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风湿性二尖瓣轻度狭窄患者，心率160次/分，律齐，压迫颈动脉窦后心率转为90次/分。最可能的诊断是
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患者女性32岁反复胸闷气急咳嗽查体心界稍大心率100次/分律齐S1增强P2亢进可闻及开瓣音心尖部可闻
风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄
风湿性心脏病二尖瓣关闭不全
风湿性心脏病主动脉瓣狭窄
风湿性心脏病主动脉瓣关闭不全
风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄伴关闭不全
女性35岁患有风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄除阴天有时关节酸痛外无任何不适未给予治疗3天来感冒咳嗽咳黄黏痰予
风湿性心脏病、二尖瓣狭窄、肺部感染
风湿性心脏病、二尖瓣狭窄、急性肺水肿
风湿性心脏病、二尖瓣狭窄、肺栓塞
风湿性心脏病、二尖瓣狭窄、支气管哮喘
风湿性心脏病、二尖瓣狭窄、右心衰竭
女性35岁患有风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄除阴天有时关节酸痛外无任何不适未给予治疗3天来感冒咳嗽咳黄黏痰予
风湿性心脏病、二尖瓣狭窄、肺部感染
风湿性心脏病、二尖瓣狭窄、急性肺水肿
风湿性心脏病、二尖瓣狭窄、肺栓塞
风湿性心脏病、二尖瓣狭窄、支气管哮喘
风湿性心脏病、二尖瓣狭窄、右心衰竭
该患者可能的诊断是
风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄
风湿性心脏病二尖瓣关闭不全
风湿性心脏病主动脉瓣狭窄
风湿性心脏病主动脉瓣关闭不全
风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄伴关闭不全
女35岁患有风湿性关节炎史除阴天时关节酸痛外无任何不适未给予治疗3天来感冒发热咳嗽咳黄色黏痰入院前突
风湿性心瓣膜病、二尖瓣狭窄、肺部感染
风湿性心瓣膜病、二尖瓣狭窄、急性肺水肿
风湿性心瓣膜病、二尖瓣狭窄、肺栓塞
风湿性心瓣膜病、二尖瓣狭窄、支气管哮喘
风湿性心瓣膜病、二尖瓣狭窄、急性右心衰
女35岁患有风湿性关节炎史除阴天时关节酸痛外无任何不适未给予治疗3天来感冒发热咳嗽咳黄色黏痰入院前突
风湿性心瓣膜病、二尖瓣狭窄、肺部感染
风湿性心瓣膜病、二尖瓣狭窄、急性肺水肿
风湿性心瓣膜病、二尖瓣狭窄、肺栓塞
风湿性心瓣膜病、二尖瓣狭窄、支气管哮喘
风湿性心瓣膜病、二尖瓣狭窄、急性右心衰
该患者此时的诊断最可能的是
风湿性心瓣膜病,二尖瓣狭窄,肺部感染
风湿性心瓣膜病,二尖瓣狭窄,急性肺水肿
风湿性心瓣膜病,二尖瓣狭窄,肺栓塞
风湿性心瓣膜病,二尖瓣狭窄,支气管哮喘
风湿性心瓣膜病,二尖瓣狭窄,急性右心衰
患者女性46岁主诉呼吸困难胸痛伴晕厥1次拟诊风湿性心脏病入院心脏听诊心率86 次/分律齐胸骨右缘第2
主动脉瓣关闭不令
二尖瓣狭窄
主动脉瓣狭窄
二尖瓣关闭不全
肺动脉瓣狭窄
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Makinggoodcoffeeisnotasimple business.Coffeebushesmustbegrowninshade.Ahillsideisbest--butit mustn’tbetoo1.Afterthreeyearsthebusheswillstart to2bright-redcoffeecherrieswhicharepicked processedto3theinnerpartandspreadouttodryfor days4onconcrete.Theyare5 againtoseparatethebeanwhichneedstorestpreferablyforafewmonths. Onlythencanitberoastedgroundandbrewed6thestuff thatdreamsaresuppressedwith.InMexicoandpartsofCentral America7inColombiamostcoffeefarmersare smallholders.Theyfounditespeciallyhardto8the recentfallinthecoffeeprice.The9oftheirincome makesithardforfarmerstoinvestto10theircropsays FernandoCelis.Thefallforcedmanysmallfarmersto11 othercropsormigratetocities.Forfarmersonewayoutof this12istoseparatethepricetheyarepaid 13theinternationalcommoditiesmarkets.Thisis the14ofFair-tradeanorganizationwhichcertifies productsasresponsiblysourced.Fair-tradedeterminesatwhatpricefarmers makewhatitconsidersa15profit.Itscurrent 16isthattheappropriatefigureis10%abovethemarket price.17salesofFair-trade-certified coffeehaveincreasedfrom$22.5mperyearto$87mperyearsince1998.This isstillatinyfractionoftheoverallworldcoffeetradeworth$10billion 18Butthereareplentyofothermarketsforhigh-quality coffee.Somesmallproducerscan19morebymarketing theircoffeeasorganicorbird-friendlybecauseunlikelargemechanized plantationstheyhave20shade trees.
Text2 Notmany25-year-oldscanreasonably claimtohavechangedtheworld.TheIBMpersonalcomputerwhichwaslaunched in1981andcelebratesits25thbirthdayinAugustisarareexception.Other personalcomputershadbeenlaunchedbefore;butitwastheIBMPCthatendedup definingthestandardaroundwhichavastnewindustrythencoalesced.IBMthe titanofthecomputingWorldatthetimequicklylostcontrolofitsown creationallowingotherstoreapthebenefits.ButleaveasidewhatthePChas doneforthefortunesofparticularcompaniesandinsteadstepbackand considerwhatthePChasdoneformankind.ThePC’smostobvious achievementhasbeentohelpmakecomputerscheapermorewidelyavailableand moreusefulthaneverbefore.Beforeitappeareddifferentcomputersfrom differentmanufacturersweremostlyincompatiblewitheachother.ThePC’s architecturewasnotperfectbutitsadoptionasanindustrystandardmade possibleeconomiesofscaleinbothhardwareandsoftware.Thisinturnreduced pricesandenabledthePCtodemocratisecomputing.Butalthough thePChasitsmeritsitalsohasitsfaults.Itsflexibilityhasprovedtobe bothastrengthandaweakness:itencouragesinnovationbutatthecostof complexityreliabilityandsecurity.Andforpeopleinthedevelopingworld PCsaretoobulkyexpensiveandenergy-hungry.W.henitcomestoextendingthe benefitsofdigitaltechnology--chieflycheapandeasyaccesstoinformationto everyoneontheplanetthePCmaynotbethebesttoolforthejob. Lookonthestreetsofalmostanycityintheworldhoweverandyouwill seepeopleclutchingtinypocketcomputersbetterknownasmobilephones. Alreadyevenbasichandsetshavesimpleweb-browserscalculatorsandother computingfunctions.Mobilephonesarecheapersimplerandmorereliablethan PCsandmarketforces--inparticularthecombinationofpie-paidbillingplans andmicrocreditschemes--arealreadyputtingthemintothehandsofeventhe world’spoorestpeople.InitiativestospreadPCsinthedevelopingworldin contrastrelyontop-downfundingfromgovernmentsoraidagenciesratherthan bottom-upadoptionbyconsumers.Allkindsoffirmsfromgiants suchasGoogletostart-upssuchasCellBazaarareworkingtobringthefull bellefitsofthewebtomobilephones.ThereisnoquestionthatthePChas democratisedcomputingand-unleashedinnovationbutitisthemobilephonethat nowseemsmostlikelytocarrythedreamofthepersonalcomputertoits conclusion.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsmobilephone
Text1 Likeeverydogeverydiseasenowseems tohaveitsday.WorldTuberculosisinfectionsdiseaseinwhichgrowthsappear onthelungsDayisonSaturdayMarch24th.Tuberculosiswas onceterriblyfashionable.Dyingofconsumptionseemstohavebeenafavorite activityofgarret-dwelling19th-centuryartistshhashoweverbeenneglected oflate.ResearchersinthefieldnevertireofpointingoutthatTBkillsalot ofpeople.AccordingtofiguresreleasedearlierthisweekbytheWorldHealth Organization1.6millionpeoplediedofthediseasein2005comparedwith about3mforAIDSandlmformalaria.Butitreceivesonlyafractionofthe researchbudgetdevotedtoAIDS.America’sNationalInstitutesofHealth forexamplespends20timesasmuchonAIDSasonTB.Neverthelesseveryone seemstogettinginontheTB-dayactthisyear.TheGlobalFund aninternationalorganizationresponsiblefurfightingallthreediseasesbut bestknownforitsworkonAIDShasusedtheoccasiontotrumpetits tuberculosisprojects.Thefundclaimsthatitsanti-TBactivitiessinceit