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Few insects have inspired as much fear and hatred as the diminutive fire ants, less than half an inc...
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第四节阅读理解共20小题每小题2分满分40分阅读下列短文从每题所给的四个选项A.B.C和D中选出最佳
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Whetheryourecentlymovedintoanewhomeoryou’vejustgotthegardeningitchplanninganewgardencanbeagreatdealoffun.Theopportunitytoactascreatorcanbeveryappealing.Butanyonewhohasgardenedforlonghaslearnedthenecessityofaccommodatingnatureandhasdevelopedasenseofhumilityintheprocess. 41Weathermatters Thefirstthingtodetermineiswhatwillgrowinthespotavailableforyourgarden.Thisiswheremanygardenersmaketheirfirstmistake.Toooftenplantsarepurchasedbeforethoughthasbeengiventotheconditionsunderwhichtheywillhavetogrow.Oneofchieffactorsdeterminingwhatwillgrowinaparticularspotistheweatherconditionstheplantswillbesubjectedto. 42Layoftheland Nextyouwillneedtodeterminewhattypeofsoilyou’llbeworkingwith.ThethreemainconstituentsofsoilaresandsiltandclaySiltparticlesareofintermediatesize.Anidealgardensoilorloamwouldbeabout40%sand40%siltand20%clay. 43Amendyoursoil Thebestwaytoamendapoorsoilwhethersandyclayorsiltyistoaddorganicmatter.Addacombinationoftopsoilandpeatmossorcompostwilldoagreathelp. 44Keepawatchonmoisture Soilmoistureisobviouslytiedtotheclimateoftheareawhereyoulivebuteveninasmallyardtherecanbewidevariations.Ifyourgardenisatthebottomofahillthesoilmayremainwetforlongperiodsoftime.Inthissituationyoucantrycreatingaraisedbedbutitisbesttosticktoplantsthatenjoyhavingtheirfeetwet. 45Don’tfightmothernature Whilesomemeasurescanbetakentomakeyourgardenahospitableplaceforparticularplantsyourexperiencewillbemuchmorerewardingifyoulearntoworkwithnature.Youwillsaveyourselfalotoftimemoneyandgrief. Thehardestthingtoconvincenewgardenersofistheneedforpatience.Withthefirstwarmdayofspringtheyareeagertobeginplantingandnothingcanstopthem.Manyoftheseburstsofenthusiasmyieldill-conceivedgardensdoomedtofailure.Theplantswitherandthewould-begardenersbecomeconvincedthattheylacksomesecretknowledgeorinherentskill.Inmostofthesecaseshoweverafewhoursofplanningandpreparationwouldhavemadeallthedifference.Itisquiteeasytodigupaplotandthrowsomeplantsintheground.Itisanotherthingentirelytocreateahealthylivinggarden. [A]Azaleasinbloommightlookgreatwhenthesun’soutbutiftheywereplantedbeneathsomeprotectionfromtheglaretheymightnotbeconstantlyinfestedwithbugs.Ofcourseyoucanspraythemregularlywithinsecticidebutnowyourgardenisbecomingaboutasenvironmentallyfriendlyasanoilrefinery. [B]Acolleagueofminehadjustboughtanewhouseandwasbrimmingwithexcitementabouthisnewgarden.Heplantedasplendidgardenfilledwithplantsunsuitableforourcomparativelycoldclimateandinafewmonthsmostofhisplantshadeitherwitheredorbecomediseased.HethoughthelackedsomesecretknowledgebutIknewwhy! [C]Myneighborcomplainedthattheearthinhisgardenwaspooranddidn’tdraineasily.IadvisedhimtodoasIhaddoneandgodowntothebeachforhissolution. [D]Thewatertableisveryhighinmyarea.AtfirstItriedtofightthisinmygardenbuteventuallyIrealizedthatIcouldusethistomyadvantage—nowIhaveabeautifulpondfulloflilies. [E]Unfortunatelymyowngardendoesnothavethebestofsoil.MysolutiontothisproblemistokeepallthecuttingswhenImowthelawn.OncethesehaverotteddownIdigthemintothesoiltomakeitricherandmuchbetterforgrowing. [F]Myfriend’sgardenisverybeautifulbutunfortunatelyhishouselooksalittledrab.Myadvicetohimwastopurchasesomeclimbingplantsthathecouldencouragetogrowontrellisesfixedtohiswall—nowhishouselooksverynatural. 41
Researchiscommonlydividedintoappliedandpure.Thisclassificationisarbitraryandloosebutwhatisusuallymeantisthatappliedresearchisadeliberateinvestigationofaproblemofpracticalimportanceincontradistinctiontopureresearchdonetogainknowledgeforitsownsake.Thepurescientistmaybesaidtoacceptasanactoffaiththatanyscientificknowledgeisworthpursuingforitsownsakeandifpressedheusuallyclaimsthatinmostinstancesitiseventuallyfoundtobeuseful.MostofthegreatestdiscoveriessuchasthediscoveryofelectricityX-raysradiumandatomicenergyoriginatedfrompureresearchwhichallowstheworkertofollowunexpectedinterestingclueswithouttheintentionofachievingresultsofpracticalvalue.Inappliedresearchitistheprojectwhichisgivensupportwhereasinpureresearchitistheman.HoweveroftenthedistinctionbetweenpureandappliedresearchisasuperficialoneasitmaymerelydependonwhetherornotthesubjectinvestigatedisoneofpracticalimportanceForexampletheinvestigationofthelifecycleofaprotozooninapondispureresearchbutiftheprotozoonstudiedisaparasiteofmanordomesticanimaltheresearchwouldbetermedapplied.Amorefundamentaldifferentiationwhichcorrespondsonlyveryroughlywiththeappliedandpureclassificationisathatinwhichtheobjectiveisgivenandthemeansofobtainingitaresoughtandbthatinwhichthediscoveryisfirstmadeandthenauseforitissought.Thereexistsinsomecirclesacertainamountofintellectualsnobberyandtendencytolookcontemptuouslyonappliedinvestigation.Thisattitudeisbasedonthefollowingtwofalseideas:thatnewknowledgeisonlydiscoveredbypureresearchwhileappliedresearchmerelyseekstoapplyknowledgealreadyavailableandthatpureresearchisahigherintellectualactivitybecauseitrequiresgreaterscientificabilityandismoredifficult.Boththeseideasarequitewrong.Importantnewknowledgehasfrequentlyarisenfromappliedinvestigation;forinstancethescienceofbacteriologyoriginatedlargelyfromPasteur’sinvestigationsofpracticalprobleminthebeerwineandsilkwormindustries.Usuallyitismoredifficulttogetresultsinappliedresearchthaninpureresearchbecausetheworkerhastosticktoandsolveagivenprobleminsteadoffollowinganypromisingcluethatmayturnup.Alsoinappliedresearchmostfieldshavealreadybeenwellworkedoverandmanyoftheeasyandobviousthingshavebeendone.Appliedresearchshouldnotbeconfusedwiththeroutinepracticeofsomebranchofsciencewhereonlytheapplicationofexistingknowledgeisattempted.Thereisneedforbothpureandappliedresearchfortheytendtobecomplementary.Somepeoplelookdownonappliedresearchbecausetheythinkthat
