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小张阅读《西游记》时，根据文字描述在脑中呈现出孙悟空形象，这是
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小张阅读红楼梦时根据文字描述在脑中呈现出林黛玉形象这属于
创造想象
再造想象
无意想象
幻想
空想
看西游记时在头脑中形成的孙悟空形象是
创造性想象
空想
幻想
再造性想象
孙悟空形象一直是各种版本的西游记故事的主角
小张阅读西游记时根据文字描述在头脑中呈现出孙悟空的形象这是
创造想象
再造想象
无意想象
幻想
简析西游记中孙悟空形象所具有的典型意义
小张阅读红楼梦时根据文字描述在脑中呈现出林黛玉形象这是
创造想象
再造想象
无意想象
空想
幻想
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Americansdon’tliketolosewars.Of coursealotdependsonhowyoudefinejustwhatawaris.Thereareshooting wars—thekindthattestpatriotismandcourage—andthosearethekindatwhich theU.S.excels.Butotherstrugglestestthosequalitiestoo.Whatelsewasthe GreatDepressionorthespaceraceortheconstructionoftherailroadsIf Americansindulgeinabitofflag-wavingwhenthejobisdonetheyearned it.Nowthereisasimilarchallenge:globalwarming.Thesteady deterioration恶化oftheveryclimateofthisveryplanetisbecomingawarof thefirstorderandbyanymeasuretheU.S.islosing.IndeedifAmericais fightingatallit’sfightingonthewrongside.TheU.S.producesnearlya quarteroftheworld’sgreenhousegaseseachyearandhasstubbornlymadeit clearthatitdoesn’tintendtodoawholelotaboutit.Although174nations approvedtheadmittedlyflawedKyotoaccordstoreducecarbonlevelstheU.S. walkedawayfromthem.Therearevaguepromisesofmanufacturingfuelfromherbs orpoweringcarswithhydrogen.Butforacountrythattightlycitespatriotism asoneofitscorevaluestheU.S.istakingapassonwhatmightbethemost patrioticstruggleofall.It’shardtoimagineabiggerfightthanoneforthe survivalofacountry’scoastsandfarmsthehealthofitspeopleandthe stabilityofitseconomy.Therubisifthevastmajorityof peopleincreasinglyagreethatclimatechangeisaglobalemergencythere’sfar lessagreementonhowtofixit.Industryoffersitsplanswhichtoooften wouldfixlittle.Environmentalistsoffertheirswhichtoooftenamounttona; vewishliststhatcouldweakenAmerica’sgrowth.Butlet’sassumethatthose interestedpartiesandotherswillalwaysbeatthetableandwillalwaysdemand thattheirvoicesbeheardandthattheirneedsbeaddressed.Whatwouldan aggressiveambitiouseffectiveplanlooklike—onethatwouldleavetheU.S. bothenvironmentallysafeandeconomicallysoundHalting climatechangewillbefarharder.Oneofthemoreconservativeplansfor addressingtheproblemcallsforareductionof25billiontonsofcarbon emissionsoverthenext52years.Andyetbydevisingaconsistentstrategythat mixesshort-termsolutionswithfar-sightedgoalscombinesgovernmentactivism withprivate-sectorenterpriseandblendspragmatism实用主义withambitionthe U.S.canwithoutmajordamagetotheeconomyhelphalttheworsteffectsof climatechangeandensurethesurvivalofitswayoflifeforfuture generations.Moneywilldosomeoftheworkbutwhat’sneededmostiswill. I’mnotsayingthechallengeisn’talmostoverwhelmingsaysFredKrupp.But thisisAmericaandAmericahasrisentothesechallenges before.Fromthelastsentenceofparagraph2wemaylearnthatthesurvivalofacountry’scoastsandfarmsthehealthofitspeopleandthestabilityofitseconomyis
