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Text4 Thosewhowelcomedtherailwaysawitasmorethanarapidandcomfortablemeansofpassing.Theyactuallysawitasafactorinworldpeace.Theydidnotforeseethattherailwaywouldbejustonemoremeansfortherapidmovementofaggressivearmies.Noneofthemforesawthatthemorewearetogether—themorechancesthereareofwar.Anyboyorgirlwhoisoneofalargefamilyknowsthat. Wheneveranynewinventionisputforwardthoseforitandthoseagainstitcanalwaysfindmedicalmentoapproveorcondemn.Theanti-railwaygroupproduceddoctorswhosaidthattunnelswouldbemostdangeroustopublichealth:theywouldproducecoldscatarrhs黏膜炎andconsumptions.Thedeafeningnoiseandtheglareoftheenginefirewouldhaveabadeffectonthenerves.Furtherbeingmovedthroughtheairatahighspeedwoulddograveinjurytodelicatelungs.Inthosewithhighbloodpressurethemovementofthetrainmightproduceapoplexy.Thesuddenplungingofatrainintothedarknessofatannelandtheequallysuddenrushintofulldaylightwouldcausegreatdamagetoeyesight.Butthepro-railwaygroupwasofcourseabletoproduceequallyfamousmedicalmentosayjusttheopposite.Theysaidthatthespeedandswingofthetrainwouldequalizethecirculationpromotedigestiontranquilizethenervesandensuregoodsleep. Theactualrolling-stockwasanythingbutcomfortable.Ifitwasatestofendurancetositforfourhoursoutsideacoachinrainorinsideindirtyairtherailwayofferedlittlemoreinthewayofcomfort.Certainlythefirst-classcarriageshadcushionedseats;butthesecond-classhadonlynarrowbareboardswhilethethird-classhadnothingatall;noseatsandnoroof;theywerejustopentrucks.Sothatthird-classpassengersgainednothingfromthefewmodeexceptspeed.Inthematterofcomfortindeedtheylost;theydidonthecoacheshaveaseatbutnowtheyhadtostandallthewaywhichgaveopportunitiestothecomicpress.Thiskindofthing:"Amanwasseenyesterdaybuyingathird-classticketforthenewLondonandBirminghamRailway.Thestateofhismindisbeingenquiredinto". Awriterintheearlydaysofrailwayswrotefeelinglyofbothsecond-andthird-classcarriages.Hemadethesuggestionthatthedirectorsoftherailwaysmusthavesentallovertheworldtofindthehardestpossiblewood.Oftheopenthird-classtruckshesaidthattheyhadthepeculiarpropertyofmeetingtherainfromwhateverquarteritcame.Hedescribedthemashorizontalshower-bathsfromwhosesearchingpowertherewasnoescape. Accordingtothosewhowelcomedtherailwaytherailwayitselfshouldincludeallthefollowingexceptthat
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
NearlyathirdofallAmericanworkersregularlyputinmorethan40hoursofworkaweekaccordingtoPennStateeconomistLonnieGolden.Andalmost1in5routinelyworkmorethan50hoursaweek. 46"ThedamagedonebyinvoluntaryovertimebecomesapparentinarecentCornellUniversitysurvey"theeconomistnotes."Workersreportinghighpressuretoworkovertimeexperienceddoubletheworkinjuriessufferedbythosewhowerenot." 47Apartfromnotdemandingunwarrantedovertimeworkemployerscanhelpeasesometensionsbetweenjobsandfamiliesbyadoptingflexiblepolicieslikejob-sharingflextimeandhome-basedworkthatmakeiteasierforworkerstomeetbothjobandfamilyneeds. NotsurprisinglyAmericanworkersstronglysupportsuchflexiblepractices.InfactanationalpollbyWirthlinWorldwidefoundaresounding87percentofAmericansagreethat48"Businessesshouldvoluntarilydomoretohelpstrengthentheiremployees’marriagesbyofferingflex-time/jobsharing/home-basedworkoptions." Farfrombeing"giveaway"programsfamily-friendlyworkplacepoliciesactuallylowercareerburnoutreducejobturnovereaseinterpersonalconflictandenhanceworkerproductivity.Inotherwordsflexibleworkpoliciesaregoodforthebottomline. 49WilliamPollackofHarvardUniversityreportsraisingemployeesatisfactionby20percentsometimesboostscompanyfinancialperformancemorethan40percent.ArecentDePaulUniversitystudyfoundthefinancialperformanceofthe"100BestCorporateCitizensof2002"was"significantlybetter"thantheaveragecompanylistedamongtheS＆P500.Thisyear’stophonoreeinFortunemagazine’s"ListofBestPlacestoWork"--Smuckers--hasdoubleditsstockvalueinthelastfiveyears. Inahealthysocietyemploymentshouldenhancefamilylifenotimpedeit.50AsthetechnologyandcommunicationsrevolutionscontinuereshapingtheAmericanworkplacethetimehascomeforanewworkplacerevolutiontobuildontheoneUptonSinclairandothershelpedusherinacenturyago.Thisnewrevolutionwillenablemorefamily-orientedworkerstomeetboththeirpersonalandtheirprofessionalresponsibilities. 50AsthetechnologyandcommunicationsrevolutionscontinuereshapingtheAmericanworkplacethetimehascomeforanewworkplacerevolutiontobuildontheoneUptonSinclairandothershelpedusherinacenturyago.