openedforbusinessin2002havesavedthelivesofover1mpeople.TheWorld HealthOrganizationhasissuedareportthatcontainssomegoodnews.Although thenumberofTBcasesisstillrisingtherateofillnessseemstohave stabilized;thecaseloadinotherwordsisgrowingonlybecausethepopulation itselfisgoingup.Evendrugcompaniesareinvolved.Inthe nm-uptothedayitselfEliLillyannounceda$50mboosttoitsMDRTBGlobal Partnership.MDRstandsformulti-drugresistanceanditisoneofthereasons whyTBisbackinthelimelight.Carelesstreatmenthascauseddrug-resistant strainstoevolveallovertheworld.Thecourseofdrugsneededtoclearthe diseasecompletelytakessixmouthsantipersuadingpeoplelostaythatcourse oncetheirsymptomshavegoneishard.UnfortunatelythoseinfectedwithMDR havetobetreatedwithlesseffectivemorepoisonousandmorecostlydrugs. Naturallytheseprovokestillmore.non-complianceandthusstillmore evolution.TheotherreasonTBisbackisitsrelationshipto AIDS.TheglobalFund’sjointresponsibilityforthediseasesisno coincidence.AIDSdoesnotkilldirectly.RatherHIVthevirusthatcausesit weakensthebody’simmunesystemandexposesthesufferertosecondary infections.OftheseTBisoneofthemostserious.Itkills200000AIDS patientsayear.Howeversomeanti-TBdrugsinterferewiththeeffectofsome anti-HIVdrugs.Converselyinabout20%ofcaseswhereapatienthasboth diseasesanti-HIVdrugsmakethetuberculosisworse.Theupshotisthat125 yearsafterhumanbeingsworkedoutwhatcausedTBitisstillaserious threat.ByreferringtoAIDSinParagraph2theauthorintendstoshow______.
WHOwasthefirstmodernartist.9HowaboutGiorgione 46Afar-fetchednotionperhapsbutthisRenaissanceVenetian revolutionizedpainting--andhisworkfocusingonsubjectssuchasbodies landscapesandfemalebeautywastitledmodernbytheleadingartcommentator ofthedayVasari.Giorgionewasnotaloneasillustrated bytheexcellentcatalogueaccompanyingtheexhibitionBelliniGiorgione TitianandtheRenaissanceofVenetianPaintingnowshowingattheNational GalleryofArtinWashingtonD.C.47Whatmadehimandthegenerationof artistsheinspiredsospecialwashisabilitytoabsorbthenewcurrentsof culturethenflowingthroughVenice.AcatalystwasLeonardodaVinciwho brieflyvisitedVenicein1500.InLeonardo’sdrawingsGiorgioneaswellas theyoungerartistTitianandtheirmasterGiovanniBelliniglimpsedanew conceptionofthehumanformbasedonobservationandexpressedinsmoky contoursandsubtleshadesoflightanddark.Overthe subsequent30yearsoneofthemostexcitingperiodsinthehistoryofart unfolded.InreadableengagingessaysDavidBrownandSylviaFerino-Pagden theexhibition’scuratorstogetherwithateamoftopscholarstellitsstory. WelearnhowthistriumvirateofVenetianpaintersdevourednotonlyLeonardo’s ideasbutalsothoseofAlbrechtDarertheGermanartistwhoserealistic renderingofnaturewasknowninVenicethroughprintsevenbeforehissojourn therein1506-7.48Darer’sworktaughtVenetianartiststhatlandscape couldbeanindependentelementofapaintingratherthanjustasymbolic backdropforreligioussubjects.Theresultwasanewstyle fullofnaturalmovementsensualityandpoeticatmosphere.49Venetian paintinghadlongbeencharacterizedbyitsjewel-likecolor--obtainedby grindingcoloredglassandminerals--butnowitwasappliedinawaythatgave artthekissoflife.Giorgioneblazedthetrail.Atop studentofBellinihelaterforgedhisownstyleinspiredbythecurrentvogue forpastorallovepoetrybasedonrecentlydiscoveredancienttextsthenthe bestsellersofVenice’sflourishingprintingindustry.50Heexcelledat whatwasknownamongtheeducatedeliteasthemodelacompetitionbetween paintingandpoetryinwhichpainterssoughttoprovethattheycouldrival poetsinconveyingbeautybyappealingtotheeyesaswellastothemind. Thiswasrevolutionarybecauseitimpliedthatpaintingoriginatedinthe imaginationoftheartistratherthanbeingasimplerecordingofthegreatand thegoodhistoryandreligion.Itprovedpainterswerecreatorsandnotjust craftsmen.
Text2 Notmany25-year-oldscanreasonably claimtohavechangedtheworld.TheIBMpersonalcomputerwhichwaslaunched in1981andcelebratesits25thbirthdayinAugustisarareexception.Other personalcomputershadbeenlaunchedbefore;butitwastheIBMPCthatendedup definingthestandardaroundwhichavastnewindustrythencoalesced.IBMthe titanofthecomputingWorldatthetimequicklylostcontrolofitsown creationallowingotherstoreapthebenefits.ButleaveasidewhatthePChas doneforthefortunesofparticularcompaniesandinsteadstepbackand considerwhatthePChasdoneformankind.ThePC’smostobvious achievementhasbeentohelpmakecomputerscheapermorewidelyavailableand moreusefulthaneverbefore.Beforeitappeareddifferentcomputersfrom differentmanufacturersweremostlyincompatiblewitheachother.ThePC’s architecturewasnotperfectbutitsadoptionasanindustrystandardmade possibleeconomiesofscaleinbothhardwareandsoftware.Thisinturnreduced pricesandenabledthePCtodemocratisecomputing.Butalthough thePChasitsmeritsitalsohasitsfaults.Itsflexibilityhasprovedtobe bothastrengthandaweakness:itencouragesinnovationbutatthecostof complexityreliabilityandsecurity.Andforpeopleinthedevelopingworld PCsaretoobulkyexpensiveandenergy-hungry.W.henitcomestoextendingthe benefitsofdigitaltechnology--chieflycheapandeasyaccesstoinformationto everyoneontheplanetthePCmaynotbethebesttoolforthejob. Lookonthestreetsofalmostanycityintheworldhoweverandyouwill seepeopleclutchingtinypocketcomputersbetterknownasmobilephones. Alreadyevenbasichandsetshavesimpleweb-browserscalculatorsandother computingfunctions.Mobilephonesarecheapersimplerandmorereliablethan PCsandmarketforces--inparticularthecombinationofpie-paidbillingplans andmicrocreditschemes--arealreadyputtingthemintothehandsofeventhe world’spoorestpeople.InitiativestospreadPCsinthedevelopingworldin contrastrelyontop-downfundingfromgovernmentsoraidagenciesratherthan bottom-upadoptionbyconsumers.Allkindsoffirmsfromgiants suchasGoogletostart-upssuchasCellBazaarareworkingtobringthefull bellefitsofthewebtomobilephones.ThereisnoquestionthatthePChas democratisedcomputingand-unleashedinnovationbutitisthemobilephonethat nowseemsmostlikelytocarrythedreamofthepersonalcomputertoits conclusion.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat______.
