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Jack S. Kilby, an electrical engineer whose invention of the integrated circuit gave rise to the ...
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JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
Directions: Readthefollowingtenetcarefullyand
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
Directions: Readthefollowingtenetcarefullyand
--______roomisthis?--It’s________.
Who, Jack’s and Peter’s
Whose, Jack’s and Peter’s.
Who, Jack and Peter
Whose, Jack and Peter’s.
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
Idon’tlike_____speakingillofeachother.
Jack and Henry
Jack’s and Henry’s
Jack and Henry’s
Jack’s and Henry
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
Directions: Readthefollowingtenetcarefullyand
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionofthe
—Whosefatherisapolicemaninyourclass?—____and____fa
Jack’s, Lily’s
Jack’s, Lily
Jack, Lily’s
Jack, Lily
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
Directions: Readthefollowingtenetcarefullyand
Mrs.Bondisanoldfriendof.
Jack mother
Jack mother’s
Jack’s mother
Jack’s mother’s
Directions: Readthefollowingtenetcarefullyand
Themanoverthereis_____father.
Tom and Jack’s
Tom’s and Jack
Tom and Jack
Tom’s and Jack’s
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionof
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GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Rarelydomajordiseaseshaveasinglecause.Theyareusuallytheresultofacomplexinteractionbetweenmanyfactorsincludinggeneticenvironmentalandlifestylecomponents.Manymediareportshowevercanteadustobelievethatifwegaveupsomethingthatwemightotherwiseenjoywecouldcompletelyescapethatparticularaffliction.Clearlythisisnotthecase.Vegetariansdieofcancerofthecolon结肠.Teetotallersdieoflivercomplaintsincludingcirrhosis硬化.Peoplewhonevergooutinthesuncontractskinmelanomas黑素瘤.Alwaysthereareotherfactorsatworkthanthesingleelementbeingexaminedinascientificstudy.Quiteoftentheallegedbenefitsofaparticularnutritionalelementaretheresultnotsomuchoftheelementitselfbutofthelifestyleandgeneraldietofthepeoplewhoconsumeitmost.Peoplewhoeatlotsofhealthyfoodsincludingfibercarrotsbroccolietc.alsotendtodrinklessalcoholtakemoreexerciseavoidtoomanyfattyfoodsandsmokeless.Onlywhenastudycanruleoutalloftheseotherfactorsandoftenwedonotknowwhatthesefactorsmightbecanwesaythatthereisacausallinkbetweentwothings.Thatisnottosaythatthingslikefiberandbroccolihavenobeneficialeffectsatall.Butthosewithsedentarylifestylescannotexpectthesefoodstomakethemhealthy.Thereishoweveronethingwhichincreasesthelikelihoodofdyingrelativelyyoungevenwhenalloftheotherfactorshavebeentakenintoaccount.Itisoneofthebiggestkillersevenamongthosewholeadlifestyleswhichbyanycriteriaareclearlyhealthyones.Thissingleincontrovertibleriskfactoristhatofbeingpoor.RecentreportfromtheCancerResearchCampaignsuggestedthat12700deathscouldhavebeenavoidedbetween1986and1990ifinequalitiesincancercaredidnotexistinEnglandandWales.ComparingcancersurvivalratesthestudyfoundthatEnglandandWalesfaredunfavorablywithEuropeandtheUSbutthemostaffluentregionsofthesetwocountriesexhibitedsimilarfigurestotheEuropeanaverage.InanattempttocounterthisdisparitythegovernmenthasannouncedplansfortheprovisionofHealthActionZoneswhichseektoencouragegreatercooperationbetweenhealthandsocialservicestargetingbothruralandinnercityareas.Theemphasisofthisnewschemehoweverappearstofocusoninadequacieswithinhealtheducationintheseareasratherthanattackingthebroaderissuesofsocialinequality.AccordingtotheauthortoreducecancerdeathsinEnglandandWalesthegovernmentshould______.
