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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
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Electronicor"cyber"warfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy’s-orevenawholenation’s--abilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepointhoweverwherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.46Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperationscommunicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure. Theneutronbombisoneofthemosthorridweaponseverdevised:Itdoesn’tdamageproperty;itonlykillshigherlife-forms.47Wouldn’ttheoppositebewonderfuladeviceliketherobot’srayinTheDaytheEarthStoodStillswhichmeltsdownweaponsbutnotsoldiersElectronicor"cyber"warfare--hackingintoanenemy’scomputersjammingradiotransmissionsandtilelike. TheUnitedStateshasverygoodelectronicwarfarecapabilitiesbuthasusedthemonlytosupportconventionalmilitaryoperations.48Beforeweimaginewhatsucha"cyberwar"scenariomightbelikelet’sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped. DuringtheCivilWaroperationsconductedbytheUnionarmyagainsttheConfederatetelegraphsystemforetoldmoderntwentieth-centuryelectronicwarfare.UnionoperativespenetratedConfederatelinestotapintoandreadmilitarytrafficontheConfederatetelegraphsystem.49NotonlydidtheseoperationsyieldvaluableintelligenceinformationbutsomeoperatorsevenbegansendingbogusmessagestosowconfusionintheConfederateranks. JustbeforeWorldWarIradiocommunicationseemedlikearealboontonavaloperationsbecauseitallowedship-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunicationsespeciallyinbadweather.Beforethistimeflagsorlightblinkerswithlimitedrangeprovidedtheonlymeansofcommunicationbetweenships. Navalshipcaptainshoweverwereawarethatasophisticatedsetofshore-basedequipmentcouldlocateshipsbytheirradiotransmission.Bylisteningtothetransmissionstheenemycouldascertainthenumberandtypeofshipseveniftheycouldnotdecodeactualmessages.ForthisreasontheU.S.Navywasparticularlyresistanttousingradio.HoweverU.S.militaryobserversaboardBritishwarshipssoonsawthatthetacticaladvantagesofradiooutweighedtheintelligencelosses. ElectronicwarfaregrewrapidlyinWorldWarIIwiththeadventofradar.50Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjammingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.Gatheringintelligencefromradiotransmissionsalsoincreasedgreatly. Todayeverymodemnationhasthecapabilitytomonitorjamorotherwiseinterferewithanadversary’sradiocommunications.Mostnationshavealsodevelopedjam-resistantcommunicationsandintelligence-gatheringequipment. Electronicor"cyber"warfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy’s-orevenawholenation’s--abilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepointhoweverwherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.46Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperationscommunicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure. Theneutronbombisoneofthemosthorridweaponseverdevised:Itdoesn’tdamageproperty;itonlykillshigherlife-forms.47Wouldn’ttheoppositebewonderfuladeviceliketherobot’srayinTheDaytheEarthStoodStillswhichmeltsdownweaponsbutnotsoldiersElectronicor"cyber"warfare--hackingintoanenemy’scomputersjammingradiotransmissionsandtilelike. TheUnitedStateshasverygoodelectronicwarfarecapabilitiesbuthasusedthemonlytosupportconventionalmilitaryoperations.48Beforeweimaginewhatsucha"cyberwar"scenariomightbelikelet’sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped. DuringtheCivilWaroperationsconductedbytheUnionarmyagainsttheConfederatetelegraphsystemforetoldmoderntwentieth-centuryelectronicwarfare.UnionoperativespenetratedConfederatelinestotapintoandreadmilitarytrafficontheConfederatetelegraphsystem.49NotonlydidtheseoperationsyieldvaluableintelligenceinformationbutsomeoperatorsevenbegansendingbogusmessagestosowconfusionintheConfederateranks. JustbeforeWorldWarIradiocommunicationseemedlikearealboontonavaloperationsbecauseitallowedship-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunicationsespeciallyinbadweather.Beforethistimeflagsorlightblinkerswithlimitedrangeprovidedtheonlymeansofcommunicationbetweenships. Navalshipcaptainshoweverwereawarethatasophisticatedsetofshore-basedequipmentcouldlocateshipsbytheirradiotransmission.Bylisteningtothetransmissionstheenemycouldascertainthenumberandtypeofshipseveniftheycouldnotdecodeactualmessages.ForthisreasontheU.S.Navywasparticularlyresistanttousingradio.HoweverU.S.militaryobserversaboardBritishwarshipssoonsawthatthetacticaladvantagesofradiooutweighedtheintelligencelosses. ElectronicwarfaregrewrapidlyinWorldWarIIwiththeadventofradar.50Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjammingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.Gatheringintelligencefromradiotransmissionsalsoincreasedgreatly. Todayeverymodemnationhasthecapabilitytomonitorjamorotherwiseinterferewithanadversary’sradiocommunications.Mostnationshavealsodevelopedjam-resistantcommunicationsandintelligence-gatheringequipment. 48
TheworldisatanenvironmentalcrossroadswherethechoicebetweengreedandhumanitywilldecidethefateofmillionsofpeoplefordecadestocometheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramUNEPsaid.FundamentalchangesarepossibleandrequiredUNEPexecutivedirectorKlausToepfertoldanewsconferencepresentingthethirdGlobalEnvironmentOutlookGEOreport.Itwouldbeadisastertositbackandignorethepicturepainted46TheGEO-3reportdesignedtokickworldleadersintoactionaheadoftheJohannesburgearthsummitinlateAugustseesableakoutlookforthefutureunlessradicalactionistakennow.Thechoicesmadetodayarecriticalfortheforestsoceansriversmountainswildlifeandotherlifesupportsystemsuponwhichcurrentandfuturegenerationsdependitsaid.Thereportpaintedfourpossiblescenarios假定rangingfromthegreed-drivenmarketsfirstfuturetothecaringandsharingsustainabilityfirstapproach.Underthefirstthreepercentoftheearth’ssurfacedisappearsunderconcreteby2032morethanhalfthepopulationislivingwithdrought70percentoftheremaininglandandanimalsareunderthreatand16billiontonsofcarbondioxideisbeingbelched猛烈喷出intotheaireachyearfromfossilfuels.47Underthelatterscenariocitiesandhighwayseatuplesslanddroughtiskeptatbaybybetterwatermanagementthepressureonlandandanimalsstabilizesandglobalcarbondioxidemissionsstabilizeatjusthalfthegreedpolicyroute.InthedecadesincethefirstworldearthsummitinRiodeJaneiro58speciesoffishonemammalandonebirdspecieshavebecomeextinctandaremainingquarteroftheworld’smammalsandoneineightofitsbirdsareonthecriticallist.48Lifegivingforestsarebeingtippedapartfertilelandisdisappearingunderconcreteorintotheseaandwaterwaysaredryingupordyingofpollution.Awfulpovertyhungerandsicknessarerampant猖獗的acrosstheplanetandtheglobalizationoftradeiscarryingpollutionwithitonaglobalscale.49Theworld’sseasalreadyunderattackfromgarbageandpoisonsarealsobeingplunderedbymantotheextentthatnearlyone-thirdoftheworld’sstockoffishisnowrankedasusedupoverexploitedorrecoveringthereportsaid.ButToepferaformerGermanenvironmentministerstressedthatwhilethepicturewasbleakitwasnotbeyondredemption拯救.Thisisaneyeopener.Thefiguresarenotanightmareprognosis预后forthesakeofmakinganightmareprognosishesaidcallingontheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment-dubbedthesecondworldearthsummit—totakeurgentsteps.Decisiveactioncanachievepositiveresults.50OurthemeforJohannesburgisplanetpeopleprosperityhesaidurgingthemeetingtosetclearachievableandeffectivetargetstotacklepovertyanddeprivationwithoutdestroyingtheenvironment.Weneedaconcreteactionplan...concreteprojects...andaboveallaclearpoliticaldeclarationToepfersaid.Thatisthemostimportantofall.Wenowhavehundredsofdeclarationsagreementsguidelinesandlegally-bindingtreaties.Letusnowfindthepoliticalcourageandtheinnovativefinancingneededtoimplementthesedealsheadded.
Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobefollowed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters;they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’spositionwithinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8theindividual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshenolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurateresponsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneisgiventherighttodosomethingonealso13acorrespondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority15responsibilitycancreate16forapersonandnooneshouldbe17responsibleforsomething18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewasheldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeendelegated.
Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobefollowed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters;they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’spositionwithinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8theindividual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshenolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurateresponsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneisgiventherighttodosomethingonealso13acorrespondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority15responsibilitycancreate16forapersonandnooneshouldbe17responsibleforsomething18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewasheldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeendelegated.
Parentscaneasilycomedownwithanacutecaseofschizophreniafromreadingthecontradictoryreportsaboutthestateofthepublicschools.Onesatofexpertsassertsthattheschoolsarebetterthantheyhavebeenforyears.Otherssaythattheschoolsareinterribleshapeandareresponsibleforeverynationalproblemfromurbanpovertytothetradedeficit.Onegroupofexpertslooksprimarilyatsuchindicatorsastestscoresandtheycheerwhattheysee:alltheindicators—readingscoresminimumcompetencytestresultstheScholasticAptitudeTestscores—areupsomebysubstantialmargins.Studentsarerequiredtotakemoreacademiccourses—moremathematicsandsciencealongwithgreaterstressonbasicskillsincludingknowledgeofcomputers.Morethan40statelegislatureshavemandatedsuchchanges.Butintheeyesofanothersetofschoolreformerssuchchangesareatbestsuperficialandatworstcounterproductive.Theseexpertssaythatmerelytougheningrequirementswithouteitherimprovingthequalityofinstructionorevenmoreimportantchangingthewayschoolsareorganizedandchildrenaretaughtmakestheschoolsworseratherthanbetter.Theychallengethenatureofthetestmostlymultiplechoiceortrueorfalsebywhichchildren’sprogressismeasured;theychargethatraisingthetestscoresbydrillingpupilstocomeupwiththerightanswersdoesnotimproveknowledgeunderstandingandthecapacitytothinklogicallyandindependently.Inadditionthesecriticsfearthattheget-toughapproachtoschoolreformwillcausemoreoftheyoungstersatthebottomtogiveupanddropout.Thistheysaymayimprovenationalscoresbutdrainevenfurtherthenation’spoolofeducatedpeople.Thewaytocutthroughtheconfusionistounderstandthedifferentyardsticksusedbydifferentobservers.Comparedwithwhatschoolsusedtobelikeinthegoodolddayswithlotsofdrillanduniformrequirementsandtheexpectationthatmanyyoungsterswhocouldnotmakeitwoulddropoutandfindtheirwayintounskilledjobs--bythoseyardstickstheschoolshavemeasurablyimprovedinrecentyears.Butbytheyardsticksofthoseexpertswhobelievethattheoldschoolwasdeficientinteachingtheskillsneededinthemodemworldtoday’sschoolshavenotbecomebetter.Theseeducatorsbelievethatrigidnewmandatesmayactuallyhavemadetheschoolsworse.Theassertionoftheexpertswhothinkschoolsaxedoingbetterisbasedonthe______.
Directions:Title:IdolofThisAge:BillGatesorLeiFangOutline:thepresentstateyouropinionandyourreasons.Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Themostcriticaltimeinthelifeofahumanistheverybeginning—thefirsthoursafterbirth.Yetithasbeenonlywithinthepastfewyearsthatdoctorshaverecognizedthattreatinganewbornbabylikeasmallchildisnotthebestprocedure.Thisisespeciallytrueofhighriskbabiesatermappliedtobabiesthatareprematureunderweightorbornwithmajororganicdefects.Theyneedimmediateimaginativeintensivecareandobservationnotonlyforsurvivalbutalsotohelpcircumventphysicalproblemswhichmayaffecttheinfantforlife.Outofthisrequirementhasdevelopedanewbranchofmedicinecalledneonatologywhichisconcernedwiththefirstthreemonthsoflife.DozensofmajorhospitalsthroughouttheUnitedStateshaveopenednewbornintensivecareunitsdirectedbyneonatologistsandemployingequipmentandtechniquesdevisedspeciallyfortinypatients.Oneofthegreatestaidsintheseunitsisanisolette—anelectronicallyequippedglass-enclosedincubatorwithportholesforsterileaccesstothebaby.Insidetheisolettesensorsplacedontheinfantmakehimlookmuchlikeaminiatureastronaut.Thesensorsautomaticallyregulateandrecordthetemperaturehumidityandoxygeninthisartificialwombaswellassignalchangeortroubleaffectingitsoccupant.Inhospitalswithnewbornintensivecareunitspecialistsarereadytousetheirskillsastheneedarises.Theyarealertedtopregnanciesthatmaydevelopcomplications.Forexampleifawomanwhoispregnantentersthehospitalandisundertheageof18orovertheageof40isundernourishedorobesehasdiabetesheartorkidneytroubletheneonatologistsareadvised.Theneonatologistoftenattendsthedeliveryofababywiththeobstetricianandthenrushesthenewborninfantintohisspecialcareunit.Therewithinafewminutesthebabyistestedexaminedthorougblyandmadereadyfortreatmentorsurgeryifneeded.Themostcommoncauseofinfantdeathsispre-maturity.Insomehospitalsitisnotunusualtofind8or9preemiesprematureinfantsinthespecialcareunitsatonetime.Inadditiontothetechnicaladvancesthehealthoftheinfantdependsonanagelessingredient-love.Nursesareessentialmembersofbaby-cavingteams.Theirjobistorocktofeedandtofondletheverysmallpatients.Evenatthisearlyagedoctorsfindthatlackoflovehasadversephysicalandpsychologicaleffects.onthenewbornbabies.Asthenumberofneonatologistsandspecialcarecentershasincreasedthesurvivalrateforhigh-riskbabiesintheUnitedStateshasrisenfromabout75%afewyearsagotoanimpressivelyhigh90%today.Doctorsthinkthatthe90%couldbeincreasedifthebabiescouldbebroughtmorequicklyunderthecareofaneonatologist.Insomehospitalsteamsofdoctorsandnursescanrespondtoemergencieswithportableisoletteswhicharecarriedbyairplanehelicopterorambulance.AccordingtothepassageallofthefollowingaretrueaboutisoletteEXCEPT______.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobefollowed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters;they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’spositionwithinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8theindividual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshenolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurateresponsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneisgiventherighttodosomethingonealso13acorrespondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority15responsibilitycancreate16forapersonandnooneshouldbe17responsibleforsomething18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewasheldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeendelegated.
