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{{*HTML*}}Movies??MoviesarethemostpopularformofentertainmentformillionsofAmericans.Theygotothemoviestoescapetheirnormaleverydayexistenceandtoexperiencealifemoreexcitingthantheirown.Theymaychoosetoseeaparticularfilmbecausetheyliketheactorsorbecausetheyhaveheardthefilmhasagoodstory.Butthemainreasonwhypeoplegotothemoviesistoescape.Sittinginadarktheaterwatchingtheimagesonthescreentheyenteranotherworldthatisrealtothem.Theybecomeinvolvedinthelivesofthecharactersinthemovieandfortwohourstheyforgetallabouttheirownproblems.Theyareinadreamworldwherethingsoftenappeartobemoreromantic浪漫的andbeautifulthaninreallife.??ThebiggestdreamfactoriesareinHollywoodthecapitalofthefilmindustry.EachyearHollywoodstudiosmakehundredsofmoviesthatareshownallovertheworld.Americanmoviesarepopularbecausetheytellstoriesandtheyarewell-made.Theyprovidethepublicwithheroeswhodothingstheaveragepersonwouldliketodobutoftencan’t.Peoplehavetocopewithmanyproblemsandmuchtroubleinreallifesotheyfeelencouragedwhentheyseethegoodguyswininthemovies.TheAmericanmoviesarepopularbecause______.
{{*HTML*}}A.inthedevelopmentofairtransportationB.theearliestpassengerflightsweresuccessfullyoperatedC.tomaketraveleasyandpleasantforthepassengersD.toprovidedifferentservicesE.theshortageofqualifiedpilotsF.travellingbyairwasverycheapNowadaysairportsprovideallkindsofservices______.
{{*HTML*}}TooPoliteforWords??AJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishwordjerk.IthoughtshewastoningclownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosayjerkinJapanese.??There’snosuchwordsheansweredhelplessly.Wehavetousejerk’.Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay.-I’msorry.GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps.??TaketheviciousJapaneseinsultkisamawhichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans:yourhonorableself.That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling:Yourhonorableself.??Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanisamaanothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeansnun.Suresarcasmmaybeintendedbutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog.??Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse.Nicksoundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror.??There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting.??Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:Omaenokaachandebeso.Thatmeans.Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout.ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly.TheJapanesewomanusedtheEnglishwordjerksoastomakeiteasierformetounderstandher.
{{*HTML*}}AirTransportation??1.Airplanesareusedtocarrypassengerscargoandmail.Airtransportcompaniesoperatescheduledairlinesandnon-scheduledservicesoverlocalregionalnationalandinternationalroutes.Theaircraftoperatedbythesecompaniesrangefromsmallsingle-engineplanestolargemultienginejettransports.??2.Thefirstairpassengerservicesbeganin1910whendirigiblesbeganoperationbetweenseveralGermancities.ThefirstscheduledairplaneservicetocarrypassengersbeganintheU.S.in1914.SeveralexperimentalairmailflightstookplaceinIndia.EuropeandtheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarIbutairtransportservicesdidnotbecomeatruebusinessuntilafterthewar.??3.DuringWorldWarTwointercontinentalairtransportbecamefirmlyestablished.Afterthewarthenewlong-distancetransportswithadvancedfacilitieswereincreasinglyabletoavoidstormsandstrongwindandmakeflightsmoreeconomicalandconsistent.Anewgenerationofjumbo-jettransportsbeganoperationsin1970andthesupersonictransportenteredpassengerservicein1976.??4.Duringthe1970sthenumberofdomesticpassengersonU.S.airlinesincreasedabout78%andduringthe1980sthefigurewasupabout58%.In1990therewere41.8millioninternationalpassengersthefigurewasa75%increaseover1980.ThetotalcargoflownbyU.S.airlinesalmostdoubledduringthe1980sfrom5.7billionto10.6billionton-milesin1990.??5.Majorairportsprovideawiderangeoffacilitiesfortheconvenienceofmillionsoftravellers.Theserangefromsuchbasicservicesasticket-salescountersandrestaurantstoluxuryhotelsshoppingcentresandplayareasforchildren.Internationalairportsmustalsohavecustomsareasandcurrency-exchangecountersandsoon.A.AirportservicesB.TrainingofpilotsC.BeginningperiodD.RapidgrowthintheU.S.E.DevelopmentF.CompetitionParagraph5______.