Directions:Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningand 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Text2 Notmany25-year-oldscanreasonably claimtohavechangedtheworld.TheIBMpersonalcomputerwhichwaslaunched in1981andcelebratesits25thbirthdayinAugustisarareexception.Other personalcomputershadbeenlaunchedbefore;butitwastheIBMPCthatendedup definingthestandardaroundwhichavastnewindustrythencoalesced.IBMthe titanofthecomputingWorldatthetimequicklylostcontrolofitsown creationallowingotherstoreapthebenefits.ButleaveasidewhatthePChas doneforthefortunesofparticularcompaniesandinsteadstepbackand considerwhatthePChasdoneformankind.ThePC’smostobvious achievementhasbeentohelpmakecomputerscheapermorewidelyavailableand moreusefulthaneverbefore.Beforeitappeareddifferentcomputersfrom differentmanufacturersweremostlyincompatiblewitheachother.ThePC’s architecturewasnotperfectbutitsadoptionasanindustrystandardmade possibleeconomiesofscaleinbothhardwareandsoftware.Thisinturnreduced pricesandenabledthePCtodemocratisecomputing.Butalthough thePChasitsmeritsitalsohasitsfaults.Itsflexibilityhasprovedtobe bothastrengthandaweakness:itencouragesinnovationbutatthecostof complexityreliabilityandsecurity.Andforpeopleinthedevelopingworld PCsaretoobulkyexpensiveandenergy-hungry.W.henitcomestoextendingthe benefitsofdigitaltechnology--chieflycheapandeasyaccesstoinformationto everyoneontheplanetthePCmaynotbethebesttoolforthejob. Lookonthestreetsofalmostanycityintheworldhoweverandyouwill seepeopleclutchingtinypocketcomputersbetterknownasmobilephones. Alreadyevenbasichandsetshavesimpleweb-browserscalculatorsandother computingfunctions.Mobilephonesarecheapersimplerandmorereliablethan PCsandmarketforces--inparticularthecombinationofpie-paidbillingplans andmicrocreditschemes--arealreadyputtingthemintothehandsofeventhe world’spoorestpeople.InitiativestospreadPCsinthedevelopingworldin contrastrelyontop-downfundingfromgovernmentsoraidagenciesratherthan bottom-upadoptionbyconsumers.Allkindsoffirmsfromgiants suchasGoogletostart-upssuchasCellBazaarareworkingtobringthefull bellefitsofthewebtomobilephones.ThereisnoquestionthatthePChas democratisedcomputingand-unleashedinnovationbutitisthemobilephonethat nowseemsmostlikelytocarrythedreamofthepersonalcomputertoits conclusion.WhydosetheauthorholdtheopinionthattheIBMpersonalcomputerisarareexception
Makinggoodcoffeeisnotasimple business.Coffeebushesmustbegrowninshade.Ahillsideisbest--butit mustn’tbetoo1.Afterthreeyearsthebusheswillstart to2bright-redcoffeecherrieswhicharepicked processedto3theinnerpartandspreadouttodryfor days4onconcrete.Theyare5 againtoseparatethebeanwhichneedstorestpreferablyforafewmonths. Onlythencanitberoastedgroundandbrewed6thestuff thatdreamsaresuppressedwith.InMexicoandpartsofCentral America7inColombiamostcoffeefarmersare smallholders.Theyfounditespeciallyhardto8the recentfallinthecoffeeprice.The9oftheirincome makesithardforfarmerstoinvestto10theircropsays FernandoCelis.Thefallforcedmanysmallfarmersto11 othercropsormigratetocities.Forfarmersonewayoutof this12istoseparatethepricetheyarepaid 13theinternationalcommoditiesmarkets.Thisis the14ofFair-tradeanorganizationwhichcertifies productsasresponsiblysourced.Fair-tradedeterminesatwhatpricefarmers makewhatitconsidersa15profit.Itscurrent 16isthattheappropriatefigureis10%abovethemarket price.17salesofFair-trade-certified coffeehaveincreasedfrom$22.5mperyearto$87mperyearsince1998.This isstillatinyfractionoftheoverallworldcoffeetradeworth$10billion 18Butthereareplentyofothermarketsforhigh-quality coffee.Somesmallproducerscan19morebymarketing theircoffeeasorganicorbird-friendlybecauseunlikelargemechanized plantationstheyhave20shade trees.
Makinggoodcoffeeisnotasimple business.Coffeebushesmustbegrowninshade.Ahillsideisbest--butit mustn’tbetoo1.Afterthreeyearsthebusheswillstart to2bright-redcoffeecherrieswhicharepicked processedto3theinnerpartandspreadouttodryfor days4onconcrete.Theyare5 againtoseparatethebeanwhichneedstorestpreferablyforafewmonths. Onlythencanitberoastedgroundandbrewed6thestuff thatdreamsaresuppressedwith.InMexicoandpartsofCentral America7inColombiamostcoffeefarmersare smallholders.Theyfounditespeciallyhardto8the recentfallinthecoffeeprice.The9oftheirincome makesithardforfarmerstoinvestto10theircropsays FernandoCelis.Thefallforcedmanysmallfarmersto11 othercropsormigratetocities.Forfarmersonewayoutof this12istoseparatethepricetheyarepaid 13theinternationalcommoditiesmarkets.Thisis the14ofFair-tradeanorganizationwhichcertifies productsasresponsiblysourced.Fair-tradedeterminesatwhatpricefarmers makewhatitconsidersa15profit.Itscurrent 16isthattheappropriatefigureis10%abovethemarket price.17salesofFair-trade-certified coffeehaveincreasedfrom$22.5mperyearto$87mperyearsince1998.This isstillatinyfractionoftheoverallworldcoffeetradeworth$10billion 18Butthereareplentyofothermarketsforhigh-quality coffee.Somesmallproducerscan19morebymarketing theircoffeeasorganicorbird-friendlybecauseunlikelargemechanized plantationstheyhave20shade trees.
Text4 WaltDisneycouldhavebuilthis biggestthemeparkanywhere.HechoseFlorida.Theweatherisbalmyandwhenit getstoohottherearelotsofpoolstocooloffinsays.MegCroftonWalt DisneyWorld’sCEO’.Floridaalsooffersplentyofspacetoexpand.Disney Worldwhichwasfirstcarvedoutofwildwoodlandin1971hasswollentofour parkscovering40squaremiles104sqkmandemploying60000castmembers. Contrarytothestereotypeofrapidflowintheservicesectortheaverage full-timeemployeesticksaroundfornineyears.Florida’s businessclimateissunnytoo.TheMilkenInstituteathink-tankin Californiacompilesanindexofbest-performingcitiesinAmericaa compositemeasureofsuchthingsasjobcreationwagegrowthandwhether businessesarethriving.Inthemostrecentindexsixofthetopten metropolitanareasareinFlorida.Orlando-Kissimmeeissixth.And18ofthe top30areintheSouth.ForalongtimetheSouth’sweathergot inthewayofitsdevelopment.RichardPillsburyageographyprofessorat GeorgiaStateUniversitydescribestraditionallifeinthelowlandSoutha regionstretchingfromnorthernVirginiadowntotheGulfcoastofTexas: Smallishbarrenfarmsalmostlostinthewhiteheatofahotandhumidsummer sunastheownersandtheirhelpfoughtswarmsofmosquitoestoplantcultivate andharvestthemeagrecottoncropformarket.Thenair-conditioningcame.As itspreadaftertheWorldWarⅡtheSouthbecamesuddenlymorecomfortableto liveandworkin.Fromthe1940suntilthe1980stheregionboomed.Inhisbook OldSouthNewSouthGavinWrightlistsfourreasonswhyFederaldefence spendingstimulatedgrowth.Sunshineattractedskilledprofessionals.TheSouth havingdevelopedsolittleinthepastwasacleanslatewithoutstrong labourunionsentrenchedbureaucraciesrestrictivelawsoroutdatedmachinery. LastlygivenhowmuchcatchinguptheSouthhadtodothepotentialreturns werehigherthaninthenorth.Southernershaveprosperedin partbyplayingtotheirtraditionalstrengths.Thefameofsouthernhospitality hasbolsteredtheregion’shotelchainssuchasHolidayInn.Thatofsouthern cuisinehelpslocalrestaurantssuchasWaffleHouseCrackerBarrelandKFC. Arkansas-basedWal-Marttheworld’slargestretailerhaskeptcostslowby refusingtorecognizeunions.AndCoca-Colaowesatleastsomeofitssuccessto itssouthernorigins.InOldSouthNewSouthGavinWrightbelievesthat______.