SpaceenthusiastslooktothedaywhenordinarypeopleaswellasprofessionalastronautsandmembersofCongresscanleaveEarthbehindandheadforaspacestationresortormaybeabaseonthemoonorMars.TheSpaceTransportationAssociationanindustrylobbyinggrouprecentlycreatedadivisiondevotedtopromotingspacetourismwhichitseesasaviablewaytospureconomicdevelopmentbeyondEarth.Thegreatstumblingblockinthisroadtostarshoweveristhesheerdifficultyofgettinganywhereinspace.Merelyachievingorbitisanexpensiveandriskyproposition.Currentspacepropulsiontechnologiesmakeitastretchtosendprobestodistantdestinationswithinthesolarsystem.Spacecrafthavetofollowmulti-laverindirecttrajectoriesthatlooparoundseveralplanesinordertogainvelocityfromgravityassists.Thenthecraftlacktheenergytocomeback.Sendingspacecrafttoothersolarsystemswouldtakemanycenturies.Fortunatelyengineershavenoshortageofinventiveplansfornewpropulsionsystemsthatmightsomedayexpandhumanpresenceliterallyorfigurativelybeyondthisplanet.Someareradicalrefinementsofcurrentrocketsorjettechnologies.Othersharnessnuclearenergiesorwouldrideonpowerfullaserbeams.Eventheequivalentsofspaceelevatorsforhoistingcargoesintoorbitareonthedrawingboard.ReachloworbitandyouarehalfwaytoanywhereintheSolarSystemscience-fictionauthorRobertA.HeinleinmemorablywroteandvirtuallyallanalystsagreethatinexpensiveaccesstolowEarthorbitisavitalfirststepbecausemostscenariosforexpandinghumankind’sreachdependontheorbitalassemblyofmassivespacecraftorotherequipmentinvolvingmultiplehunches.Theneedforbetterlaunchsystemsisalreadyimmediatedrivenbyprivateandpublicsectordemand.Mostcommercialpayloadsaredestinedeitherforthenowcrowedgeo-stationaryorbitwheresatellitesjostleforelbowroom36000kilometersabovetheequatororforlow-Earthorbitjustafewhundredkilometersup.Low-Earthorbitisrapidlybecomingaspaceenterprisezonebecausesatellitesthatclosecantransmitsignalstodesktoporevenhandheldreceivers.Scientificpayloadsarealsotakingoffinabigway.Morethan50majorobservatoriesandexplorationstoothersolarsystems’bodieswillliftoffwithinthenextdecade.ThepressingdemandforlauncheshasevenpromptedBoeing’scommercialspacedivisiontoteamupwithRSC—EnergiainMoscowandKvaernerMaritimeinOslotorefurbishanoilrigandcreatea34000—tondisplacementsemi-submersiblelaunchplatformthatwillbetowedtoorbitallyfavorablelaunchsites.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage
SpaceenthusiastslooktothedaywhenordinarypeopleaswellasprofessionalastronautsandmembersofCongresscanleaveEarthbehindandheadforaspacestationresortormaybeabaseonthemoonorMars.TheSpaceTransportationAssociationanindustrylobbyinggrouprecentlycreatedadivisiondevotedtopromotingspacetourismwhichitseesasaviablewaytospureconomicdevelopmentbeyondEarth.Thegreatstumblingblockinthisroadtostarshoweveristhesheerdifficultyofgettinganywhereinspace.Merelyachievingorbitisanexpensiveandriskyproposition.Currentspacepropulsiontechnologiesmakeitastretchtosendprobestodistantdestinationswithinthesolarsystem.Spacecrafthavetofollowmulti-laverindirecttrajectoriesthatlooparoundseveralplanesinordertogainvelocityfromgravityassists.Thenthecraftlacktheenergytocomeback.Sendingspacecrafttoothersolarsystemswouldtakemanycenturies.Fortunatelyengineershavenoshortageofinventiveplansfornewpropulsionsystemsthatmightsomedayexpandhumanpresenceliterallyorfigurativelybeyondthisplanet.Someareradicalrefinementsofcurrentrocketsorjettechnologies.Othersharnessnuclearenergiesorwouldrideonpowerfullaserbeams.Eventheequivalentsofspaceelevatorsforhoistingcargoesintoorbitareonthedrawingboard.ReachloworbitandyouarehalfwaytoanywhereintheSolarSystemscience-fictionauthorRobertA.HeinleinmemorablywroteandvirtuallyallanalystsagreethatinexpensiveaccesstolowEarthorbitisavitalfirststepbecausemostscenariosforexpandinghumankind’sreachdependontheorbitalassemblyofmassivespacecraftorotherequipmentinvolvingmultiplehunches.Theneedforbetterlaunchsystemsisalreadyimmediatedrivenbyprivateandpublicsectordemand.Mostcommercialpayloadsaredestinedeitherforthenowcrowedgeo-stationaryorbitwheresatellitesjostleforelbowroom36000kilometersabovetheequatororforlow-Earthorbitjustafewhundredkilometersup.Low-Earthorbitisrapidlybecomingaspaceenterprisezonebecausesatellitesthatclosecantransmitsignalstodesktoporevenhandheldreceivers.Scientificpayloadsarealsotakingoffinabigway.Morethan50majorobservatoriesandexplorationstoothersolarsystems’bodieswillliftoffwithinthenextdecade.ThepressingdemandforlauncheshasevenpromptedBoeing’scommercialspacedivisiontoteamupwithRSC—EnergiainMoscowandKvaernerMaritimeinOslotorefurbishanoilrigandcreatea34000—tondisplacementsemi-submersiblelaunchplatformthatwillbetowedtoorbitallyfavorablelaunchsites.Thepassageismainlyabout______.
Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobefollowed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters;they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’spositionwithinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8theindividual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshenolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurateresponsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneisgiventherighttodosomethingonealso13acorrespondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority15responsibilitycancreate16forapersonandnooneshouldbe17responsibleforsomething18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewasheldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeendelegated.
TheworldisatanenvironmentalcrossroadswherethechoicebetweengreedandhumanitywilldecidethefateofmillionsofpeoplefordecadestocometheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramUNEPsaid.FundamentalchangesarepossibleandrequiredUNEPexecutivedirectorKlausToepfertoldanewsconferencepresentingthethirdGlobalEnvironmentOutlookGEOreport.Itwouldbeadisastertositbackandignorethepicturepainted46TheGEO-3reportdesignedtokickworldleadersintoactionaheadoftheJohannesburgearthsummitinlateAugustseesableakoutlookforthefutureunlessradicalactionistakennow.Thechoicesmadetodayarecriticalfortheforestsoceansriversmountainswildlifeandotherlifesupportsystemsuponwhichcurrentandfuturegenerationsdependitsaid.Thereportpaintedfourpossiblescenarios假定rangingfromthegreed-drivenmarketsfirstfuturetothecaringandsharingsustainabilityfirstapproach.Underthefirstthreepercentoftheearth’ssurfacedisappearsunderconcreteby2032morethanhalfthepopulationislivingwithdrought70percentoftheremaininglandandanimalsareunderthreatand16billiontonsofcarbondioxideisbeingbelched猛烈喷出intotheaireachyearfromfossilfuels.47Underthelatterscenariocitiesandhighwayseatuplesslanddroughtiskeptatbaybybetterwatermanagementthepressureonlandandanimalsstabilizesandglobalcarbondioxidemissionsstabilizeatjusthalfthegreedpolicyroute.InthedecadesincethefirstworldearthsummitinRiodeJaneiro58speciesoffishonemammalandonebirdspecieshavebecomeextinctandaremainingquarteroftheworld’smammalsandoneineightofitsbirdsareonthecriticallist.48Lifegivingforestsarebeingtippedapartfertilelandisdisappearingunderconcreteorintotheseaandwaterwaysaredryingupordyingofpollution.Awfulpovertyhungerandsicknessarerampant猖獗的acrosstheplanetandtheglobalizationoftradeiscarryingpollutionwithitonaglobalscale.49Theworld’sseasalreadyunderattackfromgarbageandpoisonsarealsobeingplunderedbymantotheextentthatnearlyone-thirdoftheworld’sstockoffishisnowrankedasusedupoverexploitedorrecoveringthereportsaid.ButToepferaformerGermanenvironmentministerstressedthatwhilethepicturewasbleakitwasnotbeyondredemption拯救.Thisisaneyeopener.Thefiguresarenotanightmareprognosis预后forthesakeofmakinganightmareprognosishesaidcallingontheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment-dubbedthesecondworldearthsummit—totakeurgentsteps.Decisiveactioncanachievepositiveresults.50OurthemeforJohannesburgisplanetpeopleprosperityhesaidurgingthemeetingtosetclearachievableandeffectivetargetstotacklepovertyanddeprivationwithoutdestroyingtheenvironment.Weneedaconcreteactionplan...concreteprojects...andaboveallaclearpoliticaldeclarationToepfersaid.Thatisthemostimportantofall.Wenowhavehundredsofdeclarationsagreementsguidelinesandlegally-bindingtreaties.Letusnowfindthepoliticalcourageandtheinnovativefinancingneededtoimplementthesedealsheadded.
Themostcriticaltimeinthelifeofahumanistheverybeginning—thefirsthoursafterbirth.Yetithasbeenonlywithinthepastfewyearsthatdoctorshaverecognizedthattreatinganewbornbabylikeasmallchildisnotthebestprocedure.Thisisespeciallytrueofhighriskbabiesatermappliedtobabiesthatareprematureunderweightorbornwithmajororganicdefects.Theyneedimmediateimaginativeintensivecareandobservationnotonlyforsurvivalbutalsotohelpcircumventphysicalproblemswhichmayaffecttheinfantforlife.Outofthisrequirementhasdevelopedanewbranchofmedicinecalledneonatologywhichisconcernedwiththefirstthreemonthsoflife.DozensofmajorhospitalsthroughouttheUnitedStateshaveopenednewbornintensivecareunitsdirectedbyneonatologistsandemployingequipmentandtechniquesdevisedspeciallyfortinypatients.Oneofthegreatestaidsintheseunitsisanisolette—anelectronicallyequippedglass-enclosedincubatorwithportholesforsterileaccesstothebaby.Insidetheisolettesensorsplacedontheinfantmakehimlookmuchlikeaminiatureastronaut.Thesensorsautomaticallyregulateandrecordthetemperaturehumidityandoxygeninthisartificialwombaswellassignalchangeortroubleaffectingitsoccupant.Inhospitalswithnewbornintensivecareunitspecialistsarereadytousetheirskillsastheneedarises.Theyarealertedtopregnanciesthatmaydevelopcomplications.Forexampleifawomanwhoispregnantentersthehospitalandisundertheageof18orovertheageof40isundernourishedorobesehasdiabetesheartorkidneytroubletheneonatologistsareadvised.Theneonatologistoftenattendsthedeliveryofababywiththeobstetricianandthenrushesthenewborninfantintohisspecialcareunit.Therewithinafewminutesthebabyistestedexaminedthorougblyandmadereadyfortreatmentorsurgeryifneeded.Themostcommoncauseofinfantdeathsispre-maturity.Insomehospitalsitisnotunusualtofind8or9preemiesprematureinfantsinthespecialcareunitsatonetime.Inadditiontothetechnicaladvancesthehealthoftheinfantdependsonanagelessingredient-love.Nursesareessentialmembersofbaby-cavingteams.Theirjobistorocktofeedandtofondletheverysmallpatients.Evenatthisearlyagedoctorsfindthatlackoflovehasadversephysicalandpsychologicaleffects.onthenewbornbabies.Asthenumberofneonatologistsandspecialcarecentershasincreasedthesurvivalrateforhigh-riskbabiesintheUnitedStateshasrisenfromabout75%afewyearsagotoanimpressivelyhigh90%today.Doctorsthinkthatthe90%couldbeincreasedifthebabiescouldbebroughtmorequicklyunderthecareofaneonatologist.Insomehospitalsteamsofdoctorsandnursescanrespondtoemergencieswithportableisoletteswhicharecarriedbyairplanehelicopterorambulance.Besidestechnicaladvanceswhatelseisneededforthehealthofaninfant
Parentscaneasilycomedownwithanacutecaseofschizophreniafromreadingthecontradictoryreportsaboutthestateofthepublicschools.Onesatofexpertsassertsthattheschoolsarebetterthantheyhavebeenforyears.Otherssaythattheschoolsareinterribleshapeandareresponsibleforeverynationalproblemfromurbanpovertytothetradedeficit.Onegroupofexpertslooksprimarilyatsuchindicatorsastestscoresandtheycheerwhattheysee:alltheindicators—readingscoresminimumcompetencytestresultstheScholasticAptitudeTestscores—areupsomebysubstantialmargins.Studentsarerequiredtotakemoreacademiccourses—moremathematicsandsciencealongwithgreaterstressonbasicskillsincludingknowledgeofcomputers.Morethan40statelegislatureshavemandatedsuchchanges.Butintheeyesofanothersetofschoolreformerssuchchangesareatbestsuperficialandatworstcounterproductive.Theseexpertssaythatmerelytougheningrequirementswithouteitherimprovingthequalityofinstructionorevenmoreimportantchangingthewayschoolsareorganizedandchildrenaretaughtmakestheschoolsworseratherthanbetter.Theychallengethenatureofthetestmostlymultiplechoiceortrueorfalsebywhichchildren’sprogressismeasured;theychargethatraisingthetestscoresbydrillingpupilstocomeupwiththerightanswersdoesnotimproveknowledgeunderstandingandthecapacitytothinklogicallyandindependently.Inadditionthesecriticsfearthattheget-toughapproachtoschoolreformwillcausemoreoftheyoungstersatthebottomtogiveupanddropout.Thistheysaymayimprovenationalscoresbutdrainevenfurtherthenation’spoolofeducatedpeople.Thewaytocutthroughtheconfusionistounderstandthedifferentyardsticksusedbydifferentobservers.Comparedwithwhatschoolsusedtobelikeinthegoodolddayswithlotsofdrillanduniformrequirementsandtheexpectationthatmanyyoungsterswhocouldnotmakeitwoulddropoutandfindtheirwayintounskilledjobs--bythoseyardstickstheschoolshavemeasurablyimprovedinrecentyears.Butbytheyardsticksofthoseexpertswhobelievethattheoldschoolwasdeficientinteachingtheskillsneededinthemodemworldtoday’sschoolshavenotbecomebetter.Theseeducatorsbelievethatrigidnewmandatesmayactuallyhavemadetheschoolsworse.ThewordyardstickSentence2Paragraph4probablymeans______.