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
[A]Storytellersfromantiquityknewthepowerofstar-crossedromanceandsodidAudreyNiffenegger.Her2003bestsellerTheTimeTraveler’sWifeissoplangentataleoffatallovewithtwoadorablepeoplefightingtobeattheoddsagainstthem. [B]Henryyouseehasthegiftorcurseoftime-traveling:disappearingfromonetemporalandspatialrealitytopopupnakedinanother.Thisscience-fictiontropewillbefamiliartofansofTheTerminatorbutHenryisnoaction-fantasygod.He’sjustaguywhosebodyhasawanderlusthecan’tharness.That’swhyashetellsthebesottedClare"IneverwantedanythinginmylifethatIcouldn’tstandlosing."Ofcoursethey’redestinedtobeeachother’soneandonlyloves. [C]MyfriendandneighborthefilmmakerAlanWadehasaprovocativeexplanationforwhyTitanicstrucksuchastrongandreverberantchordwithhundredsofmillionsofmoviegoersespeciallywomen:theherodies.OKthatbreaksacardinalruleofmovieromance:thattheloverskisshappilyatthefinalfade-out.Mostexamplesofthegenreendwiththatrosyimageinpartbecausetheirmakersarereluctanttobumouttheiraudience. [D]HenryEricBanawhoworksinaChicagopubliclibraryisinthereadingroomwhenawomanhe’snevermetwalksuptohimandsaysdewily"I’velovedyouallmylife."She’sClareRachelMcAdamsayoungartistandinherpast--Henry’sfuture-hehasvisitedherandwonherundyingdevotion. [E]JamesCameronmusthavebeentemptedtoendhisfilmwithLeonardoDiCaprio’sJacksurvivingtheship’ssinkingandenjoyingalonglifewithKateWinslet’sRose. [F]Thatit’ssurprisingittooksixyearsforittogettothebigscreen.Maybeprospectiveproducerswerereluctanttobucktheprevailingwisdomofaconventionalhappyending.AnywayhereisthefilmversiondirectedbyRobertSchwentke.It’ssoppyenoughtosuittherequirementsoftheweepiegenreandthere’samusicscorethattriestocuealltheemotionsinviewersasifthey’reincapableoflocatingtheirownfeelings.Butthemoviealsohasanachingsoliditythatallowsyoutosurrendertoitscuddly-creepyfeelingswithouthatingyourselfinthemorning. [G]ButCameronrealizedthatbykillingoffJackhewasraisingthemovie’sstakesfromdomesticplatitudetoclassicromantictragedy.Jack’sdeathstampedbothfinalityandimmortalityonthelovers’shipboardtryst.Becauseheisgonetheirlovewillliveforever. Order:[*] 45
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Rarelydomajordiseaseshaveasinglecause.Theyareusuallytheresultofacomplexinteractionbetweenmanyfactorsincludinggeneticenvironmentalandlifestylecomponents.Manymediareportshowevercanteadustobelievethatifwegaveupsomethingthatwemightotherwiseenjoywecouldcompletelyescapethatparticularaffliction.Clearlythisisnotthecase.Vegetariansdieofcancerofthecolon结肠.Teetotallersdieoflivercomplaintsincludingcirrhosis硬化.Peoplewhonevergooutinthesuncontractskinmelanomas黑素瘤.Alwaysthereareotherfactorsatworkthanthesingleelementbeingexaminedinascientificstudy.Quiteoftentheallegedbenefitsofaparticularnutritionalelementaretheresultnotsomuchoftheelementitselfbutofthelifestyleandgeneraldietofthepeoplewhoconsumeitmost.Peoplewhoeatlotsofhealthyfoodsincludingfibercarrotsbroccolietc.alsotendtodrinklessalcoholtakemoreexerciseavoidtoomanyfattyfoodsandsmokeless.Onlywhenastudycanruleoutalloftheseotherfactorsandoftenwedonotknowwhatthesefactorsmightbecanwesaythatthereisacausallinkbetweentwothings.Thatisnottosaythatthingslikefiberandbroccolihavenobeneficialeffectsatall.Butthosewithsedentarylifestylescannotexpectthesefoodstomakethemhealthy.Thereishoweveronethingwhichincreasesthelikelihoodofdyingrelativelyyoungevenwhenalloftheotherfactorshavebeentakenintoaccount.Itisoneofthebiggestkillersevenamongthosewholeadlifestyleswhichbyanycriteriaareclearlyhealthyones.Thissingleincontrovertibleriskfactoristhatofbeingpoor.RecentreportfromtheCancerResearchCampaignsuggestedthat12700deathscouldhavebeenavoidedbetween1986and1990ifinequalitiesincancercaredidnotexistinEnglandandWales.ComparingcancersurvivalratesthestudyfoundthatEnglandandWalesfaredunfavorablywithEuropeandtheUSbutthemostaffluentregionsofthesetwocountriesexhibitedsimilarfigurestotheEuropeanaverage.InanattempttocounterthisdisparitythegovernmenthasannouncedplansfortheprovisionofHealthActionZoneswhichseektoencouragegreatercooperationbetweenhealthandsocialservicestargetingbothruralandinnercityareas.Theemphasisofthisnewschemehoweverappearstofocusoninadequacieswithinhealtheducationintheseareasratherthanattackingthebroaderissuesofsocialinequality.Accordingtotheauthorfiberandbroccoliaretheso-calledhealthyfoodsbecause______.