Text3 Youcouldsayonthecourttheseare thebestdaysinthehistoryofNBA.Sowhyisn’ttheworldissingingthe praiseoftheNBAWhyisn’ttoday’sNBAoutperformingtheNFLNASCARand MajorLeagueofBaseballMLBallofwhichhavebeenrockedbyscandalslarge andsmalloverthelastfewyearsSimpleBecausetoday’sNBAscaresthewhite people.TheNBAstandsatthedead-centerintersectionoftwo rampantsocialdynamics:theascendancyofhip-hopcultureand21st-centrury marketing’ssworndutytoeasilydefinabledemographicgroup.Breakyourself intogeneralizeddemographicqualities:genderageraceeconomicclass.There isfullrangeofmusicTVshowsmoviesandwebsiteexplicitlydesignedto keepyouwarmandtoastyinyourcomfortzonefreefromsharpedges. TheNBAasitstandstodayhasplentyofsharpedgesandhasaserious imageproblem;morethananyothersports.Foryearswhitesmakeupamajority offanbaseblacksmakeupamajorityofplayers.Andthoseplayershave benefitedfromever-upward-spiralingpaychecksthey’veexercisedtheir influence’toshapethesightofthegamearoundthemintheirown image.ButtheNBAisstillallaboutimprovisationartistry jazzpoetryonthewaytoandabovetherim.Andwhileweappreciatedthe artistryinandofitselfthefactthatwecan’tdoitputsmanyfansatsome kindsmallbutmeasurableemotionaldistancefromthegame.Forthewhite audiencetheskilldivideonething.Therealwaysbeenplayersthatcoulddo thingstherestofuscouldn’t.What’sfreakingwhiteAmericansoutistheway NBAisembracingeveryelement’ofhip-hopculture--themusicthefashionthe attitudeeverything...ManyeventsstorieshurtNBAcementing itslawless-blacksimageinobservers’minds.Referringtothewordthug that’soperativeinshort-handingthenewNBAcultureasmanyobserversnoted. Thugwasso-optedbyblackculturesometimeduringtheTupacEra.Whenpeople slagNBA’playersasthugit’sgoodbetthey’renottakingaboutAdamMorris orJ.J.Redic.It’sabsolutelyaracialtag.TheNBAmorethan anyothersportsentityhaspotentialtobeabridgebetweenculturesawayto bringbothsidestogetherincheeringsomebestathletesofanycolor.It’s alreadyproducedJordanthemostwidelyknownathleteinhistoryandit’s gaininggroundfastonsoccerastheworld’sbestknownsport.Butit’sfragile indeedwithfansincolorsviewingbasketballasazero-sumgamewhereevery stereotypicallyblackorwhitecultureapparentlyforcesoutit’sethic opposite.Butwithseriousimageproblemsanotherslatfallsoutofthebridge. Andit’snothardtoimagineatimewhennobodywillbeinterestedincrossing over.What’stheauthor’sattitudeaboutNBAasabridge
Makinggoodcoffeeisnotasimple business.Coffeebushesmustbegrowninshade.Ahillsideisbest--butit mustn’tbetoo1.Afterthreeyearsthebusheswillstart to2bright-redcoffeecherrieswhicharepicked processedto3theinnerpartandspreadouttodryfor days4onconcrete.Theyare5 againtoseparatethebeanwhichneedstorestpreferablyforafewmonths. Onlythencanitberoastedgroundandbrewed6thestuff thatdreamsaresuppressedwith.InMexicoandpartsofCentral America7inColombiamostcoffeefarmersare smallholders.Theyfounditespeciallyhardto8the recentfallinthecoffeeprice.The9oftheirincome makesithardforfarmerstoinvestto10theircropsays FernandoCelis.Thefallforcedmanysmallfarmersto11 othercropsormigratetocities.Forfarmersonewayoutof this12istoseparatethepricetheyarepaid 13theinternationalcommoditiesmarkets.Thisis the14ofFair-tradeanorganizationwhichcertifies productsasresponsiblysourced.Fair-tradedeterminesatwhatpricefarmers makewhatitconsidersa15profit.Itscurrent 16isthattheappropriatefigureis10%abovethemarket price.17salesofFair-trade-certified coffeehaveincreasedfrom$22.5mperyearto$87mperyearsince1998.This isstillatinyfractionoftheoverallworldcoffeetradeworth$10billion 18Butthereareplentyofothermarketsforhigh-quality coffee.Somesmallproducerscan19morebymarketing theircoffeeasorganicorbird-friendlybecauseunlikelargemechanized plantationstheyhave20shade trees.
Text1 Likeeverydogeverydiseasenowseems tohaveitsday.WorldTuberculosisinfectionsdiseaseinwhichgrowthsappear onthelungsDayisonSaturdayMarch24th.Tuberculosiswas onceterriblyfashionable.Dyingofconsumptionseemstohavebeenafavorite activityofgarret-dwelling19th-centuryartistshhashoweverbeenneglected oflate.ResearchersinthefieldnevertireofpointingoutthatTBkillsalot ofpeople.AccordingtofiguresreleasedearlierthisweekbytheWorldHealth Organization1.6millionpeoplediedofthediseasein2005comparedwith about3mforAIDSandlmformalaria.Butitreceivesonlyafractionofthe researchbudgetdevotedtoAIDS.America’sNationalInstitutesofHealth forexamplespends20timesasmuchonAIDSasonTB.Neverthelesseveryone seemstogettinginontheTB-dayactthisyear.TheGlobalFund aninternationalorganizationresponsiblefurfightingallthreediseasesbut bestknownforitsworkonAIDShasusedtheoccasiontotrumpetits tuberculosisprojects.Thefundclaimsthatitsanti-TBactivitiessinceit openedforbusinessin2002havesavedthelivesofover1mpeople.TheWorld HealthOrganizationhasissuedareportthatcontainssomegoodnews.Although thenumberofTBcasesisstillrisingtherateofillnessseemstohave stabilized;thecaseloadinotherwordsisgrowingonlybecausethepopulation itselfisgoingup.Evendrugcompaniesareinvolved.Inthe nm-uptothedayitselfEliLillyannounceda$50mboosttoitsMDRTBGlobal Partnership.MDRstandsformulti-drugresistanceanditisoneofthereasons whyTBisbackinthelimelight.Carelesstreatmenthascauseddrug-resistant strainstoevolveallovertheworld.Thecourseofdrugsneededtoclearthe diseasecompletelytakessixmouthsantipersuadingpeoplelostaythatcourse oncetheirsymptomshavegoneishard.UnfortunatelythoseinfectedwithMDR havetobetreatedwithlesseffectivemorepoisonousandmorecostlydrugs. Naturallytheseprovokestillmore.non-complianceandthusstillmore evolution.TheotherreasonTBisbackisitsrelationshipto AIDS.TheglobalFund’sjointresponsibilityforthediseasesisno coincidence.AIDSdoesnotkilldirectly.RatherHIVthevirusthatcausesit weakensthebody’simmunesystemandexposesthesufferertosecondary infections.OftheseTBisoneofthemostserious.Itkills200000AIDS patientsayear.Howeversomeanti-TBdrugsinterferewiththeeffectofsome anti-HIVdrugs.Converselyinabout20%ofcaseswhereapatienthasboth diseasesanti-HIVdrugsmakethetuberculosisworse.Theupshotisthat125 yearsafterhumanbeingsworkedoutwhatcausedTBitisstillaserious threat.EliLillydevoteditselftoMDR-TBbecause______.
