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? ?阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题：(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每...
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? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为规定段每段选择1
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为规定段每段选择1
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2—5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
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TimothyStowofInverGroveHeightsMinn.workedhardexercisedoftenandthoughthegotplentyofsleep.Yetheneverfeltrested.The20-year-oldsalesmandozedoffduringmeetingsandhadfourcaraccidentsafterfallingasleepatthewheel.4647Electrodesaffixedfromheadtotoekepttrackofallactivityinhisbrainhearteyesfacesarmsandlegs.48Whenhesleptthesofttissueatthebackofhisthroatnearthebaseofhistonguecollapsedagainstitselfblockingairintake.Eachtimehisbreathwascutoff—about100timesanhour—hisbrainwouldalerthimtoawakenandbreathe.Heneverwoketofullconsciousnessbutneitherdidhefallintoadeeprestfulsleep.SleepapneaafflictsmillionsofAmericanstypicallymiddle-agedoverweightmen.Theproblembeginsgraduallywithloudandprolongedsnoring.49Inseverecasesthevictimspendsmostofhissleeptimenotbreathing.DoctorsatthecentergaveStowaContinuousPositiveAirwayPressureCPAPdevice.50 A.Nowwhenheretireshestrapsoverhisnoseasoftrubbermaskconnectedtoasmallunitthatsuppliesjustenoughairpressuretoholdhisairwayopensohecanbreathecontinuously. B.FinallyhisdoctorsenthimtotheMinnesotaRegionalSleepDisordersCenterinMinneapolis. C.Laterattheendofeachrunofsnorescomesabriefbreath-holdingspell. D.DoctorssoonrealizedthatStowwasavictimofsleepapnea. E.Manypeoplehavechronicsleepproblems.F.PlacedinaquietroomStowwenttosleepathisusualtime. 50.
Don'tgetslackatyouwork.
Socialanxietydisorderpreventssome15millionAmericansfromleadingnormalsocialandromanticlivesanewsurveyfinds. Thedisorderleavesmanyisolatedashamedandoftenmisdiagnosed.Thirty-sixpercentofthosewithsocialanxietydisorderhavesymptomsfor10yearsormorebeforeseekinghelptheAnxietyDisordersAssociationofAmericareports. "Socialanxietydisorderiswhensomebodyhasanintensepersistentandirrationalfearofsocialorperformancesituations"JerilynRosstheassociation’spresidentandCEOsaidduringateleconferenceWednesday. "Theconditioncausespeopletoavoidcommoneverydaysituationsandevenotherpeopleforfearofbeingjudgedorcriticizedorhumiliatedorembarrassingthemselves"Rosssaid. SocialanxietydisordercaninterferewithdailyroutinesandjobperformanceRossnoted."Italsomakesitverydifficultforpeopletodevelopfriendsandromanticpartnerships"shesaid. PeoplewiththisdisorderrecognizetheirfearisexcessiveandirrationalRossnoted."Buttheyfeelpowerlesstodoanythingaboutit"shesaid. SocialanxietydisordercanstartintheearlyteensDr.MarkH.PollackdirectoroftheCenterforAnxietyandTraumaticStressDisordersandaprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchoolsaidduringtheteleconference. "Thisisadisorderthatstartsaffectingpeopleearlyon"Pollacksaid."Thetypicalageofonsetisearlyadolescenceage12or13andmanyindividualsreportahistoryofanxietydatingbacktoearlierchildhood." ThedisorderalsohasphysicalsymptomsincludingheartpalpitationsfeelingsthattheirthroatwillcloseupsweatingblushingfaintnesstremblingandstammeringRosssaid. Amongpeoplewiththedisorder75percentsaidtheconditionaffectedtheirabilitytodonormalactivities.Inaddition69percentsaidtheydidn’twantpeopletothinktheywerecrazyand58percentsaidtheywereembarrassedbytheirconditionRosssaid. Howeverwhentheconditionisdiagnosedandtreatedmanyreportedimprovementintheirlives.Infact59percentwhowerereceivingtreatmentsaidtreatmenthadapositiveeffectontheirabilitytohavearomanticrelationship.Inaddition39percentwhohadreceivedtreatmentsaidknowingthattreatmentcanbesuccessfulaidedtheirdecisiontogethelpRossnoted. Whatdopeoplewithsocialanxietydisorderthinkoftheirfear
Painiseasiertoendureifyouknowyoucanendit.SpeakersatasessiononpainattheBritishAssociation’spsychologysectionhavenewevidencetosupportthisideafortwocommonexperiencesofpain:inchildbirthandatthedentist’s.Ontheothersideofthecointheirinabilitytocontrolpainmayexplainwhysomepeoplewithcontinualpainhavepsychologicalproblemsaswell. Dr.J.Robinsonfoundoutaboutthephenomenonofself-controlledpainalmostbyaccident.Hewasstudyingtheeffectsofanalgesicsusedtocontrolpainduringchildbirthandaspartoftheexperimentmadeitpossibleforwomenhavingtheirchildtopressabuttonwhichgaveanautomaticinjection—insteadofhavingallinjectionsmadebythedoctor.Afterwardsthesewomendidnotsaythattheyhadlesspainthanotherwomeninchildbirthbuttheydiduseconsiderablelessofthedrug. J.Atkinsadentalsurgeonhasobservedasimilarphenomenon.AspartoftheireffortstomakedentistrypainlessAtkinsandresearchersatAstonUniversityinBirminghamofferedpatientsaswitchtheycouldfliptoturnoffthedentist’sdrillwhenevertheychose.Butaftertryingtheswitchon50patientsAtkinsgaveup;noneofthepatientshadeverflippedtheswitch. PerhapstheextraendurancewasbecausetheAstonteamalsouseothermethodstomakedentistrypainless.Apparentlyfewotherdentistsaresoconsiderate.TheendresultaccordingtotheBirminghamsurveyisthatBritishpeopleavoidgoingtothedentistwiththeconsequencethatalmost30%ofpeopleinEnglandandWaleshavelostalltheirteethandmorethansevenoutoftenhavelostatleastsixteeth.Lessthanhalfofthepublicpayregularvisitstothedentist.TofindoutwhyAtkinsandpsychologistCumberbatchinterviewedasampleofpatientsattendingadentalhospital.Themostcommonreasonpeoplegavefornothavingdentalcheck-upswerefearandpain. ByusingalittlecareandtakingtimetoexplainwhatwillhappenAtkinsfeelsdentistscouldovercomethesefears.Therearetechniquesforgivinginjectionswithoutpainanda"calmunhurriedapproach"todrillingcanmakethatpainlesstoo. Sadlyfewdentistsseemtotakemuchtroublewiththeirpatients."IamnotnervouswhenIgotothedentistandIdonothaveanypronouncedsympathyforthosewhoare"saidonedentist."Itendtotakethepointofviewthattheyarebeingunreasonableatmyexpense." Thepassagemostpossiblycomesfrom
Stopclamberingovermysister'sfurniture.
