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Thefindingiscontrarytothecommonbeliefthatallpeople aremotivatedtoalleviatenegativemoodsaccordingtoJonathonBrowna UniversityofWashingtonpsychologist.46Manypeoplewith lowself-esteembelievesadnessispartoflifeandthatyoushouldn’ttryto getridofitwhilepeoplewithhighself-esteembelieveindoingsomethingto feelbetteriftheyhaveanegativeexperienceorgetinabadmoodsaid Brown.Theresearchersconductedfivestudiesinvolvingnearly 900people.47Inthekeyexperimenttheresearcherscreatedasadmoodby havingsubjectslistentomusicandfoundthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemwere significantlylesslikelythanpeoplewithhighself-esteemtoselectacomedy videofromamongsixtapestobreaktheirmood.Peoplewith lowself-esteemfeelresignationbecausetheyquestionwhetheranythingwillhelp andsay‘I’mnotgoodatbreakingorchangingamoodBrownsaid.Theyalso believesadnessisnotsomethingyougetridofandthatyoulearnandgrowfrom sadness.Theyfeelitisnotappropriatetotrytochangeamood.Thesearenot peoplewhowouldnecessarilygotothemoviesorshoppingtofeelbetter. Therearethingsthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemcandoto snapanegativemoodaccordingtoBrown.48Ifyouhave lowself-esteemyoushouldactivelytrytoriseabovethesadnessandlearn thatyouwillfeelbetterifyoudonotpassivelyacceptsadness.Youcan getbetterifyouremindyourselftodosomething.Youmayhavetokickyourself inthebutttogotoamoviebecauseitwillrequireaconsciouseffortrather thansomethingthatcomesautomaticallyhesaid.Theother fourstudiesreinforcedtheideathatlowself-esteempeoplearelessmotivated tochangeanegativemood.Theinitialstudyaskedstudentstorecordinadiary apositiveornegativeexperiencethathappenedtotheminthenext7to10days andwhattheydidafterwards.49Thesecondstudyfoundthatpeoplewithlow self-esteemareequallyknowledgeableasthosewithhighself-esteemabout strategiestorepairnegativemoods.Thefinaltwostudies askedpeopleabouttheirexperienceswhentheywereinanegativemood.50 Thosewithhighself-esteemweremorelikelytoexpresstheneedtodo somethingtochangethemoodandlesslikelytorecallinstanceswhenthey didn’tfindawaytoimprovetheirmood.Thosewithlowself-esteem howeverweremorelikelytosaysuchmoodsareacceptableandthatthey couldn’tchangeamoodeveniftheytried.Theyalsoweremorelikelytosay thatnegativemoodssappedtheirenergy.
Text2 Whethertoteachyoungchildrena secondlanguageisdisputedamongteachersresearchersandpushyparents.On theonehandacquiringanewtongueissaidtobefareasierwhenyoung.Onthe otherteacherscomplainthatchildrenwhoseparentsspeakalanguageathome thatisdifferentfromtheoneusedintheclassroomsometimesstruggleintheir lessonsandareslowertoreachlinguisticmilestones.Woulda15-month-old childtheywondernotbebetteroffgoingtomusicclassesA studyjustpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesmay helpresolvethisquestionbygettingtothepointofwhatisgoingonina bilingualchild’sbrainhowasecondlanguageaffectsthewayhethinksand thusinwhatcircumstancesbeingbilingualmaybehelpful.AgnesKovacsand JacquesMehlerattheInternationalSchoolforAdvancedStudiesinTriestesay thatsomeaspectsofthecognitivedevelopmentofinfantsraisedinabilingual householdmustbeundergoingaccelerationinordertomanagewhichofthetwo languagestheyaredealingwith.Theaspectofcognitionin questionispartofwhatistermedthebrain’sexecutivefunction.Thisallows peopletoorganiseplanprioritiseactivityshifttheirattentionfromone thingtoanotherandsuppresshabitualresponses.Bilingualismiscommonin TriestewhichthoughItalianisalmostsurroundedbySlovenia.SoDr.Kovacs andDr.Mehlerlookedat40preverbalseven-month-oldshalfraisedin monolingualandhalfinbilingualhouseholdsandcomparedtheirperformancesin ataskthatneedscontrolofexecutivefunction.Firstthe babiesweretrainedtoexpecttheappearanceofapuppetonascreenafterthey hadheardasetofmeaninglesswordsinventedbytheresearchers.Thenthe wordsandthelocationofthepuppetwerechanged.Whenthiswasdonethe babieswhospeakonlyonelanguagehaddifficultyovercomingtheirlearnt responseevenwhentheresearchersgavethemfurthercluesthataswitchhad takenplace.Thebilingualbabieshoweverfounditfareasiertoswitchtheir attention—counteractingthepreviouslylearntbutnolongeruseful response.Monitoringlanguagesand.keepingthemseparateis partofthebrain’sexecutivefunctionsothesefindingssuggestthateven beforeachildcanspeakabilingualenvironmentmayspeedupthatfunction’s development.Beforerushingyouroffspringintobilingualkindergartensthough thereareafewcautions.Foronethingtheseextraordinarycognitivebenefits havebeendemonstratedsofaronlyincribbilinguals—thoselivingin householdswheretwolanguagesarespokenroutinely.Theresearchersspeculate thatitmightbethefactofhavingtolearntwolanguagesinthesamesetting thatrequiresgreateruseofexecutivefunction.Sowhetherthosebenefitsapply tochildrenwholearnonelanguageathomeandoneatschoolremains unclear.Accordingtotheauthorrushingyoungchildrenintobilingualkindergartens