{{*HTML*}}BythetimehewastenyearsoldBeniaminOliverDavisJr.hadalreadydecidedhiscareerwouldbeintheairforce.
{{*HTML*}}WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfess???Whyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrime?Tomostpeopleitjustdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstandwhatcanhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.??Undertherightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.?46?Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’simpossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo.Theansweris:toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.??DevelopmentalpsychologistAllisonRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorystudytodeterminehowlikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn’tdo.?47?Theresearchersthenintentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthealtkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytakingresponsibility.??Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed.?48?Ofthe15-to16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to13-year-olds.??There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisksaysSaulKassinapsychologyprofessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilarresults.?49???BothKassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation-nothoursofaggressivequestioning-andstillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.??Becauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.?50?A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohitthealtkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthesystems.B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfessionbecomesarationaldecision.C.It’salittlelikesomebody’sworkingonthemwithadental牙齿的drillsaysFranklinZimringalawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.D.Butadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.E.Howcouldaninnocentpersonadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdo?F.Redlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalseconfession.
{{*HTML*}}ProlongingHumanLife??Prolonginghumanlifehasincreasedthesizeofthehumanpopulation.Manypeoplealivetodaywouldhavediedofchildhooddiseasesiftheyhadbeenborn100yearsago.Becausemorepeoplelivelongertherearemorepeoplearoundatanygiventime.Infactitisadecreaseindeathratesnotanincreaseinbirthratesthathasledtothepopulationexplosion.??Prolonginghumanlifehasalsoincreasedthedependencyload.Inallsocietiespeoplewhoaredisabledortooyoungortoooldtoworkaredependentontherestofsocietytoprovideforthem.Inhuntingandgatheringculturesoldpeoplewhocouldnotkeepupmightbeleftbehindtodie.Intimesoffamineinfantsmightbeallowedtodiebecausetheycouldnotsurviveiftheirparentsstarvedwhereasiftheparentssurvivedtheycouldhaveanotherchild.Inmostcontemporarysocietiespeoplefeelamoralobligationtokeeppeoplealivewhethertheycanworkornot.Wehaveagreatmanypeopletodaywholivepasttheageatwhichtheywanttoworkorareabletowork;wealsohaveruleswhichrequirepeopletoretireatacertainage.Unlessthesepeoplewereabletosavemoneyfortheirretirementsomebodyelsemustsupportthem.IntheUnitedStatesmanyretiredpeopleliveonsocialsecuritycheckswhicharesolittlethattheymustliveinnearpoverty.Olderpeoplehavemoreillnessesthanyoungormiddle-agedpeople;unlesstheyhavewealthorprivateorgovernmentinsurancetheymustoftengoonwelfareiftheyhaveaseriousillness.??Whenolderpeoplebecomesenileortooweakandilltocareforthemselvestheycreategraveproblemsfortheirfamilies.Inthepastandinsometraditionalculturestheywouldbecaredforathomeuntiltheydied.Todaywithmostmembersofahouseholdworkingorinschoolthereisoftennooneathomewhocancareforasickorweakperson.Tomeetthisneedagreatmanynursinghomesandconvalescenthospitalshavebeenbuilt.Theseareoftenprofit-makingorganizationsalthoughsomearesponsoredbyreligiousandothernonprofitgroups.Whileafewoftheseinstitutionsaregoodmostofthemaresimplydumpinggroundsforthedyinginwhichcareisgivenbypoorlypaidoverworkedandunderskilledpersonnel.AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutretiredpeopleintheUnitedStatesistrue?______
{{*HTML*}}TheUnitedStatesistryingtodealwiththeseriousproblemsbroughtonbytheenergycrisis.