Everyonemusthavehadatleastonepersonalexperiencewithacomputererrorbythistime.Bankbalancesaresuddenlyreportedtohavejumpedfrom379intothemillionsappealsforcharitablecontributionsaremailedoverandovertopeoplewithcrazy-soundingnamesatyouraddressdepartmentstoressendthewrongbillsutilitycompanieswritethatthey’returningeverythingoffthatsortofthing.46Ifyoumanagetogetintouchwithsomeoneandcomplainyouthengetinstantaneouslytypedguiltylettersfromthesamecomputersaying"Ourcomputerwasinerrorandanadjustmentisbeingmadeinyouraccount." Thesearesupposedtobethesheerestblindestaccidents.Mistakesarenotbelievedtobepartofthenormalbehaviorofagoodmachine.Ifthingsgowrongitmustbeapersonalhumanerrortheresultoffingeringtamperingabuttongettingstucksomeonehittingthewrongkey.Thecomputeratitsnormalbestisinfallible. Iwonderwhetherthiscanbetrue.47Afterallthewholepointofcomputersisthattheyrepresentanextensionofthehumanbrainvastlyimproveduponbutnonethelesshumansuperhumanmaybe.48Agoodcomputercanthinkclearlyandquicklyenoughtobeatyouatchessandsomeofthemhaveevenbeenprogrammedtowriteobscureverse.Theycandoanythingwecandoandmorebesides. Itisnotyetknownwhetheracomputerhasitsownconsciousnessanditwouldbehardtofindoutaboutthis.49Whenyouwalkintooneofthosegreathallsnowbuiltforthehugemachinesandstandlisteningitiseasytoimaginethatthefaintdistantnoisesarethesoundofthinking.Andtheturningofthespoolsgivesthemthelookofwildcreaturesrollingtheireyesintheefforttoconcentratechokingwithinformation.Butrealthinkinganddreamingareothermatters. Ontheotherhandtheevidencesofsomethinglikeanunconsciousequivalenttooursareallaroundineverymail.50Asextensionsofthehumanbraintheyhavebeenconstructedwiththesamepropertyoferrorspontaneousuncontrolledandrichinpossibilities.Mistakesareattheverybaseofhumanthoughtembeddedtherefeedingthestructurelikerootnodules.Ifwewerenotprovidedwiththeartofbeingwrongwecouldnevergetanythingusefuldone.Wethinkourwayalongbychoosingbetweenrightandwrongalternativesandthewrongchoiceshavetobemadeasfrequentlyastherightones.Wegetalonginlifethisway.Wearebuilttomakemistakescodedforerror. Afterallthewholepointofcomputersisthattheyrepresentanextensionofthehumanbrainvastlyimproveduponbutnonethelesshumansuperhumanmaybe.48Agoodcomputercanthinkclearlyandquicklyenoughtobeatyouatchessandsomeofthemhaveevenbeenprogrammedtowriteobscureverse.
Weknowtodaythatthetraditionsoftribalartaremorecomplexandlessprimitivethanitsdiscoverersbelieved;wehaveevenseenthattheimitationofnatureisbynomeansexcludedfromitsaims.Butthestyleoftheseritualisticobjectscouldstillserveasacommonfocusforthatsearchforexpressivenessstructureandsimplicitythatthenewmovementshadinheritedfromtheexperimentsofthethreelonelyrebels:VanGoghCezanneandGauguin.TheexperimentsofExpressionismareperhapstheeasiesttoexplaininwords.ThetermitselfmaynotbehappilychosenforweknowthatweareallexpressingourselvesineverythingwedoorleaveundonebutthewordbecameaconvenientlabelbecauseofitseasilyrememberedcontrasttoImpressionismandasalabelitisquiteuseful.InoneofhislettersVanGoghhadexplainedhowhesetaboutpaintingtheportraitofafriendwhowasverydeartohimTheconventionallikenesswasonlythefirststage.Havingpaintedacorrectportraitheproceededtochangethecolorsandthesetting.VanGoghwasrightinsayingthatthemethodhehadchosencouldbecomparedtothatofthecartoonist.Cartoonhadalwaysbeenexpressionistforthecartoonistplayswiththelikenessofhisvictimanddistortsittoexpressjustwhathefeelsabouthisfellowman.Aslongasthesedistortionsofnaturesailedundertheflagofhumornobodyseemedtofindthemdifficulttounderstand.Humorousartwasafieldinwhicheverythingwaspermittedbecausepeopledidnotapproachitwithprejudices.Yetthereisnothinginconsistentaboutit.Itistruethatourfeelingsaboutthingsdocolorthewayinwhichweseethemandevenmoretheformswhichweremember.Everyonemusthaveexperiencedhowdifferentthesameplacemaylookwhenwearehappyandwhenwearesad.WhatupsetthepublicabouttheExpressionistartwasperhapsnotsomuchthefactthatnaturehadbeendistortedasthattheresultledawayfrombeauty.FortheExpressionistsfeltsostronglyabouthumansufferingpovertyviolenceandpassionthattheywereinclinedtothinkthattheinsistenceonharmonyandbeautywereonlybornoutofarefusaltobehonest.TheartoftheclassicalmastersofaRaphaelorCorreggioseemedtotheminsincereandhypocritical.Theywantedtofacethebarefactsofourexistenceandtoexpresstheircompassionfurthedisinheritedandtheugly.Intheauthor’sopiniontheartofRaphaelandCorreggio
Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertaintyelseitwasnon-rational.Andcertaintywastobeproducedbyadeductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefromclassicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicalrankedpantheonofprinciples.Thismodelthoughisbankrupt.Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.Therearenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstylewhichuniquelydeterminethebestsentenceforaparticularsituation.Norislanguageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecaseitdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.Nonethelesslanguageusageisnotsubjective.Thisshouldnotsurpriseusintheleast.Allintellectualpursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Politicalsciencepsychologychemistryandphysicsarenotcertainbuttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsIseeitethicalinquiryproceedlikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparentsteachersandsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselvesinexplicablymakingcertainvaluationspossiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.Wemaylearnthehardwaythatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.Orwemayreflectuponourownandothers’theoriesorpatternsofbehavioranddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsaretested;weactaswethinkweshouldandevaluatetheconsequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandonothers.Wetherebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime.Ofcoursepeoplemakedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewecannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusingsomealgorithmwhichisitselfbeyondjudgment.Wehavenovantagepointoutsidehumanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwronggoodandbad.Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither.Weareleftwithintherealworldtryingtocopewithourselveswitheachotherwiththeworldandwithourownmistakes.Wedonothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehaveanalgorithmtodiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate.IfweunderstandethicsinthiswaywecanseeIthinktherealvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethicaltheoriesgiveusmoralprescriptions.Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswewouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingtheillnessweapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.Notheoryprovidesasetofabstractsolutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext.Inwhatwayisethicscomparabletolanguageusage
Weknowtodaythatthetraditionsoftribalartaremorecomplexandlessprimitivethanitsdiscoverersbelieved;wehaveevenseenthattheimitationofnatureisbynomeansexcludedfromitsaims.Butthestyleoftheseritualisticobjectscouldstillserveasacommonfocusforthatsearchforexpressivenessstructureandsimplicitythatthenewmovementshadinheritedfromtheexperimentsofthethreelonelyrebels:VanGoghCezanneandGauguin.TheexperimentsofExpressionismareperhapstheeasiesttoexplaininwords.ThetermitselfmaynotbehappilychosenforweknowthatweareallexpressingourselvesineverythingwedoorleaveundonebutthewordbecameaconvenientlabelbecauseofitseasilyrememberedcontrasttoImpressionismandasalabelitisquiteuseful.InoneofhislettersVanGoghhadexplainedhowhesetaboutpaintingtheportraitofafriendwhowasverydeartohimTheconventionallikenesswasonlythefirststage.Havingpaintedacorrectportraitheproceededtochangethecolorsandthesetting.VanGoghwasrightinsayingthatthemethodhehadchosencouldbecomparedtothatofthecartoonist.Cartoonhadalwaysbeenexpressionistforthecartoonistplayswiththelikenessofhisvictimanddistortsittoexpressjustwhathefeelsabouthisfellowman.Aslongasthesedistortionsofnaturesailedundertheflagofhumornobodyseemedtofindthemdifficulttounderstand.Humorousartwasafieldinwhicheverythingwaspermittedbecausepeopledidnotapproachitwithprejudices.Yetthereisnothinginconsistentaboutit.Itistruethatourfeelingsaboutthingsdocolorthewayinwhichweseethemandevenmoretheformswhichweremember.Everyonemusthaveexperiencedhowdifferentthesameplacemaylookwhenwearehappyandwhenwearesad.WhatupsetthepublicabouttheExpressionistartwasperhapsnotsomuchthefactthatnaturehadbeendistortedasthattheresultledawayfrombeauty.FortheExpressionistsfeltsostronglyabouthumansufferingpovertyviolenceandpassionthattheywereinclinedtothinkthattheinsistenceonharmonyandbeautywereonlybornoutofarefusaltobehonest.TheartoftheclassicalmastersofaRaphaelorCorreggioseemedtotheminsincereandhypocritical.Theywantedtofacethebarefactsofourexistenceandtoexpresstheircompassionfurthedisinheritedandtheugly.TheVanGogh’sletterPara.2wasmentionedto
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreativeprocess.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
MarkTwainonceobservedthatgivingupsmokingiseasy.Heknewbecausehe’ddoneithundredsoftimeshimself.Givingupforeverisatriflemoredifficultapparentlyanditiswellknownthatitismuchmoredifficultforsomepeoplethanforothers.WhyisthissoFewdoctorsbelieveanylongerthatitissimplyaquestionofwillpower.Andforthosepeoplethatcontinuetoviewaddictsasmerelyweakrecentgeneticresearchmayforcearethink.AstudyconductedbyJacquelineVinkoftheFreeUniversityofAmsterdamusedadatabasecalledtheNetherlandsTwinRegistertoanalysethesmokinghabitsoftwins.Herresultssuggestthatanindividual’sdegreeofnicotinedependenceandeventhenumberofcigaretteshesmokesperdayarestronglygeneticallyinfluenced.TheNetherlandsTwinRegisterisavoluntarydatabasethatisprizedbygeneticistsbecausetheyallowthecomparisonofidenticaltwinswhosharealltheirgeneswithfraternaltwinswhosharehalf.InthiscasehoweverDr.Vinkdidnotmakeuseofthatfact.Forherthedatabasewasmerelyaconvenientrepositoryofinformation.Insteadofcomparingidenticalandfraternaltwinssheconcentratedontheadultfraternaltwinsmostofwhomhadcompletedquestionnairesabouttheirhabitsincludingsmokingand536ofwhomhadgivenDNAsamplestotheregister.Thehumangenomeishuge.ItconsistsofbillionsofDNAletterssomeofwhichcanbestrungtogethertomakesensethegenesbutmanyofwhichhaveeithernofunctionoranunknownfunction.Tofollowwhatisgoingongeneticistsrelyonmarkerstheyhaveidentifiedwithinthegenome.Theseareplaceswherethegeneticlettersmayvarybetweenindividuals.Ifaparticularvariantisroutinelyassociatedwithaparticularphysicalfeatureorabehaviourpatternitsuggeststhataparticularversionofanearbygeneisinfluencingthatfeatureorbehaviour.Dr.Vinkhopesthatfindinggenesresponsiblefornicotinedependencewillmakeitpossibletoidentifythecausesofsuchdependence.Thatwillhelptoclassifysmokersbettersomearesocialsmokerswhileothersarephysicallyaddictedandthusenablequittingprogrammestobecustomised.ResultssuchasDr.Vink’smustbeinterpretedwithcare.Associationstudiesassuchprojectsareknownhaveadisturbinghabitofdisappearingasitwereinapuffofsmokewhensomeonetriestoreplicatethem.ButifDr.VinkreallyhasexposedageneticlinkwithaddictionthenMarkTwain’sproblemmayeventuallybecomeathingofthepast.TheauthorcitestheexampleofMarkTwaintoshowthat