Americansdon’tliketolosewars.Of coursealotdependsonhowyoudefinejustwhatawaris.Thereareshooting wars—thekindthattestpatriotismandcourage—andthosearethekindatwhich theU.S.excels.Butotherstrugglestestthosequalitiestoo.Whatelsewasthe GreatDepressionorthespaceraceortheconstructionoftherailroadsIf Americansindulgeinabitofflag-wavingwhenthejobisdonetheyearned it.Nowthereisasimilarchallenge:globalwarming.Thesteady deterioration恶化oftheveryclimateofthisveryplanetisbecomingawarof thefirstorderandbyanymeasuretheU.S.islosing.IndeedifAmericais fightingatallit’sfightingonthewrongside.TheU.S.producesnearlya quarteroftheworld’sgreenhousegaseseachyearandhasstubbornlymadeit clearthatitdoesn’tintendtodoawholelotaboutit.Although174nations approvedtheadmittedlyflawedKyotoaccordstoreducecarbonlevelstheU.S. walkedawayfromthem.Therearevaguepromisesofmanufacturingfuelfromherbs orpoweringcarswithhydrogen.Butforacountrythattightlycitespatriotism asoneofitscorevaluestheU.S.istakingapassonwhatmightbethemost patrioticstruggleofall.It’shardtoimagineabiggerfightthanoneforthe survivalofacountry’scoastsandfarmsthehealthofitspeopleandthe stabilityofitseconomy.Therubisifthevastmajorityof peopleincreasinglyagreethatclimatechangeisaglobalemergencythere’sfar lessagreementonhowtofixit.Industryoffersitsplanswhichtoooften wouldfixlittle.Environmentalistsoffertheirswhichtoooftenamounttona; vewishliststhatcouldweakenAmerica’sgrowth.Butlet’sassumethatthose interestedpartiesandotherswillalwaysbeatthetableandwillalwaysdemand thattheirvoicesbeheardandthattheirneedsbeaddressed.Whatwouldan aggressiveambitiouseffectiveplanlooklike—onethatwouldleavetheU.S. bothenvironmentallysafeandeconomicallysoundHalting climatechangewillbefarharder.Oneofthemoreconservativeplansfor addressingtheproblemcallsforareductionof25billiontonsofcarbon emissionsoverthenext52years.Andyetbydevisingaconsistentstrategythat mixesshort-termsolutionswithfar-sightedgoalscombinesgovernmentactivism withprivate-sectorenterpriseandblendspragmatism实用主义withambitionthe U.S.canwithoutmajordamagetotheeconomyhelphalttheworsteffectsof climatechangeandensurethesurvivalofitswayoflifeforfuture generations.Moneywilldosomeoftheworkbutwhat’sneededmostiswill. I’mnotsayingthechallengeisn’talmostoverwhelmingsaysFredKrupp.But thisisAmericaandAmericahasrisentothesechallenges before.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardAmerica’spoliciesonglobalwarming
____________forthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublicourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.
Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortage____________avoided.
Shouldaleaderstrivetobelovedor fearedThisquestionfamouslyposedbyMachiavelliliesattheheartof JosephNye’snewbook.Mr.NyeaformerdeanoftheKennedySchoolof GovernmentatHarvardandone-timechairmanofAmerica’sNationalIntelligence Councilisbestknownforpromotingtheideaofsoftpowerbasedon persuasionandinfluenceasacounterpointtohardpowerbasedoncoercion 强迫andforce.Havinganalyzedtheuseofsoftandhardpower inpoliticsanddiplomacyinhispreviousbooksMr.Nyehasnowturnedhis attentiontotherelationshipbetweenpowerandleadershipinboththe politicalandbusinessspheres.Machiavellihenotesconcludedthatoneought tobebothfearedandlovedbutasitisdifficultforthetwotogotogether itismuchsafertobefearedthanloved.Inshorthardpowerispreferableto softpower.Butmodernleadershiptheoristshavecometotheopposite conclusion.Thecontextofleadershipischangingtheyobserve andthehistoricalemphasisonhardpowerisbecomingoutdated.Inmodern companiesanddemocraciespowerisincreasinglydiffusedandtraditional hierarchies等级制arebeingunderminedmakingsoftpowerevermoreimportant. ButthatdoesnotmeancoercionshouldnowtakeabackseattopersuasionMr. Nyeargues.Insteadheadvocatesasynthesisofthesetwoviews.Theconclusion