Thebestsalespeoplefirstestablishamoodoftrustandrapportbymeansofhypnoticpacingstatementsandgesturesthatplaybackacustomer’sobservationsexperienceorbehavior.Pacingisakindofmirror-likematchingawayofsuggesting:Iamlikeyou.Weareinsync.Youcantrustme.Thesimplestformofpacingisdescriptivepacinginwhichthesellerformulatesaccurateifbanaldescriptionsofthecustomer’sexperience.It’sbeenawfullyhottheselastfewdayshasn’tit...YousaidyouweregoingtograduateinJune.Thesestatementsservethepurposeofestablishingagreementanddevelopinganunconsciousaffinitybetweensellerandcustomer.Inclinicalhypnosisthehypnotistmightmakecomparablepacingstatements.Youarehamtodaytoseemeforhypnosis.Youtoldmeoverthephoneaboutaproblemthatconcernsyou.Salesagentswithonlyaveragesuccesstendtojumpimmediatelyintotheirmemorizedsalespitchesortohitthecustomerwithabarrageofquestions.Neglectingtopacethecustomerthemediocresalesagentcreatesnocommongroundonwhichtobuildtrust.Asecondtypeofhypnoticpacingstatementistheobjectionpacingcomment.Acustomerobjectsorresistsandthesalesagentagreesmatchinghisorherremarkstotheremarksofthecustomer.Asuperiorinsuranceagentmightagreethatinsuranceisnotthebestinvestmentouttherejustasaclinicalhypnotistmighttelladifficultsubject.Youareresistinggoingintotrance.That’sgood.Iencouragethat.Thecustomerpushingagainstawallfindsthatthewallhasdisappeared.Theagenthavingconfirmedthecustomer’sobjectionthenleadsthecustomertoapositionthatnegatesorunderminestheobjection.Theinsurancesalespersonwhoagreedthatinsuranceisnotthebestinvestmentouttherewentontotellhiscustomerbutitdoeshaveafewuses.Hethendescribedallthebenefitsoflifeinsurance.Mediocresalespeoplegenerallyrespondtoresistancehead-onwithargumentsthatpresumablyanswerthecustomer’s0biection.Thisresponseoftenleadsthecustomertodiginhisheelsalltheharder.Themostpowerfulformsofpacinghavemoretodowithhowsomethingissaidthanwithwhatissaid.Thegoodsalespersonhasanabilitytopacethelanguageandthoughtofanycustomer.Withhypnoticeffecttheagentmatchesthevoicetonerhythmvolumeandspeechrateofthecustomer.Hematchesthecustomer’sposturebodylanguageandmood.Headoptsthecharacteristicverballanguageofthecustomer.Ifthecustomerisslightlydepressedtheagentcharesthatfeelingandacknowledgesthathehasbeenfeelingalittledownlately.Illessencethetopsalesproducerbecomesasophisticatedbiofeedbackmechanismsharingandreflectingthecustomer’sreality—eventothepointofbreathinginandoutwiththecustomer.Weareinsyncisanotherwayofsaying______.
Parentscaneasilycomedownwithanacutecaseofschizophreniafromreadingthecontradictoryreportsaboutthestateofthepublicschools.Onesatofexpertsassertsthattheschoolsarebetterthantheyhavebeenforyears.Otherssaythattheschoolsareinterribleshapeandareresponsibleforeverynationalproblemfromurbanpovertytothetradedeficit.Onegroupofexpertslooksprimarilyatsuchindicatorsastestscoresandtheycheerwhattheysee:alltheindicators—readingscoresminimumcompetencytestresultstheScholasticAptitudeTestscores—areupsomebysubstantialmargins.Studentsarerequiredtotakemoreacademiccourses—moremathematicsandsciencealongwithgreaterstressonbasicskillsincludingknowledgeofcomputers.Morethan40statelegislatureshavemandatedsuchchanges.Butintheeyesofanothersetofschoolreformerssuchchangesareatbestsuperficialandatworstcounterproductive.Theseexpertssaythatmerelytougheningrequirementswithouteitherimprovingthequalityofinstructionorevenmoreimportantchangingthewayschoolsareorganizedandchildrenaretaughtmakestheschoolsworseratherthanbetter.Theychallengethenatureofthetestmostlymultiplechoiceortrueorfalsebywhichchildren’sprogressismeasured;theychargethatraisingthetestscoresbydrillingpupilstocomeupwiththerightanswersdoesnotimproveknowledgeunderstandingandthecapacitytothinklogicallyandindependently.Inadditionthesecriticsfearthattheget-toughapproachtoschoolreformwillcausemoreoftheyoungstersatthebottomtogiveupanddropout.Thistheysaymayimprovenationalscoresbutdrainevenfurtherthenation’spoolofeducatedpeople.Thewaytocutthroughtheconfusionistounderstandthedifferentyardsticksusedbydifferentobservers.Comparedwithwhatschoolsusedtobelikeinthegoodolddayswithlotsofdrillanduniformrequirementsandtheexpectationthatmanyyoungsterswhocouldnotmakeitwoulddropoutandfindtheirwayintounskilledjobs--bythoseyardstickstheschoolshavemeasurablyimprovedinrecentyears.Butbytheyardsticksofthoseexpertswhobelievethattheoldschoolwasdeficientinteachingtheskillsneededinthemodemworldtoday’sschoolshavenotbecomebetter.Theseeducatorsbelievethatrigidnewmandatesmayactuallyhavemadetheschoolsworse.Thepurposeofthisarticleisto______.
Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobefollowed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters;they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’spositionwithinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8theindividual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshenolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurateresponsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneisgiventherighttodosomethingonealso13acorrespondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority15responsibilitycancreate16forapersonandnooneshouldbe17responsibleforsomething18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewasheldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeendelegated.
Thebestsalespeoplefirstestablishamoodoftrustandrapportbymeansofhypnoticpacingstatementsandgesturesthatplaybackacustomer’sobservationsexperienceorbehavior.Pacingisakindofmirror-likematchingawayofsuggesting:Iamlikeyou.Weareinsync.Youcantrustme.Thesimplestformofpacingisdescriptivepacinginwhichthesellerformulatesaccurateifbanaldescriptionsofthecustomer’sexperience.It’sbeenawfullyhottheselastfewdayshasn’tit...YousaidyouweregoingtograduateinJune.Thesestatementsservethepurposeofestablishingagreementanddevelopinganunconsciousaffinitybetweensellerandcustomer.Inclinicalhypnosisthehypnotistmightmakecomparablepacingstatements.Youarehamtodaytoseemeforhypnosis.Youtoldmeoverthephoneaboutaproblemthatconcernsyou.Salesagentswithonlyaveragesuccesstendtojumpimmediatelyintotheirmemorizedsalespitchesortohitthecustomerwithabarrageofquestions.Neglectingtopacethecustomerthemediocresalesagentcreatesnocommongroundonwhichtobuildtrust.Asecondtypeofhypnoticpacingstatementistheobjectionpacingcomment.Acustomerobjectsorresistsandthesalesagentagreesmatchinghisorherremarkstotheremarksofthecustomer.Asuperiorinsuranceagentmightagreethatinsuranceisnotthebestinvestmentouttherejustasaclinicalhypnotistmighttelladifficultsubject.Youareresistinggoingintotrance.That’sgood.Iencouragethat.Thecustomerpushingagainstawallfindsthatthewallhasdisappeared.Theagenthavingconfirmedthecustomer’sobjectionthenleadsthecustomertoapositionthatnegatesorunderminestheobjection.Theinsurancesalespersonwhoagreedthatinsuranceisnotthebestinvestmentouttherewentontotellhiscustomerbutitdoeshaveafewuses.Hethendescribedallthebenefitsoflifeinsurance.Mediocresalespeoplegenerallyrespondtoresistancehead-onwithargumentsthatpresumablyanswerthecustomer’s0biection.Thisresponseoftenleadsthecustomertodiginhisheelsalltheharder.Themostpowerfulformsofpacinghavemoretodowithhowsomethingissaidthanwithwhatissaid.Thegoodsalespersonhasanabilitytopacethelanguageandthoughtofanycustomer.Withhypnoticeffecttheagentmatchesthevoicetonerhythmvolumeandspeechrateofthecustomer.Hematchesthecustomer’sposturebodylanguageandmood.Headoptsthecharacteristicverballanguageofthecustomer.Ifthecustomerisslightlydepressedtheagentcharesthatfeelingandacknowledgesthathehasbeenfeelingalittledownlately.Illessencethetopsalesproducerbecomesasophisticatedbiofeedbackmechanismsharingandreflectingthecustomer’sreality—eventothepointofbreathinginandoutwiththecustomer.InParagraph2thetwosentencesYouareheretodaytoseemeforhypnosisandYoutoldmeoverthephoneaboutaproblemthatconcernsyouareexamplesof______.
Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobefollowed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters;they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’spositionwithinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8theindividual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshenolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurateresponsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneisgiventherighttodosomethingonealso13acorrespondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority15responsibilitycancreate16forapersonandnooneshouldbe17responsibleforsomething18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewasheldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeendelegated.
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.InyouressayyoushouldfirstdescribethedrawingtheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentoniLYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobefollowed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters;they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’spositionwithinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8theindividual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshenolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurateresponsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneisgiventherighttodosomethingonealso13acorrespondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority15responsibilitycancreate16forapersonandnooneshouldbe17responsibleforsomething18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewasheldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeendelegated.
TheracetoselecttheBeijing2008Olympicmascotisheatingupandfromallaccountsthepandaisoutinfront.AccordingtonewsreportstheSichuanpandateamispullingoutallthestopstogetthegiantpandachosen—notsurprisinglyasmostofthepandasinChinacanbefoundinSichuan.41__________.SowhatdoesanOlympicmascotrepresenttotheworldTheSichuanteamsaysthatthegiantpandarepresentsthepeaceandharmonyoftheOlympicspiritbutisthatwhatapandareallyportraysWhatafteralldoesagiantpandadoalldayItpullsdownbambooshootsandeatsandwhenit’snoteatingitsleepsThat’sit!Thatisallapandadoes.42__________.FortunatelythereareothercandidatesforthehonorofrepresentingtheBeijingOlympicsincludingtheChinesetiger.Nowthere’sacontrastwiththepanda!Thetigerissleek;thetigerisswift.Whenthetigerspringsintoactiononecanseeitsmusclesripplewithenergy;Whenatigerishuntingforfoodfirstitstalksitspreyperhapsaherdofwildswine.Thenitchoosesavictimandcleverlyplansitsstrategyforthechase.Carefullychoosingitsmomentthetigertakesoffwithpowerandspeedasmuchas80kmperhour.43__________.Thetigerissleekstrongswiftandusescleverstrategytoachieveitsgoal.IsitnottheidealanimaltorepresenttheathleteswhohaveplannedandcarriedoutIcing-termstrategiestoqualifyfortheOlympics44__________.Howeverthetigerlikemostpredatoryanimalsisnottrulyvicious—thisisacommonmisperception.Undernormalcircumstancesitkillsonlyforfood.Whenhungryitgoesafteritspreywithfiercedetermination.itnottakefiercedeterminationforanathletetowinamedalintheOlympicsSomeyearsagoShellcarriedoutaverysuccessfuladcampaigninCanadaandtheUS.Theadsshowedatigergettingintothegastankofanauto;theaccompanyingsloganwasPutatigerinyourtank!45__________.NowadaysChinaisamazingeveryonewiththepowerandspeedofitseconomicdevelopmentfaroutstrippingtheothernationsoftheworld.InthelatestOlympicstheChineseathletessurprisedtheworldnotonlywiththenumberofmedalstheywonbutalsowiththecategoriesinwhichtheywonthem.IwouldthereforearguethatBeijing’s2008OlympicmascotshouldbeananimalthatembodiesthegreatqualitiespowerandspeedoftheChineseathletesandtheirhomeland--theChinesetiger.A.Onemightsaythatthegiantpandaisfatandlazy!WhatifthereisnobambooDoesitfindotherfoodNo.Whenthepanda’sfooddisappearsthepandadisappears.Infactthegiantpandaisaveryvulnerableanimalandthatiswhytodayitisatriskofextinction.DoChinesereallywantafatlazyanimalfortheirOlympicmascotB.Everyoneunderstoodthemessage:thetigermeantextrapowerandspeedforyourcar.TheoriginalOlympicsinGreecebroughttogetherathletesinafiercetrialofpowerandspeed.C.Recentlyitwasbroughttomyattentionthatthe1988SeoulOlympicshadatigermascot.Doesthismakethetigerineligibleforuseinthe2008BeijingOlympicsInaninformalpollofmyfriendsandcolleaguesIdiscoveredthatnoonerememberedthemascotofthe1988games.InfacttheydidnotrememberthemascotoftheSydneyOlympicsorevenofthisyear’sAthensOlympics.D.Theyhavecreated29possiblepandadesignsforconsiderationbytheBeijingOlympicorganizingcommitteewhichwillbemakingthechoice.E.Tobesurethegiantpandaseemsloveablewhereasthetigermightbethoughtbysometoberatherfierce.F.DoesthatnotmakethetigerabetterchoicetorepresentanOlympiccompetitionwheretheworld’stopathletescometogethertoseewhoisthestrongestthefastestandthebestG.YesthetigerhasbeenreveredandadmiredinChinaforthousandsofyears.WithitsnaturalcharacteristicsofspeedandpowertheChinesetigerwouldIamconvincedbeasuperbmascotforthe2008Olympics!
Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobefollowed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters;they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’spositionwithinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8theindividual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshenolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurateresponsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneisgiventherighttodosomethingonealso13acorrespondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority15responsibilitycancreate16forapersonandnooneshouldbe17responsibleforsomething18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewasheldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeendelegated.
Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobefollowed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters;they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’spositionwithinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8theindividual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshenolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurateresponsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneisgiventherighttodosomethingonealso13acorrespondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority15responsibilitycancreate16forapersonandnooneshouldbe17responsibleforsomething18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewasheldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeendelegated.