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
Text3 Icameacrossanoldcountryguidethe otherday.Itlistedallthetradesmenineachvillageinmypartofthe countryanditwasimpressivetoseethegreatvarietyofserviceswhichwere availableonone’sowndoorstepinthelateVictoriancountryside. NowadaysasuperficialtravelerinruralEnglandmightconcludethatthe onlyvillagetradesmenstillflourishingwereeithersellingfrozenfoodtothe inhabitantsorsellingantiquestovisitors.Neverthelessthiswouldreallybe afalseimpression.Admittedlytherehasbeenacontractionofvillagecommerce butitsvigorisstillremarkable.Ourlocalgrocer’sshopfor exampleisactuallyexpandinginspiteofthecompetitionfromsupermarketsin thenearesttown.Womensensiblyprefertogothereandexchangethelocalnews whiledoingtheirshoppinginsteadofqueueingupanonymouslyatasupermarket. Andtheproprietorknowswellthatpersonalservicehasasubstantialcash value.Hispricesmaybeabithigherthanthoseinthetown buthewilldeliveranythingatanytime.Hisassistantsthinknothingof bicyclingdownthevillagestreetintheirlunchhourtotakeapieceofcheese toanold-agepensionerwhosentherorderbywordofmouthwithafriendwho happenedtobepassing.Themoreaffluentcustomerstelephonetheirshopping listsandthegoodsareontheirdoorstepswithinanhour.Theyhaveonlyto hintatafancyforsomecommodityoutsidetheusualstockandthegrocera red-facedfigureinstantlyobtainsitforthem.Thevillage gainsfromthissortofenterpriseofcourse.ButIalsofinditsatisfactory becauseavillageshopoffersoneofthefewwaysinwhichamodest individualistcanstillgetalongintheworldwithoutattachinghimselftothe bigbattalionsofindustryorcommerce.Mostofthevillage shopkeepersIknowatanyratearedecidedlyindividualistintheirways.For exampieourshoemakerisaformidablefigure:athick-setirritablemanwhom childrentreatwithmarkedrespectknowingthatanill-judgedwordcanprovoke anangryeruptionatanytime.Hestareswithcontemptatthepairsofcheap mass-producedshoestakentohimforrepair:hasitcometothisheseemstobe sayingthatheacraftsmanshouldhavetowastehisskillsuponsuchtrash Butweallknowhewillinfactdoexcellentworkuponthem.Andhemakes beautifulshoesforthosewhocanaffordsuch luxury.Theauthorcitedtheexampleoftheshoemakertoshowthat
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
进一步加大国有企业改革力度鼓励引导和支持非公有制经济发展大力发展混合所有制经济建立有效的激励和约束机制是构建符合社会主义市场经济要求的微观基础的必然要求现代企业制度是社会主义市场经济体制的基础现代企业制度的典型形式是
Thefindingiscontrarytothecommonbeliefthatallpeople aremotivatedtoalleviatenegativemoodsaccordingtoJonathonBrowna UniversityofWashingtonpsychologist.46Manypeoplewith lowself-esteembelievesadnessispartoflifeandthatyoushouldn’ttryto getridofitwhilepeoplewithhighself-esteembelieveindoingsomethingto feelbetteriftheyhaveanegativeexperienceorgetinabadmoodsaid Brown.Theresearchersconductedfivestudiesinvolvingnearly 900people.47Inthekeyexperimenttheresearcherscreatedasadmoodby havingsubjectslistentomusicandfoundthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemwere significantlylesslikelythanpeoplewithhighself-esteemtoselectacomedy videofromamongsixtapestobreaktheirmood.Peoplewith lowself-esteemfeelresignationbecausetheyquestionwhetheranythingwillhelp andsay‘I’mnotgoodatbreakingorchangingamoodBrownsaid.Theyalso believesadnessisnotsomethingyougetridofandthatyoulearnandgrowfrom sadness.Theyfeelitisnotappropriatetotrytochangeamood.Thesearenot peoplewhowouldnecessarilygotothemoviesorshoppingtofeelbetter. Therearethingsthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemcandoto snapanegativemoodaccordingtoBrown.48Ifyouhave lowself-esteemyoushouldactivelytrytoriseabovethesadnessandlearn thatyouwillfeelbetterifyoudonotpassivelyacceptsadness.Youcan getbetterifyouremindyourselftodosomething.Youmayhavetokickyourself inthebutttogotoamoviebecauseitwillrequireaconsciouseffortrather thansomethingthatcomesautomaticallyhesaid.Theother fourstudiesreinforcedtheideathatlowself-esteempeoplearelessmotivated tochangeanegativemood.Theinitialstudyaskedstudentstorecordinadiary apositiveornegativeexperiencethathappenedtotheminthenext7to10days andwhattheydidafterwards.49Thesecondstudyfoundthatpeoplewithlow self-esteemareequallyknowledgeableasthosewithhighself-esteemabout strategiestorepairnegativemoods.Thefinaltwostudies askedpeopleabouttheirexperienceswhentheywereinanegativemood.50 Thosewithhighself-esteemweremorelikelytoexpresstheneedtodo somethingtochangethemoodandlesslikelytorecallinstanceswhenthey didn’tfindawaytoimprovetheirmood.Thosewithlowself-esteem howeverweremorelikelytosaysuchmoodsareacceptableandthatthey couldn’tchangeamoodeveniftheytried.Theyalsoweremorelikelytosay thatnegativemoodssappedtheirenergy.