ofThePowerstoLeadhissurveyofthetheoryofleadershipisthata combinationofhardandsoftpowerwhichhecallssmartpoweristhebest approach.Thedominanttheoreticalmodelofleadershipatthe momentisapparentlythetransformationalleadershippattern.Anyone allergic反感tomanagementtermwillalreadyberunningfortheexitbutMr. Nyehasperformedavaluableserviceinroundingupandsummarizingthevarious academicstudiesandtheoriesofleadershipintoasingleslimvolume.He examinesdifferentapproachestoleadershipthemoralityofleadershipandhow thewidercontextcandeterminetheeffectivenessofaparticularleader.There areplentyofanecdotesandexamplesbothhistoricalandcontemporary politicalandcorporate.Alasleadershipisaslipperysubject andashedepictsvarioustheoriesevenMr.Nyeneverquitenailsthejellyto thewall.Heisathismostinterestingwhendiscussingthemoralaspectsof leadership—inparticularthequestionofwhetheritissometimesnecessaryfor goodleaderstolie—andheprovidesahelpful12-pointsummaryofhis conclusions.Arecurringthemeisthatascircumstanceschangedifferentsorts ofleadersarerequired;aleaderwhothrivesinoneenvironmentmaystrugglein anotherandviceversa.Ultimatelythatisjustafancywayofsayingthat leadershipoffersnoeasyanswers.FromthefirsttwoparagraphswemaylearnthatMr.Machiavelli’sideaofhardpoweris______.
Iwasunawareofthecriticalpointsinvolvedsomychoicewasquite_______________.
YetnotalloftheseracesareintellectualinferiortotheEuropeanracesandsomemayevenhaveafreshnessandvitalitythatcanrenewtheenergiesofmoreadvancedraces.
Withouttelephoneitwouldbeimpossibletocarryonthefunctionsof____________everybusinessoperationinthewholecountry.
In1999thepriceofoilhovered around＄16abarrel.By2008ithad21the＄100abarrel mark.Thereasonsforthesurge22fromthedramatic growthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread23 inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion. Triple-digitoilpriceshave24theeconomicandpolitical mapoftheworld25someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-rich nationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities26 majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworld’s population—27risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral28 ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachother to29scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithany government30howunpleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption 31thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.And oilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments 32someintheWestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrising oil33achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeign policies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits34 costsfromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.35 itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewitha boomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia36 128percentfrom2001to2006.IntheUnitedStates asalreadyhighgaspricesrose37higherinthespringof 2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCain andObama38forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeak summerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto39as salesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems40 thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders.