WHOwasthefirstmodernartist.9HowaboutGiorgione 46Afar-fetchednotionperhapsbutthisRenaissanceVenetian revolutionizedpainting--andhisworkfocusingonsubjectssuchasbodies landscapesandfemalebeautywastitledmodernbytheleadingartcommentator ofthedayVasari.Giorgionewasnotaloneasillustrated bytheexcellentcatalogueaccompanyingtheexhibitionBelliniGiorgione TitianandtheRenaissanceofVenetianPaintingnowshowingattheNational GalleryofArtinWashingtonD.C.47Whatmadehimandthegenerationof artistsheinspiredsospecialwashisabilitytoabsorbthenewcurrentsof culturethenflowingthroughVenice.AcatalystwasLeonardodaVinciwho brieflyvisitedVenicein1500.InLeonardo’sdrawingsGiorgioneaswellas theyoungerartistTitianandtheirmasterGiovanniBelliniglimpsedanew conceptionofthehumanformbasedonobservationandexpressedinsmoky contoursandsubtleshadesoflightanddark.Overthe subsequent30yearsoneofthemostexcitingperiodsinthehistoryofart unfolded.InreadableengagingessaysDavidBrownandSylviaFerino-Pagden theexhibition’scuratorstogetherwithateamoftopscholarstellitsstory. WelearnhowthistriumvirateofVenetianpaintersdevourednotonlyLeonardo’s ideasbutalsothoseofAlbrechtDarertheGermanartistwhoserealistic renderingofnaturewasknowninVenicethroughprintsevenbeforehissojourn therein1506-7.48Darer’sworktaughtVenetianartiststhatlandscape couldbeanindependentelementofapaintingratherthanjustasymbolic backdropforreligioussubjects.Theresultwasanewstyle fullofnaturalmovementsensualityandpoeticatmosphere.49Venetian paintinghadlongbeencharacterizedbyitsjewel-likecolor--obtainedby grindingcoloredglassandminerals--butnowitwasappliedinawaythatgave artthekissoflife.Giorgioneblazedthetrail.Atop studentofBellinihelaterforgedhisownstyleinspiredbythecurrentvogue forpastorallovepoetrybasedonrecentlydiscoveredancienttextsthenthe bestsellersofVenice’sflourishingprintingindustry.50Heexcelledat whatwasknownamongtheeducatedeliteasthemodelacompetitionbetween paintingandpoetryinwhichpainterssoughttoprovethattheycouldrival poetsinconveyingbeautybyappealingtotheeyesaswellastothemind. Thiswasrevolutionarybecauseitimpliedthatpaintingoriginatedinthe imaginationoftheartistratherthanbeingasimplerecordingofthegreatand thegoodhistoryandreligion.Itprovedpainterswerecreatorsandnotjust craftsmen.
Text3 Youcouldsayonthecourttheseare thebestdaysinthehistoryofNBA.Sowhyisn’ttheworldissingingthe praiseoftheNBAWhyisn’ttoday’sNBAoutperformingtheNFLNASCARand MajorLeagueofBaseballMLBallofwhichhavebeenrockedbyscandalslarge andsmalloverthelastfewyearsSimpleBecausetoday’sNBAscaresthewhite people.TheNBAstandsatthedead-centerintersectionoftwo rampantsocialdynamics:theascendancyofhip-hopcultureand21st-centrury marketing’ssworndutytoeasilydefinabledemographicgroup.Breakyourself intogeneralizeddemographicqualities:genderageraceeconomicclass.There isfullrangeofmusicTVshowsmoviesandwebsiteexplicitlydesignedto keepyouwarmandtoastyinyourcomfortzonefreefromsharpedges. TheNBAasitstandstodayhasplentyofsharpedgesandhasaserious imageproblem;morethananyothersports.Foryearswhitesmakeupamajority offanbaseblacksmakeupamajorityofplayers.Andthoseplayershave benefitedfromever-upward-spiralingpaychecksthey’veexercisedtheir influence’toshapethesightofthegamearoundthemintheirown image.ButtheNBAisstillallaboutimprovisationartistry jazzpoetryonthewaytoandabovetherim.Andwhileweappreciatedthe artistryinandofitselfthefactthatwecan’tdoitputsmanyfansatsome kindsmallbutmeasurableemotionaldistancefromthegame.Forthewhite audiencetheskilldivideonething.Therealwaysbeenplayersthatcoulddo thingstherestofuscouldn’t.What’sfreakingwhiteAmericansoutistheway NBAisembracingeveryelement’ofhip-hopculture--themusicthefashionthe attitudeeverything...ManyeventsstorieshurtNBAcementing itslawless-blacksimageinobservers’minds.Referringtothewordthug that’soperativeinshort-handingthenewNBAcultureasmanyobserversnoted. Thugwasso-optedbyblackculturesometimeduringtheTupacEra.Whenpeople slagNBA’playersasthugit’sgoodbetthey’renottakingaboutAdamMorris orJ.J.Redic.It’sabsolutelyaracialtag.TheNBAmorethan anyothersportsentityhaspotentialtobeabridgebetweenculturesawayto bringbothsidestogetherincheeringsomebestathletesofanycolor.It’s alreadyproducedJordanthemostwidelyknownathleteinhistoryandit’s gaininggroundfastonsoccerastheworld’sbestknownsport.Butit’sfragile indeedwithfansincolorsviewingbasketballasazero-sumgamewhereevery stereotypicallyblackorwhitecultureapparentlyforcesoutit’sethic opposite.Butwithseriousimageproblemsanotherslatfallsoutofthebridge. Andit’snothardtoimagineatimewhennobodywillbeinterestedincrossing over.Whatcanweinferfromthispassage
Makinggoodcoffeeisnotasimple business.Coffeebushesmustbegrowninshade.Ahillsideisbest--butit mustn’tbetoo1.Afterthreeyearsthebusheswillstart to2bright-redcoffeecherrieswhicharepicked processedto3theinnerpartandspreadouttodryfor days4onconcrete.Theyare5 againtoseparatethebeanwhichneedstorestpreferablyforafewmonths. Onlythencanitberoastedgroundandbrewed6thestuff thatdreamsaresuppressedwith.InMexicoandpartsofCentral America7inColombiamostcoffeefarmersare smallholders.Theyfounditespeciallyhardto8the recentfallinthecoffeeprice.The9oftheirincome makesithardforfarmerstoinvestto10theircropsays FernandoCelis.Thefallforcedmanysmallfarmersto11 othercropsormigratetocities.Forfarmersonewayoutof this12istoseparatethepricetheyarepaid 13theinternationalcommoditiesmarkets.Thisis the14ofFair-tradeanorganizationwhichcertifies productsasresponsiblysourced.Fair-tradedeterminesatwhatpricefarmers makewhatitconsidersa15profit.Itscurrent 16isthattheappropriatefigureis10%abovethemarket price.17salesofFair-trade-certified coffeehaveincreasedfrom$22.5mperyearto$87mperyearsince1998.This isstillatinyfractionoftheoverallworldcoffeetradeworth$10billion 18Butthereareplentyofothermarketsforhigh-quality coffee.Somesmallproducerscan19morebymarketing theircoffeeasorganicorbird-friendlybecauseunlikelargemechanized plantationstheyhave20shade trees.