Throughouttheworldthereisashortageofhumanorgansfortransplants.InBritainforexample6000peoplearewaitingfororgans——5000forkidneysandthe51 forheartslungsandlivers.52onlyabout1750kidney500heartandlungand650livertransplantsare53 eachyear.Andthewaiting54 increasesatfivepercentayear.IntheUnitedStatesonlyhalfofthe30000inneedoforgans55 them. Hencethegreatinterestinanimal-to-humantransplantsknownasxenograftsorxenotransplantsfromtheGreekworkxenosmeaningstrangeofforeign56 mostscientistsbelieveistheonlylong-termsolutiontotheorgan57.Therehavebeenattemptsatxenotransplants58 thebeginningofthiscenturybutneitherhasbeensuccessful;thelongest59 wasa20-day-oldbabycalledFaewhoin1984was60 theheartofababoon. Themain61 withanyorgantransplantisthattheimmunesystemofthepatientreceivingtheorganseesthetransplantorgan62 aninvader.Theimmunesystemthereforelaunchesamassiveattackontheinvaderactivatingenzymesknowsascomplementwhichattackthe63 bodyeventuallykillingthepatientaswell.Thisrejectionhasbeen64whentransplantinghumanorgansbetweenhumansbytheclosematchingoftissueandthelong-termuseofdrugsknownasimmuno-suppressantsfirstintroducedjustovertenyearsago.Withxenotranplantshoweverrejectionisevenmore65;anormalpig’sheartforexampletransfuseswithhumanbloodcanbedestroyedin15minutes. 52.
Youarenotsupposedtoabandonyourcaronthemotorway.
Ahospitalisaninstitutionthatprovidesmedicalservicesforacommunity.Thedoctorsnursesandotherpersonnelofahospitalworktorestorehealthtosickandinjuredpeople.Theyalsotrytopreventdiseaseandmaintainhealthinthecommunity.Somehospitalsserveascentersformedicaleducationandresearch. 2.Mosthospitalsareshort-termhospitalsinwhichthemajorityofpatientsstaylessthan30days.Patientsspendanaverageof4to8daysinashort-termhospital.Inlongtermhospitalsmostpatientsstaymorethan30days.Peoplehavingtheirtonsilsremovedwouldgotoashort-termhospital.Thosewithseverementalillnessesmaystayinalong-terminstitutionbecauseofthetimeneededtotreattheircondition. 3.Ageneralhospitalprovidesservicesformostpeopleandillnesses.Aspecialhospitalcaresforcertainpeopleorcertainillnesses.Forexamplepediatrichospitalstreatonlychildren.Rehabilitationhospitalsprovideservicestohelppeopleadjusttomentalandphysicaldisabilities. 4.Ahospitalmayperformotherservicesbesidestreatingthesick.Researchhospitalsconductmedicalresearch.Teachinghospitalseducatefuturephysiciansnursesandlaboratoryspecialists.Ateachinghospitalmayformpartofauniversitymedicalcenteroritmaybeageneralhospitalassociatedwithamedicalschool. 5.Intheprofessionalservicesdepartmentphysiciansplayanimportantroleandleadalargemedicalteamworkingforthehospital.Themedicalteamalsoincludesphysiciansintraining.Theseinternshavecomefrommedicalschoolsandworkinahospitalforpracticalexperience.Thenursingstaffformsthelargestgrouponthepatientcareteam.Professionalnursesgenerallycalledregisterednurseshavegraduatedfromanursingschool.Theycarryoutmuchofthepatients’careundertheguidanceofphysicians.Theyalsodirectothermembersofthenursingstaffincludingpracticalnurses.nurse’saidesandnurseattendants.Thesemenandwomendomanytaskstotreetheregisterednursesforworkrequiringtheirspecialskills. 6.Therearemanyotherimportantdepartmentsinahospitalbesidestheprofessionalservicesdepartment.Thehospitalpharmacyprovidesmedicinesthatphysiciansorderforpatients.Thecentralservicedepartmentmaintainsmedicalsupplies.Thefoodservicedepartmentpreparesmealsforpatientsandstaffmembers.Thehospitallaboratoriesconductteststhathelpdoctorsdiagnoseandtreatillnesses.TheradiologydepartmentmakesXraystohelpphysiciansdiagnosediseasesandinjuries.Themedicalrecordsdepartmentkeepsarecordoneverypatient.Ifformerpatientsreturntothehospitaltheirmedicalrecordhelpsthephysiciandiagnoseandtreattheirillness.Theadmittingofficeschedulespatientsforadmissionattherequestoftheirphysicianandassignsthemtoaroom.Andthebusinessofficelistseachpatient’schargespreparesabillandrecordspaymentsreceived. Thedoctorsnursesandotherpersonnelofahospitaltreatandcuredisease
Ahospitalisaninstitutionthatprovidesmedicalservicesforacommunity.Thedoctorsnursesandotherpersonnelofahospitalworktorestorehealthtosickandinjuredpeople.Theyalsotrytopreventdiseaseandmaintainhealthinthecommunity.Somehospitalsserveascentersformedicaleducationandresearch. 2.Mosthospitalsareshort-termhospitalsinwhichthemajorityofpatientsstaylessthan30days.Patientsspendanaverageof4to8daysinashort-termhospital.Inlongtermhospitalsmostpatientsstaymorethan30days.Peoplehavingtheirtonsilsremovedwouldgotoashort-termhospital.Thosewithseverementalillnessesmaystayinalong-terminstitutionbecauseofthetimeneededtotreattheircondition. 3.Ageneralhospitalprovidesservicesformostpeopleandillnesses.Aspecialhospitalcaresforcertainpeopleorcertainillnesses.Forexamplepediatrichospitalstreatonlychildren.Rehabilitationhospitalsprovideservicestohelppeopleadjusttomentalandphysicaldisabilities. 4.Ahospitalmayperformotherservicesbesidestreatingthesick.Researchhospitalsconductmedicalresearch.Teachinghospitalseducatefuturephysiciansnursesandlaboratoryspecialists.Ateachinghospitalmayformpartofauniversitymedicalcenteroritmaybeageneralhospitalassociatedwithamedicalschool. 5.Intheprofessionalservicesdepartmentphysiciansplayanimportantroleandleadalargemedicalteamworkingforthehospital.Themedicalteamalsoincludesphysiciansintraining.Theseinternshavecomefrommedicalschoolsandworkinahospitalforpracticalexperience.Thenursingstaffformsthelargestgrouponthepatientcareteam.Professionalnursesgenerallycalledregisterednurseshavegraduatedfromanursingschool.Theycarryoutmuchofthepatients’careundertheguidanceofphysicians.Theyalsodirectothermembersofthenursingstaffincludingpracticalnurses.nurse’saidesandnurseattendants.Thesemenandwomendomanytaskstotreetheregisterednursesforworkrequiringtheirspecialskills. 6.Therearemanyotherimportantdepartmentsinahospitalbesidestheprofessionalservicesdepartment.Thehospitalpharmacyprovidesmedicinesthatphysiciansorderforpatients.Thecentralservicedepartmentmaintainsmedicalsupplies.Thefoodservicedepartmentpreparesmealsforpatientsandstaffmembers.Thehospitallaboratoriesconductteststhathelpdoctorsdiagnoseandtreatillnesses.TheradiologydepartmentmakesXraystohelpphysiciansdiagnosediseasesandinjuries.Themedicalrecordsdepartmentkeepsarecordoneverypatient.Ifformerpatientsreturntothehospitaltheirmedicalrecordhelpsthephysiciandiagnoseandtreattheirillness.Theadmittingofficeschedulespatientsforadmissionattherequestoftheirphysicianandassignsthemtoaroom.Andthebusinessofficelistseachpatient’schargespreparesabillandrecordspaymentsreceived. Thedepartmentsofhospitallaboratoriesradiologydepartmentandmedicalrecordsdepartmenthelpphysicians