Shouldaleaderstrivetobelovedor fearedThisquestionfamouslyposedbyMachiavelliliesattheheartof JosephNye’snewbook.Mr.NyeaformerdeanoftheKennedySchoolof GovernmentatHarvardandone-timechairmanofAmerica’sNationalIntelligence Councilisbestknownforpromotingtheideaofsoftpowerbasedon persuasionandinfluenceasacounterpointtohardpowerbasedoncoercion 强迫andforce.Havinganalyzedtheuseofsoftandhardpower inpoliticsanddiplomacyinhispreviousbooksMr.Nyehasnowturnedhis attentiontotherelationshipbetweenpowerandleadershipinboththe politicalandbusinessspheres.Machiavellihenotesconcludedthatoneought tobebothfearedandlovedbutasitisdifficultforthetwotogotogether itismuchsafertobefearedthanloved.Inshorthardpowerispreferableto softpower.Butmodernleadershiptheoristshavecometotheopposite conclusion.Thecontextofleadershipischangingtheyobserve andthehistoricalemphasisonhardpowerisbecomingoutdated.Inmodern companiesanddemocraciespowerisincreasinglydiffusedandtraditional hierarchies等级制arebeingunderminedmakingsoftpowerevermoreimportant. ButthatdoesnotmeancoercionshouldnowtakeabackseattopersuasionMr. Nyeargues.Insteadheadvocatesasynthesisofthesetwoviews.Theconclusion ofThePowerstoLeadhissurveyofthetheoryofleadershipisthata combinationofhardandsoftpowerwhichhecallssmartpoweristhebest approach.Thedominanttheoreticalmodelofleadershipatthe momentisapparentlythetransformationalleadershippattern.Anyone allergic反感tomanagementtermwillalreadyberunningfortheexitbutMr. Nyehasperformedavaluableserviceinroundingupandsummarizingthevarious academicstudiesandtheoriesofleadershipintoasingleslimvolume.He examinesdifferentapproachestoleadershipthemoralityofleadershipandhow thewidercontextcandeterminetheeffectivenessofaparticularleader.There areplentyofanecdotesandexamplesbothhistoricalandcontemporary politicalandcorporate.Alasleadershipisaslipperysubject andashedepictsvarioustheoriesevenMr.Nyeneverquitenailsthejellyto thewall.Heisathismostinterestingwhendiscussingthemoralaspectsof leadership—inparticularthequestionofwhetheritissometimesnecessaryfor goodleaderstolie—andheprovidesahelpful12-pointsummaryofhis conclusions.Arecurringthemeisthatascircumstanceschangedifferentsorts ofleadersarerequired;aleaderwhothrivesinoneenvironmentmaystrugglein anotherandviceversa.Ultimatelythatisjustafancywayofsayingthat leadershipoffersnoeasyanswers.InhisbookThePowerstoLeadMr.NyehasexaminedallthefollowingaspectsofleadershipEXCEPT______.
HenricIbsenauthoroftheplayA Doll’sHouseinwhichaprettyhelplesshousewifeabandonsherhusbandand childrentoseekamoreseriouslifewouldsurelyhaveapproved.FromJanuary 1st2008allpubliccompaniesinNorwayareobligedtoensurethatatleast 40%oftheirboarddirectorsarewomen.Mostfirmshaveobeyedthelawwhich waspassedin2003.Butabout75outofthe480orsocompaniesitaffectsare stilltoomaleforthegovernment’sliking.Theywillshortlyreceivealetter informingthemthattheyhaveuntiltheendofFebruarytoactorfacethe legalconsequences—whichcouldincludebeingdissolved.Before thelawwasproposedabout7%ofboardmembersinNorwaywerefemaleaccording totheCentreforCorporateDiversity.Thenumberhassincejumpedto36%.That isfarhigherthantheaverageof9%forbigcompaniesacrossEuropeor America’s15%fortheFortune500.Norway’sstockexchangeanditsmainbusiness lobbyopposethelawasdomanybusinessmen.Iamagainstquotasforwomenor menasamatterofprinciplesaysSverreMunckheadofinternational operationsatamediafirm.Boardmembersofpubliccompaniesshouldbechosen solelyonthebasisofmeritandexperiencehesays.Severalfirmshaveeven givenuptheirpublicstatusinordertoescapethenewlaw. Companieshavehadtorecruitabout1000womeninfouryears.Many complainthatithasbeendifficulttofindexperiencedcandidates.Becauseof thissomeofthebestwomenhavecollectedasmanyas25-35directorshipseach andareknowninNorwegianbusinesscirclesasthegoldenskirts.Onereason forthescarcityisthattherearefairlyfewwomeninmanagementinNorwegian companies—theyoccupyaround15%ofseniorpositions.Ithasbeenparticularly hardforfirmsintheoiltechnologyandfinancialindustriestofindwomen withenoughexperience.Somepeopleworrythattheirrelative lackofexperiencemaykeepwomenquietonboardsandthatinturncouldmean thatboardsmightbecomelessabletoholdmanagerstoaccount.Recenthistory inNorwayhoweversuggeststhattherightwomencanmakestrongdirectors. WomenfeelmorecompelledthanmentodotheirhomeworksaysMsReksten SkaugenwhowasvotedNorway’schairmanoftheyearfor2007andwecan affordtoaskthehardquestionsbecausewomenarenotalwaysexpectedtoknow theanswers.TheauthormentionsIbsen’splayinthefirstparagraphinorderto______.