Text4 WaltDisneycouldhavebuilthis biggestthemeparkanywhere.HechoseFlorida.Theweatherisbalmyandwhenit getstoohottherearelotsofpoolstocooloffinsays.MegCroftonWalt DisneyWorld’sCEO’.Floridaalsooffersplentyofspacetoexpand.Disney Worldwhichwasfirstcarvedoutofwildwoodlandin1971hasswollentofour parkscovering40squaremiles104sqkmandemploying60000castmembers. Contrarytothestereotypeofrapidflowintheservicesectortheaverage full-timeemployeesticksaroundfornineyears.Florida’s businessclimateissunnytoo.TheMilkenInstituteathink-tankin Californiacompilesanindexofbest-performingcitiesinAmericaa compositemeasureofsuchthingsasjobcreationwagegrowthandwhether businessesarethriving.Inthemostrecentindexsixofthetopten metropolitanareasareinFlorida.Orlando-Kissimmeeissixth.And18ofthe top30areintheSouth.ForalongtimetheSouth’sweathergot inthewayofitsdevelopment.RichardPillsburyageographyprofessorat GeorgiaStateUniversitydescribestraditionallifeinthelowlandSoutha regionstretchingfromnorthernVirginiadowntotheGulfcoastofTexas: Smallishbarrenfarmsalmostlostinthewhiteheatofahotandhumidsummer sunastheownersandtheirhelpfoughtswarmsofmosquitoestoplantcultivate andharvestthemeagrecottoncropformarket.Thenair-conditioningcame.As itspreadaftertheWorldWarⅡtheSouthbecamesuddenlymorecomfortableto liveandworkin.Fromthe1940suntilthe1980stheregionboomed.Inhisbook OldSouthNewSouthGavinWrightlistsfourreasonswhyFederaldefence spendingstimulatedgrowth.Sunshineattractedskilledprofessionals.TheSouth havingdevelopedsolittleinthepastwasacleanslatewithoutstrong labourunionsentrenchedbureaucraciesrestrictivelawsoroutdatedmachinery. LastlygivenhowmuchcatchinguptheSouthhadtodothepotentialreturns werehigherthaninthenorth.Southernershaveprosperedin partbyplayingtotheirtraditionalstrengths.Thefameofsouthernhospitality hasbolsteredtheregion’shotelchainssuchasHolidayInn.Thatofsouthern cuisinehelpslocalrestaurantssuchasWaffleHouseCrackerBarrelandKFC. Arkansas-basedWal-Marttheworld’slargestretailerhaskeptcostslowby refusingtorecognizeunions.AndCoca-Colaowesatleastsomeofitssuccessto itssouthernorigins.Thetextintendstoexpresstheideathat______.
Makinggoodcoffeeisnotasimple business.Coffeebushesmustbegrowninshade.Ahillsideisbest--butit mustn’tbetoo1.Afterthreeyearsthebusheswillstart to2bright-redcoffeecherrieswhicharepicked processedto3theinnerpartandspreadouttodryfor days4onconcrete.Theyare5 againtoseparatethebeanwhichneedstorestpreferablyforafewmonths. Onlythencanitberoastedgroundandbrewed6thestuff thatdreamsaresuppressedwith.InMexicoandpartsofCentral America7inColombiamostcoffeefarmersare smallholders.Theyfounditespeciallyhardto8the recentfallinthecoffeeprice.The9oftheirincome makesithardforfarmerstoinvestto10theircropsays FernandoCelis.Thefallforcedmanysmallfarmersto11 othercropsormigratetocities.Forfarmersonewayoutof this12istoseparatethepricetheyarepaid 13theinternationalcommoditiesmarkets.Thisis the14ofFair-tradeanorganizationwhichcertifies productsasresponsiblysourced.Fair-tradedeterminesatwhatpricefarmers makewhatitconsidersa15profit.Itscurrent 16isthattheappropriatefigureis10%abovethemarket price.17salesofFair-trade-certified coffeehaveincreasedfrom$22.5mperyearto$87mperyearsince1998.This isstillatinyfractionoftheoverallworldcoffeetradeworth$10billion 18Butthereareplentyofothermarketsforhigh-quality coffee.Somesmallproducerscan19morebymarketing theircoffeeasorganicorbird-friendlybecauseunlikelargemechanized plantationstheyhave20shade trees.
Makinggoodcoffeeisnotasimple business.Coffeebushesmustbegrowninshade.Ahillsideisbest--butit mustn’tbetoo1.Afterthreeyearsthebusheswillstart to2bright-redcoffeecherrieswhicharepicked processedto3theinnerpartandspreadouttodryfor days4onconcrete.Theyare5 againtoseparatethebeanwhichneedstorestpreferablyforafewmonths. Onlythencanitberoastedgroundandbrewed6thestuff thatdreamsaresuppressedwith.InMexicoandpartsofCentral America7inColombiamostcoffeefarmersare smallholders.Theyfounditespeciallyhardto8the recentfallinthecoffeeprice.The9oftheirincome makesithardforfarmerstoinvestto10theircropsays FernandoCelis.Thefallforcedmanysmallfarmersto11 othercropsormigratetocities.Forfarmersonewayoutof this12istoseparatethepricetheyarepaid 13theinternationalcommoditiesmarkets.Thisis the14ofFair-tradeanorganizationwhichcertifies productsasresponsiblysourced.Fair-tradedeterminesatwhatpricefarmers makewhatitconsidersa15profit.Itscurrent 16isthattheappropriatefigureis10%abovethemarket price.17salesofFair-trade-certified coffeehaveincreasedfrom$22.5mperyearto$87mperyearsince1998.This isstillatinyfractionoftheoverallworldcoffeetradeworth$10billion 18Butthereareplentyofothermarketsforhigh-quality coffee.Somesmallproducerscan19morebymarketing theircoffeeasorganicorbird-friendlybecauseunlikelargemechanized plantationstheyhave20shade trees.
Text4 WaltDisneycouldhavebuilthis biggestthemeparkanywhere.HechoseFlorida.Theweatherisbalmyandwhenit getstoohottherearelotsofpoolstocooloffinsays.MegCroftonWalt DisneyWorld’sCEO’.Floridaalsooffersplentyofspacetoexpand.Disney Worldwhichwasfirstcarvedoutofwildwoodlandin1971hasswollentofour parkscovering40squaremiles104sqkmandemploying60000castmembers. Contrarytothestereotypeofrapidflowintheservicesectortheaverage full-timeemployeesticksaroundfornineyears.Florida’s businessclimateissunnytoo.TheMilkenInstituteathink-tankin Californiacompilesanindexofbest-performingcitiesinAmericaa compositemeasureofsuchthingsasjobcreationwagegrowthandwhether businessesarethriving.Inthemostrecentindexsixofthetopten metropolitanareasareinFlorida.Orlando-Kissimmeeissixth.And18ofthe top30areintheSouth.ForalongtimetheSouth’sweathergot inthewayofitsdevelopment.RichardPillsburyageographyprofessorat GeorgiaStateUniversitydescribestraditionallifeinthelowlandSoutha regionstretchingfromnorthernVirginiadowntotheGulfcoastofTexas: Smallishbarrenfarmsalmostlostinthewhiteheatofahotandhumidsummer sunastheownersandtheirhelpfoughtswarmsofmosquitoestoplantcultivate andharvestthemeagrecottoncropformarket.Thenair-conditioningcame.As itspreadaftertheWorldWarⅡtheSouthbecamesuddenlymorecomfortableto liveandworkin.Fromthe1940suntilthe1980stheregionboomed.Inhisbook OldSouthNewSouthGavinWrightlistsfourreasonswhyFederaldefence spendingstimulatedgrowth.Sunshineattractedskilledprofessionals.TheSouth havingdevelopedsolittleinthepastwasacleanslatewithoutstrong labourunionsentrenchedbureaucraciesrestrictivelawsoroutdatedmachinery. LastlygivenhowmuchcatchinguptheSouthhadtodothepotentialreturns werehigherthaninthenorth.Southernershaveprosperedin partbyplayingtotheirtraditionalstrengths.Thefameofsouthernhospitality hasbolsteredtheregion’shotelchainssuchasHolidayInn.Thatofsouthern cuisinehelpslocalrestaurantssuchasWaffleHouseCrackerBarrelandKFC. Arkansas-basedWal-Marttheworld’slargestretailerhaskeptcostslowby refusingtorecognizeunions.AndCoca-Colaowesatleastsomeofitssuccessto itssouthernorigins.IncontrasttoDisneyWorldoneofthecharactersintheservicesectoristhat______.