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TimothyStowofInverGroveHeightsMinn.workedhardexercisedoftenandthoughthegotplentyofsleep.Yetheneverfeltrested.The20-year-oldsalesmandozedoffduringmeetingsandhadfourcaraccidentsafterfallingasleepatthewheel.4647Electrodesaffixedfromheadtotoekepttrackofallactivityinhisbrainhearteyesfacesarmsandlegs.48Whenhesleptthesofttissueatthebackofhisthroatnearthebaseofhistonguecollapsedagainstitselfblockingairintake.Eachtimehisbreathwascutoff—about100timesanhour—hisbrainwouldalerthimtoawakenandbreathe.Heneverwoketofullconsciousnessbutneitherdidhefallintoadeeprestfulsleep.SleepapneaafflictsmillionsofAmericanstypicallymiddle-agedoverweightmen.Theproblembeginsgraduallywithloudandprolongedsnoring.49Inseverecasesthevictimspendsmostofhissleeptimenotbreathing.DoctorsatthecentergaveStowaContinuousPositiveAirwayPressureCPAPdevice.50 A.Nowwhenheretireshestrapsoverhisnoseasoftrubbermaskconnectedtoasmallunitthatsuppliesjustenoughairpressuretoholdhisairwayopensohecanbreathecontinuously. B.FinallyhisdoctorsenthimtotheMinnesotaRegionalSleepDisordersCenterinMinneapolis. C.Laterattheendofeachrunofsnorescomesabriefbreath-holdingspell. D.DoctorssoonrealizedthatStowwasavictimofsleepapnea. E.Manypeoplehavechronicsleepproblems.F.PlacedinaquietroomStowwenttosleepathisusualtime. 48.
Throughouttheworldthereisashortageofhumanorgansfortransplants.InBritainforexample6000peoplearewaitingfororgans——5000forkidneysandthe51 forheartslungsandlivers.52onlyabout1750kidney500heartandlungand650livertransplantsare53 eachyear.Andthewaiting54 increasesatfivepercentayear.IntheUnitedStatesonlyhalfofthe30000inneedoforgans55 them. Hencethegreatinterestinanimal-to-humantransplantsknownasxenograftsorxenotransplantsfromtheGreekworkxenosmeaningstrangeofforeign56 mostscientistsbelieveistheonlylong-termsolutiontotheorgan57.Therehavebeenattemptsatxenotransplants58 thebeginningofthiscenturybutneitherhasbeensuccessful;thelongest59 wasa20-day-oldbabycalledFaewhoin1984was60 theheartofababoon. Themain61 withanyorgantransplantisthattheimmunesystemofthepatientreceivingtheorganseesthetransplantorgan62 aninvader.Theimmunesystemthereforelaunchesamassiveattackontheinvaderactivatingenzymesknowsascomplementwhichattackthe63 bodyeventuallykillingthepatientaswell.Thisrejectionhasbeen64whentransplantinghumanorgansbetweenhumansbytheclosematchingoftissueandthelong-termuseofdrugsknownasimmuno-suppressantsfirstintroducedjustovertenyearsago.Withxenotranplantshoweverrejectionisevenmore65;anormalpig’sheartforexampletransfuseswithhumanbloodcanbedestroyedin15minutes. 56.
Painiseasiertoendureifyouknowyoucanendit.SpeakersatasessiononpainattheBritishAssociation’spsychologysectionhavenewevidencetosupportthisideafortwocommonexperiencesofpain:inchildbirthandatthedentist’s.Ontheothersideofthecointheirinabilitytocontrolpainmayexplainwhysomepeoplewithcontinualpainhavepsychologicalproblemsaswell. Dr.J.Robinsonfoundoutaboutthephenomenonofself-controlledpainalmostbyaccident.Hewasstudyingtheeffectsofanalgesicsusedtocontrolpainduringchildbirthandaspartoftheexperimentmadeitpossibleforwomenhavingtheirchildtopressabuttonwhichgaveanautomaticinjection—insteadofhavingallinjectionsmadebythedoctor.Afterwardsthesewomendidnotsaythattheyhadlesspainthanotherwomeninchildbirthbuttheydiduseconsiderablelessofthedrug. J.Atkinsadentalsurgeonhasobservedasimilarphenomenon.AspartoftheireffortstomakedentistrypainlessAtkinsandresearchersatAstonUniversityinBirminghamofferedpatientsaswitchtheycouldfliptoturnoffthedentist’sdrillwhenevertheychose.Butaftertryingtheswitchon50patientsAtkinsgaveup;noneofthepatientshadeverflippedtheswitch. PerhapstheextraendurancewasbecausetheAstonteamalsouseothermethodstomakedentistrypainless.Apparentlyfewotherdentistsaresoconsiderate.TheendresultaccordingtotheBirminghamsurveyisthatBritishpeopleavoidgoingtothedentistwiththeconsequencethatalmost30%ofpeopleinEnglandandWaleshavelostalltheirteethandmorethansevenoutoftenhavelostatleastsixteeth.Lessthanhalfofthepublicpayregularvisitstothedentist.TofindoutwhyAtkinsandpsychologistCumberbatchinterviewedasampleofpatientsattendingadentalhospital.Themostcommonreasonpeoplegavefornothavingdentalcheck-upswerefearandpain. ByusingalittlecareandtakingtimetoexplainwhatwillhappenAtkinsfeelsdentistscouldovercomethesefears.Therearetechniquesforgivinginjectionswithoutpainanda"calmunhurriedapproach"todrillingcanmakethatpainlesstoo. Sadlyfewdentistsseemtotakemuchtroublewiththeirpatients."IamnotnervouswhenIgotothedentistandIdonothaveanypronouncedsympathyforthosewhoare"saidonedentist."Itendtotakethepointofviewthattheyarebeingunreasonableatmyexpense." Whichofthefollowingisnottrueaccordingtothetext