TheracetoselecttheBeijing2008Olympicmascotisheatingupandfromallaccountsthepandaisoutinfront.AccordingtonewsreportstheSichuanpandateamispullingoutallthestopstogetthegiantpandachosen—notsurprisinglyasmostofthepandasinChinacanbefoundinSichuan.41__________.SowhatdoesanOlympicmascotrepresenttotheworldTheSichuanteamsaysthatthegiantpandarepresentsthepeaceandharmonyoftheOlympicspiritbutisthatwhatapandareallyportraysWhatafteralldoesagiantpandadoalldayItpullsdownbambooshootsandeatsandwhenit’snoteatingitsleepsThat’sit!Thatisallapandadoes.42__________.FortunatelythereareothercandidatesforthehonorofrepresentingtheBeijingOlympicsincludingtheChinesetiger.Nowthere’sacontrastwiththepanda!Thetigerissleek;thetigerisswift.Whenthetigerspringsintoactiononecanseeitsmusclesripplewithenergy;Whenatigerishuntingforfoodfirstitstalksitspreyperhapsaherdofwildswine.Thenitchoosesavictimandcleverlyplansitsstrategyforthechase.Carefullychoosingitsmomentthetigertakesoffwithpowerandspeedasmuchas80kmperhour.43__________.Thetigerissleekstrongswiftandusescleverstrategytoachieveitsgoal.IsitnottheidealanimaltorepresenttheathleteswhohaveplannedandcarriedoutIcing-termstrategiestoqualifyfortheOlympics44__________.Howeverthetigerlikemostpredatoryanimalsisnottrulyvicious—thisisacommonmisperception.Undernormalcircumstancesitkillsonlyforfood.Whenhungryitgoesafteritspreywithfiercedetermination.itnottakefiercedeterminationforanathletetowinamedalintheOlympicsSomeyearsagoShellcarriedoutaverysuccessfuladcampaigninCanadaandtheUS.Theadsshowedatigergettingintothegastankofanauto;theaccompanyingsloganwasPutatigerinyourtank!45__________.NowadaysChinaisamazingeveryonewiththepowerandspeedofitseconomicdevelopmentfaroutstrippingtheothernationsoftheworld.InthelatestOlympicstheChineseathletessurprisedtheworldnotonlywiththenumberofmedalstheywonbutalsowiththecategoriesinwhichtheywonthem.IwouldthereforearguethatBeijing’s2008OlympicmascotshouldbeananimalthatembodiesthegreatqualitiespowerandspeedoftheChineseathletesandtheirhomeland--theChinesetiger.A.Onemightsaythatthegiantpandaisfatandlazy!WhatifthereisnobambooDoesitfindotherfoodNo.Whenthepanda’sfooddisappearsthepandadisappears.Infactthegiantpandaisaveryvulnerableanimalandthatiswhytodayitisatriskofextinction.DoChinesereallywantafatlazyanimalfortheirOlympicmascotB.Everyoneunderstoodthemessage:thetigermeantextrapowerandspeedforyourcar.TheoriginalOlympicsinGreecebroughttogetherathletesinafiercetrialofpowerandspeed.C.Recentlyitwasbroughttomyattentionthatthe1988SeoulOlympicshadatigermascot.Doesthismakethetigerineligibleforuseinthe2008BeijingOlympicsInaninformalpollofmyfriendsandcolleaguesIdiscoveredthatnoonerememberedthemascotofthe1988games.InfacttheydidnotrememberthemascotoftheSydneyOlympicsorevenofthisyear’sAthensOlympics.D.Theyhavecreated29possiblepandadesignsforconsiderationbytheBeijingOlympicorganizingcommitteewhichwillbemakingthechoice.E.Tobesurethegiantpandaseemsloveablewhereasthetigermightbethoughtbysometoberatherfierce.F.DoesthatnotmakethetigerabetterchoicetorepresentanOlympiccompetitionwheretheworld’stopathletescometogethertoseewhoisthestrongestthefastestandthebestG.YesthetigerhasbeenreveredandadmiredinChinaforthousandsofyears.WithitsnaturalcharacteristicsofspeedandpowertheChinesetigerwouldIamconvincedbeasuperbmascotforthe2008Olympics!
TheworldisatanenvironmentalcrossroadswherethechoicebetweengreedandhumanitywilldecidethefateofmillionsofpeoplefordecadestocometheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramUNEPsaid.FundamentalchangesarepossibleandrequiredUNEPexecutivedirectorKlausToepfertoldanewsconferencepresentingthethirdGlobalEnvironmentOutlookGEOreport.Itwouldbeadisastertositbackandignorethepicturepainted46TheGEO-3reportdesignedtokickworldleadersintoactionaheadoftheJohannesburgearthsummitinlateAugustseesableakoutlookforthefutureunlessradicalactionistakennow.Thechoicesmadetodayarecriticalfortheforestsoceansriversmountainswildlifeandotherlifesupportsystemsuponwhichcurrentandfuturegenerationsdependitsaid.Thereportpaintedfourpossiblescenarios假定rangingfromthegreed-drivenmarketsfirstfuturetothecaringandsharingsustainabilityfirstapproach.Underthefirstthreepercentoftheearth’ssurfacedisappearsunderconcreteby2032morethanhalfthepopulationislivingwithdrought70percentoftheremaininglandandanimalsareunderthreatand16billiontonsofcarbondioxideisbeingbelched猛烈喷出intotheaireachyearfromfossilfuels.47Underthelatterscenariocitiesandhighwayseatuplesslanddroughtiskeptatbaybybetterwatermanagementthepressureonlandandanimalsstabilizesandglobalcarbondioxidemissionsstabilizeatjusthalfthegreedpolicyroute.InthedecadesincethefirstworldearthsummitinRiodeJaneiro58speciesoffishonemammalandonebirdspecieshavebecomeextinctandaremainingquarteroftheworld’smammalsandoneineightofitsbirdsareonthecriticallist.48Lifegivingforestsarebeingtippedapartfertilelandisdisappearingunderconcreteorintotheseaandwaterwaysaredryingupordyingofpollution.Awfulpovertyhungerandsicknessarerampant猖獗的acrosstheplanetandtheglobalizationoftradeiscarryingpollutionwithitonaglobalscale.49Theworld’sseasalreadyunderattackfromgarbageandpoisonsarealsobeingplunderedbymantotheextentthatnearlyone-thirdoftheworld’sstockoffishisnowrankedasusedupoverexploitedorrecoveringthereportsaid.ButToepferaformerGermanenvironmentministerstressedthatwhilethepicturewasbleakitwasnotbeyondredemption拯救.Thisisaneyeopener.Thefiguresarenotanightmareprognosis预后forthesakeofmakinganightmareprognosishesaidcallingontheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment-dubbedthesecondworldearthsummit—totakeurgentsteps.Decisiveactioncanachievepositiveresults.50OurthemeforJohannesburgisplanetpeopleprosperityhesaidurgingthemeetingtosetclearachievableandeffectivetargetstotacklepovertyanddeprivationwithoutdestroyingtheenvironment.Weneedaconcreteactionplan...concreteprojects...andaboveallaclearpoliticaldeclarationToepfersaid.Thatisthemostimportantofall.Wenowhavehundredsofdeclarationsagreementsguidelinesandlegally-bindingtreaties.Letusnowfindthepoliticalcourageandtheinnovativefinancingneededtoimplementthesedealsheadded.
Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobefollowed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters;they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’spositionwithinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8theindividual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshenolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurateresponsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneisgiventherighttodosomethingonealso13acorrespondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority15responsibilitycancreate16forapersonandnooneshouldbe17responsibleforsomething18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewasheldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeendelegated.