Text1 In1939twobrothersMacandDickMcDonaldstartedadrive-inrestaurantinSanBernadinoCalifornia.Theycarefullychoseabusycomerfortheirlocation.Theyhadruntheirownbusinessforyearsfirstatheaterthenabarbecue烤肉restaurantthenanotherdrive-in.Butintheirnewoperationtheyofferedanewshortenedmenu:Frenchfrieshamburgersandsodas.Tothissmallselectiontheyaddedonenewconcept:quickservicenowaitersorwaitressesandnotips. Theirhamburgerssoldforfifteencents.Cheesewasanotherfourcents.TheirFrenchfriesandhamburgershadaremarkableuniformityforthebrothershaddevelopedastrictroutineforthepreparationoftheirfoodandtheyinsistedontheircooks’stickingtotheirroutine.Theirnewdrive-inbecameincrediblypopularparticularlyforlunch.Peopledroveupbythehundredsduringthebusynoontime.Theserf-servicerestaurantwassopopularthatthebrothershadallowedtencopiesoftheirrestauranttobeopened.TheywerecontentwiththismodestsuccessuntiltheymetRayKroc. KrocwasasalesmanwhomettheMcDonaldbrothersin1954whenhewassellingmilkshake-mixingmachines.Hequicklysawtheuniqueappealofthebrothersfastfoodrestaurantsandboughttherighttofranchise特许经营othercopiesoftheirrestaurants.Theagreementstruckincludedtherighttoduplicatethemenu.Theequipmenteventheirredandwhitebuildingswiththegoldenarches. TodayMcDonald’sisreallyahouseholdname.ItsnamesforitssandwicheshavecometomeanhamburgerinthedecadessincethedayRayKrocwatchedpeoplerushuptoorderfifteen-centhamburgers.In1976McDonald’shadover$1billionintotalsales.Itsfirsttwenty-twoyearsisoneofthemostincrediblesuccessstoriesinmodemAmericanbusinesshistory. Thepassagesuggeststhat
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
[A]We’ll"manage"Earth. [B]We’llhaveabrainroadmap. [C]We’llknowwherewecamefrom. [D]We’llclonemanyusefulcreatures. [E]We’lllivelonger120years. [F]We’llcrackthegeneticcodeandconquercancer. Itispredictedthattherewillbe5scientificbreakthroughsinthe21stcentury. 41.______. WhydoestheuniverseexistToputitanotherwaywhyistheresomethinginsteadofnothingSincethe1920sscientistshaveknowntheuniverseisexpandingwhichmeansitmusthavestartedatadefinitetimeinthepast.Theyevenhavedevelopedtheoriesthatgiveadetailedpictureoftheevolutionoftheuniversefromthetimeitwasafractionofasecondoldtothepresent.Overthenextcoupleofdecadesthesetheorieswillberefinedbydatafromextraordinarypowerfulnewtelescope.Wewillhaveabetterunderstandingofhowmatterbehavesattheunfathomablyhightemperaturesandpressuresoftheearlyuniverse. 42.______. In19th-centuryoperaswhentheheroinecoughsinthefirstacttheaudienceknowsshewilldieoftuberculosisinAct3.Butthanksto20th-centuryantibioticstheonce-dreadedonce-incurablediseasenowcanmeannothingmoreseriousthantakingsomepills.Asscientistslearnmoreaboutthegeneticcodeandthewaycellsworkatthemolecularlevelmanyseriousdiseases--cancerforon--willbecomelessthreatening.Usingmanufactured"therapeutic"virusesdoctorswillbeabletoreplacecancer-causingdamagedDNAwithhealthygenesprobablyadministeredbyapillorinjection. 43.______. Ifthenormalagingprocessisbasicallyafuriousinvisiblecontestinourcells--acontestbetweendamagetoourDNAandourceils’abilitytorepairthatdamage--thengist-centurystridesingeneticmedicinemayletuscontrolandevenreversetheprocess.Butbeforewepushscientiststodomoreconsider:DowereallywanttoliveinaworldwherenoonegrowsoldandfewchildrenarebornbecausetheplanetcanholdonlysomanypeopleWherewouldnewideascomefromWhatwouldwedowithallthatextratime 44.______. Inthenextmillenniumwe’llstoptalkingabouttheweatherbutwilldosomethingaboutit.We’llgraduallylearnhowtopredicttheeffectsofhumanactivityontheEarthitsclimateanditsecosystems.Andwiththatknowledgewillcomeanincreasingwillingnesstouseittomanagetheworkingsofourplanet. 45.______. Thisistherealfinalfrontierofthe21stcentury:Thebrainisthemostcomplexsystemweknow.Itcontainsabout100billionneuronsroughlythenumberofstarsintheMilkyWayeachconnectedtoasmanyas1000others.Earlyinthenextcenturywewilluseadvancedformsofmagneticresonanceimagingtoproducedetailedmapsoftheneuronsinoperation.We’llbeabletosaywithcertaintywhichonesareworkingwhenyoureadawordwhenyousayawordwhenyouthinkaboutawordandsoon. Maybethesethingswillcometruemaybenot.Butwecanfirmlybelievethattomorrowwillbemorebeautifulandglorious. 42
Text4 Morepeoplethaneverbeforeareembarkingontheirownenterpriseadventureandstartingtheirownbusiness.Nearly400000companieswereestablishedlastyearor35percentmorethanin2002. Butofficialstatisticsalsoshowthatmorebusinessesthaneverarefailing.Lastyeararecord40000businessesweredeclaredinsolvent. Withsomanybusinessesfailingitisimportantifyouarethinkingofstartingabusinesstoplanandprepareproperly.Thiswillalsoincreasethechancesofsecuringfinance. "Oneofthekeypartsofstartingabusinessisensuringthattheoriginalideaisdevelopedintoafullyviableproductorservice"JudithRutherfordthechiefexecutiveofBusinessLinkforLondonsays."Establishingwhetherthereisamarketfortheproductorserviceisthenextstep.Thisshouldincludeathoroughexaminationofpotentialcompetitorsandcustomers"shesays."Itmayalsobeworthcommissioningsomemarketresearch." IftheresearchdemonstratesthereisaviableBusinesstobehadthenthenextstepistodevelopadetailedbusinessplan.Aswellasdetailsoftheproductandmarketthisshouldalsoincludeabudgetplanandcashflowforecast.Approachingaqualifiedaccountantcanalsohelp.Aprofessionallookingplanwithcrediblefigureswillmakeiteasiertoattractfinance. ButJohnRendalltheheadofbusinessbankingatHSBCwarnsagainstfallingintothetrapofcreatingabusinessplandesignedsolelywiththeobjectiveofsecuringfunding. "Agoodbusinessplanshoulddemonstratesomecriticalthinkingaboutyourbusinesshelpyouclarifywhatyouwanttoachieveandhowyouaregoingtoachieveit.Itshouldalsohelpyoumarkprogresssetgoalsandbeinbettershapetodealwiththechallengesanynewbusinessislikelytoface"Mr.Rendallsays. "Thisapproachisfarmorelikelytoimpressthansomethingsolelydesignedtojustifyborrowing."Mr.Rendallalsoadvisesbusinessesnottounderestimatehowmuchtheyneedtoborrow."Don’tbetemptedtounderplaythedebtyourequirejusttopleaseyourbank"hesays."Abankisjustaslikelytoconsideralargersumifitispersuadedofthegrowthpotentialofyourbusiness." Agoodbusinessplanshouldalsoincludecontingencyplansthatoutlineresponsestounforeseencircumstances--positiveaswellasnegative.ForexamplewhatwouldbethefinancialimpactofchangedeconomiccircumstancesWhatchangescouldbemadetorespondItisalwaysworthgettingcommentsfromfriendsorcolleagueswhocanbringamoredetachedperspective. Itcouldalsobeworthtakingthetimetoinvestigatewhetheryourbusinessqualifiesforanygrants.GrantsareavailablefromavarietyofsourcesincludingtheGovernmentanditsvariousdepartmentsandagenciestheEuropeanUnionandsomecharitableorganizations.Ifyouareundertheageof30itwouldbeworthvisitingthePrince’sTrustwebsitewhichlastyearhelpedmorethan4300youngpeoplestart-upinbusiness.MoredetailsonhowtofindgrantsraisefinanceandimprovefinancialmanagementcanbefoundonTimesOnline’sGrantandFinanceguide. Accordingtotheauthorabusinessplanshouldinclude
Text1 In1939twobrothersMacandDickMcDonaldstartedadrive-inrestaurantinSanBernadinoCalifornia.Theycarefullychoseabusycomerfortheirlocation.Theyhadruntheirownbusinessforyearsfirstatheaterthenabarbecue烤肉restaurantthenanotherdrive-in.Butintheirnewoperationtheyofferedanewshortenedmenu:Frenchfrieshamburgersandsodas.Tothissmallselectiontheyaddedonenewconcept:quickservicenowaitersorwaitressesandnotips. Theirhamburgerssoldforfifteencents.Cheesewasanotherfourcents.TheirFrenchfriesandhamburgershadaremarkableuniformityforthebrothershaddevelopedastrictroutineforthepreparationoftheirfoodandtheyinsistedontheircooks’stickingtotheirroutine.Theirnewdrive-inbecameincrediblypopularparticularlyforlunch.Peopledroveupbythehundredsduringthebusynoontime.Theserf-servicerestaurantwassopopularthatthebrothershadallowedtencopiesoftheirrestauranttobeopened.TheywerecontentwiththismodestsuccessuntiltheymetRayKroc. KrocwasasalesmanwhomettheMcDonaldbrothersin1954whenhewassellingmilkshake-mixingmachines.Hequicklysawtheuniqueappealofthebrothersfastfoodrestaurantsandboughttherighttofranchise特许经营othercopiesoftheirrestaurants.Theagreementstruckincludedtherighttoduplicatethemenu.Theequipmenteventheirredandwhitebuildingswiththegoldenarches. TodayMcDonald’sisreallyahouseholdname.ItsnamesforitssandwicheshavecometomeanhamburgerinthedecadessincethedayRayKrocwatchedpeoplerushuptoorderfifteen-centhamburgers.In1976McDonald’shadover$1billionintotalsales.Itsfirsttwenty-twoyearsisoneofthemostincrediblesuccessstoriesinmodemAmericanbusinesshistory. Thispassagemainlytalksabout
NearlyathirdofallAmericanworkersregularlyputinmorethan40hoursofworkaweekaccordingtoPennStateeconomistLonnieGolden.Andalmost1in5routinelyworkmorethan50hoursaweek. 46"ThedamagedonebyinvoluntaryovertimebecomesapparentinarecentCornellUniversitysurvey"theeconomistnotes."Workersreportinghighpressuretoworkovertimeexperienceddoubletheworkinjuriessufferedbythosewhowerenot." 47Apartfromnotdemandingunwarrantedovertimeworkemployerscanhelpeasesometensionsbetweenjobsandfamiliesbyadoptingflexiblepolicieslikejob-sharingflextimeandhome-basedworkthatmakeiteasierforworkerstomeetbothjobandfamilyneeds. NotsurprisinglyAmericanworkersstronglysupportsuchflexiblepractices.InfactanationalpollbyWirthlinWorldwidefoundaresounding87percentofAmericansagreethat48"Businessesshouldvoluntarilydomoretohelpstrengthentheiremployees’marriagesbyofferingflex-time/jobsharing/home-basedworkoptions." Farfrombeing"giveaway"programsfamily-friendlyworkplacepoliciesactuallylowercareerburnoutreducejobturnovereaseinterpersonalconflictandenhanceworkerproductivity.Inotherwordsflexibleworkpoliciesaregoodforthebottomline. 49WilliamPollackofHarvardUniversityreportsraisingemployeesatisfactionby20percentsometimesboostscompanyfinancialperformancemorethan40percent.ArecentDePaulUniversitystudyfoundthefinancialperformanceofthe"100BestCorporateCitizensof2002"was"significantlybetter"thantheaveragecompanylistedamongtheS＆P500.Thisyear’stophonoreeinFortunemagazine’s"ListofBestPlacestoWork"--Smuckers--hasdoubleditsstockvalueinthelastfiveyears. Inahealthysocietyemploymentshouldenhancefamilylifenotimpedeit.50AsthetechnologyandcommunicationsrevolutionscontinuereshapingtheAmericanworkplacethetimehascomeforanewworkplacerevolutiontobuildontheoneUptonSinclairandothershelpedusherinacenturyago.Thisnewrevolutionwillenablemorefamily-orientedworkerstomeetboththeirpersonalandtheirprofessionalresponsibilities. 48Businessesshouldvoluntarilydomoretohelpstrengthentheiremployees’marriagesbyofferingflex-time/jobsharing/home-basedworkoptions.