Thereturnsintheshort____________maybesmallbutoveranumberofyearstheinvestmentwillbewellrepaid.
Thelogicofscientificdevelopmentissuchthatseparatesgroupsofmenworkingonthesameprobleminfar-scatteredlaboratoriesarelikelytoarriveatthesameansweratthesametime.
Severalinternationaleventsintheearly1990sseemlikelyto____________oratleastweakenthetrendsthatemergedinthe1980s.
IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtime____________thelastbus.
Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscoresandthisisespeciallytrue____________itcomestoclassroomtests.
Theuniverseworksinawaysofarremovefromwhatcommonsensewouldallowthatwordsofanykindmustnecessarilybeinadequatetoexplainit.
I'vekeptupafriendshipwithagirlwhomIwasatschool____________twentyyearsago.
Havingbeenrobbedoffeconomicimportancethosestatesarenotlikelytocountforverymuchininternationalpoliticalterms.
Whilethere’sneveragoodagetoget cancerpeopleintheir20sand30scanfeelparticularlyisolated.Theaverage ageofacancerpatientatdiagnosisis67.Childrenwithcanceroftenare treatedatpediatric小儿科的cancercentersbutyoungadultshaveatoughtime findingpeersoftensittingside-by-sideduringtreatmentswithpeoplewho couldbetheirgrandparents.InhernewbookCrazySexyCancer TipswriterKrisCarrlooksatcancerfromtheperspectiveofayoungadultwho confrontsdeathjustasshe’sdiscoveringlife.Ms.Carrwas31whenshewas diagnosedwitharareformofcancerthathadgeneratedtumorsonherliverand lungs.Ms.Carrreactedwiththenormalfeelingsofshockand sadness.Shecalledherparentsandstockeduponorganicfooddeterminedto becomeafull-timehealingaddict.Thenshepickedupthephoneandcalled everyoneinheraddressbookaskingiftheyknewotheryoungwomenwithcancer. Theresultwasherownpersonalcancerposse:arockconcerttourmanagera modelafashionmagazineeditoracartoonistandaMTVcelebritytonamea few.Thisclubofcancerbabesofferedsupportadviceandfashiontipsamong otherthings.Ms.Carrputhercancerexperienceinarecent LearningChanneldocumentaryandshehaswrittenapracticalguideabouthow shecoped.Cancerisn’tfunnybutMs.Carroftenis.Sheswearsshemakesup namesforthepeoplewhotreatherDr.FabulousandDr.Guruandsheeven makessecondopinionssoundfuncancerroadtripsshecallsthem. Sheleavesthemedicaladvicetodoctorsinsteadofferinginsightfuland practicaltipsthatreflecttheworldviewofayoungadult.Irefusedtolet cancerruinmypartyshewrites.Therearejusttoomanycoolthingstodo andplanandlivefor.Ms.Carrstillhascancerbutithas stoppedprogressing.Hercancertipsincludeusingtime-savingmasse-mailsto keepfriendsinformedsewingorbuyingfashionablehospitalgownssoyou’renot stuckwithregulationblueorgrayandplayingGloriaGaynor’sIWillSurvive soloudyourneighborscallthepolice.Ms.Carralsoadvisesaneyebrowwaxand anewoutfitbeforeyontelltheimportantpeopleinyourlifeaboutyour illness.Peopleyoutellaregoingtocautiouslyandnotsocautiouslytryto seethecancersodazzletheminsteadwithyourmiracleshewrites. Whileheradvicemaysoundsuperficialitgetstotheheartofwhatevery cancerpatientwants:thechancetolivelifejustasshealwaysdidandmaybe better.AllofthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPT______.