{{*HTML*}}WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfess???Whyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrime?Tomostpeopleitjustdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstandwhatcanhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.??Undertherightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.?46?Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’simpossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo.Theansweris:toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.??DevelopmentalpsychologistAllisonRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorystudytodeterminehowlikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn’tdo.?47?Theresearchersthenintentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthealtkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytakingresponsibility.??Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed.?48?Ofthe15-to16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to13-year-olds.??There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisksaysSaulKassinapsychologyprofessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilarresults.?49???BothKassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation-nothoursofaggressivequestioning-andstillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.??Becauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.?50?A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohitthealtkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthesystems.B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfessionbecomesarationaldecision.C.It’salittlelikesomebody’sworkingonthemwithadental牙齿的drillsaysFranklinZimringalawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.D.Butadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.E.Howcouldaninnocentpersonadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdo?F.Redlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalseconfession.
{{*HTML*}}Adreamusuallyconsistsofvisualimagesthattellastory.
{{*HTML*}}ProlongingHumanLife??Prolonginghumanlifehasincreasedthesizeofthehumanpopulation.Manypeoplealivetodaywouldhavediedofchildhooddiseasesiftheyhadbeenborn100yearsago.Becausemorepeoplelivelongertherearemorepeoplearoundatanygiventime.Infactitisadecreaseindeathratesnotanincreaseinbirthratesthathasledtothepopulationexplosion.??Prolonginghumanlifehasalsoincreasedthedependencyload.Inallsocietiespeoplewhoaredisabledortooyoungortoooldtoworkaredependentontherestofsocietytoprovideforthem.Inhuntingandgatheringculturesoldpeoplewhocouldnotkeepupmightbeleftbehindtodie.Intimesoffamineinfantsmightbeallowedtodiebecausetheycouldnotsurviveiftheirparentsstarvedwhereasiftheparentssurvivedtheycouldhaveanotherchild.Inmostcontemporarysocietiespeoplefeelamoralobligationtokeeppeoplealivewhethertheycanworkornot.Wehaveagreatmanypeopletodaywholivepasttheageatwhichtheywanttoworkorareabletowork;wealsohaveruleswhichrequirepeopletoretireatacertainage.Unlessthesepeoplewereabletosavemoneyfortheirretirementsomebodyelsemustsupportthem.IntheUnitedStatesmanyretiredpeopleliveonsocialsecuritycheckswhicharesolittlethattheymustliveinnearpoverty.Olderpeoplehavemoreillnessesthanyoungormiddle-agedpeople;unlesstheyhavewealthorprivateorgovernmentinsurancetheymustoftengoonwelfareiftheyhaveaseriousillness.??Whenolderpeoplebecomesenileortooweakandilltocareforthemselvestheycreategraveproblemsfortheirfamilies.Inthepastandinsometraditionalculturestheywouldbecaredforathomeuntiltheydied.Todaywithmostmembersofahouseholdworkingorinschoolthereisoftennooneathomewhocancareforasickorweakperson.Tomeetthisneedagreatmanynursinghomesandconvalescenthospitalshavebeenbuilt.Theseareoftenprofit-makingorganizationsalthoughsomearesponsoredbyreligiousandothernonprofitgroups.Whileafewoftheseinstitutionsaregoodmostofthemaresimplydumpinggroundsforthedyinginwhichcareisgivenbypoorlypaidoverworkedandunderskilledpersonnel.Thewriterbelievesthatthepopulationexplosionresultsfrom______.
{{*HTML*}}OldandActive??Itiswell-knownthatlifeexpectancyislongerinJapanthaninmostothercountries.A?51?reportalsoshowsthatJapanhasthelongesthealthexpectancyintheworld.Ahealthylonglifeistheresultofthe?52?insocialenvironment.??Scientistsaretryingtowork?53?exactlywhatkeepselderlyJapanesepeoplesohealthyandwhetherthereisalessontobe?54?fromtheirlifestylesfortherestofus.Shouldwe?55?anychangestooureatinghabitsforinstanceorgojoggingeachdaybeforebreakfast?Istheresomesecret?56?intheJapanesedietthatisparticularly??57?tothehumanbody???Anotherfactor?58?totherapidpopulationaginginJapanisadeclineinbirthrate.Althoughlongerlifeshouldbecelebrateditis?59?consideredasocialproblem.Thenumberofolderpeoplehad?60?inthelasthalfcenturyandthathasincreasedpensionandmedicalcosts.Thecountrycouldsoonbe?61?aneconomicproblemiftherearesomanyoldpeopletobelooked?62?andrelativelyfewyoungerpeopleworkingandpayingtaxestosupportthem.???63?theretirementagefrom65to70couldbeonesolutiontotheproblem.Workcangivetheelderlya??64?ofresponsibilityandmissioninlife.It’simportantthattheelderlyplayactive?65?inthesocietyandliveinharmonywithallgenerations.