Text3 EveryonehasheardoftheSanAndreasfaultwhichconstantlythreatensCaliforniaandtheWestCoastwithearth-quakes.ButhowmanypeopleknowabouttheequallyseriousNewMadridfaultinMissouri.’ BetweenDecemberof1811andFebruaryof1812threemajorearthquakesoccurredallcenteredaroundthetownofNewMadridMissouriontheMississippiRiver.Propertydamagewassevere. Buildingsintheareawerealmostdestoyed.Wholeforestsfellatonceandhugecracksopenedinthegroundallowingsmellofsulfurtofilterupward. TheMississippiRiveritselfcompletelychangedcharacterdevelopingsuddenrapidsandwhirlpools.Severaltimesitchangeditscourseandonceaccordingtosomeobserversitactuallyappearedtorunbackwards.FewpeoplewerekilledintheNewMadridearthquakesprobablysimplybecausefewpeoplelivedintheareain1811;buttheseverityoftheearth-quakesareshownbythefactthattheshockwavesrangbellsinchurchtowersinCharlestonSouthCarolinaonthecoast.BuildingsshookinNewYorkCityandclockswerestoppedinWashingtonD.C.ScientistsnowknowthatAmerica’stwomajorfaultsareessentiallydifferent.TheSanAndreasisahorizontalboundarybetweentwomajorlandmassesthatareslowlymovinginoppositedirections.Californiaearthquakesresultwhenthemovementofthesetwomassessuddenlylurchesforward. TheNewMadridfaultontheotherhandisaverticalfault;atsomepointpossiblyhundredsofmillionsofyearsagorockwaspusheduptowardthesurfaceprobablybyvolcanoesunderthesurface.Suddenlythevolcanoescooledandtherockcollapsedleavinghugecracks.Evennow’therockcontinuestosettledownwardsandsuddensinkingmotionstriggerearthquakesintheregion.ThefaultitselfalargecrackinthislayerofrockwithdozensofothercracksthatsplitofffromitextendsfromnortheastArkansasthroughMissouriandintosouthernIllinois. ScientistswhohavestudiedtheNewMadridfaultsaytherehavebeennumeroussmallerquakesintheareasince1811;thesesmallerquakesindicatethatlargeronesareprobablycomingbutritescientistssaytheyhavenomethodofpredictingwhenalargeearthquakewilloccur. Thispassageimpliesthat
Text4 Morepeoplethaneverbeforeareembarkingontheirownenterpriseadventureandstartingtheirownbusiness.Nearly400000companieswereestablishedlastyearor35percentmorethanin2002. Butofficialstatisticsalsoshowthatmorebusinessesthaneverarefailing.Lastyeararecord40000businessesweredeclaredinsolvent. Withsomanybusinessesfailingitisimportantifyouarethinkingofstartingabusinesstoplanandprepareproperly.Thiswillalsoincreasethechancesofsecuringfinance. "Oneofthekeypartsofstartingabusinessisensuringthattheoriginalideaisdevelopedintoafullyviableproductorservice"JudithRutherfordthechiefexecutiveofBusinessLinkforLondonsays."Establishingwhetherthereisamarketfortheproductorserviceisthenextstep.Thisshouldincludeathoroughexaminationofpotentialcompetitorsandcustomers"shesays."Itmayalsobeworthcommissioningsomemarketresearch." IftheresearchdemonstratesthereisaviableBusinesstobehadthenthenextstepistodevelopadetailedbusinessplan.Aswellasdetailsoftheproductandmarketthisshouldalsoincludeabudgetplanandcashflowforecast.Approachingaqualifiedaccountantcanalsohelp.Aprofessionallookingplanwithcrediblefigureswillmakeiteasiertoattractfinance. ButJohnRendalltheheadofbusinessbankingatHSBCwarnsagainstfallingintothetrapofcreatingabusinessplandesignedsolelywiththeobjectiveofsecuringfunding. "Agoodbusinessplanshoulddemonstratesomecriticalthinkingaboutyourbusinesshelpyouclarifywhatyouwanttoachieveandhowyouaregoingtoachieveit.Itshouldalsohelpyoumarkprogresssetgoalsandbeinbettershapetodealwiththechallengesanynewbusinessislikelytoface"Mr.Rendallsays. "Thisapproachisfarmorelikelytoimpressthansomethingsolelydesignedtojustifyborrowing."Mr.Rendallalsoadvisesbusinessesnottounderestimatehowmuchtheyneedtoborrow."Don’tbetemptedtounderplaythedebtyourequirejusttopleaseyourbank"hesays."Abankisjustaslikelytoconsideralargersumifitispersuadedofthegrowthpotentialofyourbusiness." Agoodbusinessplanshouldalsoincludecontingencyplansthatoutlineresponsestounforeseencircumstances--positiveaswellasnegative.ForexamplewhatwouldbethefinancialimpactofchangedeconomiccircumstancesWhatchangescouldbemadetorespondItisalwaysworthgettingcommentsfromfriendsorcolleagueswhocanbringamoredetachedperspective. Itcouldalsobeworthtakingthetimetoinvestigatewhetheryourbusinessqualifiesforanygrants.GrantsareavailablefromavarietyofsourcesincludingtheGovernmentanditsvariousdepartmentsandagenciestheEuropeanUnionandsomecharitableorganizations.Ifyouareundertheageof30itwouldbeworthvisitingthePrince’sTrustwebsitewhichlastyearhelpedmorethan4300youngpeoplestart-upinbusiness.MoredetailsonhowtofindgrantsraisefinanceandimprovefinancialmanagementcanbefoundonTimesOnline’sGrantandFinanceguide. Thenumberofthecompaniesthatwereestablishedin2002isabout