Ahospitalisaninstitutionthatprovidesmedicalservicesforacommunity.Thedoctorsnursesandotherpersonnelofahospitalworktorestorehealthtosickandinjuredpeople.Theyalsotrytopreventdiseaseandmaintainhealthinthecommunity.Somehospitalsserveascentersformedicaleducationandresearch. 2.Mosthospitalsareshort-termhospitalsinwhichthemajorityofpatientsstaylessthan30days.Patientsspendanaverageof4to8daysinashort-termhospital.Inlongtermhospitalsmostpatientsstaymorethan30days.Peoplehavingtheirtonsilsremovedwouldgotoashort-termhospital.Thosewithseverementalillnessesmaystayinalong-terminstitutionbecauseofthetimeneededtotreattheircondition. 3.Ageneralhospitalprovidesservicesformostpeopleandillnesses.Aspecialhospitalcaresforcertainpeopleorcertainillnesses.Forexamplepediatrichospitalstreatonlychildren.Rehabilitationhospitalsprovideservicestohelppeopleadjusttomentalandphysicaldisabilities. 4.Ahospitalmayperformotherservicesbesidestreatingthesick.Researchhospitalsconductmedicalresearch.Teachinghospitalseducatefuturephysiciansnursesandlaboratoryspecialists.Ateachinghospitalmayformpartofauniversitymedicalcenteroritmaybeageneralhospitalassociatedwithamedicalschool. 5.Intheprofessionalservicesdepartmentphysiciansplayanimportantroleandleadalargemedicalteamworkingforthehospital.Themedicalteamalsoincludesphysiciansintraining.Theseinternshavecomefrommedicalschoolsandworkinahospitalforpracticalexperience.Thenursingstaffformsthelargestgrouponthepatientcareteam.Professionalnursesgenerallycalledregisterednurseshavegraduatedfromanursingschool.Theycarryoutmuchofthepatients’careundertheguidanceofphysicians.Theyalsodirectothermembersofthenursingstaffincludingpracticalnurses.nurse’saidesandnurseattendants.Thesemenandwomendomanytaskstotreetheregisterednursesforworkrequiringtheirspecialskills. 6.Therearemanyotherimportantdepartmentsinahospitalbesidestheprofessionalservicesdepartment.Thehospitalpharmacyprovidesmedicinesthatphysiciansorderforpatients.Thecentralservicedepartmentmaintainsmedicalsupplies.Thefoodservicedepartmentpreparesmealsforpatientsandstaffmembers.Thehospitallaboratoriesconductteststhathelpdoctorsdiagnoseandtreatillnesses.TheradiologydepartmentmakesXraystohelpphysiciansdiagnosediseasesandinjuries.Themedicalrecordsdepartmentkeepsarecordoneverypatient.Ifformerpatientsreturntothehospitaltheirmedicalrecordhelpsthephysiciandiagnoseandtreattheirillness.Theadmittingofficeschedulespatientsforadmissionattherequestoftheirphysicianandassignsthemtoaroom.Andthebusinessofficelistseachpatient’schargespreparesabillandrecordspaymentsreceived. Paragraph4.
Naturalselectiondescribesthebiologicalprocessinwhichthedifferencesofindividualswithinapopulationinfluencestheirabilitiestosurviveandreproduceinanenvironment.Thedifferencesinindividualsisaresultoftheirgeneticinheritancefromtheirparents.Inapopulationanycharacteristicwhichblocksreproductionsuccesstendstodecreasegenerationbygeneration.Intimetheill-adapteddieout.Ontheotherhandtheindividualswhodosurviveandreproducewilltendtoproduceoffspringwhicharebetteradaptedtotheenvironment.Naturalselectiontendstopromoteadaptationsthatwillincreasetheorganism’sabilitytosurviveinanenvironment. Naturalselectioncanservetostabilizeapopulationifthenewtraitscalledmutationsareeliminatedwhentheyappearbecausetheyarenotaswell-adaptedtotheenvironment.Theoppositeeffectisobtainedwhenanewtraitisintroducedwhichallowsindividualstoadaptbetterovertimethespecieswillchangeasthismutationbecomesmorewidespreadinthepopulation.Inhumanbeingsincreasedbrainsizehelpedindividualstoadaptbetterandsobrainsizeincreasedgraduallyinthespecies.Changesintheoverallgeneticmakeupofapopulationarenormalwhenthereareenvironmentalchangesespeciallyseverenvironmentaldisruptions.Specializedadaptationstospecificenvironmentscanleadovertimetothedevelopmentofsubpopulationofindividualsoneswhoarebetteradaptedtoparticularsoilconditionsfoodsourcesandsoon.Given enoughtimethesesubpopulationsmaydevelopintoseparatespeciessuchaszebrasandhorseslivingindistinctenvironmentsandnotinterbreeding. Thetopicofthispassagewouldbe
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 ??Streetsellersparticularlyin developingcountriessupplylargeamountsoffood{{U}}?51 ?{{/U}}peopleonlowincomes.Thissectoralsoemployssome6%～25%ofthe workforcemainlywomenindevelopingcountriesandprovidesmarketsfor agriculturalandotherproduce.Inmanycountries{{U}}?52?{{/U}}the authoritiesarenotwillingtorecognizeit{{U}}?53?{{/U}}aformal sectorofthefoodsupplysystemtheymayignoreitinfoodcontrolprogramsor eventrytoputanendto{{U}}?54?{{/U}}.??Thereare towpossiblecontaminants:pathogenicmicro-organisms;{{U}}?55 ?{{/U}}hazardouschemicals:As{{U}}?56?{{/U}}asmicro-organismsare concernedthereisapparentlynoconvincingevidencethatstreetfoodsaremore involvedinthetransmissionofinfection{{U}}?57?{{/U}}foodsobtained ine.g.hotels.StudiesinEgyptandelse-wherehavefoundstreetfoodsto comparenotunfavorablywithhotel{{U}}?58?{{/U}}inrespectof contaminationwithmicro-organisms--somestreetfoodswerefoundtobe contaminatedwithpathogensbutsoalsowerefoodsfromfour-andfive-star{{U}} ?59?{{/U}}inthesamearea.??Hazardouschemicals have{{U}}?60?{{/U}}foundinstreetfoodsandfoodexposedforsaleon roadsidesmaybecomecontaminatedbyleadfromvehicleexhausts.? ?Healthdangersmayarise{{U}}?61?{{/U}}purchaseofrawfoodof poorquality;improperstorageprocessingandcookingleadingtoreuseof water;limitedpipeddrinkingwater;lack{{U}}?62?{{/U}}refrigeration; andunsatisfactorywaste-disposalfacilities;inexperiencedorpersonal cleanliness.??Theauthoritiesshouldtake{{U}}?63 ?{{/U}}accountthepotentialsofdifferentcategoriesoffoodfor transmittingdiseaseandshouldcontrolappropriatelyforthedifferent{{U}} ?64?{{/U}}-sellersofbottleddrinksrequirelesscontrolthanthose offood.Dryfoodstuffdriedgrainsandsugaredfoodsarelesslikelyto transmitdiseasethangraviescookedriceandlow-acidmilkeggandmeat products.Similarlyfoodswhicharethoroughlycookedandeatenat{{U}}?65 ?{{/U}}aresaferthanprecookedfoodkeptathightemperaturesforseveral hours.
