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8255A工作在方式1的输入状态时通过信号知道端口已经准备好了输入的数据
READY
ACK
OBF
INTE
Advertisingmeanstodrawpeople’sattentiontosomething
Classifiedadvertisingistheadvertisingwhichisgroupe
8086用于中断请求输入的引脚信号是
INTR和NMI
INT和NMI
INTR和INTA
INTE和INET
Inte18086微处理器的段寄存器有DSCSES和
8086CPU用于中断请求输入的引脚信号是
INTR和NMI
INI和NMI
INTR和INTA
INTE和INET
EverydayitiseasytoseeadvertisementsinEnglisha11aro
Inte1CPU工作在内存的实地址模式时内存的物理地址由______和______两部分组成
当Inte18255A被设定成方式1时其功能相当于
0线握手并行接口
1线握手并行接口
2线握手并行接口
多线握手并行接口
EverydayitiseasytoseeadvertisementsinEnglishallaro
—DoyoulikewatchingCCTV-5?—Ilikeit.Butitwouldbebett
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fewer
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60.Aboutwhattheyadvertisewecansafelysaythat.A.adve
B-ISDN中的ISDN的意思是综合业务数字网Inte-gratedServiceDigitalNe
Inte18086微处理器的段寄存器有和
目前我国微机使用的主流微处理器有等公司的产品
Inte
AMD
微软
康柏
8255的A口工作在方式1输入时其中断允许控制位INTE的开/关是通过对的按位置位/复位操作完成的
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2
PC
4
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6
系统中外围设备请求总线控制都是通过进行的
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EverydayitiseasytoseeadvertisementsinEnglishallaro
以下关于直播间手机/电脑配置的说法不正确的是
手机直播时，内存要足够充足
手机直播时，摄像头要足够清晰
手机直播时,建议主板不低于inte15
手机直播时,建议主板不低于inte17
奔腾Pentium是公司生产的一种CPU的型号______
IBM
Microsoft
Inte1
AMD
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Averyimportantworldproblemifnotthemostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemomentistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate.Inanearlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth.Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast—bythestaggeringfigureof90millionin1988alone.ThismeansthattheworldmustaccommodateanewpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythreeyears!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexpertsbelievethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50years.SowhyisthishugeIncreaseinpopulationtakingplaceItisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownasDeathControl.YouhavenodoubtheardofthetermBirthControl—DeathControlissomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswellasthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie—creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreachingseventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyisbecomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethisrepresentsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisistheverydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalontheplanet.HoweverthisSuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind.Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhichkeephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimateandtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromtheseasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuringtherewillbenotomorrow.Anunderstandingofman’seffectonthebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedialaction.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosionarecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenoughtolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinanareaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountriesdohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofrichercountriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole.ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundredtimestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.MostpeopleinIndiadonotgrowupto.owncarsorair-conditioners—nordotheyeatthehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-stylesdonotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareoftherequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackintonaturetoreplacewhattheytakeout.Forexampletropicalforestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroyingthematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesofthatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmericanforestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnitedStatescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheapercardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailandforestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingaporeandJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycausemoretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforestitself.Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefutureofmankind—notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareoftheeffecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itisveryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmostaggressiveenemy—man.Paragraph2iswritteninthepassage
Peoplelikemostanimalsarenaturallylazy.Sotheascentofmankindissomethingofamystery.Humanswhomaketheirlivingshuntingandgatheringinthetraditionalwaydonothavetoputmucheffortintoit.Farmerswhorelyonraintowatertheircropsworksignificantlyharderandleadunhealthierlives.Buttherealback-breakingisthatcarriedoutbyfarmerswhouseirrigation.Yetitwastheinventionofirrigationatfirstsightsoharmfultoitspractitionersthatactuallyproducedasufficientsurplustofeedthepriestsscholarsartistsandsoonwhoseactivitiesarecollectivelythoughtofascivilization.Inthepast10000yearstheworld’sclimatehasbecometemporarilycolderanddrieronseveraloccasions.ThefirstoftheseknownastheYoungerDryasafteratundra-lovingplantthatthrivedduringitoccurredatthesametimeasthebeginningofagricultureinnorthernMesopotamia.Itiswidelybelievedthatthiswasnotacoincidence.ThedryingandcoolingoftheYoungerDryasadverselyaffectedthefoodsupplyofhunter-gatherers.Thatwouldhavecreatedanincentiveforagriculturetospreadoncesomebrightsparkinventedit.Whyfarmersthenmovedontoirrigationishoweverfarfromclear.ButHarveyWeissofYaleUniversitythinksheknows.Dr.Weissobservesthatthedevelopmentofirrigationcoincideswithasecondcooldryperiodsome8200yearsago.Hisanalysisofrainfallpatternsintheareasuggeststhatrainfallinagriculture’supper-Mesopotamianheartlandwouldatthistimehavefallenbelowthelevelneededtosustainfarmingreliably.Farmerswouldthushavebeenforcedoutoftheareainsearchofotheropportunities.Onceagainaninnovativesparkwasrequired.Butitclearlyoccurredtosomeofthesedisplacedfarmersthattheslow-movingwatersofthelowerTigrisandEuphratesnearsealevelcouldbedivertedusingcanalsandusedtowatercrops.Andtherestastheclichehasitishistory.Soclimatechangehelpedtointensifyagricultureandthusstartcivilization.Butanequallyintriguingideaisthatthespreadofagriculturecausedclimatechange.Inthiscasethepresumedcriminalisforestclearance.MostofthelandcultivatedbyearlyfarmersintheMiddleEastwouldhavebeenforested.Whenthetreesthatgrewtherewereclearedthecarbontheycontainedendedupintheatmosphereascarbondioxide.Moreoveroneformoffarming—thecultivationofriceinwaterloggedfields—generatesmethaneinlargequantities.WilliamRuddimanoftheUniversityofVirginiaexplainedthatincombinationthesetwophenomenahadwarmedtheatmospherepriortothestartoftheindustrialera.Asenvironmentalistsarewonttoobservemankindispartofnature.Thesestudiesshowjusthowintimatetherelationshipis.Whichoffollowingtendstowarmtheclimate