Text3 EveryonehasheardoftheSanAndreasfaultwhichconstantlythreatensCaliforniaandtheWestCoastwithearth-quakes.ButhowmanypeopleknowabouttheequallyseriousNewMadridfaultinMissouri.’ BetweenDecemberof1811andFebruaryof1812threemajorearthquakesoccurredallcenteredaroundthetownofNewMadridMissouriontheMississippiRiver.Propertydamagewassevere. Buildingsintheareawerealmostdestoyed.Wholeforestsfellatonceandhugecracksopenedinthegroundallowingsmellofsulfurtofilterupward. TheMississippiRiveritselfcompletelychangedcharacterdevelopingsuddenrapidsandwhirlpools.Severaltimesitchangeditscourseandonceaccordingtosomeobserversitactuallyappearedtorunbackwards.FewpeoplewerekilledintheNewMadridearthquakesprobablysimplybecausefewpeoplelivedintheareain1811;buttheseverityoftheearth-quakesareshownbythefactthattheshockwavesrangbellsinchurchtowersinCharlestonSouthCarolinaonthecoast.BuildingsshookinNewYorkCityandclockswerestoppedinWashingtonD.C.ScientistsnowknowthatAmerica’stwomajorfaultsareessentiallydifferent.TheSanAndreasisahorizontalboundarybetweentwomajorlandmassesthatareslowlymovinginoppositedirections.Californiaearthquakesresultwhenthemovementofthesetwomassessuddenlylurchesforward. TheNewMadridfaultontheotherhandisaverticalfault;atsomepointpossiblyhundredsofmillionsofyearsagorockwaspusheduptowardthesurfaceprobablybyvolcanoesunderthesurface.Suddenlythevolcanoescooledandtherockcollapsedleavinghugecracks.Evennow’therockcontinuestosettledownwardsandsuddensinkingmotionstriggerearthquakesintheregion.ThefaultitselfalargecrackinthislayerofrockwithdozensofothercracksthatsplitofffromitextendsfromnortheastArkansasthroughMissouriandintosouthernIllinois. ScientistswhohavestudiedtheNewMadridfaultsaytherehavebeennumeroussmallerquakesintheareasince1811;thesesmallerquakesindicatethatlargeronesareprobablycomingbutritescientistssaytheyhavenomethodofpredictingwhenalargeearthquakewilloccur. Wemayconcludefromthepassagethat
Text4 Morepeoplethaneverbeforeareembarkingontheirownenterpriseadventureandstartingtheirownbusiness.Nearly400000companieswereestablishedlastyearor35percentmorethanin2002. Butofficialstatisticsalsoshowthatmorebusinessesthaneverarefailing.Lastyeararecord40000businessesweredeclaredinsolvent. Withsomanybusinessesfailingitisimportantifyouarethinkingofstartingabusinesstoplanandprepareproperly.Thiswillalsoincreasethechancesofsecuringfinance. "Oneofthekeypartsofstartingabusinessisensuringthattheoriginalideaisdevelopedintoafullyviableproductorservice"JudithRutherfordthechiefexecutiveofBusinessLinkforLondonsays."Establishingwhetherthereisamarketfortheproductorserviceisthenextstep.Thisshouldincludeathoroughexaminationofpotentialcompetitorsandcustomers"shesays."Itmayalsobeworthcommissioningsomemarketresearch." IftheresearchdemonstratesthereisaviableBusinesstobehadthenthenextstepistodevelopadetailedbusinessplan.Aswellasdetailsoftheproductandmarketthisshouldalsoincludeabudgetplanandcashflowforecast.Approachingaqualifiedaccountantcanalsohelp.Aprofessionallookingplanwithcrediblefigureswillmakeiteasiertoattractfinance. ButJohnRendalltheheadofbusinessbankingatHSBCwarnsagainstfallingintothetrapofcreatingabusinessplandesignedsolelywiththeobjectiveofsecuringfunding. "Agoodbusinessplanshoulddemonstratesomecriticalthinkingaboutyourbusinesshelpyouclarifywhatyouwanttoachieveandhowyouaregoingtoachieveit.Itshouldalsohelpyoumarkprogresssetgoalsandbeinbettershapetodealwiththechallengesanynewbusinessislikelytoface"Mr.Rendallsays. "Thisapproachisfarmorelikelytoimpressthansomethingsolelydesignedtojustifyborrowing."Mr.Rendallalsoadvisesbusinessesnottounderestimatehowmuchtheyneedtoborrow."Don’tbetemptedtounderplaythedebtyourequirejusttopleaseyourbank"hesays."Abankisjustaslikelytoconsideralargersumifitispersuadedofthegrowthpotentialofyourbusiness." Agoodbusinessplanshouldalsoincludecontingencyplansthatoutlineresponsestounforeseencircumstances--positiveaswellasnegative.ForexamplewhatwouldbethefinancialimpactofchangedeconomiccircumstancesWhatchangescouldbemadetorespondItisalwaysworthgettingcommentsfromfriendsorcolleagueswhocanbringamoredetachedperspective. Itcouldalsobeworthtakingthetimetoinvestigatewhetheryourbusinessqualifiesforanygrants.GrantsareavailablefromavarietyofsourcesincludingtheGovernmentanditsvariousdepartmentsandagenciestheEuropeanUnionandsomecharitableorganizations.Ifyouareundertheageof30itwouldbeworthvisitingthePrince’sTrustwebsitewhichlastyearhelpedmorethan4300youngpeoplestart-upinbusiness.MoredetailsonhowtofindgrantsraisefinanceandimprovefinancialmanagementcanbefoundonTimesOnline’sGrantandFinanceguide. Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthisarticleistoshowhowto
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.20
41____________Manyoftheoptionshavealreadybeenrehearsedinthepress:excludingsometreatmentsfromtheNHSchargingforcertaindrugsandservicesanddevelopingvoluntaryorcompulsoryhealthinsuranceschemes. 42____________Wespendabout7percentofGDPonhealthcomparedwith9percentintheNetherlandsand10percentinFranceandGermany.Intermsofhealthoutcomesversusspendwecompareprettyfavourably. Idon’tseeprivatehealthcareprovidingmuchofthesolutiontocurrentproblems.43____________Neitherisclosetobeingimplementedbutthefuturecouldseeadeliberateshiftofattentiontovoluntaryhealthinsuranceandanemphasisonsocialinsurance. 44____________Evensohighertaxeswillplainlybeneededtofundhealthcare.Ithinkwe’lleventuallyseelargerNHSchargesmorerationingofmedicalservicesandrestrictionsoncertainprocedureswithoutprovenoutcomes.Strictereligibilitycriteriaforcertaintreatmentsareanotherpossibility. 