HenricIbsenauthoroftheplayA Doll’sHouseinwhichaprettyhelplesshousewifeabandonsherhusbandand childrentoseekamoreseriouslifewouldsurelyhaveapproved.FromJanuary 1st2008allpubliccompaniesinNorwayareobligedtoensurethatatleast 40%oftheirboarddirectorsarewomen.Mostfirmshaveobeyedthelawwhich waspassedin2003.Butabout75outofthe480orsocompaniesitaffectsare stilltoomaleforthegovernment’sliking.Theywillshortlyreceivealetter informingthemthattheyhaveuntiltheendofFebruarytoactorfacethe legalconsequences—whichcouldincludebeingdissolved.Before thelawwasproposedabout7%ofboardmembersinNorwaywerefemaleaccording totheCentreforCorporateDiversity.Thenumberhassincejumpedto36%.That isfarhigherthantheaverageof9%forbigcompaniesacrossEuropeor America’s15%fortheFortune500.Norway’sstockexchangeanditsmainbusiness lobbyopposethelawasdomanybusinessmen.Iamagainstquotasforwomenor menasamatterofprinciplesaysSverreMunckheadofinternational operationsatamediafirm.Boardmembersofpubliccompaniesshouldbechosen solelyonthebasisofmeritandexperiencehesays.Severalfirmshaveeven givenuptheirpublicstatusinordertoescapethenewlaw. Companieshavehadtorecruitabout1000womeninfouryears.Many complainthatithasbeendifficulttofindexperiencedcandidates.Becauseof thissomeofthebestwomenhavecollectedasmanyas25-35directorshipseach andareknowninNorwegianbusinesscirclesasthegoldenskirts.Onereason forthescarcityisthattherearefairlyfewwomeninmanagementinNorwegian companies—theyoccupyaround15%ofseniorpositions.Ithasbeenparticularly hardforfirmsintheoiltechnologyandfinancialindustriestofindwomen withenoughexperience.Somepeopleworrythattheirrelative lackofexperiencemaykeepwomenquietonboardsandthatinturncouldmean thatboardsmightbecomelessabletoholdmanagerstoaccount.Recenthistory inNorwayhoweversuggeststhattherightwomencanmakestrongdirectors. WomenfeelmorecompelledthanmentodotheirhomeworksaysMsReksten SkaugenwhowasvotedNorway’schairmanoftheyearfor2007andwecan affordtoaskthehardquestionsbecausewomenarenotalwaysexpectedtoknow theanswers.TowhichofthefollowingisSverreMunckmostlikelytoagree
Shouldaleaderstrivetobelovedor fearedThisquestionfamouslyposedbyMachiavelliliesattheheartof JosephNye’snewbook.Mr.NyeaformerdeanoftheKennedySchoolof GovernmentatHarvardandone-timechairmanofAmerica’sNationalIntelligence Councilisbestknownforpromotingtheideaofsoftpowerbasedon persuasionandinfluenceasacounterpointtohardpowerbasedoncoercion 强迫andforce.Havinganalyzedtheuseofsoftandhardpower inpoliticsanddiplomacyinhispreviousbooksMr.Nyehasnowturnedhis attentiontotherelationshipbetweenpowerandleadershipinboththe politicalandbusinessspheres.Machiavellihenotesconcludedthatoneought tobebothfearedandlovedbutasitisdifficultforthetwotogotogether itismuchsafertobefearedthanloved.Inshorthardpowerispreferableto softpower.Butmodernleadershiptheoristshavecometotheopposite conclusion.Thecontextofleadershipischangingtheyobserve andthehistoricalemphasisonhardpowerisbecomingoutdated.Inmodern companiesanddemocraciespowerisincreasinglydiffusedandtraditional hierarchies等级制arebeingunderminedmakingsoftpowerevermoreimportant. ButthatdoesnotmeancoercionshouldnowtakeabackseattopersuasionMr. Nyeargues.Insteadheadvocatesasynthesisofthesetwoviews.Theconclusion ofThePowerstoLeadhissurveyofthetheoryofleadershipisthata