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Supposeaforeignfriendofyourshaswrittentoinquireaboutthepossibilityofmakingaseven-dayvisitinChina.Writeareplytogivehimsomeinformation.Thefollowingshouldbeincluded:1Theplaceyourecommendforhimtovisitandthereasons;2Thesuggestedrouteandthetimetableofthevisit;3Someadviceonhowheshouldprepareforthevisit;4YourarrangementforhisvisittoBeijing.
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AssummerrollsaroundlawmakersinWashingtonarepreparingtovoteonajobsbillthatwouldinclude$1billionforsummerjobsforteens.Muchoftheurgencyfortheprogramstemsfromtheprivate-sectorplungeinsummerjobsforteenagersoverthepastfewyears.It’snosecretthattherecessionwallopedteens’jobsasmuchasitdidtheirparents.Butsomeeconomistsfindtheclamorforpublicjobsprogramsalittleironicgivenlastyear’smidrecessionminimumwageincreasewhichmayhavereducedteenemploymentevenbeyondtherecessionarydrop.Beforetheminimumwagejumpedto$7.25anhourlastsummerUniversityofCalifornia-IrvineeconomistDavidNeumarkestimatedthatitwouldleadtoanadditional300000joblossesforteensandyoungadults.The2009wageincreasewassetinmotioninabetterlabormarketinMay2007whenCongressvotedtoboosttheminimumfrom$5.15anhourto$7.25anhouroverthecourseofthenexttwoyears.It’shardtoparsethejobslostbecauseoftherecessionandthoselostbecauseoftheminimumwageincrease--there’snodirectevaluationoftheimpactofthewageincreaseyet--butit’slikelythatraisingthewagefloorcontributedtotherecord-highteenunemploymentratesNeumarksays.Almosteveryoneacceptsthatminimumwagesdecreaseemploymentorlikelyincreaseunemploymentoftheleast-skilledhesays.Neumarkadvocatedfordelayinglastyear’sincrease.Theunemploymentrateforteenagerswas25.4percentinAprilcomparedwith9.9percentoverallaccordingtotheBureauofLaborStatistics.Teensgenerallyhavehigherunemploymentrates.InNovember2007themonthbeforethestartoftherecessiontheunemploymentratefortheoverallpopulationwas4.7percentversus16.2percentforworkersaged16to19.Teenemploymenthasbeendecliningforsometime.Thepercentageofteenswithjobshasfallenfromabout57percentin1989toabout40percentin2007bothdatesreflecthealthyeconomies.Thereasonsarediverse.ForonethingincreasedschoolenrollmentappearstoaccountforaboutathirdofthatdeclineaccordingtotheEconomicPolicyInstitute.Forteenstherehasbeenaremarkablelong-termshiftfromsummeremploymenttosummerenrollmentreportsEPIeconomistHeidiShierholz.Oneofthecriticalissuesforjob-seekingteensisthechangingfaceofthecompetitionwhichisincreasinglyskilled.Notonlyaretheycompetingwitheachotherforavailablepositionsbuttheyarecompetingwithrecentcollegegraduatesandjobseekerswhohavetwoormoreyearsofon-the-jobexperienceandarewillingtotakealmostanypositionthatprovidesasteadypaychecksaysJohnChallengerofoutplacementfirmChallengerGray&Christmas.Themostimportantthingforjob-seekingteensis______.