45____________.Noneofthemisgoingtowinvotesforthepoliticalpartydesperateenoughtointroducethem—butthennobodyisgoingtovoteforill—healthoranearlydeatheither. [A]EnglishNationalHealthServiceisauniversalhealthkeepingsystem.ButNowtheshortageofmoneybecomesaseriousproblem. [B]Allsuchoptionswouldmeanasharpbreakwithtraditionandpoliticalfalloutthatcouldbeextremelydamaging. [C]Theoptionsprovidessolutiontotheshortageofmoneyproblem. [D]Iexpectindividualstotakegreaterresponsibilityfortheirpersonalhealthusingtechnologythatallowsselfdiag-nosisfollowedbyserf-treatmentorhomecare. [E]Lookingathowfarwe’11beabletofundtheHealthServiceinthe21stcenturyraisesanynumberofthornyis-sues. [F]Morelikelyisashiftfromuniversalhealthcoveragetotopupschemeswhichgivepeoplebasichealthentitlementsbutrequirethemtofinanceothertreatmentthroughprivatefinancingoroptoutschemeswhichusetaxrelieftoencourageindividualstomakeprivateprovision. [G]ComparedtoitsEuropeanUnioncounterpartsBritain.operatesalowcosthealthsystem. 42
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Text2 You’rebusyfillingouttheapplicationformforapositionyoureallyneed;let’sassumeyouonceactuallycompletedacoupleofyearsofcollegeworkoreventhatyoucompletedyourdegree. Isn’tittemptingtoliejustalittletoclaimontheformthatyourdiplomarepresentsaHarvarddegreeOrthatyoufinishedanextracoupleofyearsbackatStateUniversityMoreandmorepeopleareturningtoutterdeceptionlikethistolandtheirjobortomoveaheadintheircareersforpersonnelofficerslikemostAmericansvaluedegreesfromfamousschools.Ajobapplicantmayhaveagoodeducationanywaybutheorsheassumesthatchancesofbeinghiredarebetterwithadiplomafromawell-knownuniversity.Registrarsatmostwell-knowncollegessaytheydealwithdeceitfulclaimsliketheseattherateofaboutoneperweek. Personnelofficersdocheckupondegreeslistedonapplicationformsthenifitturnsoutthatanapplicantislyingmostcollegesarereluctanttoaccusetheapplicantdirectly.OneIvyLeagueschoolcallsthem"impostors";anotherreferstothemas"specialcases"onewell-knownWestCoastschoolinperhapsthemostdelicatephraseofallsaysthattheseclaimsaremadeby"nosuchpeople." Toavoidoutrightliessomejob-seekersclaimthatthey"attended"or"wereassociatedwith"acollegeoruniversity.Aftercarefullycheckingapersonnelofficermaydiscoverthat"attending"meansbeingdismissedafteronesemester.Itmaybethat"beingassociatedwith"acollegemeansthatthejobseekervisitedhisyoungerbrotherforafootballweekend.Oneschoolthatkeepsrecordsoffalseclaimssaysthatthepracticedatesbackatleasttotheturnofthecentury—that’swhentheybegankeepingrecordsanyhow. Ifyoudon’twanttolieorevenstretchthetruththerearecompaniesthatwillsellyouaphonydiploma.OnecompanywithofficesinNewYorkandontheWestCoastwillputyournameonadiplomafromanynumberofnonexistentcolleges.Thepricebeginsataroundtwentydollarsforadiplomafrom"SmootStateUniversity."Thepricesincreaserapidlyforadegreefromthe"UniversityofPurdue."AsthereisnoSmootStateandtherealschoolinIndianaisproperlycalledPurdueUniversitythepricesseemratherhighforonesheetofpaper. Thispassageimpliesthat
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
NearlyathirdofallAmericanworkersregularlyputinmorethan40hoursofworkaweekaccordingtoPennStateeconomistLonnieGolden.Andalmost1in5routinelyworkmorethan50hoursaweek. 46"ThedamagedonebyinvoluntaryovertimebecomesapparentinarecentCornellUniversitysurvey"theeconomistnotes."Workersreportinghighpressuretoworkovertimeexperienceddoubletheworkinjuriessufferedbythosewhowerenot." 47Apartfromnotdemandingunwarrantedovertimeworkemployerscanhelpeasesometensionsbetweenjobsandfamiliesbyadoptingflexiblepolicieslikejob-sharingflextimeandhome-basedworkthatmakeiteasierforworkerstomeetbothjobandfamilyneeds. NotsurprisinglyAmericanworkersstronglysupportsuchflexiblepractices.InfactanationalpollbyWirthlinWorldwidefoundaresounding87percentofAmericansagreethat48"Businessesshouldvoluntarilydomoretohelpstrengthentheiremployees’marriagesbyofferingflex-time/jobsharing/home-basedworkoptions." Farfrombeing"giveaway"programsfamily-friendlyworkplacepoliciesactuallylowercareerburnoutreducejobturnovereaseinterpersonalconflictandenhanceworkerproductivity.Inotherwordsflexibleworkpoliciesaregoodforthebottomline. 49WilliamPollackofHarvardUniversityreportsraisingemployeesatisfactionby20percentsometimesboostscompanyfinancialperformancemorethan40percent.ArecentDePaulUniversitystudyfoundthefinancialperformanceofthe"100BestCorporateCitizensof2002"was"significantlybetter"thantheaveragecompanylistedamongtheS＆P500.Thisyear’stophonoreeinFortunemagazine’s"ListofBestPlacestoWork"--Smuckers--hasdoubleditsstockvalueinthelastfiveyears. Inahealthysocietyemploymentshouldenhancefamilylifenotimpedeit.50AsthetechnologyandcommunicationsrevolutionscontinuereshapingtheAmericanworkplacethetimehascomeforanewworkplacerevolutiontobuildontheoneUptonSinclairandothershelpedusherinacenturyago.Thisnewrevolutionwillenablemorefamily-orientedworkerstomeetboththeirpersonalandtheirprofessionalresponsibilities. 46ThedamagedonebyinvoluntaryovertimebecomesapparentinarecentCornellUniversitysurveytheeconomistnotes.