马克思恩格斯揭示了资本主义灭亡和必然为社会主义代替的客观历史发展规律找到了推翻资本主义和实现社会主义的革命力量途径和道路从而使300多年来形成的空想社会主义变为科学实现了人类思想史上空前的大飞跃和革命科学社会主义诞生的标志是
Text2 Whethertoteachyoungchildrena secondlanguageisdisputedamongteachersresearchersandpushyparents.On theonehandacquiringanewtongueissaidtobefareasierwhenyoung.Onthe otherteacherscomplainthatchildrenwhoseparentsspeakalanguageathome thatisdifferentfromtheoneusedintheclassroomsometimesstruggleintheir lessonsandareslowertoreachlinguisticmilestones.Woulda15-month-old childtheywondernotbebetteroffgoingtomusicclassesA studyjustpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesmay helpresolvethisquestionbygettingtothepointofwhatisgoingonina bilingualchild’sbrainhowasecondlanguageaffectsthewayhethinksand thusinwhatcircumstancesbeingbilingualmaybehelpful.AgnesKovacsand JacquesMehlerattheInternationalSchoolforAdvancedStudiesinTriestesay thatsomeaspectsofthecognitivedevelopmentofinfantsraisedinabilingual householdmustbeundergoingaccelerationinordertomanagewhichofthetwo languagestheyaredealingwith.Theaspectofcognitionin questionispartofwhatistermedthebrain’sexecutivefunction.Thisallows peopletoorganiseplanprioritiseactivityshifttheirattentionfromone thingtoanotherandsuppresshabitualresponses.Bilingualismiscommonin TriestewhichthoughItalianisalmostsurroundedbySlovenia.SoDr.Kovacs andDr.Mehlerlookedat40preverbalseven-month-oldshalfraisedin monolingualandhalfinbilingualhouseholdsandcomparedtheirperformancesin ataskthatneedscontrolofexecutivefunction.Firstthe babiesweretrainedtoexpecttheappearanceofapuppetonascreenafterthey hadheardasetofmeaninglesswordsinventedbytheresearchers.Thenthe wordsandthelocationofthepuppetwerechanged.Whenthiswasdonethe babieswhospeakonlyonelanguagehaddifficultyovercomingtheirlearnt responseevenwhentheresearchersgavethemfurthercluesthataswitchhad takenplace.Thebilingualbabieshoweverfounditfareasiertoswitchtheir attention—counteractingthepreviouslylearntbutnolongeruseful response.Monitoringlanguagesand.keepingthemseparateis partofthebrain’sexecutivefunctionsothesefindingssuggestthateven beforeachildcanspeakabilingualenvironmentmayspeedupthatfunction’s development.Beforerushingyouroffspringintobilingualkindergartensthough thereareafewcautions.Foronethingtheseextraordinarycognitivebenefits havebeendemonstratedsofaronlyincribbilinguals—thoselivingin householdswheretwolanguagesarespokenroutinely.Theresearchersspeculate thatitmightbethefactofhavingtolearntwolanguagesinthesamesetting thatrequiresgreateruseofexecutivefunction.Sowhetherthosebenefitsapply tochildrenwholearnonelanguageathomeandoneatschoolremains unclear.Howdoesasecondlanguageaffectthewayayoungchildbehavesaccordingtothenewstudy
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
[A]NegotiationIsaTwo-wayStreet[B] CorrectCommonNegotiationMistakes[C]DotheRightKindof Homework[D]Don’tBeAfraidtoHaveDifficult Conversations[E]TacticIsDictatedbySituation [F]TrytoAskGoodQuestions[G]DealwithIssuesup frontMostpeoplethinkofnegotiationonlywhentheyneedto getsomethingmoresaysTammyLenskiaprofessionalmediatorwhohelps universitiesandbusinessesnationwidewithconflictmanagement.Therealityis thatatworkprettymucheveryconversationisanegotiation.You’re negotiatingdeadlinesthequalitylevelwhatmightbetakenoffyourplateto makeroomforthispriorityprojectandwhatbenefityoumightgetfortakingon thatproject.Theminuteyouwalkintotheworkplaceinthemorningyou’re negotiating.HerearesomeofLenski’stipsonbecomingagood negotiator—andimprovingyoursituationatwork: 41．______Peopleeitheraretooconfrontationalor caveinbecausethey’reafraidtoasksomebasicquestions.Ifpeoplethinkof anegotiationmoreasaconversationthansomethingthatneedstobewon they’lldomuchbettersaysTammyLenski.42．______ Playinghardballintheofficecanbackfirewhenyouneedtoworkwith yourcoworkerseveryday.Youhaveanongoingrelationshipwiththesefolks andyou’retryingtonotleavedebrisLenskisays.Peopleneedtostop thinkingaboutnegotiatingasgettingmoreofwhatIneedwhichmeansgetting lessofwhatyouneed.Insteadfindouttheotherperson’s needsandtrytocometoaconclusionthathelpsbothofyou.Thebest negotiatingisusingthereallygoodhumanrelationskillsinaneffectiveway Lenskisays.Itisn’taboutpushingorconvincingormanipulatingtheother person.It’sabouthavingthemfigureoutwhattheywantandhowyoucanhelp themgetit.43．_______Innegotiationsyou knowwhatyouwant.Butyoualsoneedtofindoutwhattheothersidewantsin return.It’smostefficientifyoujustaskopenly.When startingherprivatepractice10yearsagoLenskipresentedherfeetoprovide conflict-managementservicestoacompanyinturmoil.Thedepartmentheadasked hertoslashherprice20percent.Lenskisaidthiswasherbottom-linenumber butthedepartmentheadsaideverythingisnegotiable.Lenski thenaskedtheessentialquestion:Whydoyoubelieveeverythingis negotiableThedepartmentheadexplainedtheheadoffinancewouldaskifshe bargainedandgotagooddeal.AtthatpointLenskicrossedouttheoriginal feeandwroteanewonethatwasabout25percenthigher.Willthisworkshe asked.ThedepartmentheadsaidWellI’llhavetoofferyou 20percentlessthanthat.Andtheyhadadeal. 44．______Insteadofkeepingquietandthusbecoming resentfulnegotiatingisfiguringouthowtoraisethethingsthatare botheringyousotheycanbesortedoutLenskisays.Instead ofjustthinkingaboutwhatmightmakeitdifficulttoaccomplishyourgoal talkwithyourbossaboutthoseissuesrightaway.It’smuchmorehelpfulin generaltothinkaboutunderwhatconditionsyoumightmakeitpossibleandhow canyouhelpmedothatLenskisays.45．______ Lenskisayspeopletendtowastealotoftimeworryingaboutscary negotiationscenarios.Theygointoitthinkingaboutallthewaysitcango wrongshesayseventhoughthenegotiationgenerallyturnsoutmuchbetter thanexpected.Insteadtheyshouldspendtheirtimethinkingofitfromthe perspectiveoftheotherperson.Whatwouldmakethemwanttojoinwithyouto figurethingsoutNotwhatwillmakethemchangetheirmindbutwhatwillmake themwanttosortthisoutwithme.Invitethemintojointproblem-solving.