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
AssummerrollsaroundlawmakersinWashingtonarepreparingtovoteonajobsbillthatwouldinclude$1billionforsummerjobsforteens.Muchoftheurgencyfortheprogramstemsfromtheprivate-sectorplungeinsummerjobsforteenagersoverthepastfewyears.It’snosecretthattherecessionwallopedteens’jobsasmuchasitdidtheirparents.Butsomeeconomistsfindtheclamorforpublicjobsprogramsalittleironicgivenlastyear’smidrecessionminimumwageincreasewhichmayhavereducedteenemploymentevenbeyondtherecessionarydrop.Beforetheminimumwagejumpedto$7.25anhourlastsummerUniversityofCalifornia-IrvineeconomistDavidNeumarkestimatedthatitwouldleadtoanadditional300000joblossesforteensandyoungadults.The2009wageincreasewassetinmotioninabetterlabormarketinMay2007whenCongressvotedtoboosttheminimumfrom$5.15anhourto$7.25anhouroverthecourseofthenexttwoyears.It’shardtoparsethejobslostbecauseoftherecessionandthoselostbecauseoftheminimumwageincrease--there’snodirectevaluationoftheimpactofthewageincreaseyet--butit’slikelythatraisingthewagefloorcontributedtotherecord-highteenunemploymentratesNeumarksays.Almosteveryoneacceptsthatminimumwagesdecreaseemploymentorlikelyincreaseunemploymentoftheleast-skilledhesays.Neumarkadvocatedfordelayinglastyear’sincrease.Theunemploymentrateforteenagerswas25.4percentinAprilcomparedwith9.9percentoverallaccordingtotheBureauofLaborStatistics.Teensgenerallyhavehigherunemploymentrates.InNovember2007themonthbeforethestartoftherecessiontheunemploymentratefortheoverallpopulationwas4.7percentversus16.2percentforworkersaged16to19.Teenemploymenthasbeendecliningforsometime.Thepercentageofteenswithjobshasfallenfromabout57percentin1989toabout40percentin2007bothdatesreflecthealthyeconomies.Thereasonsarediverse.ForonethingincreasedschoolenrollmentappearstoaccountforaboutathirdofthatdeclineaccordingtotheEconomicPolicyInstitute.Forteenstherehasbeenaremarkablelong-termshiftfromsummeremploymenttosummerenrollmentreportsEPIeconomistHeidiShierholz.Oneofthecriticalissuesforjob-seekingteensisthechangingfaceofthecompetitionwhichisincreasinglyskilled.Notonlyaretheycompetingwitheachotherforavailablepositionsbuttheyarecompetingwithrecentcollegegraduatesandjobseekerswhohavetwoormoreyearsofon-the-jobexperienceandarewillingtotakealmostanypositionthatprovidesasteadypaychecksaysJohnChallengerofoutplacementfirmChallengerGray&Christmas.ThewordwallopedLine3Paragraph1mostprobablymeans______.
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Sheknewhowtomakeanentrance.HerdarkhaircutinaseverepageboyAynRandwouldsweepintoaroomwithalongblackcapeadollar-signpinonherlapelandaneverpresentcigaretteinanivoryholder.MelodramaticyesbutRanddidn’thavetimetobesubtle.Shehadmillionsofpeopletoconverttoobjectivismherphilosophyofradicalindividualismlimitedgovernmentandavoidanceofaltruismandreligion.Heradoringfollowers--somecalledthemacult--reveredherasthehighpriestessoflaissez-fairecapitalismuntilherdeathin1982atage77.ThebadeconomyhasbeengoodnewsforRand’slegacy.Herfiercedenunciationsofgovernmentregulationhavesentsalesofhertwobest-knownnovelsTheFountainheadandAtlasShruggedsoaring.Yetherme-firstbrandofcapitalismhasbeenexccoriated严厉批评forfomenting引发therecentfinancialcrisis.Andhermostfamousformeracolyte-onetimeFedchairmanAlanGreenspan--hasbeenblamedforinflatingthehousingbubblebyrefusingtointerveneinthemarket.Inthemidstofthenewlyrekindleddebatetwoexcellentbiographieshavejustbeenpublished:AynRandandtheWorldSheMadebyAnneC.HellerDoubleday;592pagesisacomprehensivestudyinnovelisticdetailofRand’spersonallifeandGoddessoftheMarket:AynRandandtheAmericanRightbyJenniterBurnsOxford;369pagesleansmoreheavilyonRand’stheoriesandpolitics.FromherearliestyearsRandwasawomanonamission.Bornin1905toabourgeoisJewishfamilyinSt.PetersburgRandwas12whentheBolshevikRevolutiontookplace.HerfamilysuddenlypoorwasforcedtofleeandRand’shatredofcommunismandanysortofcollectivismwouldguideherlife.ArrivingintheUSin1926withanewnameAynrhymeswithfinemadeherwaytoHollywoodwhereshehadmodestsuccessasascreenwriterandmarriedanaspiringactorFrankO’Connor.HerpoliticizationcamewhensheandherhusbandworkedonRepublicanWendellWillkie’slosingpresidentialcampaignin1940.AccordingtoBurnsBeforeWillkieshehadbeenpro-capitalistyetpessimisticwriting’Thecapitalistworldislowunprincipledandcorrupt.’Nowshecelebratedcapitalismasthe’noblestcleanestandmostidealisticsystemofall’.TheFountainheadanepicnovelchroniclingthestrugglesofanarchitectnamedHowardRoarkagainstconventionalvalueswasherbreakoutwork.Inherracetogetthesprawling700-pagebooktopressshebegantakingtheamphetamineBenzedrine一种兴奋剂的名称tofuelherefforts.Randusedittopowerherlastmonthsofworkonthenovelincludingseveral24-hoursessionscorrectingpageproofswritesBurns.ThebookbroughtRandfinancialsecurityandfame.WhatdowelearnaboutAynRand