Theprospectsfortreatingcysticfibrosisbygenetherapyarelookingbrighterfollowingsuccessfultestswithasafertypeof"shuttle"短程梭运输工具forferrying运送replacementgenesintoapatient’slungs.DuringthetestsaBritish-ledresearchteaminsertedhealthycopiesofthecysticfibrosis囊性纤维变性geneintocellsliningsufferers’noseswiththeaidofmicroscopicdroplets水滴飞沫offatcalledliposomes Othergroupsthathaveattemptedtocorrectthegeneticdefectthatcausescysticfibrosishaveusedvirusesas"vectors"媒介tocarrythehealthygeneintotargetcells.UnfortunatelyvirusescanalsocauseinflammationinthelungsanundesirablesideeffectinCFpatientswhoselungsarealreadydiseased.ThenewmethodforintroducingcorrectivegenesintothelungsofCFpatientspromisestobemuchsafer. CysticfibrosisiscausedbydefectsinagenecalledCFTRwhichplaysapartinthetransportofchlorideions离子outofthecellsliningthelungsairwaysandgut.Defectsinthisgenemeanthatpatientshavedifficultyexpellingmucus黏液andinhaled吸入microorganismsfromtheirlungs.Asaresulttheyareverysusceptibletolunginfectionsandusuallydieataround30yearsold. Asanalternativetotheviralvectortheresearcherslinkedloops环ofDNAcontaininghealthycopiedoftheCFTRgenetomicroscopicliposomes.Whentheliposomescomeincontactwithacelltheyfuse融合withitsoutermembraneandreleasetheDNAintothecell’sinterior.Totestthesystemtheteamsprayedtheliposomesintothenosesofvolunteerswithcysticfibrosis."Thecellsliningthenoseareverysimilartothoseliningthelung"explainsDavidPorteousofthehumangeneticsgroupinEdinburgh.Buttheceilsinthenoseareeasiertomonitorandtherisksarelowerifanynasal鼻的cellsaredamaged. Intheevent结果到头来noneofthevolunteerssufferedanyunpleasantsideeffects.Andasinglesprayingpartiallycorrectedthecysticfibrosisdefect.Theresearchersassessedtheeffectivenessofthetreatmentbymeasuringthevoltage电压伏特acrossthelayerofcellsliningthenose.Thisvoltageishigherincysticfibrosissufferersthaninhealthypeople.Asinglesprayingreducedthisdifferencebyaround20percent.There-searchersreportedthattheeffectlastedforuptoaweek. TheBritishresearchershaveyettotesttheirsprayinthelungsbutareconfidentthattheliposomeswillnotcauseinflammation.Thequestionhoweverishoweffectivetheshuttlesystemis.InthenosetheresearchershadtoaddmorecopiesofthehealthyCFTRgenetomatchtheperformanceoftheadenovirus.Thisisbecauseadenovirusescarrygenesdirectlytothecell’snucleusensuringthattheinstructionstheycarryareread.Genescarriedbyliposomesareonlyguaranteedarideintothecell’scytoplasmandfewerwillfindtheirwaytothenucleus.Manywillbebrokendownbythecell’swastedisposalsystembeforetheygetthere. BobWilliamsonwhoheadsthegroupatSt.Mary’sHospitalsaysthiswillrequiremuchmoreefficientvectors."Peoplein10to15yearswilllaughatthecrudityoftheliposomesandvirusesthatwe’reusingtoday"hesays.TheaimistomakecustomizedvectorswhichcombinethebestaspectsofbothsystemsandincludeothergeneticsequencestoensurethattheinformationcarriedbythehealthyCFTRgeneisusedbythetargetcellsliningthelungs. Cysticfibrosispatientsareverysusceptibletolunginfectionsandthusdieearly.
Ahospitalisaninstitutionthatprovidesmedicalservicesforacommunity.Thedoctorsnursesandotherpersonnelofahospitalworktorestorehealthtosickandinjuredpeople.Theyalsotrytopreventdiseaseandmaintainhealthinthecommunity.Somehospitalsserveascentersformedicaleducationandresearch. 2.Mosthospitalsareshort-termhospitalsinwhichthemajorityofpatientsstaylessthan30days.Patientsspendanaverageof4to8daysinashort-termhospital.Inlongtermhospitalsmostpatientsstaymorethan30days.Peoplehavingtheirtonsilsremovedwouldgotoashort-termhospital.Thosewithseverementalillnessesmaystayinalong-terminstitutionbecauseofthetimeneededtotreattheircondition. 3.Ageneralhospitalprovidesservicesformostpeopleandillnesses.Aspecialhospitalcaresforcertainpeopleorcertainillnesses.Forexamplepediatrichospitalstreatonlychildren.Rehabilitationhospitalsprovideservicestohelppeopleadjusttomentalandphysicaldisabilities. 4.Ahospitalmayperformotherservicesbesidestreatingthesick.Researchhospitalsconductmedicalresearch.Teachinghospitalseducatefuturephysiciansnursesandlaboratoryspecialists.Ateachinghospitalmayformpartofauniversitymedicalcenteroritmaybeageneralhospitalassociatedwithamedicalschool. 5.Intheprofessionalservicesdepartmentphysiciansplayanimportantroleandleadalargemedicalteamworkingforthehospital.Themedicalteamalsoincludesphysiciansintraining.Theseinternshavecomefrommedicalschoolsandworkinahospitalforpracticalexperience.Thenursingstaffformsthelargestgrouponthepatientcareteam.Professionalnursesgenerallycalledregisterednurseshavegraduatedfromanursingschool.Theycarryoutmuchofthepatients’careundertheguidanceofphysicians.Theyalsodirectothermembersofthenursingstaffincludingpracticalnurses.nurse’saidesandnurseattendants.Thesemenandwomendomanytaskstotreetheregisterednursesforworkrequiringtheirspecialskills. 6.Therearemanyotherimportantdepartmentsinahospitalbesidestheprofessionalservicesdepartment.Thehospitalpharmacyprovidesmedicinesthatphysiciansorderforpatients.Thecentralservicedepartmentmaintainsmedicalsupplies.Thefoodservicedepartmentpreparesmealsforpatientsandstaffmembers.Thehospitallaboratoriesconductteststhathelpdoctorsdiagnoseandtreatillnesses.TheradiologydepartmentmakesXraystohelpphysiciansdiagnosediseasesandinjuries.Themedicalrecordsdepartmentkeepsarecordoneverypatient.Ifformerpatientsreturntothehospitaltheirmedicalrecordhelpsthephysiciandiagnoseandtreattheirillness.Theadmittingofficeschedulespatientsforadmissionattherequestoftheirphysicianandassignsthemtoaroom.Andthebusinessofficelistseachpatient’schargespreparesabillandrecordspaymentsreceived. Paragraph6.