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Text2 You’rebusyfillingouttheapplicationformforapositionyoureallyneed;let’sassumeyouonceactuallycompletedacoupleofyearsofcollegeworkoreventhatyoucompletedyourdegree. Isn’tittemptingtoliejustalittletoclaimontheformthatyourdiplomarepresentsaHarvarddegreeOrthatyoufinishedanextracoupleofyearsbackatStateUniversityMoreandmorepeopleareturningtoutterdeceptionlikethistolandtheirjobortomoveaheadintheircareersforpersonnelofficerslikemostAmericansvaluedegreesfromfamousschools.Ajobapplicantmayhaveagoodeducationanywaybutheorsheassumesthatchancesofbeinghiredarebetterwithadiplomafromawell-knownuniversity.Registrarsatmostwell-knowncollegessaytheydealwithdeceitfulclaimsliketheseattherateofaboutoneperweek. Personnelofficersdocheckupondegreeslistedonapplicationformsthenifitturnsoutthatanapplicantislyingmostcollegesarereluctanttoaccusetheapplicantdirectly.OneIvyLeagueschoolcallsthem"impostors";anotherreferstothemas"specialcases"onewell-knownWestCoastschoolinperhapsthemostdelicatephraseofallsaysthattheseclaimsaremadeby"nosuchpeople." Toavoidoutrightliessomejob-seekersclaimthatthey"attended"or"wereassociatedwith"acollegeoruniversity.Aftercarefullycheckingapersonnelofficermaydiscoverthat"attending"meansbeingdismissedafteronesemester.Itmaybethat"beingassociatedwith"acollegemeansthatthejobseekervisitedhisyoungerbrotherforafootballweekend.Oneschoolthatkeepsrecordsoffalseclaimssaysthatthepracticedatesbackatleasttotheturnofthecentury—that’swhentheybegankeepingrecordsanyhow. Ifyoudon’twanttolieorevenstretchthetruththerearecompaniesthatwillsellyouaphonydiploma.OnecompanywithofficesinNewYorkandontheWestCoastwillputyournameonadiplomafromanynumberofnonexistentcolleges.Thepricebeginsataroundtwentydollarsforadiplomafrom"SmootStateUniversity."Thepricesincreaserapidlyforadegreefromthe"UniversityofPurdue."AsthereisnoSmootStateandtherealschoolinIndianaisproperlycalledPurdueUniversitythepricesseemratherhighforonesheetofpaper. Wecaninferfromthepassagethat
Text4 Thosewhowelcomedtherailwaysawitasmorethanarapidandcomfortablemeansofpassing.Theyactuallysawitasafactorinworldpeace.Theydidnotforeseethattherailwaywouldbejustonemoremeansfortherapidmovementofaggressivearmies.Noneofthemforesawthatthemorewearetogether—themorechancesthereareofwar.Anyboyorgirlwhoisoneofalargefamilyknowsthat. Wheneveranynewinventionisputforwardthoseforitandthoseagainstitcanalwaysfindmedicalmentoapproveorcondemn.Theanti-railwaygroupproduceddoctorswhosaidthattunnelswouldbemostdangeroustopublichealth:theywouldproducecoldscatarrhs黏膜炎andconsumptions.Thedeafeningnoiseandtheglareoftheenginefirewouldhaveabadeffectonthenerves.Furtherbeingmovedthroughtheairatahighspeedwoulddograveinjurytodelicatelungs.Inthosewithhighbloodpressurethemovementofthetrainmightproduceapoplexy.Thesuddenplungingofatrainintothedarknessofatannelandtheequallysuddenrushintofulldaylightwouldcausegreatdamagetoeyesight.Butthepro-railwaygroupwasofcourseabletoproduceequallyfamousmedicalmentosayjusttheopposite.Theysaidthatthespeedandswingofthetrainwouldequalizethecirculationpromotedigestiontranquilizethenervesandensuregoodsleep. Theactualrolling-stockwasanythingbutcomfortable.Ifitwasatestofendurancetositforfourhoursoutsideacoachinrainorinsideindirtyairtherailwayofferedlittlemoreinthewayofcomfort.Certainlythefirst-classcarriageshadcushionedseats;butthesecond-classhadonlynarrowbareboardswhilethethird-classhadnothingatall;noseatsandnoroof;theywerejustopentrucks.Sothatthird-classpassengersgainednothingfromthefewmodeexceptspeed.Inthematterofcomfortindeedtheylost;theydidonthecoacheshaveaseatbutnowtheyhadtostandallthewaywhichgaveopportunitiestothecomicpress.Thiskindofthing:"Amanwasseenyesterdaybuyingathird-classticketforthenewLondonandBirminghamRailway.Thestateofhismindisbeingenquiredinto". Awriterintheearlydaysofrailwayswrotefeelinglyofbothsecond-andthird-classcarriages.Hemadethesuggestionthatthedirectorsoftherailwaysmusthavesentallovertheworldtofindthehardestpossiblewood.Oftheopenthird-classtruckshesaidthattheyhadthepeculiarpropertyofmeetingtherainfromwhateverquarteritcame.Hedescribedthemashorizontalshower-bathsfromwhosesearchingpowertherewasnoescape. Wemaysafelyconcludethat
[A]We’ll"manage"Earth. [B]We’llhaveabrainroadmap. [C]We’llknowwherewecamefrom. [D]We’llclonemanyusefulcreatures. [E]We’lllivelonger120years. [F]We’llcrackthegeneticcodeandconquercancer. Itispredictedthattherewillbe5scientificbreakthroughsinthe21stcentury. 41.______. WhydoestheuniverseexistToputitanotherwaywhyistheresomethinginsteadofnothingSincethe1920sscientistshaveknowntheuniverseisexpandingwhichmeansitmusthavestartedatadefinitetimeinthepast.Theyevenhavedevelopedtheoriesthatgiveadetailedpictureoftheevolutionoftheuniversefromthetimeitwasafractionofasecondoldtothepresent.Overthenextcoupleofdecadesthesetheorieswillberefinedbydatafromextraordinarypowerfulnewtelescope.Wewillhaveabetterunderstandingofhowmatterbehavesattheunfathomablyhightemperaturesandpressuresoftheearlyuniverse. 42.______. In19th-centuryoperaswhentheheroinecoughsinthefirstacttheaudienceknowsshewilldieoftuberculosisinAct3.Butthanksto20th-centuryantibioticstheonce-dreadedonce-incurablediseasenowcanmeannothingmoreseriousthantakingsomepills.Asscientistslearnmoreaboutthegeneticcodeandthewaycellsworkatthemolecularlevelmanyseriousdiseases--cancerforon--willbecomelessthreatening.Usingmanufactured"therapeutic"virusesdoctorswillbeabletoreplacecancer-causingdamagedDNAwithhealthygenesprobablyadministeredbyapillorinjection. 43.