Ifyouthinkyoucanmaketheplanetbetterbyclever shoppingthinkagain.Youmightmakeitworse.Youprobablygo shoppingseveraltimesamonthprovidingyourselfwithlotsofopportunitiesto expressyouropinions.Ifyouareworriedabouttheenvironmentyoumightbuy organicfood;ifyouwanttohelppoorfarmersyoucandoyourbitbybuying Fairtradeproducts;oryoucanexpressadislikeofevilmultinationalcompanies andrampantglobalizationbybuyingonlylocalproduce.Andthebestbitisthat shoppingunlikevotingisfun;soyoucandogoodandenjoyyourselfatthe sametime.Sadlyit’snotthateasy.41. Peoplewhowanttomaketheworldabetterplacecannotdosobyshiftingtheir shoppinghabits:transformingtheplanetrequiresdullerdisciplineslike politics.Organicfoodwhichisgrownwithoutman-made pesticidesandfertilisersisgenerallyassumedtobemoreenvironmentally friendlythanconventionalintensivefarmingwhichisheavilyrelianton chemicalinputs.Butitalldependsonwhatyoumeanbyenvironmentally friendly.Farmingisinherentlybadfortheenvironment:sincehumanstookit uparound11000yearsagotheresulthasbeendeforestationonamassive scale.42.Organicmethodswhichrelyon croprotationmanureandcompostinplaceoffertiliserarefarless intensive.Soproducingtheworld’scurrentagriculturaloutputorganically wouldrequireseveraltimesasmuchlandasiscurrentlycultivated.There wouldn’tbemuchroomleftfortherainforest.Fairtradefoodis designedtoraisepoorfarmers’incomes.Itissoldatahigherpricethan ordinaryfoodwithasubsidypassedbacktothefarmer.Butpricesof agriculturalcommoditiesarelowbecauseofoverproduction43 .Surelythecaseforlocalfoodproducedascloseas possibletotheconsumerinordertominimisefoodmilesandbyextension carbonemissionsisclearSurprisinglyitisnot.AstudyofBritain’sfood systemfoundthatnearlyhalfoffood-vehiclemilesi.e.milestravelledby vehiclescarryingfoodweredrivenbycarsgoingtoandfromtheshops.Most peopleliveclosertoasupermarketthanafarmer’smarketsomorelocalfood couldmeanmorefood-vehiclemiles.Movingfoodaroundinbigcarefullypacked lorriesassupermarketsdomayinfactbethemostefficientwaytotransport thestuffWhat’smoreoncetheenergyusedinproductionas wellastransportistakenintoaccountlocalfoodmayturnouttobeevenless green.44.Andthelocal-foodmovement’saimsofcourse contradictthoseoftheFairtrademovementbydiscouragingrich-country consumersfrombuyingpoor-countryproduce.Butsincethelocal-foodmovement lookssuspiciouslylikeold-fashionedprotectionismmasqueradingasconcernfor theenvironmenthelpingpoorcountriesispresumablynotthepoint. 45.Theproblemslieinthemeansnottheends. Thebestthingaboutthespreadoftheethical-foodmovementisthatitoffers groundsforhope.Itsendsasignalthatthereisanenormousappetitefor changeandwidespreadfrustrationthatgovernmentsarenotdoingenoughto preservetheenvironmentreformworldtradeorencouragedevelopment.[A] Theaimsofmuchoftheethical-foodmovement--toprotecttheenvironmentto encouragedevelopmentandtoredressthedistortionsinglobaltrade--are admirable.[B]BymaintainingthepricetheFairtradesystemencourages farmerstoproducemoreofthesecommoditiesratherthandiversifyingintoother cropsandsodepressesprices--thusachievingformostfarmersexactlythe oppositeofwhattheinitiativeisintendedtodo.[C]Properfreetrade wouldbebyfarthebestwaytohelppoorfarmers.Taxingcarbonwouldpricethe costofemissionsintothepriceofgoodsandretailerswouldthenhavean incentivetosourcelocallyifitsavedenergy.[D]Therearegoodreasonsto doubttheclaimsmadeaboutthreeofthemostpopularvarietiesofethical food:organicfoodFairtradefoodandlocalfood.[E]Butfollowingthe greenrevolutionofthe1960sgreateruseofchemicalfertiliserhastripled grainyieldswithverylittleincreaseintheareaoflandunder cultivation.[F]Andsinceonlyasmallfractionofthemark-uponFairtrade foodsactuallygoestothefarmer--mostgoestotheretailer-thesystemgives richconsumersaninflatedimpressionoftheirlargesseandmakesalleviating povertyseemtooeasy.[G]ProducinglambinNewZealandandshippingitto BritainuseslessenergythanproducingBritishlambbecausefanninginNew Zealandislessenergy-intensive.
WHOwasthefirstmodernartist.9HowaboutGiorgione 46Afar-fetchednotionperhapsbutthisRenaissanceVenetian revolutionizedpainting--andhisworkfocusingonsubjectssuchasbodies landscapesandfemalebeautywastitledmodernbytheleadingartcommentator ofthedayVasari.Giorgionewasnotaloneasillustrated bytheexcellentcatalogueaccompanyingtheexhibitionBelliniGiorgione TitianandtheRenaissanceofVenetianPaintingnowshowingattheNational GalleryofArtinWashingtonD.C.47Whatmadehimandthegenerationof artistsheinspiredsospecialwashisabilitytoabsorbthenewcurrentsof culturethenflowingthroughVenice.AcatalystwasLeonardodaVinciwho brieflyvisitedVenicein1500.InLeonardo’sdrawingsGiorgioneaswellas theyoungerartistTitianandtheirmasterGiovanniBelliniglimpsedanew conceptionofthehumanformbasedonobservationandexpressedinsmoky contoursandsubtleshadesoflightanddark.Overthe subsequent30yearsoneofthemostexcitingperiodsinthehistoryofart unfolded.InreadableengagingessaysDavidBrownandSylviaFerino-Pagden theexhibition’scuratorstogetherwithateamoftopscholarstellitsstory. WelearnhowthistriumvirateofVenetianpaintersdevourednotonlyLeonardo’s ideasbutalsothoseofAlbrechtDarertheGermanartistwhoserealistic renderingofnaturewasknowninVenicethroughprintsevenbeforehissojourn therein1506-7.48Darer’sworktaughtVenetianartiststhatlandscape couldbeanindependentelementofapaintingratherthanjustasymbolic backdropforreligioussubjects.Theresultwasanewstyle fullofnaturalmovementsensualityandpoeticatmosphere.49Venetian paintinghadlongbeencharacterizedbyitsjewel-likecolor--obtainedby grindingcoloredglassandminerals--butnowitwasappliedinawaythatgave artthekissoflife.Giorgioneblazedthetrail.Atop studentofBellinihelaterforgedhisownstyleinspiredbythecurrentvogue forpastorallovepoetrybasedonrecentlydiscoveredancienttextsthenthe bestsellersofVenice’sflourishingprintingindustry.50Heexcelledat whatwasknownamongtheeducatedeliteasthemodelacompetitionbetween paintingandpoetryinwhichpainterssoughttoprovethattheycouldrival poetsinconveyingbeautybyappealingtotheeyesaswellastothemind. Thiswasrevolutionarybecauseitimpliedthatpaintingoriginatedinthe imaginationoftheartistratherthanbeingasimplerecordingofthegreatand thegoodhistoryandreligion.Itprovedpainterswerecreatorsandnotjust craftsmen.