Electronicor"cyber"warfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy’s-orevenawholenation’s--abilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepointhoweverwherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.46Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperationscommunicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure. Theneutronbombisoneofthemosthorridweaponseverdevised:Itdoesn’tdamageproperty;itonlykillshigherlife-forms.47Wouldn’ttheoppositebewonderfuladeviceliketherobot’srayinTheDaytheEarthStoodStillswhichmeltsdownweaponsbutnotsoldiersElectronicor"cyber"warfare--hackingintoanenemy’scomputersjammingradiotransmissionsandtilelike. TheUnitedStateshasverygoodelectronicwarfarecapabilitiesbuthasusedthemonlytosupportconventionalmilitaryoperations.48Beforeweimaginewhatsucha"cyberwar"scenariomightbelikelet’sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped. DuringtheCivilWaroperationsconductedbytheUnionarmyagainsttheConfederatetelegraphsystemforetoldmoderntwentieth-centuryelectronicwarfare.UnionoperativespenetratedConfederatelinestotapintoandreadmilitarytrafficontheConfederatetelegraphsystem.49NotonlydidtheseoperationsyieldvaluableintelligenceinformationbutsomeoperatorsevenbegansendingbogusmessagestosowconfusionintheConfederateranks. JustbeforeWorldWarIradiocommunicationseemedlikearealboontonavaloperationsbecauseitallowedship-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunicationsespeciallyinbadweather.Beforethistimeflagsorlightblinkerswithlimitedrangeprovidedtheonlymeansofcommunicationbetweenships. Navalshipcaptainshoweverwereawarethatasophisticatedsetofshore-basedequipmentcouldlocateshipsbytheirradiotransmission.Bylisteningtothetransmissionstheenemycouldascertainthenumberandtypeofshipseveniftheycouldnotdecodeactualmessages.ForthisreasontheU.S.Navywasparticularlyresistanttousingradio.HoweverU.S.militaryobserversaboardBritishwarshipssoonsawthatthetacticaladvantagesofradiooutweighedtheintelligencelosses. ElectronicwarfaregrewrapidlyinWorldWarIIwiththeadventofradar.50Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjammingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.Gatheringintelligencefromradiotransmissionsalsoincreasedgreatly. Todayeverymodemnationhasthecapabilitytomonitorjamorotherwiseinterferewithanadversary’sradiocommunications.Mostnationshavealsodevelopedjam-resistantcommunicationsandintelligence-gatheringequipment. Electronicor"cyber"warfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy’s-orevenawholenation’s--abilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepointhoweverwherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.46Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperationscommunicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure. Theneutronbombisoneofthemosthorridweaponseverdevised:Itdoesn’tdamageproperty;itonlykillshigherlife-forms.47Wouldn’ttheoppositebewonderfuladeviceliketherobot’srayinTheDaytheEarthStoodStillswhichmeltsdownweaponsbutnotsoldiersElectronicor"cyber"warfare--hackingintoanenemy’scomputersjammingradiotransmissionsandtilelike. TheUnitedStateshasverygoodelectronicwarfarecapabilitiesbuthasusedthemonlytosupportconventionalmilitaryoperations.48Beforeweimaginewhatsucha"cyberwar"scenariomightbelikelet’sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped. DuringtheCivilWaroperationsconductedbytheUnionarmyagainsttheConfederatetelegraphsystemforetoldmoderntwentieth-centuryelectronicwarfare.UnionoperativespenetratedConfederatelinestotapintoandreadmilitarytrafficontheConfederatetelegraphsystem.49NotonlydidtheseoperationsyieldvaluableintelligenceinformationbutsomeoperatorsevenbegansendingbogusmessagestosowconfusionintheConfederateranks. JustbeforeWorldWarIradiocommunicationseemedlikearealboontonavaloperationsbecauseitallowedship-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunicationsespeciallyinbadweather.Beforethistimeflagsorlightblinkerswithlimitedrangeprovidedtheonlymeansofcommunicationbetweenships. Navalshipcaptainshoweverwereawarethatasophisticatedsetofshore-basedequipmentcouldlocateshipsbytheirradiotransmission.Bylisteningtothetransmissionstheenemycouldascertainthenumberandtypeofshipseveniftheycouldnotdecodeactualmessages.ForthisreasontheU.S.Navywasparticularlyresistanttousingradio.HoweverU.S.militaryobserversaboardBritishwarshipssoonsawthatthetacticaladvantagesofradiooutweighedtheintelligencelosses. ElectronicwarfaregrewrapidlyinWorldWarIIwiththeadventofradar.50Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjammingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.Gatheringintelligencefromradiotransmissionsalsoincreasedgreatly. Todayeverymodemnationhasthecapabilitytomonitorjamorotherwiseinterferewithanadversary’sradiocommunications.Mostnationshavealsodevelopedjam-resistantcommunicationsandintelligence-gatheringequipment. 50
SpaceenthusiastslooktothedaywhenordinarypeopleaswellasprofessionalastronautsandmembersofCongresscanleaveEarthbehindandheadforaspacestationresortormaybeabaseonthemoonorMars.TheSpaceTransportationAssociationanindustrylobbyinggrouprecentlycreatedadivisiondevotedtopromotingspacetourismwhichitseesasaviablewaytospureconomicdevelopmentbeyondEarth.Thegreatstumblingblockinthisroadtostarshoweveristhesheerdifficultyofgettinganywhereinspace.Merelyachievingorbitisanexpensiveandriskyproposition.Currentspacepropulsiontechnologiesmakeitastretchtosendprobestodistantdestinationswithinthesolarsystem.Spacecrafthavetofollowmulti-laverindirecttrajectoriesthatlooparoundseveralplanesinordertogainvelocityfromgravityassists.Thenthecraftlacktheenergytocomeback.Sendingspacecrafttoothersolarsystemswouldtakemanycenturies.Fortunatelyengineershavenoshortageofinventiveplansfornewpropulsionsystemsthatmightsomedayexpandhumanpresenceliterallyorfigurativelybeyondthisplanet.Someareradicalrefinementsofcurrentrocketsorjettechnologies.Othersharnessnuclearenergiesorwouldrideonpowerfullaserbeams.Eventheequivalentsofspaceelevatorsforhoistingcargoesintoorbitareonthedrawingboard.ReachloworbitandyouarehalfwaytoanywhereintheSolarSystemscience-fictionauthorRobertA.HeinleinmemorablywroteandvirtuallyallanalystsagreethatinexpensiveaccesstolowEarthorbitisavitalfirststepbecausemostscenariosforexpandinghumankind’sreachdependontheorbitalassemblyofmassivespacecraftorotherequipmentinvolvingmultiplehunches.Theneedforbetterlaunchsystemsisalreadyimmediatedrivenbyprivateandpublicsectordemand.Mostcommercialpayloadsaredestinedeitherforthenowcrowedgeo-stationaryorbitwheresatellitesjostleforelbowroom36000kilometersabovetheequatororforlow-Earthorbitjustafewhundredkilometersup.Low-Earthorbitisrapidlybecomingaspaceenterprisezonebecausesatellitesthatclosecantransmitsignalstodesktoporevenhandheldreceivers.Scientificpayloadsarealsotakingoffinabigway.Morethan50majorobservatoriesandexplorationstoothersolarsystems’bodieswillliftoffwithinthenextdecade.ThepressingdemandforlauncheshasevenpromptedBoeing’scommercialspacedivisiontoteamupwithRSC—EnergiainMoscowandKvaernerMaritimeinOslotorefurbishanoilrigandcreatea34000—tondisplacementsemi-submersiblelaunchplatformthatwillbetowedtoorbitallyfavorablelaunchsites.Accordingtothepassagethelow-Earthorbitis______.
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