Text4 Thefirsttechnologicalrevolutionin modernbiologystartedwhenJamesWatsonandFrancisCrickdescribedthe structureofDNAhalfacenturyago.Thatestablishedthefieldsofmolecular andcellbiologythebasisofthebiotechnologyindustry.Thesequencingofthe humangenomenearlyadecadeagosetoffasecondrevolutionwhichhasstarted toilluminatetheoriginsofdiseases.Nowtheindustryis convincedthatathirdrevolutionisunderway:theconvergenceofbiologyand engineering.ArecentreportfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysays thatphysicalscienceshavealreadybeentransformedbytheiradoptionof informationtechnologyadvancedmaterialsimagingnanotechnolugyand sophisticatedmodellingandsimulation.PhillipSharpaNobelprize-winnerat thatuniversitybelievesthatthosetoolsareabouttobebroughttobearon biologytoo.Butthechancesarethatthiswilltaketimeand turnouttobemoreofareformationthanarevolution.Theconventional health-caresystemsoftherichworldmayresistnewtechnologiesevenaspoor countriesleapfrogahead.Thereisalreadyabacklashagainstgenomicswhich hasbeenoversoldtoconsumersasadeterministicscience.Andgivensoaring health-carecostsinsurersandhealthsystemsmaynotwanttoadoptnew technologiesunlessinventorscanshowconclusivelythattheywillproduce betteroutcomesandoffervalueformoney.Iftheseobstacles canbeovercomethenthebiggestwinnerwillbethepatient.Inthepast medicinehastakenapaternalisticstancewiththeall-knowingphysician dispensingwisdomfromonhighbutthatisbecomingincreasinglyuntenable. Digitisationpromisestoconnectdoctorsnotonlytoeverythingtheyneedto knowabouttheirpatientsbutalsotootherdoctorswhohavetreatedsimilar disorders.Thatessentialreformwillenablemanyotherbigtechnological changestobeintroduced.Justasimportantitcanmakethat informationavailabletothepatientstooempoweringthemtoplayabiggerpart inmanagingtheirownhealthaffairs.Thisiscontroversialandwithgood reason.Manydoctorsandsomepatientsreckontheylacktheknowledgetomake informeddecisions.Butpatientsactuallyknowagreatdealaboutmanydiseases especiallychroniconeslikediabetesandheartproblemswithwhichtheyoften liveformanyyears.Thebestwaytodealwiththoseisforindividualstotake moreresponsibilityfortheirownhealthandpreventproblemsbeforethey requirecostlyhospitalvisits.Thatmeansputtingelectronichealthrecords directlyintopatients’hands.Whichofthefollowingmightbetrueaboutmodernbiologyaccordingtothefirstparagraph
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
Text2 Whethertoteachyoungchildrena secondlanguageisdisputedamongteachersresearchersandpushyparents.On theonehandacquiringanewtongueissaidtobefareasierwhenyoung.Onthe otherteacherscomplainthatchildrenwhoseparentsspeakalanguageathome thatisdifferentfromtheoneusedintheclassroomsometimesstruggleintheir lessonsandareslowertoreachlinguisticmilestones.Woulda15-month-old childtheywondernotbebetteroffgoingtomusicclassesA studyjustpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesmay helpresolvethisquestionbygettingtothepointofwhatisgoingonina bilingualchild’sbrainhowasecondlanguageaffectsthewayhethinksand thusinwhatcircumstancesbeingbilingualmaybehelpful.AgnesKovacsand JacquesMehlerattheInternationalSchoolforAdvancedStudiesinTriestesay thatsomeaspectsofthecognitivedevelopmentofinfantsraisedinabilingual householdmustbeundergoingaccelerationinordertomanagewhichofthetwo languagestheyaredealingwith.Theaspectofcognitionin questionispartofwhatistermedthebrain’sexecutivefunction.Thisallows peopletoorganiseplanprioritiseactivityshifttheirattentionfromone thingtoanotherandsuppresshabitualresponses.Bilingualismiscommonin TriestewhichthoughItalianisalmostsurroundedbySlovenia.SoDr.Kovacs andDr.Mehlerlookedat40preverbalseven-month-oldshalfraisedin monolingualandhalfinbilingualhouseholdsandcomparedtheirperformancesin ataskthatneedscontrolofexecutivefunction.Firstthe babiesweretrainedtoexpecttheappearanceofapuppetonascreenafterthey hadheardasetofmeaninglesswordsinventedbytheresearchers.Thenthe wordsandthelocationofthepuppetwerechanged.Whenthiswasdonethe babieswhospeakonlyonelanguagehaddifficultyovercomingtheirlearnt responseevenwhentheresearchersgavethemfurthercluesthataswitchhad takenplace.Thebilingualbabieshoweverfounditfareasiertoswitchtheir attention—counteractingthepreviouslylearntbutnolongeruseful response.Monitoringlanguagesand.keepingthemseparateis partofthebrain’sexecutivefunctionsothesefindingssuggestthateven beforeachildcanspeakabilingualenvironmentmayspeedupthatfunction’s development.Beforerushingyouroffspringintobilingualkindergartensthough thereareafewcautions.Foronethingtheseextraordinarycognitivebenefits havebeendemonstratedsofaronlyincribbilinguals—thoselivingin householdswheretwolanguagesarespokenroutinely.Theresearchersspeculate thatitmightbethefactofhavingtolearntwolanguagesinthesamesetting thatrequiresgreateruseofexecutivefunction.Sowhetherthosebenefitsapply tochildrenwholearnonelanguageathomeandoneatschoolremains unclear.Whoareprobablypushingyoungchildrentostudyanewlanguage
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
党的农村政策的基石是
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould: 1describethedrawingbriefly 2interpretthephenomenonreflectedbyitandthen 3giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Thefindingiscontrarytothecommonbeliefthatallpeople aremotivatedtoalleviatenegativemoodsaccordingtoJonathonBrowna UniversityofWashingtonpsychologist.46Manypeoplewith lowself-esteembelievesadnessispartoflifeandthatyoushouldn’ttryto getridofitwhilepeoplewithhighself-esteembelieveindoingsomethingto feelbetteriftheyhaveanegativeexperienceorgetinabadmoodsaid Brown.Theresearchersconductedfivestudiesinvolvingnearly 900people.47Inthekeyexperimenttheresearcherscreatedasadmoodby havingsubjectslistentomusicandfoundthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemwere significantlylesslikelythanpeoplewithhighself-esteemtoselectacomedy videofromamongsixtapestobreaktheirmood.Peoplewith lowself-esteemfeelresignationbecausetheyquestionwhetheranythingwillhelp andsay‘I’mnotgoodatbreakingorchangingamoodBrownsaid.Theyalso believesadnessisnotsomethingyougetridofandthatyoulearnandgrowfrom sadness.Theyfeelitisnotappropriatetotrytochangeamood.Thesearenot peoplewhowouldnecessarilygotothemoviesorshoppingtofeelbetter. Therearethingsthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemcandoto snapanegativemoodaccordingtoBrown.48Ifyouhave lowself-esteemyoushouldactivelytrytoriseabovethesadnessandlearn thatyouwillfeelbetterifyoudonotpassivelyacceptsadness.Youcan getbetterifyouremindyourselftodosomething.Youmayhavetokickyourself inthebutttogotoamoviebecauseitwillrequireaconsciouseffortrather thansomethingthatcomesautomaticallyhesaid.Theother fourstudiesreinforcedtheideathatlowself-esteempeoplearelessmotivated tochangeanegativemood.Theinitialstudyaskedstudentstorecordinadiary apositiveornegativeexperiencethathappenedtotheminthenext7to10days andwhattheydidafterwards.49Thesecondstudyfoundthatpeoplewithlow self-esteemareequallyknowledgeableasthosewithhighself-esteemabout strategiestorepairnegativemoods.Thefinaltwostudies askedpeopleabouttheirexperienceswhentheywereinanegativemood.50 Thosewithhighself-esteemweremorelikelytoexpresstheneedtodo somethingtochangethemoodandlesslikelytorecallinstanceswhenthey didn’tfindawaytoimprovetheirmood.Thosewithlowself-esteem howeverweremorelikelytosaysuchmoodsareacceptableandthatthey couldn’tchangeamoodeveniftheytried.Theyalsoweremorelikelytosay thatnegativemoodssappedtheirenergy.