combinationofhardandsoftpowerwhichhecallssmartpoweristhebest approach.Thedominanttheoreticalmodelofleadershipatthe momentisapparentlythetransformationalleadershippattern.Anyone allergic反感tomanagementtermwillalreadyberunningfortheexitbutMr. Nyehasperformedavaluableserviceinroundingupandsummarizingthevarious academicstudiesandtheoriesofleadershipintoasingleslimvolume.He examinesdifferentapproachestoleadershipthemoralityofleadershipandhow thewidercontextcandeterminetheeffectivenessofaparticularleader.There areplentyofanecdotesandexamplesbothhistoricalandcontemporary politicalandcorporate.Alasleadershipisaslipperysubject andashedepictsvarioustheoriesevenMr.Nyeneverquitenailsthejellyto thewall.Heisathismostinterestingwhendiscussingthemoralaspectsof leadership—inparticularthequestionofwhetheritissometimesnecessaryfor goodleaderstolie—andheprovidesahelpful12-pointsummaryofhis conclusions.Arecurringthemeisthatascircumstanceschangedifferentsorts ofleadersarerequired;aleaderwhothrivesinoneenvironmentmaystrugglein anotherandviceversa.Ultimatelythatisjustafancywayofsayingthat leadershipoffersnoeasyanswers.AccordingtotheauthorthemostinterestingpartofMr.Nye’sbookliesinhis______.
HenricIbsenauthoroftheplayA Doll’sHouseinwhichaprettyhelplesshousewifeabandonsherhusbandand childrentoseekamoreseriouslifewouldsurelyhaveapproved.FromJanuary 1st2008allpubliccompaniesinNorwayareobligedtoensurethatatleast 40%oftheirboarddirectorsarewomen.Mostfirmshaveobeyedthelawwhich waspassedin2003.Butabout75outofthe480orsocompaniesitaffectsare stilltoomaleforthegovernment’sliking.Theywillshortlyreceivealetter informingthemthattheyhaveuntiltheendofFebruarytoactorfacethe legalconsequences—whichcouldincludebeingdissolved.Before thelawwasproposedabout7%ofboardmembersinNorwaywerefemaleaccording totheCentreforCorporateDiversity.Thenumberhassincejumpedto36%.That isfarhigherthantheaverageof9%forbigcompaniesacrossEuropeor America’s15%fortheFortune500.Norway’sstockexchangeanditsmainbusiness lobbyopposethelawasdomanybusinessmen.Iamagainstquotasforwomenor menasamatterofprinciplesaysSverreMunckheadofinternational operationsatamediafirm.Boardmembersofpubliccompaniesshouldbechosen solelyonthebasisofmeritandexperiencehesays.Severalfirmshaveeven givenuptheirpublicstatusinordertoescapethenewlaw. Companieshavehadtorecruitabout1000womeninfouryears.Many complainthatithasbeendifficulttofindexperiencedcandidates.Becauseof thissomeofthebestwomenhavecollectedasmanyas25-35directorshipseach andareknowninNorwegianbusinesscirclesasthegoldenskirts.Onereason forthescarcityisthattherearefairlyfewwomeninmanagementinNorwegian companies—theyoccupyaround15%ofseniorpositions.Ithasbeenparticularly hardforfirmsintheoiltechnologyandfinancialindustriestofindwomen withenoughexperience.Somepeopleworrythattheirrelative lackofexperiencemaykeepwomenquietonboardsandthatinturncouldmean thatboardsmightbecomelessabletoholdmanagerstoaccount.Recenthistory inNorwayhoweversuggeststhattherightwomencanmakestrongdirectors. WomenfeelmorecompelledthanmentodotheirhomeworksaysMsReksten SkaugenwhowasvotedNorway’schairmanoftheyearfor2007andwecan affordtoaskthehardquestionsbecausewomenarenotalwaysexpectedtoknow theanswers.Themainideaofthepassagemightbe______.