{{*HTML*}}Mom’sTrafficAccidents??Theybicyclingcrazecameinwhenwewerejustaboutattherightagetoenjoyit.Atfirstevensafetybicyclesweretoodangerousandimproperforladiestorideandtheyhadtohavetricycles.MymotherhadIbelievethefirstfemaletricycleinCambridge;andIhadalittleoneandweusedtogooutforfamilyridesalltogether;myfatherinfrontonabicycleandmypoorbrotherCharlesstandingmiserableonthebarbehindmymother.Ifounditveryhardworkpoundingawayonmyhardtyres;agloriousbutnotapleasurablepastime.??Thenonedayatlunchmyfathersaidhehadjustseenanewkindoftyrefilledupwithairandhethoughtitmightbeasuccess.Andsoonafterthateveryonehadbicyclesladiesandall;andbicyclingbecamethesmartthingandthelordsandladieshadtheirpicturesinthepapersridingalongintheparkinstrawboaterhats.??MymothermusthavefallenoffherbicycleprettyoftenforIrememberseeingthemostappallingcutsandbruisesonherlegs.Butshenevercomplainedandalwayskeptthesemishapstoherself.HoweverthegreatMrs.Phillipsourcookalwaysknewallaboutthem;asindeedsheknewpracticallyeverythingthateverhappened.Sheusedtodrawusintotheservants’halltotellusprivately:HerLadyshiphadanastyfallyesterday;shecutbothherkneesandsprainedherwrist.Butdon’tletherknowItoldyou.Soweneverdaredsayanything.Similarlittleaccidentsusedtooccurwhenattheageofnearlyseventysheinsistedonlearningtodriveacar.Shenevermasteredtheartofreversingandwasineverywayanunconventionalandterrifyingdriver.MrsPhillipsusedthentotellus:HerLadyshipranintothebackofamilk-cartyesterday;butitwasn’tmuchhurt;orApolicemanstoppedherLadyshipbecauseshewasonthewrongsideoftheroad;butshesaidshedidn’tknowwhatthewhitelineontheroadmeantsoheexplainedandlethergoon.MrsPhillipsmusthavehadanexcellentIntelligenceServiceathercommandforthestorieswerealwaystrueenough.Howdidthewriterfeelabouttricycles?______
{{*HTML*}}OldandActive??Itiswell-knownthatlifeexpectancyislongerinJapanthaninmostothercountries.A?51?reportalsoshowsthatJapanhasthelongesthealthexpectancyintheworld.Ahealthylonglifeistheresultofthe?52?insocialenvironment.??Scientistsaretryingtowork?53?exactlywhatkeepselderlyJapanesepeoplesohealthyandwhetherthereisalessontobe?54?fromtheirlifestylesfortherestofus.Shouldwe?55?anychangestooureatinghabitsforinstanceorgojoggingeachdaybeforebreakfast?Istheresomesecret?56?intheJapanesedietthatisparticularly??57?tothehumanbody???Anotherfactor?58?totherapidpopulationaginginJapanisadeclineinbirthrate.Althoughlongerlifeshouldbecelebrateditis?59?consideredasocialproblem.Thenumberofolderpeoplehad?60?inthelasthalfcenturyandthathasincreasedpensionandmedicalcosts.Thecountrycouldsoonbe?61?aneconomicproblemiftherearesomanyoldpeopletobelooked?62?andrelativelyfewyoungerpeopleworkingandpayingtaxestosupportthem.???63?theretirementagefrom65to70couldbeonesolutiontotheproblem.Workcangivetheelderlya??64?ofresponsibilityandmissioninlife.It’simportantthattheelderlyplayactive?65?inthesocietyandliveinharmonywithallgenerations.