Text3 Icameacrossanoldcountryguidethe otherday.Itlistedallthetradesmenineachvillageinmypartofthe countryanditwasimpressivetoseethegreatvarietyofserviceswhichwere availableonone’sowndoorstepinthelateVictoriancountryside. NowadaysasuperficialtravelerinruralEnglandmightconcludethatthe onlyvillagetradesmenstillflourishingwereeithersellingfrozenfoodtothe inhabitantsorsellingantiquestovisitors.Neverthelessthiswouldreallybe afalseimpression.Admittedlytherehasbeenacontractionofvillagecommerce butitsvigorisstillremarkable.Ourlocalgrocer’sshopfor exampleisactuallyexpandinginspiteofthecompetitionfromsupermarketsin thenearesttown.Womensensiblyprefertogothereandexchangethelocalnews whiledoingtheirshoppinginsteadofqueueingupanonymouslyatasupermarket. Andtheproprietorknowswellthatpersonalservicehasasubstantialcash value.Hispricesmaybeabithigherthanthoseinthetown buthewilldeliveranythingatanytime.Hisassistantsthinknothingof bicyclingdownthevillagestreetintheirlunchhourtotakeapieceofcheese toanold-agepensionerwhosentherorderbywordofmouthwithafriendwho happenedtobepassing.Themoreaffluentcustomerstelephonetheirshopping listsandthegoodsareontheirdoorstepswithinanhour.Theyhaveonlyto hintatafancyforsomecommodityoutsidetheusualstockandthegrocera red-facedfigureinstantlyobtainsitforthem.Thevillage gainsfromthissortofenterpriseofcourse.ButIalsofinditsatisfactory becauseavillageshopoffersoneofthefewwaysinwhichamodest individualistcanstillgetalongintheworldwithoutattachinghimselftothe bigbattalionsofindustryorcommerce.Mostofthevillage shopkeepersIknowatanyratearedecidedlyindividualistintheirways.For exampieourshoemakerisaformidablefigure:athick-setirritablemanwhom childrentreatwithmarkedrespectknowingthatanill-judgedwordcanprovoke anangryeruptionatanytime.Hestareswithcontemptatthepairsofcheap mass-producedshoestakentohimforrepair:hasitcometothisheseemstobe sayingthatheacraftsmanshouldhavetowastehisskillsuponsuchtrash Butweallknowhewillinfactdoexcellentworkuponthem.Andhemakes beautifulshoesforthosewhocanaffordsuch luxury.Thelocalgrocer’sshopisexpandingeventhough
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
Text4 Thefirsttechnologicalrevolutionin modernbiologystartedwhenJamesWatsonandFrancisCrickdescribedthe structureofDNAhalfacenturyago.Thatestablishedthefieldsofmolecular andcellbiologythebasisofthebiotechnologyindustry.Thesequencingofthe humangenomenearlyadecadeagosetoffasecondrevolutionwhichhasstarted toilluminatetheoriginsofdiseases.Nowtheindustryis convincedthatathirdrevolutionisunderway:theconvergenceofbiologyand engineering.ArecentreportfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysays thatphysicalscienceshavealreadybeentransformedbytheiradoptionof informationtechnologyadvancedmaterialsimagingnanotechnolugyand sophisticatedmodellingandsimulation.PhillipSharpaNobelprize-winnerat thatuniversitybelievesthatthosetoolsareabouttobebroughttobearon biologytoo.Butthechancesarethatthiswilltaketimeand turnouttobemoreofareformationthanarevolution.Theconventional health-caresystemsoftherichworldmayresistnewtechnologiesevenaspoor countriesleapfrogahead.Thereisalreadyabacklashagainstgenomicswhich hasbeenoversoldtoconsumersasadeterministicscience.Andgivensoaring health-carecostsinsurersandhealthsystemsmaynotwanttoadoptnew technologiesunlessinventorscanshowconclusivelythattheywillproduce betteroutcomesandoffervalueformoney.Iftheseobstacles canbeovercomethenthebiggestwinnerwillbethepatient.Inthepast medicinehastakenapaternalisticstancewiththeall-knowingphysician dispensingwisdomfromonhighbutthatisbecomingincreasinglyuntenable. Digitisationpromisestoconnectdoctorsnotonlytoeverythingtheyneedto knowabouttheirpatientsbutalsotootherdoctorswhohavetreatedsimilar disorders.Thatessentialreformwillenablemanyotherbigtechnological changestobeintroduced.Justasimportantitcanmakethat informationavailabletothepatientstooempoweringthemtoplayabiggerpart inmanagingtheirownhealthaffairs.Thisiscontroversialandwithgood reason.Manydoctorsandsomepatientsreckontheylacktheknowledgetomake informeddecisions.Butpatientsactuallyknowagreatdealaboutmanydiseases especiallychroniconeslikediabetesandheartproblemswithwhichtheyoften liveformanyyears.Thebestwaytodealwiththoseisforindividualstotake moreresponsibilityfortheirownhealthandpreventproblemsbeforethey requirecostlyhospitalvisits.Thatmeansputtingelectronichealthrecords directlyintopatients’hands.Whatwillaphysicianprobablydointhefutureifheencountersadifficultandraredisease
用大刀肉体和联军相搏虽然被联军打死了几万人伤亡枕藉还是前赴后继其永锐之气殊不可当真是令人惊奇佩服所以经过那次血战之后外国人才知道中国还有民族思想这种民族是不可消灭的这段话反映的历史事件是
一战中法军一旅指挥所突遭德军猛烈炮火袭击所内人员全部丧命其祸竟起源于一只波斯猫原来不久前德军一指挥官从望远镜中看到每天上午总有一只小波斯猫在法军阵地后方的小坟包上晒太阳几天内天天如此德军由此分析这猫大白天在炮声隆隆的阵地出没不像野猫这猫栖身的坟包附近可能是法军一地下掩蔽体猫乃相当名贵的波斯猫战争期间允许玩并能玩得起此猫的当是高级军官基于此德军用6个炮兵营的兵力集中开火于是就有了法军旅指挥所的灭顶之灾这则故事表明
