillasyougazeintoyourTVscreenandexperiencethe"beautifulrockformationsofUtah’sRedRock"or"thetropicalparadiseofHawaii". 50Americansspendmoreonentertainmentthanonclothingorhealthcareandtheconvergenceofcomputersandtelecommunicationsisgeneratingnewwaystoamuseourselvesundreamedofuntilnow.TheInternetisalandofendlessamusementsandamongthewildestistheSims--simulations.Theseareaboutcreatingmanagingandcontrollingthelivesoftinycomputerizedpeople. 46Todaythere’sscarcelyanaspectofourlifethatisn’tbeingupendedbythetorrentofinformationavailableonthehundredsofmillionsofsitescrowdingtheInternetnottomentionitsabilitytokeepusinconstanttouchwitheachotherviaelectronicmail.
Text3 Eatingbetterandmoreadventurouslyisbecominganobsessionespeciallyamongpeoplewithmoneytospend.Healthiereatingandnot-sohealthyeating--aswellasthenumberandvarietyoffoodchoicesandvenuescontinuetoincreaseatanever-quick-eningpace. Globalizationisthemastertrendthatwilldrivetheworldoffoodintheyearsahead.Consumerstravelingtheglobebothvirtuallyandinrealitywillbeabletosweepupingredientspackagedfoodsrecipesandcookingtechniquesfromeverycorneroftheearthatanever-intensifyingandacceleratingpace.Formerlyremoteingredientsandcookingstylesarecreatingawholenewculinarymosaicastheyaretransplantedandreinterpretedallovertheworld. Manyfactorsarebehindthisbutnonemoresothantheinfluenceofthegreatinternationalhotelchains.VirtuallyeverychefwhohasworkedforHiltonWestinPeninsulaoranyothermajorchaingathersglobalexperienceinlocalesasdiverseasSingaporeNewOrleansTorontoandDubai.Ateachstoptheycarryawaycookingideasandtechniquestheycananddouseelsewhere. Thistrendwillgainevengreatermomentumasambitiousyoungadultsstaketheirownfuturesoninternationalizationtreatingbroaderfoodsavvyasanimportantaspectoftheirownadvancement.Youngpeoplewillneedknowledgeoffoodandingredientsfromdifferentcontinentsandculturesasoneaspectofsocializationenculturationculturalexchangeandsuccess.Incountryaftercountrythereseemslittledoubtthatglobalcuisinewillmakeitsbiggestinroadsamongtheyoungerset.Manyinthegenerationsnowcomingofagewilltreatworld-rangingfoodknowledgeandexperienceaskeyelementsinfurtheringtheirpersonalplansbusinessacumenandindividualgrowth. TheInternethasmadeglobalcontactsamatterofroutine.Computernetworkingwillpermitchefsandothersinthefoodindustryincludingconsumerstolinkdirectlywiththebestavailableauthoritiesinfarawaynationssupplementingorbypassingsecondhandsourcesofinformationaltogether. Timewithallitsimplicationswillalsobeafactorinemergingworldfoodtrends.Moreandmoreofusaredestinedtooperateonglobaltime--thatisatfulltilt24hoursaday.Thiswillbecomethenormforcompanieswithresourcesscatteredallovertheplanet.Beyondthe24hoursupermarketsmanyofusalreadytakeforgrantedtherewillalsobethree-shiftshoppingcentersopenatanyhour.Restaurantsinthegreatbusinesscapitalsintentoncultivatinganinternationalclientelewillservemidnightbreakfastsorbreak-of-dawndinnerswiththeappropriatewineswithoutraisingasingleeyebrow. Fromthefirsttwoparagraphswecanlearnthatthetrendoffoodobsessionis
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently1qualitativelybutquantitatively--howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommonsenseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. 20
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