Whilethere’sneveragoodagetoget cancerpeopleintheir20sand30scanfeelparticularlyisolated.Theaverage ageofacancerpatientatdiagnosisis67.Childrenwithcanceroftenare treatedatpediatric小儿科的cancercentersbutyoungadultshaveatoughtime findingpeersoftensittingside-by-sideduringtreatmentswithpeoplewho couldbetheirgrandparents.InhernewbookCrazySexyCancer TipswriterKrisCarrlooksatcancerfromtheperspectiveofayoungadultwho confrontsdeathjustasshe’sdiscoveringlife.Ms.Carrwas31whenshewas diagnosedwitharareformofcancerthathadgeneratedtumorsonherliverand lungs.Ms.Carrreactedwiththenormalfeelingsofshockand sadness.Shecalledherparentsandstockeduponorganicfooddeterminedto becomeafull-timehealingaddict.Thenshepickedupthephoneandcalled everyoneinheraddressbookaskingiftheyknewotheryoungwomenwithcancer. Theresultwasherownpersonalcancerposse:arockconcerttourmanagera modelafashionmagazineeditoracartoonistandaMTVcelebritytonamea few.Thisclubofcancerbabesofferedsupportadviceandfashiontipsamong otherthings.Ms.Carrputhercancerexperienceinarecent LearningChanneldocumentaryandshehaswrittenapracticalguideabouthow shecoped.Cancerisn’tfunnybutMs.Carroftenis.Sheswearsshemakesup namesforthepeoplewhotreatherDr.FabulousandDr.Guruandsheeven makessecondopinionssoundfuncancerroadtripsshecallsthem. Sheleavesthemedicaladvicetodoctorsinsteadofferinginsightfuland practicaltipsthatreflecttheworldviewofayoungadult.Irefusedtolet cancerruinmypartyshewrites.Therearejusttoomanycoolthingstodo andplanandlivefor.Ms.Carrstillhascancerbutithas stoppedprogressing.Hercancertipsincludeusingtime-savingmasse-mailsto keepfriendsinformedsewingorbuyingfashionablehospitalgownssoyou’renot stuckwithregulationblueorgrayandplayingGloriaGaynor’sIWillSurvive soloudyourneighborscallthepolice.Ms.Carralsoadvisesaneyebrowwaxand anewoutfitbeforeyontelltheimportantpeopleinyourlifeaboutyour illness.Peopleyoutellaregoingtocautiouslyandnotsocautiouslytryto seethecancersodazzletheminsteadwithyourmiracleshewrites. Whileheradvicemaysoundsuperficialitgetstotheheartofwhatevery cancerpatientwants:thechancetolivelifejustasshealwaysdidandmaybe better.KrisCarrmakesupnamesforthepeoplewhotreatherbecause______.
Withthenation’sfinancialsystemteetering蹒跚onacliffthecompensationarrangementsforexecutivesofthebigbanksandotherfinancialfirmsarecomingundercloseexaminationagain. Bankers’excessiverisk-takingisasignificantcauseofthisfinancialcrisisandhascontributedtoothersinthepast.Inthiscaseitwasfueledbylowinterestratesandkeptgoingbyafalsesenseofsecuritycreatedbyadebt-fueledbubbleintheeconomy. Mortgagelendersgladlylentenormoussumstothosewhocouldnotaffordtopaythembackdividingtheloansandsellingthemofftothenextfinancialinstitutionalongthechainwhichtookadvantageofthesamehigh-techsecuritization证券化toloadonmoreriskymortgage-basedassets. Financialregulationwillhavetocatchupwiththemostirresponsiblepracticesthatledbanksdownthisroadinhopesofavertingthenextcrisiswhichislikelytoinvolvedifferentfinancialtechniquesanddifferentsortsofassets.Butitisworthexaminingtherootproblemofcompensationschemesthataretiedtoshort-termprofitsandrevenue’sandthusencouragebankerstotakeirresponsiblelevelsofrisk.
Preliminaryestimationputsthefigureataround$110billion____________the$160billionthePresidentisstrugglingtogetthroughtheCongress.
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