Makinggoodcoffeeisnotasimple business.Coffeebushesmustbegrowninshade.Ahillsideisbest--butit mustn’tbetoo1.Afterthreeyearsthebusheswillstart to2bright-redcoffeecherrieswhicharepicked processedto3theinnerpartandspreadouttodryfor days4onconcrete.Theyare5 againtoseparatethebeanwhichneedstorestpreferablyforafewmonths. Onlythencanitberoastedgroundandbrewed6thestuff thatdreamsaresuppressedwith.InMexicoandpartsofCentral America7inColombiamostcoffeefarmersare smallholders.Theyfounditespeciallyhardto8the recentfallinthecoffeeprice.The9oftheirincome makesithardforfarmerstoinvestto10theircropsays FernandoCelis.Thefallforcedmanysmallfarmersto11 othercropsormigratetocities.Forfarmersonewayoutof this12istoseparatethepricetheyarepaid 13theinternationalcommoditiesmarkets.Thisis the14ofFair-tradeanorganizationwhichcertifies productsasresponsiblysourced.Fair-tradedeterminesatwhatpricefarmers makewhatitconsidersa15profit.Itscurrent 16isthattheappropriatefigureis10%abovethemarket price.17salesofFair-trade-certified coffeehaveincreasedfrom$22.5mperyearto$87mperyearsince1998.This isstillatinyfractionoftheoverallworldcoffeetradeworth$10billion 18Butthereareplentyofothermarketsforhigh-quality coffee.Somesmallproducerscan19morebymarketing theircoffeeasorganicorbird-friendlybecauseunlikelargemechanized plantationstheyhave20shade trees.
Makinggoodcoffeeisnotasimple business.Coffeebushesmustbegrowninshade.Ahillsideisbest--butit mustn’tbetoo1.Afterthreeyearsthebusheswillstart to2bright-redcoffeecherrieswhicharepicked processedto3theinnerpartandspreadouttodryfor days4onconcrete.Theyare5 againtoseparatethebeanwhichneedstorestpreferablyforafewmonths. Onlythencanitberoastedgroundandbrewed6thestuff thatdreamsaresuppressedwith.InMexicoandpartsofCentral America7inColombiamostcoffeefarmersare smallholders.Theyfounditespeciallyhardto8the recentfallinthecoffeeprice.The9oftheirincome makesithardforfarmerstoinvestto10theircropsays FernandoCelis.Thefallforcedmanysmallfarmersto11 othercropsormigratetocities.Forfarmersonewayoutof this12istoseparatethepricetheyarepaid 13theinternationalcommoditiesmarkets.Thisis the14ofFair-tradeanorganizationwhichcertifies productsasresponsiblysourced.Fair-tradedeterminesatwhatpricefarmers makewhatitconsidersa15profit.Itscurrent 16isthattheappropriatefigureis10%abovethemarket price.17salesofFair-trade-certified coffeehaveincreasedfrom$22.5mperyearto$87mperyearsince1998.This isstillatinyfractionoftheoverallworldcoffeetradeworth$10billion 18Butthereareplentyofothermarketsforhigh-quality coffee.Somesmallproducerscan19morebymarketing theircoffeeasorganicorbird-friendlybecauseunlikelargemechanized plantationstheyhave20shade trees.
Ifyouthinkyoucanmaketheplanetbetterbyclever shoppingthinkagain.Youmightmakeitworse.Youprobablygo shoppingseveraltimesamonthprovidingyourselfwithlotsofopportunitiesto expressyouropinions.Ifyouareworriedabouttheenvironmentyoumightbuy organicfood;ifyouwanttohelppoorfarmersyoucandoyourbitbybuying Fairtradeproducts;oryoucanexpressadislikeofevilmultinationalcompanies andrampantglobalizationbybuyingonlylocalproduce.Andthebestbitisthat shoppingunlikevotingisfun;soyoucandogoodandenjoyyourselfatthe sametime.Sadlyit’snotthateasy.41. Peoplewhowanttomaketheworldabetterplacecannotdosobyshiftingtheir shoppinghabits:transformingtheplanetrequiresdullerdisciplineslike politics.Organicfoodwhichisgrownwithoutman-made pesticidesandfertilisersisgenerallyassumedtobemoreenvironmentally friendlythanconventionalintensivefarmingwhichisheavilyrelianton chemicalinputs.Butitalldependsonwhatyoumeanbyenvironmentally friendly.Farmingisinherentlybadfortheenvironment:sincehumanstookit uparound11000yearsagotheresulthasbeendeforestationonamassive scale.42.Organicmethodswhichrelyon croprotationmanureandcompostinplaceoffertiliserarefarless intensive.Soproducingtheworld’scurrentagriculturaloutputorganically wouldrequireseveraltimesasmuchlandasiscurrentlycultivated.There wouldn’tbemuchroomleftfortherainforest.Fairtradefoodis designedtoraisepoorfarmers’incomes.Itissoldatahigherpricethan ordinaryfoodwithasubsidypassedbacktothefarmer.Butpricesof agriculturalcommoditiesarelowbecauseofoverproduction43 .Surelythecaseforlocalfoodproducedascloseas possibletotheconsumerinordertominimisefoodmilesandbyextension carbonemissionsisclearSurprisinglyitisnot.AstudyofBritain’sfood systemfoundthatnearlyhalfoffood-vehiclemilesi.e.milestravelledby vehiclescarryingfoodweredrivenbycarsgoingtoandfromtheshops.Most peopleliveclosertoasupermarketthanafarmer’smarketsomorelocalfood couldmeanmorefood-vehiclemiles.Movingfoodaroundinbigcarefullypacked lorriesassupermarketsdomayinfactbethemostefficientwaytotransport thestuffWhat’smoreoncetheenergyusedinproductionas wellastransportistakenintoaccountlocalfoodmayturnouttobeevenless green.44.Andthelocal-foodmovement’saimsofcourse contradictthoseoftheFairtrademovementbydiscouragingrich-country consumersfrombuyingpoor-countryproduce.Butsincethelocal-foodmovement lookssuspiciouslylikeold-fashionedprotectionismmasqueradingasconcernfor theenvironmenthelpingpoorcountriesispresumablynotthepoint. 45.Theproblemslieinthemeansnottheends. Thebestthingaboutthespreadoftheethical-foodmovementisthatitoffers groundsforhope.Itsendsasignalthatthereisanenormousappetitefor changeandwidespreadfrustrationthatgovernmentsarenotdoingenoughto preservetheenvironmentreformworldtradeorencouragedevelopment.[A] Theaimsofmuchoftheethical-foodmovement--toprotecttheenvironmentto encouragedevelopmentandtoredressthedistortionsinglobaltrade--are admirable.[B]BymaintainingthepricetheFairtradesystemencourages farmerstoproducemoreofthesecommoditiesratherthandiversifyingintoother cropsandsodepressesprices--thusachievingformostfarmersexactlythe oppositeofwhattheinitiativeisintendedtodo.[C]Properfreetrade wouldbebyfarthebestwaytohelppoorfarmers.Taxingcarbonwouldpricethe costofemissionsintothepriceofgoodsandretailerswouldthenhavean incentivetosourcelocallyifitsavedenergy.[D]Therearegoodreasonsto doubttheclaimsmadeaboutthreeofthemostpopularvarietiesofethical food:organicfoodFairtradefoodandlocalfood.[E]Butfollowingthe greenrevolutionofthe1960sgreateruseofchemicalfertiliserhastripled grainyieldswithverylittleincreaseintheareaoflandunder cultivation.[F]Andsinceonlyasmallfractionofthemark-uponFairtrade foodsactuallygoestothefarmer--mostgoestotheretailer-thesystemgives richconsumersaninflatedimpressionoftheirlargesseandmakesalleviating povertyseemtooeasy.[G]ProducinglambinNewZealandandshippingitto BritainuseslessenergythanproducingBritishlambbecausefanninginNew Zealandislessenergy-intensive.
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