Fewinsectshaveinspiredasmuchfearandhatredasthediminutivefireantslessthanhalfaninchlongbutlivingincoloniesofmorethan250000others.EveryoneinthesouthernUnitedStatesgetstoknowfireantssoonerorlaterbypainfulexperience.Fireantsliveinlargeearthenmoundsandaretruesocialinsects--thatmeanstheyhaveacastesystemdivisionoflaborwithaspecializedcastethatlayseggsqueenandaworkercasteofsterilefemales.Thereareseveralreasonsthattheyareconsideredpests.About60%ofpeoplelivinginareaswherefireantsoccurarestungeveryyear.Oftheseabout1%havesomedegreeofallergicreactioncalledanaphylaxistothesting.Theirlargemoundsareunsightlyandcandamagemowingequipment.Fireantssometimesenterelectricalandmechanicalequipmentandcanshortoutswitchesorchewthroughinsulation.Finally.asfireantsmoveintonewareastheyreducediversityofnativeantsandpreyonlargeranimalssuchasground-nestingbirdsandturtles.Eventhoughfireantsarepestsinmanycircumstancestheycanactuallybebeneficialinothers.Thereisevidencethattheirpredatoryactivitiescanreducethenumbersofsomeotherimportantpests.Incottonforexampletheypreyonimportantpeststhateatcottonplantssuchasbollwormsandbudworms.InLouisianasugarcaneaninsectcalledthesugarcaneborerusedtobeaveryimportantpestbeforefireantsarrivedandbeganpreyingonit.Fireantsalsopreyonticksandfleas.Whetherfireantsareconsideredpestornotdependonwheretheyarefoundbutonethingissure—wehadbestgetusedtolivingwiththem.Eradicationattemptsinthe1960sand1970sfailedforanumberofreasonsandscientistsgenerallyagreethatcompleteeliminationoffireantsfromtheUnitedStatesisnotpossible.Anewlong-termapproachtoreducingfireantpopulationsInvolvesclassicalbiologicalcontrol.WhenfireantswereaccidentallybroughttotheUnitedStatesmostoftheirparasitesanddiseaseswerenot.ClassicalbiologicalcontrolinvolvesidentifyingparasitesanddiseasesspecifictofireantsinSouthAmericatestingthemtobesurethattheydon’tattackorinfectnativeplantsoranimalsandestablishingthemintheIntroducedfireantpopulationIntheUnitedStates.Sincefireantsareabout5to7timesmoreabundantherethaninSouthAmericascientistshopetoreducetheirnumbersusingthisapproach.Thatfireantspreyonbollwormsandbudwormsismentionedtoshowthat
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.7
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.1
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.17
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.13
[A]In1849goldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniainthemountainsnearSanFrancisco.SostartedthefamousGoldRushofthe49ersacrossthevastunexploredwildernessthatlaywestoftheMississippi.Wholefamiliesperished.Onesmallgroupof49erslookingforashortcutacrosstheSierraNevadaMountainshappenedtoentertheinfamousDeathValley.ItwasluckyforthemitwaswinterforinsummerDeathValleyisaboutthehottestandmostdesolateplaceonearth.Asitwasoneofthegroupdiedofthirstanditwasthe49erswhogavethevalleyitsgrimname. [B]ThecompletionoftherailroadnotonlyjoinedthecitiesoftheeastwithCaliforniaitalsobroughtprosperitytotheisolatedfarmersoftheplainsandtotherancherswhowerenowabletosendtheircattletotheslaughterhousesinfreightears.Infactthenewrailroadbecameanessentiallife-lineforanationwhichnowstretched3000milesfromtheAtlantictothePacificOceans. [C]Aslateasthe1880samanintheFarwestcouldbehangedforstealingahorseyetgetnomorethanfiveyearsinjailforrobbingabank.Eversincethepioneerswentwestintotheunknowntheydependedabsolutelyontheirhorsesandtheirguns.IfamanlosthishorseorhisguninthedesertsmountainsorforestsofNevadaArizonaandeasternCaliforniahestoodnochance.HungerthirstagrizzlybearamountainlionorhostileIndianswouldfinishhimoffsoonerorlater.Afrontiersmanhadtobetoughbraveandresourcefulinthosedays. [D]ThecolonizationoftheWestwasgivenatremendousimpetusbythebuildingoftheTranscontinentalrailroadoneofthegreatengineeringfeatsofalltime.CongressdecidedthatthelayingofthetracksshouldbeginfromtheEastandtheWestatthesametime.Sothebuildingofthisrailroadlinedwithpolesforthefirsteast-westtelegraphsystemdevelopedintoarace.TheEasternersmovingacrosstheplainsprogressedfasterfortheydidnothavetotunnelthroughgiantmountainsorbridgegapingcanyons.ThetworailroadslinkedupinUtahonJuly10th1867.Therewasgreatexcitementandaspecialceremonytomarktheoccasion. [E]DesertsmountainsandforestsarestillthefrontierbetweenteemingCaliforniancitiesandthesparselypopulatedwildernessofNevadaandeasternCalifornia.EventodayNevadahashardlymorethan500thousandinhabitantsmostofwhomliveinthecitiesofLasVegasandReno. [F]Laterin1865aftertheCivilWardisillusionedsoldiersunabletofrndworkfollowedinthefootstepsofthe49ers.Theydidnotfindmuchgoldbuttheyfoundrichpasturesforcattle.ItwastheywhofoundedtheUSA’sgreatfoodindustryandtheyworkedwiththevigorandcourageoftheearlypioneersandwithafaithfortifiedbytheBible.[ G]SomeAmericansfeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsintheUSA.Butitexpresseditselfinanumberofways.AmericansdonotlikebeingwithoutworkandtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajobshowingacourageandanenterprisewhichisunusualinmostoftheolderEuropeancountries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedyinaspeechtothenationspokeofthis"NewFrontier."Thefrontierspiritcertainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthenoonthemostrecentofallfrontierstobecrossed. 43