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Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertaintyelseitwasnon-rational.Andcertaintywastobeproducedbyadeductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefromclassicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicalrankedpantheonofprinciples.Thismodelthoughisbankrupt.Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.Therearenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstylewhichuniquelydeterminethebestsentenceforaparticularsituation.Norislanguageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecaseitdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.Nonethelesslanguageusageisnotsubjective.Thisshouldnotsurpriseusintheleast.Allintellectualpursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Politicalsciencepsychologychemistryandphysicsarenotcertainbuttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsIseeitethicalinquiryproceedlikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparentsteachersandsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselvesinexplicablymakingcertainvaluationspossiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.Wemaylearnthehardwaythatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.Orwemayreflectuponourownandothers’theoriesorpatternsofbehavioranddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsaretested;weactaswethinkweshouldandevaluatetheconsequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandonothers.Wetherebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime.Ofcoursepeoplemakedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewecannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusingsomealgorithmwhichisitselfbeyondjudgment.Wehavenovantagepointoutsidehumanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwronggoodandbad.Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither.Weareleftwithintherealworldtryingtocopewithourselveswitheachotherwiththeworldandwithourownmistakes.Wedonothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehaveanalgorithmtodiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate.IfweunderstandethicsinthiswaywecanseeIthinktherealvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethicaltheoriesgiveusmoralprescriptions.Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswewouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingtheillnessweapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.Notheoryprovidesasetofabstractsolutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatarelativisticviewofethics
Carmakershavelongusedsextoselltheirproducts.RecentlyhoweverbothBMWandRenaulthavebasedtheirlatestEuropeanmarketingcampaignsaroundtheiconofmodernbiology.BMW’scampaignwhichlaunchesitsnew3-seriessportssalooninBritainandIrelandshowsthenewcreationandfourofitsearlierversionszigzaggingaroundalandscapemadeupofgiantDNAsequenceswithabriefexplanationthatDNAisthemoleculeresponsiblefortheinheritanceofsuchfeaturesasstrengthpowerandintelligence.TheRenaultofferingwhichpromotesitsexistingLagunamodelemploysevolutionarytheoryevenmoreexplicitly.Thecompany’stelevisioncommercialsintersperseclipsofthecarwithscenesfromalecturebySteveJonesaprofessorofgeneticsatUniversityofLondon.BMW’scampaignisintendedtoconveytheideaofdevelopmentalliedtoheritage.Thelatestproductinotherwordsshouldbeviewedasthenewandimprovedscionofalonglineofgoodcars.Renault’smessageismoresubtle.ItisthatevolutionworksbygradualimprovementsratherthansuddenleapsinthisRenaultisaligningitselfwithbiologicalorthodoxy.Soalthoughthenewcarintheadvertisementmaylookliketheoldonetheexternalformconcealsanumberofsignificantchangestotheengine.WhilethesealterationsarealmostinvisibletotheaveragedriverRenaulthopestheywillimprovethecar’sperformanceandultimatelyitssurvivalinthemarketplace.Whethertheyactuallydosowilldependinpartonwhethermarketershavereadthepublicmoodcorrectly.Forevenifgeneticsreallydoesofferausefulmetaphorforautomobilesemployingitinadvertisingisnotwithoutitsdangers.ThatisbecauseDNA’spublicimageisambiguous.Inonecontextpeoplemayseeitasthecornerstoneofmodernmedicalprogress.Inanotheritwillbringtomindsuchcontroversialissuesasabortiongeneticallymodifiedfoodstuffsandthesinistersubjectofeugenics.Carmakersareprobablystandingonsafergroundthanbiologists.Buteventheycallmakemistakes.ThoughitwouldnotbeobvioustothecasualobserversomeoftheDNAwhichfeaturesinBMW’sadsforitsnicenewcaroncebelongedtoawoollymammoth—abeastthathasbeenextinctfor10000years.Notpresumablyquitethemessagethatthemarketingdepartmentwastryingtoconvey.Itcanbeinferredthatbiologicalorthodoxyfavors
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. 19
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreativeprocess.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Whetheryourecentlymovedintoanewhomeoryou’vejustgotthegardeningitchplanninganewgardencanbeagreatdealoffun.Theopportunitytoactascreatorcanbeveryappealing.Butanyonewhohasgardenedforlonghaslearnedthenecessityofaccommodatingnatureandhasdevelopedasenseofhumilityintheprocess. 41Weathermatters Thefirstthingtodetermineiswhatwillgrowinthespotavailableforyourgarden.Thisiswheremanygardenersmaketheirfirstmistake.Toooftenplantsarepurchasedbeforethoughthasbeengiventotheconditionsunderwhichtheywillhavetogrow.Oneofchieffactorsdeterminingwhatwillgrowinaparticularspotistheweatherconditionstheplantswillbesubjectedto. 42Layoftheland Nextyouwillneedtodeterminewhattypeofsoilyou’llbeworkingwith.ThethreemainconstituentsofsoilaresandsiltandclaySiltparticlesareofintermediatesize.Anidealgardensoilorloamwouldbeabout40%sand40%siltand20%clay. 43Amendyoursoil Thebestwaytoamendapoorsoilwhethersandyclayorsiltyistoaddorganicmatter.Addacombinationoftopsoilandpeatmossorcompostwilldoagreathelp. 44Keepawatchonmoisture Soilmoistureisobviouslytiedtotheclimateoftheareawhereyoulivebuteveninasmallyardtherecanbewidevariations.Ifyourgardenisatthebottomofahillthesoilmayremainwetforlongperiodsoftime.Inthissituationyoucantrycreatingaraisedbedbutitisbesttosticktoplantsthatenjoyhavingtheirfeetwet. 45Don’tfightmothernature Whilesomemeasurescanbetakentomakeyourgardenahospitableplaceforparticularplantsyourexperiencewillbemuchmorerewardingifyoulearntoworkwithnature.Youwillsaveyourselfalotoftimemoneyandgrief. Thehardestthingtoconvincenewgardenersofistheneedforpatience.Withthefirstwarmdayofspringtheyareeagertobeginplantingandnothingcanstopthem.Manyoftheseburstsofenthusiasmyieldill-conceivedgardensdoomedtofailure.Theplantswitherandthewould-begardenersbecomeconvincedthattheylacksomesecretknowledgeorinherentskill.Inmostofthesecaseshoweverafewhoursofplanningandpreparationwouldhavemadeallthedifference.Itisquiteeasytodigupaplotandthrowsomeplantsintheground.Itisanotherthingentirelytocreateahealthylivinggarden. [A]Azaleasinbloommightlookgreatwhenthesun’soutbutiftheywereplantedbeneathsomeprotectionfromtheglaretheymightnotbeconstantlyinfestedwithbugs.Ofcourseyoucanspraythemregularlywithinsecticidebutnowyourgardenisbecomingaboutasenvironmentallyfriendlyasanoilrefinery. [B]Acolleagueofminehadjustboughtanewhouseandwasbrimmingwithexcitementabouthisnewgarden.Heplantedasplendidgardenfilledwithplantsunsuitableforourcomparativelycoldclimateandinafewmonthsmostofhisplantshadeitherwitheredorbecomediseased.HethoughthelackedsomesecretknowledgebutIknewwhy! [C]Myneighborcomplainedthattheearthinhisgardenwaspooranddidn’tdraineasily.IadvisedhimtodoasIhaddoneandgodowntothebeachforhissolution. [D]Thewatertableisveryhighinmyarea.AtfirstItriedtofightthisinmygardenbuteventuallyIrealizedthatIcouldusethistomyadvantage—nowIhaveabeautifulpondfulloflilies. [E]Unfortunatelymyowngardendoesnothavethebestofsoil.MysolutiontothisproblemistokeepallthecuttingswhenImowthelawn.OncethesehaverotteddownIdigthemintothesoiltomakeitricherandmuchbetterforgrowing. [F]Myfriend’sgardenisverybeautifulbutunfortunatelyhishouselooksalittledrab.Myadvicetohimwastopurchasesomeclimbingplantsthathecouldencouragetogrowontrellisesfixedtohiswall—nowhishouselooksverynatural. 45
Researchiscommonlydividedintoappliedandpure.Thisclassificationisarbitraryandloosebutwhatisusuallymeantisthatappliedresearchisadeliberateinvestigationofaproblemofpracticalimportanceincontradistinctiontopureresearchdonetogainknowledgeforitsownsake.Thepurescientistmaybesaidtoacceptasanactoffaiththatanyscientificknowledgeisworthpursuingforitsownsakeandifpressedheusuallyclaimsthatinmostinstancesitiseventuallyfoundtobeuseful.MostofthegreatestdiscoveriessuchasthediscoveryofelectricityX-raysradiumandatomicenergyoriginatedfrompureresearchwhichallowstheworkertofollowunexpectedinterestingclueswithouttheintentionofachievingresultsofpracticalvalue.Inappliedresearchitistheprojectwhichisgivensupportwhereasinpureresearchitistheman.HoweveroftenthedistinctionbetweenpureandappliedresearchisasuperficialoneasitmaymerelydependonwhetherornotthesubjectinvestigatedisoneofpracticalimportanceForexampletheinvestigationofthelifecycleofaprotozooninapondispureresearchbutiftheprotozoonstudiedisaparasiteofmanordomesticanimaltheresearchwouldbetermedapplied.Amorefundamentaldifferentiationwhichcorrespondsonlyveryroughlywiththeappliedandpureclassificationisathatinwhichtheobjectiveisgivenandthemeansofobtainingitaresoughtandbthatinwhichthediscoveryisfirstmadeandthenauseforitissought.Thereexistsinsomecirclesacertainamountofintellectualsnobberyandtendencytolookcontemptuouslyonappliedinvestigation.Thisattitudeisbasedonthefollowingtwofalseideas:thatnewknowledgeisonlydiscoveredbypureresearchwhileappliedresearchmerelyseekstoapplyknowledgealreadyavailableandthatpureresearchisahigherintellectualactivitybecauseitrequiresgreaterscientificabilityandismoredifficult.Boththeseideasarequitewrong.Importantnewknowledgehasfrequentlyarisenfromappliedinvestigation;forinstancethescienceofbacteriologyoriginatedlargelyfromPasteur’sinvestigationsofpracticalprobleminthebeerwineandsilkwormindustries.Usuallyitismoredifficulttogetresultsinappliedresearchthaninpureresearchbecausetheworkerhastosticktoandsolveagivenprobleminsteadoffollowinganypromisingcluethatmayturnup.Alsoinappliedresearchmostfieldshavealreadybeenwellworkedoverandmanyoftheeasyandobviousthingshavebeendone.Appliedresearchshouldnotbeconfusedwiththeroutinepracticeofsomebranchofsciencewhereonlytheapplicationofexistingknowledgeisattempted.Thereisneedforbothpureandappliedresearchfortheytendtobecomplementary.Itisgenerallybelievedthatinappliedinvestigation