Theprospectsfortreatingcysticfibrosisbygenetherapyarelookingbrighterfollowingsuccessfultestswithasafertypeof"shuttle"短程梭运输工具forferrying运送replacementgenesintoapatient’slungs.DuringthetestsaBritish-ledresearchteaminsertedhealthycopiesofthecysticfibrosis囊性纤维变性geneintocellsliningsufferers’noseswiththeaidofmicroscopicdroplets水滴飞沫offatcalledliposomes Othergroupsthathaveattemptedtocorrectthegeneticdefectthatcausescysticfibrosishaveusedvirusesas"vectors"媒介tocarrythehealthygeneintotargetcells.UnfortunatelyvirusescanalsocauseinflammationinthelungsanundesirablesideeffectinCFpatientswhoselungsarealreadydiseased.ThenewmethodforintroducingcorrectivegenesintothelungsofCFpatientspromisestobemuchsafer. CysticfibrosisiscausedbydefectsinagenecalledCFTRwhichplaysapartinthetransportofchlorideions离子outofthecellsliningthelungsairwaysandgut.Defectsinthisgenemeanthatpatientshavedifficultyexpellingmucus黏液andinhaled吸入microorganismsfromtheirlungs.Asaresulttheyareverysusceptibletolunginfectionsandusuallydieataround30yearsold. Asanalternativetotheviralvectortheresearcherslinkedloops环ofDNAcontaininghealthycopiedoftheCFTRgenetomicroscopicliposomes.Whentheliposomescomeincontactwithacelltheyfuse融合withitsoutermembraneandreleasetheDNAintothecell’sinterior.Totestthesystemtheteamsprayedtheliposomesintothenosesofvolunteerswithcysticfibrosis."Thecellsliningthenoseareverysimilartothoseliningthelung"explainsDavidPorteousofthehumangeneticsgroupinEdinburgh.Buttheceilsinthenoseareeasiertomonitorandtherisksarelowerifanynasal鼻的cellsaredamaged. Intheevent结果到头来noneofthevolunteerssufferedanyunpleasantsideeffects.Andasinglesprayingpartiallycorrectedthecysticfibrosisdefect.Theresearchersassessedtheeffectivenessofthetreatmentbymeasuringthevoltage电压伏特acrossthelayerofcellsliningthenose.Thisvoltageishigherincysticfibrosissufferersthaninhealthypeople.Asinglesprayingreducedthisdifferencebyaround20percent.There-searchersreportedthattheeffectlastedforuptoaweek. TheBritishresearchershaveyettotesttheirsprayinthelungsbutareconfidentthattheliposomeswillnotcauseinflammation.Thequestionhoweverishoweffectivetheshuttlesystemis.InthenosetheresearchershadtoaddmorecopiesofthehealthyCFTRgenetomatchtheperformanceoftheadenovirus.Thisisbecauseadenovirusescarrygenesdirectlytothecell’snucleusensuringthattheinstructionstheycarryareread.Genescarriedbyliposomesareonlyguaranteedarideintothecell’scytoplasmandfewerwillfindtheirwaytothenucleus.Manywillbebrokendownbythecell’swastedisposalsystembeforetheygetthere. BobWilliamsonwhoheadsthegroupatSt.Mary’sHospitalsaysthiswillrequiremuchmoreefficientvectors."Peoplein10to15yearswilllaughatthecrudityoftheliposomesandvirusesthatwe’reusingtoday"hesays.TheaimistomakecustomizedvectorswhichcombinethebestaspectsofbothsystemsandincludeothergeneticsequencestoensurethattheinformationcarriedbythehealthyCFTRgeneisusedbythetargetcellsliningthelungs. Muchmoreefficientvectorsmustbefoundtocompensateforthedefectcompletely.
Latinmightoncehavebeenclaimedasthemostsuitableofpossibleinternationallanguage.
Socialanxietydisorderpreventssome15millionAmericansfromleadingnormalsocialandromanticlivesanewsurveyfinds. Thedisorderleavesmanyisolatedashamedandoftenmisdiagnosed.Thirty-sixpercentofthosewithsocialanxietydisorderhavesymptomsfor10yearsormorebeforeseekinghelptheAnxietyDisordersAssociationofAmericareports. "Socialanxietydisorderiswhensomebodyhasanintensepersistentandirrationalfearofsocialorperformancesituations"JerilynRosstheassociation’spresidentandCEOsaidduringateleconferenceWednesday. "Theconditioncausespeopletoavoidcommoneverydaysituationsandevenotherpeopleforfearofbeingjudgedorcriticizedorhumiliatedorembarrassingthemselves"Rosssaid. SocialanxietydisordercaninterferewithdailyroutinesandjobperformanceRossnoted."Italsomakesitverydifficultforpeopletodevelopfriendsandromanticpartnerships"shesaid. PeoplewiththisdisorderrecognizetheirfearisexcessiveandirrationalRossnoted."Buttheyfeelpowerlesstodoanythingaboutit"shesaid. SocialanxietydisordercanstartintheearlyteensDr.MarkH.PollackdirectoroftheCenterforAnxietyandTraumaticStressDisordersandaprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchoolsaidduringtheteleconference. "Thisisadisorderthatstartsaffectingpeopleearlyon"Pollacksaid."Thetypicalageofonsetisearlyadolescenceage12or13andmanyindividualsreportahistoryofanxietydatingbacktoearlierchildhood." ThedisorderalsohasphysicalsymptomsincludingheartpalpitationsfeelingsthattheirthroatwillcloseupsweatingblushingfaintnesstremblingandstammeringRosssaid. Amongpeoplewiththedisorder75percentsaidtheconditionaffectedtheirabilitytodonormalactivities.Inaddition69percentsaidtheydidn’twantpeopletothinktheywerecrazyand58percentsaidtheywereembarrassedbytheirconditionRosssaid. Howeverwhentheconditionisdiagnosedandtreatedmanyreportedimprovementintheirlives.Infact59percentwhowerereceivingtreatmentsaidtreatmenthadapositiveeffectontheirabilitytohavearomanticrelationship.Inaddition39percentwhohadreceivedtreatmentsaidknowingthattreatmentcanbesuccessfulaidedtheirdecisiontogethelpRossnoted. ThesymptomsofsocialanxietydisorderincludeallthefollowingEXCEPT