Ifyousmokeyou’dbetterhurry.FromJuly1stpubsalloverEnglandwillbylawbeno-smokingareas.Sowillrestaurantsofficesandevencompanycarsifmorethanonepersonusesthem.England’ssmokersarefollowingawell-troddenpath.TheotherthreebitsoftheUnitedKingdomhavealreadybannedsmokinginalmostallenclosedpublicspacesandthereareanti-smokinglawsofvaryingstrictnessovermostofWesternEurope.Thesmoker’sjourneyfromglamourthroughtolerationtosuspicionisfinallyreachingitsendinpariahstatus.Butbehindthispublic-healthsuccessstoryliesadarkertale.Poorerpeoplearemuchmorelikelytosmokethanricherones—achangefromthe1950swhenprofessionalsandlaborerswereequallykeen.Todayonly15%ofmeninthehighestprofessionalclassessmokebut42%ofunskinedworkersdo.Despitepunitivetaxation—20cigarettescostaround￡5.00$10.00three-quartersofwhichistax—55%ofsinglemothersonbenefitssmoke.Thefigureforhomelessmenisevenhigher;forhard-drugusersitispractically100%.Themessagethatsmokingkillshasbeenhearditseemsbutnotbyall.Havingdefeatedthebigkillersofthepast—wantexposurepoorsanitation—governmentsalloverthedevelopedworldareturningtheirattentiontodiseasesthatstemmostlyfromhowindividualschoosetolivetheirlives.Butthesamedeafnessafflictsthesamepeoplewhentheyarestronglyencouragedtogiveupothersortsofunhealthybehavior.Thelowerdowntheyareonpracticallyanypeckingorder--jobprestigeincomeeducationbackground-themorelikelypeoplearetobefatandunfitandtodrinktoomuch.ThattemptsgovernmentstoshouteverlouderinanattempttogetthepublictolistenandnowheredotheydosomoreaggressivelythaninBritain.Onereasonisthatpeckingordersmattermorethaninmostotherrichcountries:incomedistributionisveryunequalandtheunemployeddisaffectedill-educatedrumpiscomparativelylarge.Anotherreasonisthefrustrationofagovernmentaddictedtotargetswhichoftenaimnotonlytoimprovesomethingbuttolesseninequalityintheprocess.AthirdisthattheNationalHealthServiceisfreetopatientsandpayingforthosewhohavearguablybroughttheirill-healthonthemselvesgrowsalarminglycostly.Britain’saggressivenesshowevermaybepointlessevencounter-productive.Thereisnoreasontobelievethatthosewhoignoremeasuredvoiceswilllistentoshouting.Itirritatesthemajoritywhoarealreadybehavingresponsiblyanditmayalsoundermineallgovernmentpronouncementsonhealthbyconvincingpeoplethattheyhaveanultra-cautiousmarginoferrorbuiltin.Suchhectoringmayalsobemissingtherootcauseoftheproblem.AccordingtoMr.MarmotwhocitesresearchongroupsasdiverseasbaboonsincaptivityBritishcivilservantsandOscarnomineesthehigherratesofiiihealthamongthoseinmoremodestwalksoflifecanbeattributedtowhathecallsthestatussyndrome.Peopleinprivilegedpositionsthinktheyareworththeeffortofbehavinghealthilyandfindthewill-powertodoso.Theimplicationisthatitiseasiertoimproveaperson’shealthbyweakeningtheconnectionbetweensocialpositionandhealththanbytargetingbehaviordirectly.Samepublic-healthexpertsspeakofsocialcohesionsupportforfamiliesandbettereducationforall.Thesearebiggerundertakingsthanabossycampaign;butmoreeffectiveandquieter.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasonforBritain’saggressivenessinthepublic-healthcampaign
[A]Hereisaguidelinetoevaluateyourcurrentposture.Stepinfrontofamirrorandobservethefollowing:AreyoushouldersparalleltothefloororaretheyinclinedtoanysideTheyhavetobeparalleltothefloorandatthesamelevel.IsyourchinparalleltothefloorThechinhastobeparalleltothefloor.AreyourearsinlinewithyourshouldersThishelpstokeeptheheadintherightplace.AreyourkneesstraightorareyoulockingthembackThekneesshouldberelaxedandcenterednotforwardandnotlocked-onattheback. [B]Onceyoudeterminetheproblemwithyourposturethatiswhatyouneedtoworkon.Trytocorrectittogettherightpostureyoucandoafewthingsyourselfandalsouseachiropractor.Itwilltakepractice.Youprobablyhavehadmanyyearsofbadposture;soitwilltaketimetomakethenewpositionsahabit.Practiceandpracticeeverytimeyourememberandholdtherightpositionaslongasyoucan. [C]Ifwedonothavegoodpostureweputmoreweightinsomejointsandmusclesthanothersandthiscausespain.Badpostureaffectsyourhealthgeneralwellbeingandyourappearance.Ifyoudonothaveperfectpostureyoucanimproveit.Itrequirespracticebutitisworthit. [D]IsyourheadrelaxedcenteredandheldbackearsovershouldersIfyourheadisforwardbackwardortiltedtoanysideitisbadposture.DoyouhaveanarconyourchestThechesthastobeerectcenterandaslightlyuplifted.AreyouarchingyourbackforwardorbackThereisanarchinthebackbutisrelativelymoderate.Ifyourslookbiggeryouneedtocorrectyourposture.AreyourhipsatthesameleveloroneishigherthantheotherTheyhavetobeatthesamelevel.AreyouranklesstraightTheyhavetobe. [E]Thebestthingtodowhenyouexperiencelowerbackpainorotherpainwhencorrectingyourpostureistogotoadoctororachiropractortoeliminatethepossibilityofanyotherhealthproblems.Howeverifyoucannotgoyoumaytrytostrengthenyouabdominalmuscles.Thesemusclesaretheonesthathelpustokeepstraightandup.Youcanstrengthenthesemuscleswithabdominalexercises.Thesameexercisesyoudototightenyourtummy:crunches. [F]Yogaandballetexercisesareprobablythebestwaytoimproveyourposturebecausetheyworkthemusclesthatsufferthemostfrompoorposture.Swimmingisalsoagreatoption. [G]Thinkaboutonephysicalattributethatallmodelsandmostcelebritieshaveincommon.Youneverhaveseenanybodyontheredcarpetwalkingwithaslouchedback.Thesepeopleknowhowtowalk:theyhavegoodposture.Thisarticlediscusseshowtohaveagoodposture.Manyofusspendlonghoursatourdeskandforgetaboutgoodposture.Goodpostureisimportantnotonlyforappearancebutalsoforhealthreasons. Order: 41
[A]In1849goldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniainthemountainsnearSanFrancisco.SostartedthefamousGoldRushofthe49ersacrossthevastunexploredwildernessthatlaywestoftheMississippi.Wholefamiliesperished.Onesmallgroupof49erslookingforashortcutacrosstheSierraNevadaMountainshappenedtoentertheinfamousDeathValley.ItwasluckyforthemitwaswinterforinsummerDeathValleyisaboutthehottestandmostdesolateplaceonearth.Asitwasoneofthegroupdiedofthirstanditwasthe49erswhogavethevalleyitsgrimname. [B]ThecompletionoftherailroadnotonlyjoinedthecitiesoftheeastwithCaliforniaitalsobroughtprosperitytotheisolatedfarmersoftheplainsandtotherancherswhowerenowabletosendtheircattletotheslaughterhousesinfreightears.Infactthenewrailroadbecameanessentiallife-lineforanationwhichnowstretched3000milesfromtheAtlantictothePacificOceans. [C]Aslateasthe1880samanintheFarwestcouldbehangedforstealingahorseyetgetnomorethanfiveyearsinjailforrobbingabank.Eversincethepioneerswentwestintotheunknowntheydependedabsolutelyontheirhorsesandtheirguns.IfamanlosthishorseorhisguninthedesertsmountainsorforestsofNevadaArizonaandeasternCaliforniahestoodnochance.HungerthirstagrizzlybearamountainlionorhostileIndianswouldfinishhimoffsoonerorlater.Afrontiersmanhadtobetoughbraveandresourcefulinthosedays. [D]ThecolonizationoftheWestwasgivenatremendousimpetusbythebuildingoftheTranscontinentalrailroadoneofthegreatengineeringfeatsofalltime.CongressdecidedthatthelayingofthetracksshouldbeginfromtheEastandtheWestatthesametime.Sothebuildingofthisrailroadlinedwithpolesforthefirsteast-westtelegraphsystemdevelopedintoarace.TheEasternersmovingacrosstheplainsprogressedfasterfortheydidnothavetotunnelthroughgiantmountainsorbridgegapingcanyons.ThetworailroadslinkedupinUtahonJuly10th1867.Therewasgreatexcitementandaspecialceremonytomarktheoccasion. [E]DesertsmountainsandforestsarestillthefrontierbetweenteemingCaliforniancitiesandthesparselypopulatedwildernessofNevadaandeasternCalifornia.EventodayNevadahashardlymorethan500thousandinhabitantsmostofwhomliveinthecitiesofLasVegasandReno. [F]Laterin1865aftertheCivilWardisillusionedsoldiersunabletofrndworkfollowedinthefootstepsofthe49ers.Theydidnotfindmuchgoldbuttheyfoundrichpasturesforcattle.ItwastheywhofoundedtheUSA’sgreatfoodindustryandtheyworkedwiththevigorandcourageoftheearlypioneersandwithafaithfortifiedbytheBible.[ G]SomeAmericansfeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsintheUSA.Butitexpresseditselfinanumberofways.AmericansdonotlikebeingwithoutworkandtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajobshowingacourageandanenterprisewhichisunusualinmostoftheolderEuropeancountries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedyinaspeechtothenationspokeofthis"NewFrontier."Thefrontierspiritcertainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthenoonthemostrecentofallfrontierstobecrossed. 45
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.15
Averyimportantworldproblemifnotthemostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemomentistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate.Inanearlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth.Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast—bythestaggeringfigureof90millionin1988alone.ThismeansthattheworldmustaccommodateanewpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythreeyears!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexpertsbelievethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50years.SowhyisthishugeIncreaseinpopulationtakingplaceItisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownasDeathControl.YouhavenodoubtheardofthetermBirthControl—DeathControlissomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswellasthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie—creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreachingseventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyisbecomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethisrepresentsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisistheverydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalontheplanet.HoweverthisSuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind.Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhichkeephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimateandtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromtheseasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuringtherewillbenotomorrow.Anunderstandingofman’seffectonthebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedialaction.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosionarecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenoughtolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinanareaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountriesdohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofrichercountriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole.ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundredtimestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.MostpeopleinIndiadonotgrowupto.owncarsorair-conditioners—nordotheyeatthehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-stylesdonotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareoftherequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackintonaturetoreplacewhattheytakeout.Forexampletropicalforestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroyingthematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesofthatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmericanforestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnitedStatescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheapercardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailandforestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingaporeandJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycausemoretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforestitself.Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefutureofmankind—notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareoftheeffecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itisveryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmostaggressiveenemy—man.Inparagraph3whichofthefollowingisNOTgivenasareasonforareductionindeathrates
[A]Hereisaguidelinetoevaluateyourcurrentposture.Stepinfrontofamirrorandobservethefollowing:AreyoushouldersparalleltothefloororaretheyinclinedtoanysideTheyhavetobeparalleltothefloorandatthesamelevel.IsyourchinparalleltothefloorThechinhastobeparalleltothefloor.AreyourearsinlinewithyourshouldersThishelpstokeeptheheadintherightplace.AreyourkneesstraightorareyoulockingthembackThekneesshouldberelaxedandcenterednotforwardandnotlocked-onattheback. [B]Onceyoudeterminetheproblemwithyourposturethatiswhatyouneedtoworkon.Trytocorrectittogettherightpostureyoucandoafewthingsyourselfandalsouseachiropractor.Itwilltakepractice.Youprobablyhavehadmanyyearsofbadposture;soitwilltaketimetomakethenewpositionsahabit.Practiceandpracticeeverytimeyourememberandholdtherightpositionaslongasyoucan. [C]Ifwedonothavegoodpostureweputmoreweightinsomejointsandmusclesthanothersandthiscausespain.Badpostureaffectsyourhealthgeneralwellbeingandyourappearance.Ifyoudonothaveperfectpostureyoucanimproveit.Itrequirespracticebutitisworthit. [D]IsyourheadrelaxedcenteredandheldbackearsovershouldersIfyourheadisforwardbackwardortiltedtoanysideitisbadposture.DoyouhaveanarconyourchestThechesthastobeerectcenterandaslightlyuplifted.AreyouarchingyourbackforwardorbackThereisanarchinthebackbutisrelativelymoderate.Ifyourslookbiggeryouneedtocorrectyourposture.AreyourhipsatthesameleveloroneishigherthantheotherTheyhavetobeatthesamelevel.AreyouranklesstraightTheyhavetobe. [E]Thebestthingtodowhenyouexperiencelowerbackpainorotherpainwhencorrectingyourpostureistogotoadoctororachiropractortoeliminatethepossibilityofanyotherhealthproblems.Howeverifyoucannotgoyoumaytrytostrengthenyouabdominalmuscles.Thesemusclesaretheonesthathelpustokeepstraightandup.Youcanstrengthenthesemuscleswithabdominalexercises.Thesameexercisesyoudototightenyourtummy:crunches. [F]Yogaandballetexercisesareprobablythebestwaytoimproveyourposturebecausetheyworkthemusclesthatsufferthemostfrompoorposture.Swimmingisalsoagreatoption. [G]Thinkaboutonephysicalattributethatallmodelsandmostcelebritieshaveincommon.Youneverhaveseenanybodyontheredcarpetwalkingwithaslouchedback.Thesepeopleknowhowtowalk:theyhavegoodposture.Thisarticlediscusseshowtohaveagoodposture.Manyofusspendlonghoursatourdeskandforgetaboutgoodposture.Goodpostureisimportantnotonlyforappearancebutalsoforhealthreasons. Order: 45
Therecanbenodoubtthatthecomputerrevolutionhastouchedvirtuallyeverypersoninthecountryinsomewayorother. Norcantherebeanydoubtthatithasbroughttremendousimprovementsinproductivityandefficiency.46Indeedtherearemanytasksundertakenbycomputersthatcouldnotbedonewithoutthemandwehavereachedthepointthatthebenefitsofcomputerizationaretakenforgranted. Havingacceptedthatcomputersareheretostaywhatisthedownside47Themostobviousansweristhatbecauseofincreasedefficiencylesspeopleareneededandthelossofjobsparticularlyintheserviceindustrieshasbeenenormouswithmorejoblossesyettocome. Howeveronamoreinsidiousnotemanyusershavenotrealizedhowcomputershaveintroducedvulnerabilitytotheirbusiness.Ifcomputersaresoonaboonhowdowecopewhensomethinggoeswrong Computershavemanyusesvaryingfrompureaccountingorback-officesystemstostockorproductioncontrolorcomputer-aideddesignormanufacturing.48Inmanyinstancesmanualsystemscanquicklybeintroducedtoensuresomecontinuityofthebusiness;butinmanycasesifthecomputerisdownsoisthebusiness. Themostprobablecausesofinterruptioninthepasthavebeenaccidentaldamageorbreakdownandthesecanusuallybedealtwithexpeditiously.Howeverinrecenttimestheexposurecausingmostconcerntoinsurershavebeentheft. 49InitiallytheproblemwasthetheftofPCsandbecausemostofthesewerebasedinofficeswhichhadnotbeentargetedbythievesinthepastandthushadrelativelypoorsecuritylossesmountedveryquickly.Itwascommonpracticeforathieftomakeafreshvisitoncetheequipmenthadbeenreplacedasthenewequipmentwouldbemoreattractiveduetorapidtechnologicaladvances.Theequipmentwouldusuallybecoveredbyinsurancebutproblemscouldbeexperiencediftherewerenoback-upsofdateand/orprogrammes. Theinitialreactionbyinsurerswastostepuprequestsforsecurityimprovementsincludingalarmsanddevicessuchaslock-downplatesorcables.50Howeverthecriminalfraternityquicklycametorealizethattherealvalueinthecomputersisinthechipwhichisremarkablyportableandunidentifiablesoevenwhencaughtthepolicehavetroubleprovingthetheft.Thisledtoevengreaterdemandsforsecurityincludingencapsulationandcomputersafes. InitiallytheproblemwasthetheftofPCsandbecausemostofthesewerebasedinofficeswhichhadnotbeentargetedbythievesinthepastandthushadrelativelypoorsecuritylossesmountedveryquickly
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.3
[A]Hereisaguidelinetoevaluateyourcurrentposture.Stepinfrontofamirrorandobservethefollowing:AreyoushouldersparalleltothefloororaretheyinclinedtoanysideTheyhavetobeparalleltothefloorandatthesamelevel.IsyourchinparalleltothefloorThechinhastobeparalleltothefloor.AreyourearsinlinewithyourshouldersThishelpstokeeptheheadintherightplace.AreyourkneesstraightorareyoulockingthembackThekneesshouldberelaxedandcenterednotforwardandnotlocked-onattheback. [B]Onceyoudeterminetheproblemwithyourposturethatiswhatyouneedtoworkon.Trytocorrectittogettherightpostureyoucandoafewthingsyourselfandalsouseachiropractor.Itwilltakepractice.Youprobablyhavehadmanyyearsofbadposture;soitwilltaketimetomakethenewpositionsahabit.Practiceandpracticeeverytimeyourememberandholdtherightpositionaslongasyoucan. [C]Ifwedonothavegoodpostureweputmoreweightinsomejointsandmusclesthanothersandthiscausespain.Badpostureaffectsyourhealthgeneralwellbeingandyourappearance.Ifyoudonothaveperfectpostureyoucanimproveit.Itrequirespracticebutitisworthit. [D]IsyourheadrelaxedcenteredandheldbackearsovershouldersIfyourheadisforwardbackwardortiltedtoanysideitisbadposture.DoyouhaveanarconyourchestThechesthastobeerectcenterandaslightlyuplifted.AreyouarchingyourbackforwardorbackThereisanarchinthebackbutisrelativelymoderate.Ifyourslookbiggeryouneedtocorrectyourposture.AreyourhipsatthesameleveloroneishigherthantheotherTheyhavetobeatthesamelevel.AreyouranklesstraightTheyhavetobe. [E]Thebestthingtodowhenyouexperiencelowerbackpainorotherpainwhencorrectingyourpostureistogotoadoctororachiropractortoeliminatethepossibilityofanyotherhealthproblems.Howeverifyoucannotgoyoumaytrytostrengthenyouabdominalmuscles.Thesemusclesaretheonesthathelpustokeepstraightandup.Youcanstrengthenthesemuscleswithabdominalexercises.Thesameexercisesyoudototightenyourtummy:crunches. [F]Yogaandballetexercisesareprobablythebestwaytoimproveyourposturebecausetheyworkthemusclesthatsufferthemostfrompoorposture.Swimmingisalsoagreatoption. [G]Thinkaboutonephysicalattributethatallmodelsandmostcelebritieshaveincommon.Youneverhaveseenanybodyontheredcarpetwalkingwithaslouchedback.Thesepeopleknowhowtowalk:theyhavegoodposture.Thisarticlediscusseshowtohaveagoodposture.Manyofusspendlonghoursatourdeskandforgetaboutgoodposture.Goodpostureisimportantnotonlyforappearancebutalsoforhealthreasons. Order: 43
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.11