Carmakershavelongusedsextoselltheirproducts.RecentlyhoweverbothBMWandRenaulthavebasedtheirlatestEuropeanmarketingcampaignsaroundtheiconofmodernbiology.BMW’scampaignwhichlaunchesitsnew3-seriessportssalooninBritainandIrelandshowsthenewcreationandfourofitsearlierversionszigzaggingaroundalandscapemadeupofgiantDNAsequenceswithabriefexplanationthatDNAisthemoleculeresponsiblefortheinheritanceofsuchfeaturesasstrengthpowerandintelligence.TheRenaultofferingwhichpromotesitsexistingLagunamodelemploysevolutionarytheoryevenmoreexplicitly.Thecompany’stelevisioncommercialsintersperseclipsofthecarwithscenesfromalecturebySteveJonesaprofessorofgeneticsatUniversityofLondon.BMW’scampaignisintendedtoconveytheideaofdevelopmentalliedtoheritage.Thelatestproductinotherwordsshouldbeviewedasthenewandimprovedscionofalonglineofgoodcars.Renault’smessageismoresubtle.ItisthatevolutionworksbygradualimprovementsratherthansuddenleapsinthisRenaultisaligningitselfwithbiologicalorthodoxy.Soalthoughthenewcarintheadvertisementmaylookliketheoldonetheexternalformconcealsanumberofsignificantchangestotheengine.WhilethesealterationsarealmostinvisibletotheaveragedriverRenaulthopestheywillimprovethecar’sperformanceandultimatelyitssurvivalinthemarketplace.Whethertheyactuallydosowilldependinpartonwhethermarketershavereadthepublicmoodcorrectly.Forevenifgeneticsreallydoesofferausefulmetaphorforautomobilesemployingitinadvertisingisnotwithoutitsdangers.ThatisbecauseDNA’spublicimageisambiguous.Inonecontextpeoplemayseeitasthecornerstoneofmodernmedicalprogress.Inanotheritwillbringtomindsuchcontroversialissuesasabortiongeneticallymodifiedfoodstuffsandthesinistersubjectofeugenics.Carmakersareprobablystandingonsafergroundthanbiologists.Buteventheycallmakemistakes.ThoughitwouldnotbeobvioustothecasualobserversomeoftheDNAwhichfeaturesinBMW’sadsforitsnicenewcaroncebelongedtoawoollymammoth—abeastthathasbeenextinctfor10000years.Notpresumablyquitethemessagethatthemarketingdepartmentwastryingtoconvey.TheauthorthinksthatunfortunatelyBMW’scampaignhasconveyedtheideaof
Researchiscommonlydividedintoappliedandpure.Thisclassificationisarbitraryandloosebutwhatisusuallymeantisthatappliedresearchisadeliberateinvestigationofaproblemofpracticalimportanceincontradistinctiontopureresearchdonetogainknowledgeforitsownsake.Thepurescientistmaybesaidtoacceptasanactoffaiththatanyscientificknowledgeisworthpursuingforitsownsakeandifpressedheusuallyclaimsthatinmostinstancesitiseventuallyfoundtobeuseful.MostofthegreatestdiscoveriessuchasthediscoveryofelectricityX-raysradiumandatomicenergyoriginatedfrompureresearchwhichallowstheworkertofollowunexpectedinterestingclueswithouttheintentionofachievingresultsofpracticalvalue.Inappliedresearchitistheprojectwhichisgivensupportwhereasinpureresearchitistheman.HoweveroftenthedistinctionbetweenpureandappliedresearchisasuperficialoneasitmaymerelydependonwhetherornotthesubjectinvestigatedisoneofpracticalimportanceForexampletheinvestigationofthelifecycleofaprotozooninapondispureresearchbutiftheprotozoonstudiedisaparasiteofmanordomesticanimaltheresearchwouldbetermedapplied.Amorefundamentaldifferentiationwhichcorrespondsonlyveryroughlywiththeappliedandpureclassificationisathatinwhichtheobjectiveisgivenandthemeansofobtainingitaresoughtandbthatinwhichthediscoveryisfirstmadeandthenauseforitissought.Thereexistsinsomecirclesacertainamountofintellectualsnobberyandtendencytolookcontemptuouslyonappliedinvestigation.Thisattitudeisbasedonthefollowingtwofalseideas:thatnewknowledgeisonlydiscoveredbypureresearchwhileappliedresearchmerelyseekstoapplyknowledgealreadyavailableandthatpureresearchisahigherintellectualactivitybecauseitrequiresgreaterscientificabilityandismoredifficult.Boththeseideasarequitewrong.Importantnewknowledgehasfrequentlyarisenfromappliedinvestigation;forinstancethescienceofbacteriologyoriginatedlargelyfromPasteur’sinvestigationsofpracticalprobleminthebeerwineandsilkwormindustries.Usuallyitismoredifficulttogetresultsinappliedresearchthaninpureresearchbecausetheworkerhastosticktoandsolveagivenprobleminsteadoffollowinganypromisingcluethatmayturnup.Alsoinappliedresearchmostfieldshavealreadybeenwellworkedoverandmanyoftheeasyandobviousthingshavebeendone.Appliedresearchshouldnotbeconfusedwiththeroutinepracticeofsomebranchofsciencewhereonlytheapplicationofexistingknowledgeisattempted.Thereisneedforbothpureandappliedresearchfortheytendtobecomplementary.Whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribethepatternofthetext
Carmakershavelongusedsextoselltheirproducts.RecentlyhoweverbothBMWandRenaulthavebasedtheirlatestEuropeanmarketingcampaignsaroundtheiconofmodernbiology.BMW’scampaignwhichlaunchesitsnew3-seriessportssalooninBritainandIrelandshowsthenewcreationandfourofitsearlierversionszigzaggingaroundalandscapemadeupofgiantDNAsequenceswithabriefexplanationthatDNAisthemoleculeresponsiblefortheinheritanceofsuchfeaturesasstrengthpowerandintelligence.TheRenaultofferingwhichpromotesitsexistingLagunamodelemploysevolutionarytheoryevenmoreexplicitly.Thecompany’stelevisioncommercialsintersperseclipsofthecarwithscenesfromalecturebySteveJonesaprofessorofgeneticsatUniversityofLondon.BMW’scampaignisintendedtoconveytheideaofdevelopmentalliedtoheritage.Thelatestproductinotherwordsshouldbeviewedasthenewandimprovedscionofalonglineofgoodcars.Renault’smessageismoresubtle.ItisthatevolutionworksbygradualimprovementsratherthansuddenleapsinthisRenaultisaligningitselfwithbiologicalorthodoxy.Soalthoughthenewcarintheadvertisementmaylookliketheoldonetheexternalformconcealsanumberofsignificantchangestotheengine.WhilethesealterationsarealmostinvisibletotheaveragedriverRenaulthopestheywillimprovethecar’sperformanceandultimatelyitssurvivalinthemarketplace.Whethertheyactuallydosowilldependinpartonwhethermarketershavereadthepublicmoodcorrectly.Forevenifgeneticsreallydoesofferausefulmetaphorforautomobilesemployingitinadvertisingisnotwithoutitsdangers.ThatisbecauseDNA’spublicimageisambiguous.Inonecontextpeoplemayseeitasthecornerstoneofmodernmedicalprogress.Inanotheritwillbringtomindsuchcontroversialissuesasabortiongeneticallymodifiedfoodstuffsandthesinistersubjectofeugenics.Carmakersareprobablystandingonsafergroundthanbiologists.Buteventheycallmakemistakes.ThoughitwouldnotbeobvioustothecasualobserversomeoftheDNAwhichfeaturesinBMW’sadsforitsnicenewcaroncebelongedtoawoollymammoth—abeastthathasbeenextinctfor10000years.Notpresumablyquitethemessagethatthemarketingdepartmentwastryingtoconvey.ThecampaignstagedbybothBMWandRenaultaretomarket
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreativeprocess.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreativeprocess.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreativeprocess.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
MarkTwainonceobservedthatgivingupsmokingiseasy.Heknewbecausehe’ddoneithundredsoftimeshimself.Givingupforeverisatriflemoredifficultapparentlyanditiswellknownthatitismuchmoredifficultforsomepeoplethanforothers.WhyisthissoFewdoctorsbelieveanylongerthatitissimplyaquestionofwillpower.Andforthosepeoplethatcontinuetoviewaddictsasmerelyweakrecentgeneticresearchmayforcearethink.AstudyconductedbyJacquelineVinkoftheFreeUniversityofAmsterdamusedadatabasecalledtheNetherlandsTwinRegistertoanalysethesmokinghabitsoftwins.Herresultssuggestthatanindividual’sdegreeofnicotinedependenceandeventhenumberofcigaretteshesmokesperdayarestronglygeneticallyinfluenced.TheNetherlandsTwinRegisterisavoluntarydatabasethatisprizedbygeneticistsbecausetheyallowthecomparisonofidenticaltwinswhosharealltheirgeneswithfraternaltwinswhosharehalf.InthiscasehoweverDr.Vinkdidnotmakeuseofthatfact.Forherthedatabasewasmerelyaconvenientrepositoryofinformation.Insteadofcomparingidenticalandfraternaltwinssheconcentratedontheadultfraternaltwinsmostofwhomhadcompletedquestionnairesabouttheirhabitsincludingsmokingand536ofwhomhadgivenDNAsamplestotheregister.Thehumangenomeishuge.ItconsistsofbillionsofDNAletterssomeofwhichcanbestrungtogethertomakesensethegenesbutmanyofwhichhaveeithernofunctionoranunknownfunction.Tofollowwhatisgoingongeneticistsrelyonmarkerstheyhaveidentifiedwithinthegenome.Theseareplaceswherethegeneticlettersmayvarybetweenindividuals.Ifaparticularvariantisroutinelyassociatedwithaparticularphysicalfeatureorabehaviourpatternitsuggeststhataparticularversionofanearbygeneisinfluencingthatfeatureorbehaviour.Dr.Vinkhopesthatfindinggenesresponsiblefornicotinedependencewillmakeitpossibletoidentifythecausesofsuchdependence.Thatwillhelptoclassifysmokersbettersomearesocialsmokerswhileothersarephysicallyaddictedandthusenablequittingprogrammestobecustomised.ResultssuchasDr.Vink’smustbeinterpretedwithcare.Associationstudiesassuchprojectsareknownhaveadisturbinghabitofdisappearingasitwereinapuffofsmokewhensomeonetriestoreplicatethem.ButifDr.VinkreallyhasexposedageneticlinkwithaddictionthenMarkTwain’sproblemmayeventuallybecomeathingofthepast.Thepassageismainlyabout
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreativeprocess.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreativeprocess.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreativeprocess.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreativeprocess.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreativeprocess.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
MarkTwainonceobservedthatgivingupsmokingiseasy.Heknewbecausehe’ddoneithundredsoftimeshimself.Givingupforeverisatriflemoredifficultapparentlyanditiswellknownthatitismuchmoredifficultforsomepeoplethanforothers.WhyisthissoFewdoctorsbelieveanylongerthatitissimplyaquestionofwillpower.Andforthosepeoplethatcontinuetoviewaddictsasmerelyweakrecentgeneticresearchmayforcearethink.AstudyconductedbyJacquelineVinkoftheFreeUniversityofAmsterdamusedadatabasecalledtheNetherlandsTwinRegistertoanalysethesmokinghabitsoftwins.Herresultssuggestthatanindividual’sdegreeofnicotinedependenceandeventhenumberofcigaretteshesmokesperdayarestronglygeneticallyinfluenced.TheNetherlandsTwinRegisterisavoluntarydatabasethatisprizedbygeneticistsbecausetheyallowthecomparisonofidenticaltwinswhosharealltheirgeneswithfraternaltwinswhosharehalf.InthiscasehoweverDr.Vinkdidnotmakeuseofthatfact.Forherthedatabasewasmerelyaconvenientrepositoryofinformation.Insteadofcomparingidenticalandfraternaltwinssheconcentratedontheadultfraternaltwinsmostofwhomhadcompletedquestionnairesabouttheirhabitsincludingsmokingand536ofwhomhadgivenDNAsamplestotheregister.Thehumangenomeishuge.ItconsistsofbillionsofDNAletterssomeofwhichcanbestrungtogethertomakesensethegenesbutmanyofwhichhaveeithernofunctionoranunknownfunction.Tofollowwhatisgoingongeneticistsrelyonmarkerstheyhaveidentifiedwithinthegenome.Theseareplaceswherethegeneticlettersmayvarybetweenindividuals.Ifaparticularvariantisroutinelyassociatedwithaparticularphysicalfeatureorabehaviourpatternitsuggeststhataparticularversionofanearbygeneisinfluencingthatfeatureorbehaviour.Dr.Vinkhopesthatfindinggenesresponsiblefornicotinedependencewillmakeitpossibletoidentifythecausesofsuchdependence.Thatwillhelptoclassifysmokersbettersomearesocialsmokerswhileothersarephysicallyaddictedandthusenablequittingprogrammestobecustomised.ResultssuchasDr.Vink’smustbeinterpretedwithcare.Associationstudiesassuchprojectsareknownhaveadisturbinghabitofdisappearingasitwereinapuffofsmokewhensomeonetriestoreplicatethem.ButifDr.VinkreallyhasexposedageneticlinkwithaddictionthenMarkTwain’sproblemmayeventuallybecomeathingofthepast.ThewordcustomizedLines3～4Paragraph5canbestbesubstitutedby