Painiseasiertoendureifyouknowyoucanendit.SpeakersatasessiononpainattheBritishAssociation’spsychologysectionhavenewevidencetosupportthisideafortwocommonexperiencesofpain:inchildbirthandatthedentist’s.Ontheothersideofthecointheirinabilitytocontrolpainmayexplainwhysomepeoplewithcontinualpainhavepsychologicalproblemsaswell. Dr.J.Robinsonfoundoutaboutthephenomenonofself-controlledpainalmostbyaccident.Hewasstudyingtheeffectsofanalgesicsusedtocontrolpainduringchildbirthandaspartoftheexperimentmadeitpossibleforwomenhavingtheirchildtopressabuttonwhichgaveanautomaticinjection—insteadofhavingallinjectionsmadebythedoctor.Afterwardsthesewomendidnotsaythattheyhadlesspainthanotherwomeninchildbirthbuttheydiduseconsiderablelessofthedrug. J.Atkinsadentalsurgeonhasobservedasimilarphenomenon.AspartoftheireffortstomakedentistrypainlessAtkinsandresearchersatAstonUniversityinBirminghamofferedpatientsaswitchtheycouldfliptoturnoffthedentist’sdrillwhenevertheychose.Butaftertryingtheswitchon50patientsAtkinsgaveup;noneofthepatientshadeverflippedtheswitch. PerhapstheextraendurancewasbecausetheAstonteamalsouseothermethodstomakedentistrypainless.Apparentlyfewotherdentistsaresoconsiderate.TheendresultaccordingtotheBirminghamsurveyisthatBritishpeopleavoidgoingtothedentistwiththeconsequencethatalmost30%ofpeopleinEnglandandWaleshavelostalltheirteethandmorethansevenoutoftenhavelostatleastsixteeth.Lessthanhalfofthepublicpayregularvisitstothedentist.TofindoutwhyAtkinsandpsychologistCumberbatchinterviewedasampleofpatientsattendingadentalhospital.Themostcommonreasonpeoplegavefornothavingdentalcheck-upswerefearandpain. ByusingalittlecareandtakingtimetoexplainwhatwillhappenAtkinsfeelsdentistscouldovercomethesefears.Therearetechniquesforgivinginjectionswithoutpainanda"calmunhurriedapproach"todrillingcanmakethatpainlesstoo. Sadlyfewdentistsseemtotakemuchtroublewiththeirpatients."IamnotnervouswhenIgotothedentistandIdonothaveanypronouncedsympathyforthosewhoare"saidonedentist."Itendtotakethepointofviewthattheyarebeingunreasonableatmyexpense." Whatmightbethemostsuitabletitleforthepassage
TheNationalCommitteewascomposedof22manualworkersandwhite-collarworkers.
TimothyStowofInverGroveHeightsMinn.workedhardexercisedoftenandthoughthegotplentyofsleep.Yetheneverfeltrested.The20-year-oldsalesmandozedoffduringmeetingsandhadfourcaraccidentsafterfallingasleepatthewheel.46 47Electrodesaffixedfromheadtotoekepttrackofallactivityinhisbrainhearteyesfacesarmsandlegs.48Whenhesleptthesofttissueatthebackofhisthroatnearthebaseofhistonguecollapsedagainstitselfblockingairintake.Eachtimehisbreathwascutoff—about100timesanhour—hisbrainwouldalerthimtoawakenandbreathe.Heneverwoketofullconsciousnessbutneitherdidhefallintoadeeprestfulsleep.SleepapneaafflictsmillionsofAmericanstypicallymiddle-agedoverweightmen.Theproblembeginsgraduallywithloudandprolongedsnoring.49Inseverecasesthevictimspendsmostofhissleeptimenotbreathing.DoctorsatthecentergaveStowaContinuousPositiveAirwayPressureCPAPdevice.50 A.Nowwhenheretireshestrapsoverhisnoseasoftrubbermaskconnectedtoasmallunitthatsuppliesjustenoughairpressuretoholdhisairwayopensohecanbreathecontinuously. B.FinallyhisdoctorsenthimtotheMinnesotaRegionalSleepDisordersCenterinMinneapolis. C.Laterattheendofeachrunofsnorescomesabriefbreath-holdingspell. D.DoctorssoonrealizedthatStowwasavictimofsleepapnea. E.Manypeoplehavechronicsleepproblems.F.PlacedinaquietroomStowwenttosleepathisusualtime. 46.
Naturalselectiondescribesthebiologicalprocessinwhichthedifferencesofindividualswithinapopulationinfluencestheirabilitiestosurviveandreproduceinanenvironment.Thedifferencesinindividualsisaresultoftheirgeneticinheritancefromtheirparents.Inapopulationanycharacteristicwhichblocksreproductionsuccesstendstodecreasegenerationbygeneration.Intimetheill-adapteddieout.Ontheotherhandtheindividualswhodosurviveandreproducewilltendtoproduceoffspringwhicharebetteradaptedtotheenvironment.Naturalselectiontendstopromoteadaptationsthatwillincreasetheorganism’sabilitytosurviveinanenvironment. Naturalselectioncanservetostabilizeapopulationifthenewtraitscalledmutationsareeliminatedwhentheyappearbecausetheyarenotaswell-adaptedtotheenvironment.Theoppositeeffectisobtainedwhenanewtraitisintroducedwhichallowsindividualstoadaptbetterovertimethespecieswillchangeasthismutationbecomesmorewidespreadinthepopulation.Inhumanbeingsincreasedbrainsizehelpedindividualstoadaptbetterandsobrainsizeincreasedgraduallyinthespecies.Changesintheoverallgeneticmakeupofapopulationarenormalwhenthereareenvironmentalchangesespeciallyseverenvironmentaldisruptions.Specializedadaptationstospecificenvironmentscanleadovertimetothedevelopmentofsubpopulationofindividualsoneswhoarebetteradaptedtoparticularsoilconditionsfoodsourcesandsoon.Given enoughtimethesesubpopulationsmaydevelopintoseparatespeciessuchaszebrasandhorseslivingindistinctenvironmentsandnotinterbreeding. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutnaturalselection
Throughouttheworldthereisashortageofhumanorgansfortransplants.InBritainforexample6000peoplearewaitingfororgans——5000forkidneysandthe51 forheartslungsandlivers.52onlyabout1750kidney500heartandlungand650livertransplantsare53 eachyear.Andthewaiting54 increasesatfivepercentayear.IntheUnitedStatesonlyhalfofthe30000inneedoforgans55 them. Hencethegreatinterestinanimal-to-humantransplantsknownasxenograftsorxenotransplantsfromtheGreekworkxenosmeaningstrangeofforeign56 mostscientistsbelieveistheonlylong-termsolutiontotheorgan57.Therehavebeenattemptsatxenotransplants58 thebeginningofthiscenturybutneitherhasbeensuccessful;thelongest59 wasa20-day-oldbabycalledFaewhoin1984was60 theheartofababoon. Themain61 withanyorgantransplantisthattheimmunesystemofthepatientreceivingtheorganseesthetransplantorgan62 aninvader.Theimmunesystemthereforelaunchesamassiveattackontheinvaderactivatingenzymesknowsascomplementwhichattackthe63 bodyeventuallykillingthepatientaswell.Thisrejectionhasbeen64whentransplantinghumanorgansbetweenhumansbytheclosematchingoftissueandthelong-termuseofdrugsknownasimmuno-suppressantsfirstintroducedjustovertenyearsago.Withxenotranplantshoweverrejectionisevenmore65;anormalpig’sheartforexampletransfuseswithhumanbloodcanbedestroyedin15minutes. 54.