Fewinsectshaveinspiredasmuchfearandhatredasthediminutivefireantslessthanhalfaninchlongbutlivingincoloniesofmorethan250000others.EveryoneinthesouthernUnitedStatesgetstoknowfireantssoonerorlaterbypainfulexperience.Fireantsliveinlargeearthenmoundsandaretruesocialinsects--thatmeanstheyhaveacastesystemdivisionoflaborwithaspecializedcastethatlayseggsqueenandaworkercasteofsterilefemales.Thereareseveralreasonsthattheyareconsideredpests.About60%ofpeoplelivinginareaswherefireantsoccurarestungeveryyear.Oftheseabout1%havesomedegreeofallergicreactioncalledanaphylaxistothesting.Theirlargemoundsareunsightlyandcandamagemowingequipment.Fireantssometimesenterelectricalandmechanicalequipmentandcanshortoutswitchesorchewthroughinsulation.Finally.asfireantsmoveintonewareastheyreducediversityofnativeantsandpreyonlargeranimalssuchasground-nestingbirdsandturtles.Eventhoughfireantsarepestsinmanycircumstancestheycanactuallybebeneficialinothers.Thereisevidencethattheirpredatoryactivitiescanreducethenumbersofsomeotherimportantpests.Incottonforexampletheypreyonimportantpeststhateatcottonplantssuchasbollwormsandbudworms.InLouisianasugarcaneaninsectcalledthesugarcaneborerusedtobeaveryimportantpestbeforefireantsarrivedandbeganpreyingonit.Fireantsalsopreyonticksandfleas.Whetherfireantsareconsideredpestornotdependonwheretheyarefoundbutonethingissure—wehadbestgetusedtolivingwiththem.Eradicationattemptsinthe1960sand1970sfailedforanumberofreasonsandscientistsgenerallyagreethatcompleteeliminationoffireantsfromtheUnitedStatesisnotpossible.Anewlong-termapproachtoreducingfireantpopulationsInvolvesclassicalbiologicalcontrol.WhenfireantswereaccidentallybroughttotheUnitedStatesmostoftheirparasitesanddiseaseswerenot.ClassicalbiologicalcontrolinvolvesidentifyingparasitesanddiseasesspecifictofireantsinSouthAmericatestingthemtobesurethattheydon’tattackorinfectnativeplantsoranimalsandestablishingthemintheIntroducedfireantpopulationIntheUnitedStates.Sincefireantsareabout5to7timesmoreabundantherethaninSouthAmericascientistshopetoreducetheirnumbersusingthisapproach.Thewordcasteline4paragraph1mostprobablymeans
[A]In1849goldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniainthemountainsnearSanFrancisco.SostartedthefamousGoldRushofthe49ersacrossthevastunexploredwildernessthatlaywestoftheMississippi.Wholefamiliesperished.Onesmallgroupof49erslookingforashortcutacrosstheSierraNevadaMountainshappenedtoentertheinfamousDeathValley.ItwasluckyforthemitwaswinterforinsummerDeathValleyisaboutthehottestandmostdesolateplaceonearth.Asitwasoneofthegroupdiedofthirstanditwasthe49erswhogavethevalleyitsgrimname. [B]ThecompletionoftherailroadnotonlyjoinedthecitiesoftheeastwithCaliforniaitalsobroughtprosperitytotheisolatedfarmersoftheplainsandtotherancherswhowerenowabletosendtheircattletotheslaughterhousesinfreightears.Infactthenewrailroadbecameanessentiallife-lineforanationwhichnowstretched3000milesfromtheAtlantictothePacificOceans. [C]Aslateasthe1880samanintheFarwestcouldbehangedforstealingahorseyetgetnomorethanfiveyearsinjailforrobbingabank.Eversincethepioneerswentwestintotheunknowntheydependedabsolutelyontheirhorsesandtheirguns.IfamanlosthishorseorhisguninthedesertsmountainsorforestsofNevadaArizonaandeasternCaliforniahestoodnochance.HungerthirstagrizzlybearamountainlionorhostileIndianswouldfinishhimoffsoonerorlater.Afrontiersmanhadtobetoughbraveandresourcefulinthosedays. [D]ThecolonizationoftheWestwasgivenatremendousimpetusbythebuildingoftheTranscontinentalrailroadoneofthegreatengineeringfeatsofalltime.CongressdecidedthatthelayingofthetracksshouldbeginfromtheEastandtheWestatthesametime.Sothebuildingofthisrailroadlinedwithpolesforthefirsteast-westtelegraphsystemdevelopedintoarace.TheEasternersmovingacrosstheplainsprogressedfasterfortheydidnothavetotunnelthroughgiantmountainsorbridgegapingcanyons.ThetworailroadslinkedupinUtahonJuly10th1867.Therewasgreatexcitementandaspecialceremonytomarktheoccasion. [E]DesertsmountainsandforestsarestillthefrontierbetweenteemingCaliforniancitiesandthesparselypopulatedwildernessofNevadaandeasternCalifornia.EventodayNevadahashardlymorethan500thousandinhabitantsmostofwhomliveinthecitiesofLasVegasandReno. [F]Laterin1865aftertheCivilWardisillusionedsoldiersunabletofrndworkfollowedinthefootstepsofthe49ers.Theydidnotfindmuchgoldbuttheyfoundrichpasturesforcattle.ItwastheywhofoundedtheUSA’sgreatfoodindustryandtheyworkedwiththevigorandcourageoftheearlypioneersandwithafaithfortifiedbytheBible.[ G]SomeAmericansfeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsintheUSA.Butitexpresseditselfinanumberofways.AmericansdonotlikebeingwithoutworkandtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajobshowingacourageandanenterprisewhichisunusualinmostoftheolderEuropeancountries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedyinaspeechtothenationspokeofthis"NewFrontier."Thefrontierspiritcertainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthenoonthemostrecentofallfrontierstobecrossed. 41
Ifyousmokeyou’dbetterhurry.FromJuly1stpubsalloverEnglandwillbylawbeno-smokingareas.Sowillrestaurantsofficesandevencompanycarsifmorethanonepersonusesthem.England’ssmokersarefollowingawell-troddenpath.TheotherthreebitsoftheUnitedKingdomhavealreadybannedsmokinginalmostallenclosedpublicspacesandthereareanti-smokinglawsofvaryingstrictnessovermostofWesternEurope.Thesmoker’sjourneyfromglamourthroughtolerationtosuspicionisfinallyreachingitsendinpariahstatus.Butbehindthispublic-healthsuccessstoryliesadarkertale.Poorerpeoplearemuchmorelikelytosmokethanricherones—achangefromthe1950swhenprofessionalsandlaborerswereequallykeen.Todayonly15%ofmeninthehighestprofessionalclassessmokebut42%ofunskinedworkersdo.Despitepunitivetaxation—20cigarettescostaround￡5.00$10.00three-quartersofwhichistax—55%ofsinglemothersonbenefitssmoke.Thefigureforhomelessmenisevenhigher;forhard-drugusersitispractically100%.Themessagethatsmokingkillshasbeenhearditseemsbutnotbyall.Havingdefeatedthebigkillersofthepast—wantexposurepoorsanitation—governmentsalloverthedevelopedworldareturningtheirattentiontodiseasesthatstemmostlyfromhowindividualschoosetolivetheirlives.Butthesamedeafnessafflictsthesamepeoplewhentheyarestronglyencouragedtogiveupothersortsofunhealthybehavior.Thelowerdowntheyareonpracticallyanypeckingorder--jobprestigeincomeeducationbackground-themorelikelypeoplearetobefatandunfitandtodrinktoomuch.ThattemptsgovernmentstoshouteverlouderinanattempttogetthepublictolistenandnowheredotheydosomoreaggressivelythaninBritain.Onereasonisthatpeckingordersmattermorethaninmostotherrichcountries:incomedistributionisveryunequalandtheunemployeddisaffectedill-educatedrumpiscomparativelylarge.Anotherreasonisthefrustrationofagovernmentaddictedtotargetswhichoftenaimnotonlytoimprovesomethingbuttolesseninequalityintheprocess.AthirdisthattheNationalHealthServiceisfreetopatientsandpayingforthosewhohavearguablybroughttheirill-healthonthemselvesgrowsalarminglycostly.Britain’saggressivenesshowevermaybepointlessevencounter-productive.Thereisnoreasontobelievethatthosewhoignoremeasuredvoiceswilllistentoshouting.Itirritatesthemajoritywhoarealreadybehavingresponsiblyanditmayalsoundermineallgovernmentpronouncementsonhealthbyconvincingpeoplethattheyhaveanultra-cautiousmarginoferrorbuiltin.Suchhectoringmayalsobemissingtherootcauseoftheproblem.AccordingtoMr.MarmotwhocitesresearchongroupsasdiverseasbaboonsincaptivityBritishcivilservantsandOscarnomineesthehigherratesofiiihealthamongthoseinmoremodestwalksoflifecanbeattributedtowhathecallsthestatussyndrome.Peopleinprivilegedpositionsthinktheyareworththeeffortofbehavinghealthilyandfindthewill-powertodoso.Theimplicationisthatitiseasiertoimproveaperson’shealthbyweakeningtheconnectionbetweensocialpositionandhealththanbytargetingbehaviordirectly.Samepublic-healthexpertsspeakofsocialcohesionsupportforfamiliesandbettereducationforall.Thesearebiggerundertakingsthanabossycampaign;butmoreeffectiveandquieter.Theauthorseemstobesuspiciousofthepublic-healthsuccessbecause
ItishardtoboxagainstasouthpawasApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofaninterminableseriesofmovies.WhileRockyisfictionthestrategicadvantageofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostright-handedpeoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa.Andthesamecompetitiveadvantageisenjoyedbyleft-handersinothersportssuchastennisandcricket.Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessisthatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecializationofthebrainthathasconcentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan.Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansandallothervertebrateanimalsunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180~relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthebodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainandthustherightbodyisusuallydominant.Andonaveragelefthandersaresmallerandlighterthanright-handers.Thatshouldputthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sportingadvantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handednessposesaproblemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFaurieandMichelRaymondoftheUniversityofMontpellierⅡinFrancethinktheyknowtheanswer.AstheyreportintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietythereisaclueintheadvantageseeninboxing.Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfightsenhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreasedreproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportionofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-handedwiththeadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbeahigherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolencesincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.DrFaurieandDrRaymondsetouttotestthishypothesis.Fightinginmodemsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthatisunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDrFaurieandDrRaymonddecidedtoconfinetheirinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthelevelofviolencebynumberofhomicidesintraditionalsocieties.Bytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandevengoingoutintothefieldandaskingpeoplethetworesearchersfoundthattheproportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwithitshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexamplewasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.RaidingandwarfarearecentraltoYanomamoculture.Themurderrateis4per1000inhabitantsperyearcomparedwithforexample0.068inNewYork.AndaccordingtoDrFaurieandDrRaymond22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speakingpeopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationisleft-handed.Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handedpeoplearemoreviolentthantheright-handeditlooksasthoughtheyaremoresuccessfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningofthewordsinister.Thetwodoctorsmightsupportwhichofthefollowingstatements
Therecanbenodoubtthatthecomputerrevolutionhastouchedvirtuallyeverypersoninthecountryinsomewayorother. Norcantherebeanydoubtthatithasbroughttremendousimprovementsinproductivityandefficiency.46Indeedtherearemanytasksundertakenbycomputersthatcouldnotbedonewithoutthemandwehavereachedthepointthatthebenefitsofcomputerizationaretakenforgranted. Havingacceptedthatcomputersareheretostaywhatisthedownside47Themostobviousansweristhatbecauseofincreasedefficiencylesspeopleareneededandthelossofjobsparticularlyintheserviceindustrieshasbeenenormouswithmorejoblossesyettocome. Howeveronamoreinsidiousnotemanyusershavenotrealizedhowcomputershaveintroducedvulnerabilitytotheirbusiness.Ifcomputersaresoonaboonhowdowecopewhensomethinggoeswrong Computershavemanyusesvaryingfrompureaccountingorback-officesystemstostockorproductioncontrolorcomputer-aideddesignormanufacturing.48Inmanyinstancesmanualsystemscanquicklybeintroducedtoensuresomecontinuityofthebusiness;butinmanycasesifthecomputerisdownsoisthebusiness. Themostprobablecausesofinterruptioninthepasthavebeenaccidentaldamageorbreakdownandthesecanusuallybedealtwithexpeditiously.Howeverinrecenttimestheexposurecausingmostconcerntoinsurershavebeentheft. 49InitiallytheproblemwasthetheftofPCsandbecausemostofthesewerebasedinofficeswhichhadnotbeentargetedbythievesinthepastandthushadrelativelypoorsecuritylossesmountedveryquickly.Itwascommonpracticeforathieftomakeafreshvisitoncetheequipmenthadbeenreplacedasthenewequipmentwouldbemoreattractiveduetorapidtechnologicaladvances.Theequipmentwouldusuallybecoveredbyinsurancebutproblemscouldbeexperiencediftherewerenoback-upsofdateand/orprogrammes. Theinitialreactionbyinsurerswastostepuprequestsforsecurityimprovementsincludingalarmsanddevicessuchaslock-downplatesorcables.50Howeverthecriminalfraternityquicklycametorealizethattherealvalueinthecomputersisinthechipwhichisremarkablyportableandunidentifiablesoevenwhencaughtthepolicehavetroubleprovingthetheft.Thisledtoevengreaterdemandsforsecurityincludingencapsulationandcomputersafes. Themostobviousansweristhatbecauseofincreasedefficiencylesspeopleareneededandthelossofjobsparticularlyintheserviceindustrieshasbeenenormouswithmorejoblossesyettocome.