{{*HTML*}}SwineFluinNewYork??TheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionhasconfirmedcasesofswine?51?ineightstudentsataNewYorkpreparatory预科的schoolMayorMichaelBloombergsaidSunday.Thestudentshavehadonly?52?symptomsandnonehavebeenhospitalizedhesaid.Someofthestudentshavealreadyrecovered.??Morethan100studentswereabsentfrom?53?duetoflu-likesymptomslastweek.NewYorkhealthofficialstestedsamplesforeightstudentsSaturdayanddeterminedthestudentswereprobably.?54?fromswinefluandtheCDCconfirmedthe?55?onSundayBloombergsaid.??Theannouncementbringsthe?56?ofconfirmedswineflucasesintheUnitedStatesto20.Bloombergsaidthereisno?57?ofacitywideoutbreakofthefluandnosignofapotentialoutbreakofswinefluat?58?schools.??Somestudentsattheschool?59?springbreakinMexicoBloombergsaidbutauthoritieshavenotdetermined?60?anyofthestudentswithaconfirmedcaseofswinefluwasinMexico.SomeonewhotraveledtoMexicomaynothavehadanyflusymptomsbut?61?ontheflutosomeoneelsehenoted.??Bloombergcalledonstudentswhoarehomesickto?62?homefor48hoursaftertheirsymptomssubside.??Ifsymptomsarenormalforaregularkindoffluthereis?63?needtogotoahospitalsaidBloomberg.Ifsymptomsbecomesevereas?64?anyillnesspeopleshouldgotothehospitalhesaid.??St.Franciswhichhas2700studentsannounceditwillremainclosedfortwodays.?65?whetherthestudents’illnesseshavebeenminorbecausethey’reyoungandhealthyorbecauseitisaminorstrainofthevirusFriedenrespondedWedon’tknow./
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{{*HTML*}}TooPoliteforWords??AJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishwordjerk.IthoughtshewastoningclownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosayjerkinJapanese.??There’snosuchwordsheansweredhelplessly.Wehavetousejerk’.Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay.-I’msorry.GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps.??TaketheviciousJapaneseinsultkisamawhichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans:yourhonorableself.That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling:Yourhonorableself.??Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanisamaanothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeansnun.Suresarcasmmaybeintendedbutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog.??Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse.Nicksoundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror.??There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting.??Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:Omaenokaachandebeso.Thatmeans.Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout.ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly.FromthelinguisticperspectiveJapanesedriversarecowards.
{{*HTML*}}AirTransportation??1.Airplanesareusedtocarrypassengerscargoandmail.Airtransportcompaniesoperatescheduledairlinesandnon-scheduledservicesoverlocalregionalnationalandinternationalroutes.Theaircraftoperatedbythesecompaniesrangefromsmallsingle-engineplanestolargemultienginejettransports.??2.Thefirstairpassengerservicesbeganin1910whendirigiblesbeganoperationbetweenseveralGermancities.ThefirstscheduledairplaneservicetocarrypassengersbeganintheU.S.in1914.SeveralexperimentalairmailflightstookplaceinIndia.EuropeandtheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarIbutairtransportservicesdidnotbecomeatruebusinessuntilafterthewar.??3.DuringWorldWarTwointercontinentalairtransportbecamefirmlyestablished.Afterthewarthenewlong-distancetransportswithadvancedfacilitieswereincreasinglyabletoavoidstormsandstrongwindandmakeflightsmoreeconomicalandconsistent.Anewgenerationofjumbo-jettransportsbeganoperationsin1970andthesupersonictransportenteredpassengerservicein1976.??4.Duringthe1970sthenumberofdomesticpassengersonU.S.airlinesincreasedabout78%andduringthe1980sthefigurewasupabout58%.In1990therewere41.8millioninternationalpassengersthefigurewasa75%increaseover1980.ThetotalcargoflownbyU.S.airlinesalmostdoubledduringthe1980sfrom5.7billionto10.6billionton-milesin1990.??5.Majorairportsprovideawiderangeoffacilitiesfortheconvenienceofmillionsoftravellers.Theserangefromsuchbasicservicesasticket-salescountersandrestaurantstoluxuryhotelsshoppingcentresandplayareasforchildren.Internationalairportsmustalsohavecustomsareasandcurrency-exchangecountersandsoon.A.AirportservicesB.TrainingofpilotsC.BeginningperiodD.RapidgrowthintheU.S.E.DevelopmentF.CompetitionParagraph3______.