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
[A]Storytellersfromantiquityknewthepowerofstar-crossedromanceandsodidAudreyNiffenegger.Her2003bestsellerTheTimeTraveler’sWifeissoplangentataleoffatallovewithtwoadorablepeoplefightingtobeattheoddsagainstthem. [B]Henryyouseehasthegiftorcurseoftime-traveling:disappearingfromonetemporalandspatialrealitytopopupnakedinanother.Thisscience-fictiontropewillbefamiliartofansofTheTerminatorbutHenryisnoaction-fantasygod.He’sjustaguywhosebodyhasawanderlusthecan’tharness.That’swhyashetellsthebesottedClare"IneverwantedanythinginmylifethatIcouldn’tstandlosing."Ofcoursethey’redestinedtobeeachother’soneandonlyloves. [C]MyfriendandneighborthefilmmakerAlanWadehasaprovocativeexplanationforwhyTitanicstrucksuchastrongandreverberantchordwithhundredsofmillionsofmoviegoersespeciallywomen:theherodies.OKthatbreaksacardinalruleofmovieromance:thattheloverskisshappilyatthefinalfade-out.Mostexamplesofthegenreendwiththatrosyimageinpartbecausetheirmakersarereluctanttobumouttheiraudience. [D]HenryEricBanawhoworksinaChicagopubliclibraryisinthereadingroomwhenawomanhe’snevermetwalksuptohimandsaysdewily"I’velovedyouallmylife."She’sClareRachelMcAdamsayoungartistandinherpast--Henry’sfuture-hehasvisitedherandwonherundyingdevotion. [E]JamesCameronmusthavebeentemptedtoendhisfilmwithLeonardoDiCaprio’sJacksurvivingtheship’ssinkingandenjoyingalonglifewithKateWinslet’sRose. [F]Thatit’ssurprisingittooksixyearsforittogettothebigscreen.Maybeprospectiveproducerswerereluctanttobucktheprevailingwisdomofaconventionalhappyending.AnywayhereisthefilmversiondirectedbyRobertSchwentke.It’ssoppyenoughtosuittherequirementsoftheweepiegenreandthere’samusicscorethattriestocuealltheemotionsinviewersasifthey’reincapableoflocatingtheirownfeelings.Butthemoviealsohasanachingsoliditythatallowsyoutosurrendertoitscuddly-creepyfeelingswithouthatingyourselfinthemorning. [G]ButCameronrealizedthatbykillingoffJackhewasraisingthemovie’sstakesfromdomesticplatitudetoclassicromantictragedy.Jack’sdeathstampedbothfinalityandimmortalityonthelovers’shipboardtryst.Becauseheisgonetheirlovewillliveforever. Order:[*] 43
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
[A]Byoptingnottotakethecasethehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt’sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictionsratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence. [B]OnlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourtssaidDowLohnes&AlbertsonattorneyJonHartwhohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssocia-tion."ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStates"Hartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoriaAustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.basedWallStreetJournalWebsite. [C]TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInternetcaseslegalexpertssaid. [D]UntilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissueWebsiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscapesaidJohnMorganapartneratPerkinsColeLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw. [E]AccordingtoHartthepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial."Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey’reafraidthey’regoingtogetsuedinanothercountrybutthatdoesn’tmeanitwon’thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountries"hesaid. [F]ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalisWash.basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewoodColo.-basedHealthgrades.com.TheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHealthgrades.cornpostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealthcare’shomehealthservicesontheInternet.Heahhgrades.cornarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado.[G]ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators.GeoffStewartapartneratJonesDayinWashingtonD.C.saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissueasInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheirofferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions. 45
[A]Byoptingnottotakethecasethehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt’sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictionsratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence. [B]OnlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourtssaidDowLohnes&AlbertsonattorneyJonHartwhohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssocia-tion."ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStates"Hartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoriaAustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.basedWallStreetJournalWebsite. [C]TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInternetcaseslegalexpertssaid. [D]UntilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissueWebsiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscapesaidJohnMorganapartneratPerkinsColeLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw. [E]AccordingtoHartthepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial."Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey’reafraidthey’regoingtogetsuedinanothercountrybutthatdoesn’tmeanitwon’thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountries"hesaid. [F]ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalisWash.basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewoodColo.-basedHealthgrades.com.TheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHealthgrades.cornpostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealthcare’shomehealthservicesontheInternet.Heahhgrades.cornarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado.[G]ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators.GeoffStewartapartneratJonesDayinWashingtonD.C.saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissueasInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheirofferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions. 43
Customhasnotcommonlybeenregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment. Itistheinnerworkingofownbrainsthatwefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffactitisotherwayaround.46Traditionalcustomtakentheworldoverisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactionsnomatterhowunusualandabnormal.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffist-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest. Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithprimitiveandunchangedeyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.47Eveninhisphilosophicalprobing探测术hecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehavioroftheindividualasagainstanywayinwhichwecanaffecttraditionalCustomisastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueagainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothevernacular本国的ofhisfamily.48Whenoneseriouslystudiesthesocialordersthathavetheopportunitytodevelopautonomouslythefigurebecomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation. 49Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanaccommodationtothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalkheislittlecreatureofhiscultureandbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivitiesitshabitsarehishabitsitsbeliefshisbeliefsitsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.50Everychildthatisbornintohisgroupwillsharethemwithhimandnochildbornintooneontheoppositesideoftheglobecaneverachievethethousandthpart.Thereisnosocialproblemwhichismoreresponsibleforustounderstandthanthisoftheroleofcustom.Untilweareintelligentastoitslawsandvarietiesthemaincomplicatingfactsofhumanlifemustremainunintelligible. Whenoneseriouslystudiesthesocialordersthathavetheopportunitytodevelopautonomouslythefigurebecomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation.
Rarelydomajordiseaseshaveasinglecause.Theyareusuallytheresultofacomplexinteractionbetweenmanyfactorsincludinggeneticenvironmentalandlifestylecomponents.Manymediareportshowevercanteadustobelievethatifwegaveupsomethingthatwemightotherwiseenjoywecouldcompletelyescapethatparticularaffliction.Clearlythisisnotthecase.Vegetariansdieofcancerofthecolon结肠.Teetotallersdieoflivercomplaintsincludingcirrhosis硬化.Peoplewhonevergooutinthesuncontractskinmelanomas黑素瘤.Alwaysthereareotherfactorsatworkthanthesingleelementbeingexaminedinascientificstudy.Quiteoftentheallegedbenefitsofaparticularnutritionalelementaretheresultnotsomuchoftheelementitselfbutofthelifestyleandgeneraldietofthepeoplewhoconsumeitmost.Peoplewhoeatlotsofhealthyfoodsincludingfibercarrotsbroccolietc.alsotendtodrinklessalcoholtakemoreexerciseavoidtoomanyfattyfoodsandsmokeless.Onlywhenastudycanruleoutalloftheseotherfactorsandoftenwedonotknowwhatthesefactorsmightbecanwesaythatthereisacausallinkbetweentwothings.Thatisnottosaythatthingslikefiberandbroccolihavenobeneficialeffectsatall.Butthosewithsedentarylifestylescannotexpectthesefoodstomakethemhealthy.Thereishoweveronethingwhichincreasesthelikelihoodofdyingrelativelyyoungevenwhenalloftheotherfactorshavebeentakenintoaccount.Itisoneofthebiggestkillersevenamongthosewholeadlifestyleswhichbyanycriteriaareclearlyhealthyones.Thissingleincontrovertibleriskfactoristhatofbeingpoor.RecentreportfromtheCancerResearchCampaignsuggestedthat12700deathscouldhavebeenavoidedbetween1986and1990ifinequalitiesincancercaredidnotexistinEnglandandWales.ComparingcancersurvivalratesthestudyfoundthatEnglandandWalesfaredunfavorablywithEuropeandtheUSbutthemostaffluentregionsofthesetwocountriesexhibitedsimilarfigurestotheEuropeanaverage.InanattempttocounterthisdisparitythegovernmenthasannouncedplansfortheprovisionofHealthActionZoneswhichseektoencouragegreatercooperationbetweenhealthandsocialservicestargetingbothruralandinnercityareas.Theemphasisofthisnewschemehoweverappearstofocusoninadequacieswithinhealtheducationintheseareasratherthanattackingthebroaderissuesofsocialinequality.Accordingtothefirstparagraphwhatarewelikelytoreadinmanymediareports
Whenworkersbecomemoreefficientit’snormallyagoodthing.Butlatelyithasactedasapowerfulbrakeonjobcreation.Andthequestionofwhethertherecentsurgeinproductivityhasrunitscourseisthekeytowhetherjobgrowthisfinallypoisedtotakeoff. Oneofthegreatsurprisesoftheeconomicdownturnthatbegan27monthsagoisthis..Businessesareproducingonly3percentfewergoodsandservicesthantheywereattheendof2007yetAmericansareworkingnearly10percentfewerhoursbecauseofamixoflayoffsandcutbacksintheworkweek. 46Thatmeanshigh-levelgainsinproductivity--whichinthelongrunisthekeytoahigherstandardoflivingbutintheshortruncontributestosky-highunemployment.Solongasemployerscansqueezedramaticallyhigheroutputfromeveryworkertheywon’tneedtohireagaindespitethegrowingeconomy. 47OnFridaytheLaborDepartmentwillreleaseacloselywatchedMarchemploymentreportexpectedtoshowthestrongestjobgrowthinthreeyearsdrivenbystabilizationintheeconomyandareboundfromFebruarysnowstorms. AstrongMarchjob-growthnumber-atatimewhentheeconomyisgrowingatonlyamiddlingpace--wouldsuggestthattheproductivityboomhaslargelyrunitscourse.48Regardlessthequestionofwhatcausedtheburstinworkers’efficiencyisoneofthegreatunansweredquestionsoftheexpansionandhashugestakesfortheeconomyoverthecomingyear. "Itisanepisodethatwe’regoingto--weeconomistsingeneral--aregoingtowanttounderstandbetterandlookatforalongtime"FederalReserveChairmanBenS.Bernankesaidatahearinglastweekinwhichhedescribedtheproductivitygainsas"extraordinary"andacknowledgedhehadnotforeseenthem. 49Businesseshavecertainlynotbeeninvestinginnewequipmentthatmightenableworkerstobemoreefficient-capitalexpendituresplummetedduringtherecessionandarereboundingslowly.50Andthestructuralshiftsoccurringintheeconomyaresoprofoundthatonewouldexpectproductivitytobelowerratherthanhigheraspeopleneednewtrainingtoworkinpartsoftheeconomythataregrowingsuchasexportsandtheclean-energysector. Sowhat’shappeningAsbestasanyonecanguessthecrisisthatbeganin2007anddeepenedin2008causedbothbusinessesandworkerstopanic. OnFridaytheLaborDepartmentwillreleaseacloselywatchedMarchemploymentreportexpectedtoshowthestrongestjobgrowthinthreeyearsdrivenbystabilizationintheeconomyandareboundfromFebruarysnowstorms.
Customhasnotcommonlybeenregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment. Itistheinnerworkingofownbrainsthatwefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffactitisotherwayaround.46Traditionalcustomtakentheworldoverisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactionsnomatterhowunusualandabnormal.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffist-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest. Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithprimitiveandunchangedeyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.47Eveninhisphilosophicalprobing探测术hecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehavioroftheindividualasagainstanywayinwhichwecanaffecttraditionalCustomisastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueagainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothevernacular本国的ofhisfamily.48Whenoneseriouslystudiesthesocialordersthathavetheopportunitytodevelopautonomouslythefigurebecomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation. 49Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanaccommodationtothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalkheislittlecreatureofhiscultureandbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivitiesitshabitsarehishabitsitsbeliefshisbeliefsitsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.50Everychildthatisbornintohisgroupwillsharethemwithhimandnochildbornintooneontheoppositesideoftheglobecaneverachievethethousandthpart.Thereisnosocialproblemwhichismoreresponsibleforustounderstandthanthisoftheroleofcustom.Untilweareintelligentastoitslawsandvarietiesthemaincomplicatingfactsofhumanlifemustremainunintelligible. Eveninhisphilosophicalprobing探测术hecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms
Whenworkersbecomemoreefficientit’snormallyagoodthing.Butlatelyithasactedasapowerfulbrakeonjobcreation.Andthequestionofwhethertherecentsurgeinproductivityhasrunitscourseisthekeytowhetherjobgrowthisfinallypoisedtotakeoff. Oneofthegreatsurprisesoftheeconomicdownturnthatbegan27monthsagoisthis..Businessesareproducingonly3percentfewergoodsandservicesthantheywereattheendof2007yetAmericansareworkingnearly10percentfewerhoursbecauseofamixoflayoffsandcutbacksintheworkweek. 46Thatmeanshigh-levelgainsinproductivity--whichinthelongrunisthekeytoahigherstandardoflivingbutintheshortruncontributestosky-highunemployment.Solongasemployerscansqueezedramaticallyhigheroutputfromeveryworkertheywon’tneedtohireagaindespitethegrowingeconomy. 47OnFridaytheLaborDepartmentwillreleaseacloselywatchedMarchemploymentreportexpectedtoshowthestrongestjobgrowthinthreeyearsdrivenbystabilizationintheeconomyandareboundfromFebruarysnowstorms. AstrongMarchjob-growthnumber-atatimewhentheeconomyisgrowingatonlyamiddlingpace--wouldsuggestthattheproductivityboomhaslargelyrunitscourse.48Regardlessthequestionofwhatcausedtheburstinworkers’efficiencyisoneofthegreatunansweredquestionsoftheexpansionandhashugestakesfortheeconomyoverthecomingyear. "Itisanepisodethatwe’regoingto--weeconomistsingeneral--aregoingtowanttounderstandbetterandlookatforalongtime"FederalReserveChairmanBenS.Bernankesaidatahearinglastweekinwhichhedescribedtheproductivitygainsas"extraordinary"andacknowledgedhehadnotforeseenthem. 49Businesseshavecertainlynotbeeninvestinginnewequipmentthatmightenableworkerstobemoreefficient-capitalexpendituresplummetedduringtherecessionandarereboundingslowly.50Andthestructuralshiftsoccurringintheeconomyaresoprofoundthatonewouldexpectproductivitytobelowerratherthanhigheraspeopleneednewtrainingtoworkinpartsoftheeconomythataregrowingsuchasexportsandtheclean-energysector. Sowhat’shappeningAsbestasanyonecanguessthecrisisthatbeganin2007anddeepenedin2008causedbothbusinessesandworkerstopanic. Businesseshavecertainlynotbeeninvestinginnewequipmentthatmightenableworkerstobemoreefficient-capitalexpendituresplummetedduringtherecessionandarereboundingslowly
RigobertoPadilla21cametotheUSAfromMexicowhenhewas6.HewenttoschoolinChicagojoinedthehonorsocietyanddreamedofbecomingalawyer-allwhilelivinghereillegally.Padilla’sstatuswasn’taproblemuntilheappliedforcollegeandcouldn’tqualifyforfinancialaidwithoutaSocialSecuritynumberhesays.InJanuarytheUniversityofIllinois-Chicagojuniorwaschargedwithdrunkendriving.Hepleadedguiltytoamisdemeanor轻罪paidafineandgotcourtsupervisionbutthatbroughthimtotheattentionofimmigrationofficialsandtriggereddeportationproceedings.Itwasonemistakeinmylifehesays.Padilla’simpendingdeportationcatapulted猛投himintoacampaigntostopthedeportationofcollegestudentsandrecentgraduates.Lawmakersstudentsmembersoftheclergyandotheracti-vistshopetobuythestudentstimeandusetheirstoriestopushforlawsthatwouldallowthemandperhapsmillionsofotherillegalimmigrantstoearnlegalstatussaysJoshuaHoytoftheIllinoisCoalitionforImmigrantandRefugeeRights.ImmigrationandCustomsEnforcementICEagreedlastweektodelayPadilla’sdeportationforayearmakinghimoneofatleastsevenyoungillegalimmigrantswhohavehadtheirdeportationsdelayedsinceJuneaccordingtoDreamActivistoneofthegroupsspearheadingthecampaign.FamilytiesandcommunitystandingareamongthefactorsICEconsiderswhenaskedtodelayadeportationsaysICEspokesmanRichardRocha.IwanttograduatecollegeandgivebacktothiscountryPadillasays.HissupportersfloodedtheDepartmentofHomelandSecuritywiththousandsoffaxesanddesignedaFacebookpagetelling2800membershowtohelp.TheChicagoCityCouncilpassedaresolutioninhisbehalfandRep.JanSchakowskyD-Ill.introducedabillspecificallyforhimthatwouldallowhimtostay.Whywouldwedepriveourselvesofoutstandingstudentsandfutureleaderssheasks.Theyhadnopartinthedecisiontocomehere.Thereare12millionillegalimmigrantsintheUSA.Activistscallforanoverhaulofimmigrationlawthatwouldofferthemawaytoearnlegalstatus.Rep.LuisGutierrezDill.introducedabillTuesdaythatwouldgiveillegalimmigrantswhopayfinespassbackgroundchecksandmeetotherrequirementsapathtowardlegalresidency.CollegestudentswhoareillegalimmigrantsfailunderaseparateproposalcalledtheDevelopmentReliefandEducationforAlienMinorsAct--theDREAMAct.RequirementswouldincludearrivalintheUSAat15oryoungerafive-yearresidencyormoreandatleasttwoyearsofcollegeormilitaryservice.Versionsoftheacthavebeenintroducedsince2001withoutsuccess.AccordingtothetextillegalimmigrantsintheUS______.
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