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.9
Fewinsectshaveinspiredasmuchfearandhatredasthediminutivefireantslessthanhalfaninchlongbutlivingincoloniesofmorethan250000others.EveryoneinthesouthernUnitedStatesgetstoknowfireantssoonerorlaterbypainfulexperience.Fireantsliveinlargeearthenmoundsandaretruesocialinsects--thatmeanstheyhaveacastesystemdivisionoflaborwithaspecializedcastethatlayseggsqueenandaworkercasteofsterilefemales.Thereareseveralreasonsthattheyareconsideredpests.About60%ofpeoplelivinginareaswherefireantsoccurarestungeveryyear.Oftheseabout1%havesomedegreeofallergicreactioncalledanaphylaxistothesting.Theirlargemoundsareunsightlyandcandamagemowingequipment.Fireantssometimesenterelectricalandmechanicalequipmentandcanshortoutswitchesorchewthroughinsulation.Finally.asfireantsmoveintonewareastheyreducediversityofnativeantsandpreyonlargeranimalssuchasground-nestingbirdsandturtles.Eventhoughfireantsarepestsinmanycircumstancestheycanactuallybebeneficialinothers.Thereisevidencethattheirpredatoryactivitiescanreducethenumbersofsomeotherimportantpests.Incottonforexampletheypreyonimportantpeststhateatcottonplantssuchasbollwormsandbudworms.InLouisianasugarcaneaninsectcalledthesugarcaneborerusedtobeaveryimportantpestbeforefireantsarrivedandbeganpreyingonit.Fireantsalsopreyonticksandfleas.Whetherfireantsareconsideredpestornotdependonwheretheyarefoundbutonethingissure—wehadbestgetusedtolivingwiththem.Eradicationattemptsinthe1960sand1970sfailedforanumberofreasonsandscientistsgenerallyagreethatcompleteeliminationoffireantsfromtheUnitedStatesisnotpossible.Anewlong-termapproachtoreducingfireantpopulationsInvolvesclassicalbiologicalcontrol.WhenfireantswereaccidentallybroughttotheUnitedStatesmostoftheirparasitesanddiseaseswerenot.ClassicalbiologicalcontrolinvolvesidentifyingparasitesanddiseasesspecifictofireantsinSouthAmericatestingthemtobesurethattheydon’tattackorinfectnativeplantsoranimalsandestablishingthemintheIntroducedfireantpopulationIntheUnitedStates.Sincefireantsareabout5to7timesmoreabundantherethaninSouthAmericascientistshopetoreducetheirnumbersusingthisapproach.Theauthor’stoneintalkingaboutfireantsintheUSseemstobe
ItishardtoboxagainstasouthpawasApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofaninterminableseriesofmovies.WhileRockyisfictionthestrategicadvantageofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostright-handedpeoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa.Andthesamecompetitiveadvantageisenjoyedbyleft-handersinothersportssuchastennisandcricket.Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessisthatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecializationofthebrainthathasconcentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan.Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansandallothervertebrateanimalsunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180~relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthebodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainandthustherightbodyisusuallydominant.Andonaveragelefthandersaresmallerandlighterthanright-handers.Thatshouldputthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sportingadvantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handednessposesaproblemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFaurieandMichelRaymondoftheUniversityofMontpellierⅡinFrancethinktheyknowtheanswer.AstheyreportintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietythereisaclueintheadvantageseeninboxing.Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfightsenhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreasedreproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportionofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-handedwiththeadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbeahigherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolencesincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.DrFaurieandDrRaymondsetouttotestthishypothesis.Fightinginmodemsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthatisunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDrFaurieandDrRaymonddecidedtoconfinetheirinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthelevelofviolencebynumberofhomicidesintraditionalsocieties.Bytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandevengoingoutintothefieldandaskingpeoplethetworesearchersfoundthattheproportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwithitshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexamplewasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.RaidingandwarfarearecentraltoYanomamoculture.Themurderrateis4per1000inhabitantsperyearcomparedwithforexample0.068inNewYork.AndaccordingtoDrFaurieandDrRaymond22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speakingpeopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationisleft-handed.Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handedpeoplearemoreviolentthantheright-handeditlooksasthoughtheyaremoresuccessfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningofthewordsinister.Traditionalbiologistsmightbelievethefollowingexcept
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.19
Directions:Beforeyouleaveuniversityyouwanttosellyourcomputer.Writeanoteofabout100words:1describingtheconditionofyourcomputer;2howmuchyouwouldlikeforitand;3whereyoucanbecontacted.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenote.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.5
Averyimportantworldproblemifnotthemostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemomentistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate.Inanearlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth.Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast—bythestaggeringfigureof90millionin1988alone.ThismeansthattheworldmustaccommodateanewpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythreeyears!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexpertsbelievethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50years.SowhyisthishugeIncreaseinpopulationtakingplaceItisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownasDeathControl.YouhavenodoubtheardofthetermBirthControl—DeathControlissomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswellasthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie—creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreachingseventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyisbecomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethisrepresentsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisistheverydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalontheplanet.HoweverthisSuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind.Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhichkeephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimateandtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromtheseasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuringtherewillbenotomorrow.Anunderstandingofman’seffectonthebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedialaction.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosionarecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenoughtolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinanareaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountriesdohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofrichercountriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole.ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundredtimestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.MostpeopleinIndiadonotgrowupto.owncarsorair-conditioners—nordotheyeatthehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-stylesdonotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareoftherequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackintonaturetoreplacewhattheytakeout.Forexampletropicalforestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroyingthematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesofthatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmericanforestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnitedStatescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheapercardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailandforestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingaporeandJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycausemoretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforestitself.Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefutureofmankind—notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareoftheeffecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itisveryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmostaggressiveenemy—man.Whichofthefollowingrecommendationsmightbemadebytheauthor
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