{{*HTML*}}WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfess???Whyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrime?Tomostpeopleitjustdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstandwhatcanhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.??Undertherightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.?46?Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’simpossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo.Theansweris:toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.??DevelopmentalpsychologistAllisonRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorystudytodeterminehowlikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn’tdo.?47?Theresearchersthenintentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthealtkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytakingresponsibility.??Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed.?48?Ofthe15-to16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to13-year-olds.??There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisksaysSaulKassinapsychologyprofessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilarresults.?49???BothKassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation-nothoursofaggressivequestioning-andstillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.??Becauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.?50?A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohitthealtkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthesystems.B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfessionbecomesarationaldecision.C.It’salittlelikesomebody’sworkingonthemwithadental牙齿的drillsaysFranklinZimringalawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.D.Butadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.E.Howcouldaninnocentpersonadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdo?F.Redlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalseconfession.
{{*HTML*}}Movies??MoviesarethemostpopularformofentertainmentformillionsofAmericans.Theygotothemoviestoescapetheirnormaleverydayexistenceandtoexperiencealifemoreexcitingthantheirown.Theymaychoosetoseeaparticularfilmbecausetheyliketheactorsorbecausetheyhaveheardthefilmhasagoodstory.Butthemainreasonwhypeoplegotothemoviesistoescape.Sittinginadarktheaterwatchingtheimagesonthescreentheyenteranotherworldthatisrealtothem.Theybecomeinvolvedinthelivesofthecharactersinthemovieandfortwohourstheyforgetallabouttheirownproblems.Theyareinadreamworldwherethingsoftenappeartobemoreromantic浪漫的andbeautifulthaninreallife.??ThebiggestdreamfactoriesareinHollywoodthecapitalofthefilmindustry.EachyearHollywoodstudiosmakehundredsofmoviesthatareshownallovertheworld.Americanmoviesarepopularbecausetheytellstoriesandtheyarewell-made.Theyprovidethepublicwithheroeswhodothingstheaveragepersonwouldliketodobutoftencan’t.Peoplehavetocopewithmanyproblemsandmuchtroubleinreallifesotheyfeelencouragedwhentheyseethegoodguyswininthemovies.Whichofthefollowingispeople’snormalresponsetothemoviestheywatch?______
{{*HTML*}}OldandActive??Itiswell-knownthatlifeexpectancyislongerinJapanthaninmostothercountries.A?51?reportalsoshowsthatJapanhasthelongesthealthexpectancyintheworld.Ahealthylonglifeistheresultofthe?52?insocialenvironment.??Scientistsaretryingtowork?53?exactlywhatkeepselderlyJapanesepeoplesohealthyandwhetherthereisalessontobe?54?fromtheirlifestylesfortherestofus.Shouldwe?55?anychangestooureatinghabitsforinstanceorgojoggingeachdaybeforebreakfast?Istheresomesecret?56?intheJapanesedietthatisparticularly??57?tothehumanbody???Anotherfactor?58?totherapidpopulationaginginJapanisadeclineinbirthrate.Althoughlongerlifeshouldbecelebrateditis?59?consideredasocialproblem.Thenumberofolderpeoplehad?60?inthelasthalfcenturyandthathasincreasedpensionandmedicalcosts.Thecountrycouldsoonbe?61?aneconomicproblemiftherearesomanyoldpeopletobelooked?62?andrelativelyfewyoungerpeopleworkingandpayingtaxestosupportthem.???63?theretirementagefrom65to70couldbeonesolutiontotheproblem.Workcangivetheelderlya??64?ofresponsibilityandmissioninlife.It’simportantthattheelderlyplayactive?65?inthesocietyandliveinharmonywithallgenerations.