______. Ifthenormalagingprocessisbasicallyafuriousinvisiblecontestinourcells--acontestbetweendamagetoourDNAandourceils’abilitytorepairthatdamage--thengist-centurystridesingeneticmedicinemayletuscontrolandevenreversetheprocess.Butbeforewepushscientiststodomoreconsider:DowereallywanttoliveinaworldwherenoonegrowsoldandfewchildrenarebornbecausetheplanetcanholdonlysomanypeopleWherewouldnewideascomefromWhatwouldwedowithallthatextratime 44.______. Inthenextmillenniumwe’llstoptalkingabouttheweatherbutwilldosomethingaboutit.We’llgraduallylearnhowtopredicttheeffectsofhumanactivityontheEarthitsclimateanditsecosystems.Andwiththatknowledgewillcomeanincreasingwillingnesstouseittomanagetheworkingsofourplanet. 45.______. Thisistherealfinalfrontierofthe21stcentury:Thebrainisthemostcomplexsystemweknow.Itcontainsabout100billionneuronsroughlythenumberofstarsintheMilkyWayeachconnectedtoasmanyas1000others.Earlyinthenextcenturywewilluseadvancedformsofmagneticresonanceimagingtoproducedetailedmapsoftheneuronsinoperation.We’llbeabletosaywithcertaintywhichonesareworkingwhenyoureadawordwhenyousayawordwhenyouthinkaboutawordandsoon. Maybethesethingswillcometruemaybenot.Butwecanfirmlybelievethattomorrowwillbemorebeautifulandglorious. 44
Text4 Thosewhowelcomedtherailwaysawitasmorethanarapidandcomfortablemeansofpassing.Theyactuallysawitasafactorinworldpeace.Theydidnotforeseethattherailwaywouldbejustonemoremeansfortherapidmovementofaggressivearmies.Noneofthemforesawthatthemorewearetogether—themorechancesthereareofwar.Anyboyorgirlwhoisoneofalargefamilyknowsthat. Wheneveranynewinventionisputforwardthoseforitandthoseagainstitcanalwaysfindmedicalmentoapproveorcondemn.Theanti-railwaygroupproduceddoctorswhosaidthattunnelswouldbemostdangeroustopublichealth:theywouldproducecoldscatarrhs黏膜炎andconsumptions.Thedeafeningnoiseandtheglareoftheenginefirewouldhaveabadeffectonthenerves.Furtherbeingmovedthroughtheairatahighspeedwoulddograveinjurytodelicatelungs.Inthosewithhighbloodpressurethemovementofthetrainmightproduceapoplexy.Thesuddenplungingofatrainintothedarknessofatannelandtheequallysuddenrushintofulldaylightwouldcausegreatdamagetoeyesight.Butthepro-railwaygroupwasofcourseabletoproduceequallyfamousmedicalmentosayjusttheopposite.Theysaidthatthespeedandswingofthetrainwouldequalizethecirculationpromotedigestiontranquilizethenervesandensuregoodsleep. Theactualrolling-stockwasanythingbutcomfortable.Ifitwasatestofendurancetositforfourhoursoutsideacoachinrainorinsideindirtyairtherailwayofferedlittlemoreinthewayofcomfort.Certainlythefirst-classcarriageshadcushionedseats;butthesecond-classhadonlynarrowbareboardswhilethethird-classhadnothingatall;noseatsandnoroof;theywerejustopentrucks.Sothatthird-classpassengersgainednothingfromthefewmodeexceptspeed.Inthematterofcomfortindeedtheylost;theydidonthecoacheshaveaseatbutnowtheyhadtostandallthewaywhichgaveopportunitiestothecomicpress.Thiskindofthing:"Amanwasseenyesterdaybuyingathird-classticketforthenewLondonandBirminghamRailway.Thestateofhismindisbeingenquiredinto". Awriterintheearlydaysofrailwayswrotefeelinglyofbothsecond-andthird-classcarriages.Hemadethesuggestionthatthedirectorsoftherailwaysmusthavesentallovertheworldtofindthehardestpossiblewood.Oftheopenthird-classtruckshesaidthattheyhadthepeculiarpropertyofmeetingtherainfromwhateverquarteritcame.Hedescribedthemashorizontalshower-bathsfromwhosesearchingpowertherewasnoescape. Whatisthetoneofthispassage
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepicture 2deducethepurposeofthepainterofthepictureand 3giveyourcommentsonthepicture. Youshouldwrite160200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Text2 You’rebusyfillingouttheapplicationformforapositionyoureallyneed;let’sassumeyouonceactuallycompletedacoupleofyearsofcollegeworkoreventhatyoucompletedyourdegree. Isn’tittemptingtoliejustalittletoclaimontheformthatyourdiplomarepresentsaHarvarddegreeOrthatyoufinishedanextracoupleofyearsbackatStateUniversityMoreandmorepeopleareturningtoutterdeceptionlikethistolandtheirjobortomoveaheadintheircareersforpersonnelofficerslikemostAmericansvaluedegreesfromfamousschools.Ajobapplicantmayhaveagoodeducationanywaybutheorsheassumesthatchancesofbeinghiredarebetterwithadiplomafromawell-knownuniversity.Registrarsatmostwell-knowncollegessaytheydealwithdeceitfulclaimsliketheseattherateofaboutoneperweek. Personnelofficersdocheckupondegreeslistedonapplicationformsthenifitturnsoutthatanapplicantislyingmostcollegesarereluctanttoaccusetheapplicantdirectly.OneIvyLeagueschoolcallsthem"impostors";anotherreferstothemas"specialcases"onewell-knownWestCoastschoolinperhapsthemostdelicatephraseofallsaysthattheseclaimsaremadeby"nosuchpeople." Toavoidoutrightliessomejob-seekersclaimthatthey"attended"or"wereassociatedwith"acollegeoruniversity.Aftercarefullycheckingapersonnelofficermaydiscoverthat"attending"meansbeingdismissedafteronesemester.Itmaybethat"beingassociatedwith"acollegemeansthatthejobseekervisitedhisyoungerbrotherforafootballweekend.Oneschoolthatkeepsrecordsoffalseclaimssaysthatthepracticedatesbackatleasttotheturnofthecentury—that’swhentheybegankeepingrecordsanyhow. Ifyoudon’twanttolieorevenstretchthetruththerearecompaniesthatwillsellyouaphonydiploma.OnecompanywithofficesinNewYorkandontheWestCoastwillputyournameonadiplomafromanynumberofnonexistentcolleges.Thepricebeginsataroundtwentydollarsforadiplomafrom"SmootStateUniversity."Thepricesincreaserapidlyforadegreefromthe"UniversityofPurdue."AsthereisnoSmootStateandtherealschoolinIndianaisproperlycalledPurdueUniversitythepricesseemratherhighforonesheetofpaper. Themainideaofthispassageisthat
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
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