Text1 Placingahumanbeingbehindthewheel ofanautomobileoftenhasthesamecuriouseffectascuttingcertainfibresin thebrain.Theresultineithercaseismoreprimitive behaviour.Hostilefeelingsareapttobeexpressedinanaggressive way.Thesamemanwhowillstepasideforastrangerata doorwaywillwhenbehindthewheelriskanaccidenttryingtobeatanother motoristthroughanintersection.Theimportanceofemotionalfactorsin automobileaccidentsisgainingrecognition.Doctorsandotherscientistshave concludedthatthehighwaydeathtollresemblesanepidemicandshouldbe investigatedassuch.Dr.RossA.McFarlandAssociateProfessor ofIndustrialHygieneattheHarvardUniversitySchoolofPublicHealthsaid thataccidentsnowconstituteagreaterthreattothesafetyoflargesegments ofthepopulationthandiseasesdo.Accidentsaretheleading causeofdeathbetweentheagesof1and35.Aboutonethirdofallaccidental deathsandoneseventhofallaccidentalinjuriesarecausedbymotor vehicles.Basedonthepresentrateofvehicleregistration unlesstheaccidentrateiscutinhalfoneofevery10personsinthecountry willbekilledorinjuredinatrafficaccidentinthenext15years. Researchtofindtheunderlyingcausesofaccidentsandtodevelopwaysto detectdriverswhoareapttocausethemisbeingconductedatuniversitiesand medicalcentres.Herearesomeoftheirfindingssofar:Aman drivesashelives.Ifheisoftenintroublewithcollectionagenciesthe courtsandpolicechancesarehewillhaverepeatedautomobileaccidents. Accidentrepeatersusuallyareegocentricexhibitionisticresentfulof authorityimpulsiveandlackinginsocialresponsibility.Asgrouptheycan beclassifiedasborderlinepsychopathicpersonalitiesaccordingtoDr. McFarland.Thesuspicionhoweverthataccidentrepeaterscould bedetectedinadvancebyscreeningoutpersonswithmorehostileimpulsesis false.AstudyattheUniversityofColoradoshowedthattherewerejustasmany overlyhostilepersonsamongthosewhohadnoaccidentsasamongthosewith repeatedaccidents.PsychologistscurrentlyarestudyingDenver highschoolpupilstotestthevalidityofthisconcept.Theyaremaking psychologicalevaluationsofthepupilstoseewhethersubsequentdriving recordswillbearouttheirthesis.BysayingThesameman...will...riskanaccident...Line1-2Para.3theauthormeansthat
Text1 Placingahumanbeingbehindthewheel ofanautomobileoftenhasthesamecuriouseffectascuttingcertainfibresin thebrain.Theresultineithercaseismoreprimitive behaviour.Hostilefeelingsareapttobeexpressedinanaggressive way.Thesamemanwhowillstepasideforastrangerata doorwaywillwhenbehindthewheelriskanaccidenttryingtobeatanother motoristthroughanintersection.Theimportanceofemotionalfactorsin automobileaccidentsisgainingrecognition.Doctorsandotherscientistshave concludedthatthehighwaydeathtollresemblesanepidemicandshouldbe investigatedassuch.Dr.RossA.McFarlandAssociateProfessor ofIndustrialHygieneattheHarvardUniversitySchoolofPublicHealthsaid thataccidentsnowconstituteagreaterthreattothesafetyoflargesegments ofthepopulationthandiseasesdo.Accidentsaretheleading causeofdeathbetweentheagesof1and35.Aboutonethirdofallaccidental deathsandoneseventhofallaccidentalinjuriesarecausedbymotor vehicles.Basedonthepresentrateofvehicleregistration unlesstheaccidentrateiscutinhalfoneofevery10personsinthecountry willbekilledorinjuredinatrafficaccidentinthenext15years. Researchtofindtheunderlyingcausesofaccidentsandtodevelopwaysto detectdriverswhoareapttocausethemisbeingconductedatuniversitiesand medicalcentres.Herearesomeoftheirfindingssofar:Aman drivesashelives.Ifheisoftenintroublewithcollectionagenciesthe courtsandpolicechancesarehewillhaverepeatedautomobileaccidents. Accidentrepeatersusuallyareegocentricexhibitionisticresentfulof authorityimpulsiveandlackinginsocialresponsibility.Asgrouptheycan beclassifiedasborderlinepsychopathicpersonalitiesaccordingtoDr. McFarland.Thesuspicionhoweverthataccidentrepeaterscould bedetectedinadvancebyscreeningoutpersonswithmorehostileimpulsesis false.AstudyattheUniversityofColoradoshowedthattherewerejustasmany overlyhostilepersonsamongthosewhohadnoaccidentsasamongthosewith repeatedaccidents.PsychologistscurrentlyarestudyingDenver highschoolpupilstotestthevalidityofthisconcept.Theyaremaking psychologicalevaluationsofthepupilstoseewhethersubsequentdriving recordswillbearouttheirthesis.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthetrafficaccidents
16世纪麦哲伦环球航行成功人们才普遍地认识到地球是圆形的但是地球是怎样的圆形麦哲伦环球航行的实践回答不了这个问题150年之后牛顿认为地球是扁椭圆形的但也有人认为地球是长椭圆形的好像直立的鸡蛋到了18世纪巴黎科学院派出测量队对地球进行了测量才证实地球是扁椭圆形的今天卫星等于段的发明进一步证实了地球是椭圆的这一事实表明