{{*HTML*}}OldandActive??Itiswell-knownthatlifeexpectancyislongerinJapanthaninmostothercountries.A?51?reportalsoshowsthatJapanhasthelongesthealthexpectancyintheworld.Ahealthylonglifeistheresultofthe?52?insocialenvironment.??Scientistsaretryingtowork?53?exactlywhatkeepselderlyJapanesepeoplesohealthyandwhetherthereisalessontobe?54?fromtheirlifestylesfortherestofus.Shouldwe?55?anychangestooureatinghabitsforinstanceorgojoggingeachdaybeforebreakfast?Istheresomesecret?56?intheJapanesedietthatisparticularly??57?tothehumanbody???Anotherfactor?58?totherapidpopulationaginginJapanisadeclineinbirthrate.Althoughlongerlifeshouldbecelebrateditis?59?consideredasocialproblem.Thenumberofolderpeoplehad?60?inthelasthalfcenturyandthathasincreasedpensionandmedicalcosts.Thecountrycouldsoonbe?61?aneconomicproblemiftherearesomanyoldpeopletobelooked?62?andrelativelyfewyoungerpeopleworkingandpayingtaxestosupportthem.???63?theretirementagefrom65to70couldbeonesolutiontotheproblem.Workcangivetheelderlya??64?ofresponsibilityandmissioninlife.It’simportantthattheelderlyplayactive?65?inthesocietyandliveinharmonywithallgenerations.
{{*HTML*}}ProlongingHumanLife??Prolonginghumanlifehasincreasedthesizeofthehumanpopulation.Manypeoplealivetodaywouldhavediedofchildhooddiseasesiftheyhadbeenborn100yearsago.Becausemorepeoplelivelongertherearemorepeoplearoundatanygiventime.Infactitisadecreaseindeathratesnotanincreaseinbirthratesthathasledtothepopulationexplosion.??Prolonginghumanlifehasalsoincreasedthedependencyload.Inallsocietiespeoplewhoaredisabledortooyoungortoooldtoworkaredependentontherestofsocietytoprovideforthem.Inhuntingandgatheringculturesoldpeoplewhocouldnotkeepupmightbeleftbehindtodie.Intimesoffamineinfantsmightbeallowedtodiebecausetheycouldnotsurviveiftheirparentsstarvedwhereasiftheparentssurvivedtheycouldhaveanotherchild.Inmostcontemporarysocietiespeoplefeelamoralobligationtokeeppeoplealivewhethertheycanworkornot.Wehaveagreatmanypeopletodaywholivepasttheageatwhichtheywanttoworkorareabletowork;wealsohaveruleswhichrequirepeopletoretireatacertainage.Unlessthesepeoplewereabletosavemoneyfortheirretirementsomebodyelsemustsupportthem.IntheUnitedStatesmanyretiredpeopleliveonsocialsecuritycheckswhicharesolittlethattheymustliveinnearpoverty.Olderpeoplehavemoreillnessesthanyoungormiddle-agedpeople;unlesstheyhavewealthorprivateorgovernmentinsurancetheymustoftengoonwelfareiftheyhaveaseriousillness.??Whenolderpeoplebecomesenileortooweakandilltocareforthemselvestheycreategraveproblemsfortheirfamilies.Inthepastandinsometraditionalculturestheywouldbecaredforathomeuntiltheydied.Todaywithmostmembersofahouseholdworkingorinschoolthereisoftennooneathomewhocancareforasickorweakperson.Tomeetthisneedagreatmanynursinghomesandconvalescenthospitalshavebeenbuilt.Theseareoftenprofit-makingorganizationsalthoughsomearesponsoredbyreligiousandothernonprofitgroups.Whileafewoftheseinstitutionsaregoodmostofthemaresimplydumpinggroundsforthedyinginwhichcareisgivenbypoorlypaidoverworkedandunderskilledpersonnel.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthewriter’sattitudetowardmostofthenursinghomesandconvalescenthospitals?______
{{*HTML*}}TooPoliteforWords??AJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishwordjerk.IthoughtshewastoningclownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosayjerkinJapanese.??There’snosuchwordsheansweredhelplessly.Wehavetousejerk’.Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay.-I’msorry.GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps.??TaketheviciousJapaneseinsultkisamawhichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans:yourhonorableself.That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling:Yourhonorableself.??Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanisamaanothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeansnun.Suresarcasmmaybeintendedbutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog.??Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse.Nicksoundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror.??There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting.??Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:Omaenokaachandebeso.Thatmeans.Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout.ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly.Peopleinotherlanguagesmayinsultawomanwithanexpressionmeaningliterallyafemaledog.