Whetheryourecentlymovedintoanewhomeoryou’vejustgotthegardeningitchplanninganewgardencanbeagreatdealoffun.Theopportunitytoactascreatorcanbeveryappealing.Butanyonewhohasgardenedforlonghaslearnedthenecessityofaccommodatingnatureandhasdevelopedasenseofhumilityintheprocess. 41Weathermatters Thefirstthingtodetermineiswhatwillgrowinthespotavailableforyourgarden.Thisiswheremanygardenersmaketheirfirstmistake.Toooftenplantsarepurchasedbeforethoughthasbeengiventotheconditionsunderwhichtheywillhavetogrow.Oneofchieffactorsdeterminingwhatwillgrowinaparticularspotistheweatherconditionstheplantswillbesubjectedto. 42Layoftheland Nextyouwillneedtodeterminewhattypeofsoilyou’llbeworkingwith.ThethreemainconstituentsofsoilaresandsiltandclaySiltparticlesareofintermediatesize.Anidealgardensoilorloamwouldbeabout40%sand40%siltand20%clay. 43Amendyoursoil Thebestwaytoamendapoorsoilwhethersandyclayorsiltyistoaddorganicmatter.Addacombinationoftopsoilandpeatmossorcompostwilldoagreathelp. 44Keepawatchonmoisture Soilmoistureisobviouslytiedtotheclimateoftheareawhereyoulivebuteveninasmallyardtherecanbewidevariations.Ifyourgardenisatthebottomofahillthesoilmayremainwetforlongperiodsoftime.Inthissituationyoucantrycreatingaraisedbedbutitisbesttosticktoplantsthatenjoyhavingtheirfeetwet. 45Don’tfightmothernature Whilesomemeasurescanbetakentomakeyourgardenahospitableplaceforparticularplantsyourexperiencewillbemuchmorerewardingifyoulearntoworkwithnature.Youwillsaveyourselfalotoftimemoneyandgrief. Thehardestthingtoconvincenewgardenersofistheneedforpatience.Withthefirstwarmdayofspringtheyareeagertobeginplantingandnothingcanstopthem.Manyoftheseburstsofenthusiasmyieldill-conceivedgardensdoomedtofailure.Theplantswitherandthewould-begardenersbecomeconvincedthattheylacksomesecretknowledgeorinherentskill.Inmostofthesecaseshoweverafewhoursofplanningandpreparationwouldhavemadeallthedifference.Itisquiteeasytodigupaplotandthrowsomeplantsintheground.Itisanotherthingentirelytocreateahealthylivinggarden. [A]Azaleasinbloommightlookgreatwhenthesun’soutbutiftheywereplantedbeneathsomeprotectionfromtheglaretheymightnotbeconstantlyinfestedwithbugs.Ofcourseyoucanspraythemregularlywithinsecticidebutnowyourgardenisbecomingaboutasenvironmentallyfriendlyasanoilrefinery. [B]Acolleagueofminehadjustboughtanewhouseandwasbrimmingwithexcitementabouthisnewgarden.Heplantedasplendidgardenfilledwithplantsunsuitableforourcomparativelycoldclimateandinafewmonthsmostofhisplantshadeitherwitheredorbecomediseased.HethoughthelackedsomesecretknowledgebutIknewwhy! [C]Myneighborcomplainedthattheearthinhisgardenwaspooranddidn’tdraineasily.IadvisedhimtodoasIhaddoneandgodowntothebeachforhissolution. [D]Thewatertableisveryhighinmyarea.AtfirstItriedtofightthisinmygardenbuteventuallyIrealizedthatIcouldusethistomyadvantage—nowIhaveabeautifulpondfulloflilies. [E]Unfortunatelymyowngardendoesnothavethebestofsoil.MysolutiontothisproblemistokeepallthecuttingswhenImowthelawn.OncethesehaverotteddownIdigthemintothesoiltomakeitricherandmuchbetterforgrowing. [F]Myfriend’sgardenisverybeautifulbutunfortunatelyhishouselooksalittledrab.Myadvicetohimwastopurchasesomeclimbingplantsthathecouldencouragetogrowontrellisesfixedtohiswall—nowhishouselooksverynatural. 43
Everyonemusthavehadatleastonepersonalexperiencewithacomputererrorbythistime.Bankbalancesaresuddenlyreportedtohavejumpedfrom379intothemillionsappealsforcharitablecontributionsaremailedoverandovertopeoplewithcrazy-soundingnamesatyouraddressdepartmentstoressendthewrongbillsutilitycompanieswritethatthey’returningeverythingoffthatsortofthing.46Ifyoumanagetogetintouchwithsomeoneandcomplainyouthengetinstantaneouslytypedguiltylettersfromthesamecomputersaying"Ourcomputerwasinerrorandanadjustmentisbeingmadeinyouraccount." Thesearesupposedtobethesheerestblindestaccidents.Mistakesarenotbelievedtobepartofthenormalbehaviorofagoodmachine.Ifthingsgowrongitmustbeapersonalhumanerrortheresultoffingeringtamperingabuttongettingstucksomeonehittingthewrongkey.Thecomputeratitsnormalbestisinfallible. Iwonderwhetherthiscanbetrue.47Afterallthewholepointofcomputersisthattheyrepresentanextensionofthehumanbrainvastlyimproveduponbutnonethelesshumansuperhumanmaybe.48Agoodcomputercanthinkclearlyandquicklyenoughtobeatyouatchessandsomeofthemhaveevenbeenprogrammedtowriteobscureverse.Theycandoanythingwecandoandmorebesides. Itisnotyetknownwhetheracomputerhasitsownconsciousnessanditwouldbehardtofindoutaboutthis.49Whenyouwalkintooneofthosegreathallsnowbuiltforthehugemachinesandstandlisteningitiseasytoimaginethatthefaintdistantnoisesarethesoundofthinking.Andtheturningofthespoolsgivesthemthelookofwildcreaturesrollingtheireyesintheefforttoconcentratechokingwithinformation.Butrealthinkinganddreamingareothermatters. Ontheotherhandtheevidencesofsomethinglikeanunconsciousequivalenttooursareallaroundineverymail.50Asextensionsofthehumanbraintheyhavebeenconstructedwiththesamepropertyoferrorspontaneousuncontrolledandrichinpossibilities.Mistakesareattheverybaseofhumanthoughtembeddedtherefeedingthestructurelikerootnodules.Ifwewerenotprovidedwiththeartofbeingwrongwecouldnevergetanythingusefuldone.Wethinkourwayalongbychoosingbetweenrightandwrongalternativesandthewrongchoiceshavetobemadeasfrequentlyastherightones.Wegetalonginlifethisway.Wearebuilttomakemistakescodedforerror. Whenyouwalkintooneofthosegreathallsnowbuiltforthehugemachinesandstandlisteningitiseasytoimaginethatthefaintdistantnoisesarethesoundofthinking.
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