[A]NegotiationIsaTwo-wayStreet[B] CorrectCommonNegotiationMistakes[C]DotheRightKindof Homework[D]Don’tBeAfraidtoHaveDifficult Conversations[E]TacticIsDictatedbySituation [F]TrytoAskGoodQuestions[G]DealwithIssuesup frontMostpeoplethinkofnegotiationonlywhentheyneedto getsomethingmoresaysTammyLenskiaprofessionalmediatorwhohelps universitiesandbusinessesnationwidewithconflictmanagement.Therealityis thatatworkprettymucheveryconversationisanegotiation.You’re negotiatingdeadlinesthequalitylevelwhatmightbetakenoffyourplateto makeroomforthispriorityprojectandwhatbenefityoumightgetfortakingon thatproject.Theminuteyouwalkintotheworkplaceinthemorningyou’re negotiating.HerearesomeofLenski’stipsonbecomingagood negotiator—andimprovingyoursituationatwork: 41．______Peopleeitheraretooconfrontationalor caveinbecausethey’reafraidtoasksomebasicquestions.Ifpeoplethinkof anegotiationmoreasaconversationthansomethingthatneedstobewon they’lldomuchbettersaysTammyLenski.42．______ Playinghardballintheofficecanbackfirewhenyouneedtoworkwith yourcoworkerseveryday.Youhaveanongoingrelationshipwiththesefolks andyou’retryingtonotleavedebrisLenskisays.Peopleneedtostop thinkingaboutnegotiatingasgettingmoreofwhatIneedwhichmeansgetting lessofwhatyouneed.Insteadfindouttheotherperson’s needsandtrytocometoaconclusionthathelpsbothofyou.Thebest negotiatingisusingthereallygoodhumanrelationskillsinaneffectiveway Lenskisays.Itisn’taboutpushingorconvincingormanipulatingtheother person.It’sabouthavingthemfigureoutwhattheywantandhowyoucanhelp themgetit.43．_______Innegotiationsyou knowwhatyouwant.Butyoualsoneedtofindoutwhattheothersidewantsin return.It’smostefficientifyoujustaskopenly.When startingherprivatepractice10yearsagoLenskipresentedherfeetoprovide conflict-managementservicestoacompanyinturmoil.Thedepartmentheadasked hertoslashherprice20percent.Lenskisaidthiswasherbottom-linenumber butthedepartmentheadsaideverythingisnegotiable.Lenski thenaskedtheessentialquestion:Whydoyoubelieveeverythingis negotiableThedepartmentheadexplainedtheheadoffinancewouldaskifshe bargainedandgotagooddeal.AtthatpointLenskicrossedouttheoriginal feeandwroteanewonethatwasabout25percenthigher.Willthisworkshe asked.ThedepartmentheadsaidWellI’llhavetoofferyou 20percentlessthanthat.Andtheyhadadeal. 44．______Insteadofkeepingquietandthusbecoming resentfulnegotiatingisfiguringouthowtoraisethethingsthatare botheringyousotheycanbesortedoutLenskisays.Instead ofjustthinkingaboutwhatmightmakeitdifficulttoaccomplishyourgoal talkwithyourbossaboutthoseissuesrightaway.It’smuchmorehelpfulin generaltothinkaboutunderwhatconditionsyoumightmakeitpossibleandhow canyouhelpmedothatLenskisays.45．______ Lenskisayspeopletendtowastealotoftimeworryingaboutscary negotiationscenarios.Theygointoitthinkingaboutallthewaysitcango wrongshesayseventhoughthenegotiationgenerallyturnsoutmuchbetter thanexpected.Insteadtheyshouldspendtheirtimethinkingofitfromthe perspectiveoftheotherperson.Whatwouldmakethemwanttojoinwithyouto figurethingsoutNotwhatwillmakethemchangetheirmindbutwhatwillmake themwanttosortthisoutwithme.Invitethemintojointproblem-solving.
Text4 Thefirsttechnologicalrevolutionin modernbiologystartedwhenJamesWatsonandFrancisCrickdescribedthe structureofDNAhalfacenturyago.Thatestablishedthefieldsofmolecular andcellbiologythebasisofthebiotechnologyindustry.Thesequencingofthe humangenomenearlyadecadeagosetoffasecondrevolutionwhichhasstarted toilluminatetheoriginsofdiseases.Nowtheindustryis convincedthatathirdrevolutionisunderway:theconvergenceofbiologyand engineering.ArecentreportfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysays thatphysicalscienceshavealreadybeentransformedbytheiradoptionof informationtechnologyadvancedmaterialsimagingnanotechnolugyand sophisticatedmodellingandsimulation.PhillipSharpaNobelprize-winnerat thatuniversitybelievesthatthosetoolsareabouttobebroughttobearon biologytoo.Butthechancesarethatthiswilltaketimeand turnouttobemoreofareformationthanarevolution.Theconventional health-caresystemsoftherichworldmayresistnewtechnologiesevenaspoor countriesleapfrogahead.Thereisalreadyabacklashagainstgenomicswhich hasbeenoversoldtoconsumersasadeterministicscience.Andgivensoaring health-carecostsinsurersandhealthsystemsmaynotwanttoadoptnew technologiesunlessinventorscanshowconclusivelythattheywillproduce betteroutcomesandoffervalueformoney.Iftheseobstacles canbeovercomethenthebiggestwinnerwillbethepatient.Inthepast medicinehastakenapaternalisticstancewiththeall-knowingphysician dispensingwisdomfromonhighbutthatisbecomingincreasinglyuntenable. Digitisationpromisestoconnectdoctorsnotonlytoeverythingtheyneedto knowabouttheirpatientsbutalsotootherdoctorswhohavetreatedsimilar disorders.Thatessentialreformwillenablemanyotherbigtechnological changestobeintroduced.Justasimportantitcanmakethat informationavailabletothepatientstooempoweringthemtoplayabiggerpart inmanagingtheirownhealthaffairs.Thisiscontroversialandwithgood reason.Manydoctorsandsomepatientsreckontheylacktheknowledgetomake informeddecisions.Butpatientsactuallyknowagreatdealaboutmanydiseases especiallychroniconeslikediabetesandheartproblemswithwhichtheyoften liveformanyyears.Thebestwaytodealwiththoseisforindividualstotake moreresponsibilityfortheirownhealthandpreventproblemsbeforethey requirecostlyhospitalvisits.Thatmeansputtingelectronichealthrecords directlyintopatients’hands.Whatwillpatientsprobablydowiththeirchronicdiseasesinthefuture
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
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