{{*HTML*}}Throughoutmostoftheirliveshumanbeingsperpetuallylearnandincreasetheirmentalcapacities.
{{*HTML*}}Althoughanewspaper'sprimaryfunctionistoinformspecialfeaturesareusuallyincludedforentertainment.
{{*HTML*}}Mom’sTrafficAccidents??Theybicyclingcrazecameinwhenwewerejustaboutattherightagetoenjoyit.Atfirstevensafetybicyclesweretoodangerousandimproperforladiestorideandtheyhadtohavetricycles.MymotherhadIbelievethefirstfemaletricycleinCambridge;andIhadalittleoneandweusedtogooutforfamilyridesalltogether;myfatherinfrontonabicycleandmypoorbrotherCharlesstandingmiserableonthebarbehindmymother.Ifounditveryhardworkpoundingawayonmyhardtyres;agloriousbutnotapleasurablepastime.??Thenonedayatlunchmyfathersaidhehadjustseenanewkindoftyrefilledupwithairandhethoughtitmightbeasuccess.Andsoonafterthateveryonehadbicyclesladiesandall;andbicyclingbecamethesmartthingandthelordsandladieshadtheirpicturesinthepapersridingalongintheparkinstrawboaterhats.??MymothermusthavefallenoffherbicycleprettyoftenforIrememberseeingthemostappallingcutsandbruisesonherlegs.Butshenevercomplainedandalwayskeptthesemishapstoherself.HoweverthegreatMrs.Phillipsourcookalwaysknewallaboutthem;asindeedsheknewpracticallyeverythingthateverhappened.Sheusedtodrawusintotheservants’halltotellusprivately:HerLadyshiphadanastyfallyesterday;shecutbothherkneesandsprainedherwrist.Butdon’tletherknowItoldyou.Soweneverdaredsayanything.Similarlittleaccidentsusedtooccurwhenattheageofnearlyseventysheinsistedonlearningtodriveacar.Shenevermasteredtheartofreversingandwasineverywayanunconventionalandterrifyingdriver.MrsPhillipsusedthentotellus:HerLadyshipranintothebackofamilk-cartyesterday;butitwasn’tmuchhurt;orApolicemanstoppedherLadyshipbecauseshewasonthewrongsideoftheroad;butshesaidshedidn’tknowwhatthewhitelineontheroadmeantsoheexplainedandlethergoon.MrsPhillipsmusthavehadanexcellentIntelligenceServiceathercommandforthestorieswerealwaystrueenough.ThewriteradmiresMrs.Phillipsbecause______.
{{*HTML*}}TheworksofWaltWhitmanhadalastingeffectonthedevelopmentofmodernAmericanpoetry.
{{*HTML*}}A.inthedevelopmentofairtransportationB.theearliestpassengerflightsweresuccessfullyoperatedC.tomaketraveleasyandpleasantforthepassengersD.toprovidedifferentservicesE.theshortageofqualifiedpilotsF.travellingbyairwasverycheapTheUnitedStateswasthecountrywhere______.
{{*HTML*}}TooPoliteforWords??AJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishwordjerk.IthoughtshewastoningclownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosayjerkinJapanese.??There’snosuchwordsheansweredhelplessly.Wehavetousejerk’.Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay.-I’msorry.GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps.??TaketheviciousJapaneseinsultkisamawhichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans:yourhonorableself.That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling:Yourhonorableself.??Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanisamaanothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeansnun.Suresarcasmmaybeintendedbutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog.??Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse.Nicksoundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror.??There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting.??Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:Omaenokaachandebeso.Thatmeans.Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout.ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly.OmaenokaachandebesoisdifferentfromothernastyexpressionsinJapaneseinthatitisinsultingbothinitsliteralmeaningandinitspracticaluse.
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