Manypuremetalshavelittleusebecausetheyaretoosoftrusttooeasilyorhavesomeotherdrawback
Theprospectsfortreatingcysticfibrosisbygenetherapyarelookingbrighterfollowingsuccessfultestswithasafertypeof"shuttle"短程梭运输工具forferrying运送replacementgenesintoapatient’slungs.DuringthetestsaBritish-ledresearchteaminsertedhealthycopiesofthecysticfibrosis囊性纤维变性geneintocellsliningsufferers’noseswiththeaidofmicroscopicdroplets水滴飞沫offatcalledliposomes Othergroupsthathaveattemptedtocorrectthegeneticdefectthatcausescysticfibrosishaveusedvirusesas"vectors"媒介tocarrythehealthygeneintotargetcells.UnfortunatelyvirusescanalsocauseinflammationinthelungsanundesirablesideeffectinCFpatientswhoselungsarealreadydiseased.ThenewmethodforintroducingcorrectivegenesintothelungsofCFpatientspromisestobemuchsafer. CysticfibrosisiscausedbydefectsinagenecalledCFTRwhichplaysapartinthetransportofchlorideions离子outofthecellsliningthelungsairwaysandgut.Defectsinthisgenemeanthatpatientshavedifficultyexpellingmucus黏液andinhaled吸入microorganismsfromtheirlungs.Asaresulttheyareverysusceptibletolunginfectionsandusuallydieataround30yearsold. Asanalternativetotheviralvectortheresearcherslinkedloops环ofDNAcontaininghealthycopiedoftheCFTRgenetomicroscopicliposomes.Whentheliposomescomeincontactwithacelltheyfuse融合withitsoutermembraneandreleasetheDNAintothecell’sinterior.Totestthesystemtheteamsprayedtheliposomesintothenosesofvolunteerswithcysticfibrosis."Thecellsliningthenoseareverysimilartothoseliningthelung"explainsDavidPorteousofthehumangeneticsgroupinEdinburgh.Buttheceilsinthenoseareeasiertomonitorandtherisksarelowerifanynasal鼻的cellsaredamaged. Intheevent结果到头来noneofthevolunteerssufferedanyunpleasantsideeffects.Andasinglesprayingpartiallycorrectedthecysticfibrosisdefect.Theresearchersassessedtheeffectivenessofthetreatmentbymeasuringthevoltage电压伏特acrossthelayerofcellsliningthenose.Thisvoltageishigherincysticfibrosissufferersthaninhealthypeople.Asinglesprayingreducedthisdifferencebyaround20percent.There-searchersreportedthattheeffectlastedforuptoaweek. TheBritishresearchershaveyettotesttheirsprayinthelungsbutareconfidentthattheliposomeswillnotcauseinflammation.Thequestionhoweverishoweffectivetheshuttlesystemis.InthenosetheresearchershadtoaddmorecopiesofthehealthyCFTRgenetomatchtheperformanceoftheadenovirus.Thisisbecauseadenovirusescarrygenesdirectlytothecell’snucleusensuringthattheinstructionstheycarryareread.Genescarriedbyliposomesareonlyguaranteedarideintothecell’scytoplasmandfewerwillfindtheirwaytothenucleus.Manywillbebrokendownbythecell’swastedisposalsystembeforetheygetthere. BobWilliamsonwhoheadsthegroupatSt.Mary’sHospitalsaysthiswillrequiremuchmoreefficientvectors."Peoplein10to15yearswilllaughatthecrudityoftheliposomesandvirusesthatwe’reusingtoday"hesays.TheaimistomakecustomizedvectorswhichcombinethebestaspectsofbothsystemsandincludeothergeneticsequencestoensurethattheinformationcarriedbythehealthyCFTRgeneisusedbythetargetcellsliningthelungs. CysticfibrosisiscausedbyagenecalledCFTR.
Theprospectsfortreatingcysticfibrosisbygenetherapyarelookingbrighterfollowingsuccessfultestswithasafertypeof"shuttle"短程梭运输工具forferrying运送replacementgenesintoapatient’slungs.DuringthetestsaBritish-ledresearchteaminsertedhealthycopiesofthecysticfibrosis囊性纤维变性geneintocellsliningsufferers’noseswiththeaidofmicroscopicdroplets水滴飞沫offatcalledliposomes Othergroupsthathaveattemptedtocorrectthegeneticdefectthatcausescysticfibrosishaveusedvirusesas"vectors"媒介tocarrythehealthygeneintotargetcells.UnfortunatelyvirusescanalsocauseinflammationinthelungsanundesirablesideeffectinCFpatientswhoselungsarealreadydiseased.ThenewmethodforintroducingcorrectivegenesintothelungsofCFpatientspromisestobemuchsafer. CysticfibrosisiscausedbydefectsinagenecalledCFTRwhichplaysapartinthetransportofchlorideions离子outofthecellsliningthelungsairwaysandgut.Defectsinthisgenemeanthatpatientshavedifficultyexpellingmucus黏液andinhaled吸入microorganismsfromtheirlungs.Asaresulttheyareverysusceptibletolunginfectionsandusuallydieataround30yearsold. Asanalternativetotheviralvectortheresearcherslinkedloops环ofDNAcontaininghealthycopiedoftheCFTRgenetomicroscopicliposomes.Whentheliposomescomeincontactwithacelltheyfuse融合withitsoutermembraneandreleasetheDNAintothecell’sinterior.Totestthesystemtheteamsprayedtheliposomesintothenosesofvolunteerswithcysticfibrosis."Thecellsliningthenoseareverysimilartothoseliningthelung"explainsDavidPorteousofthehumangeneticsgroupinEdinburgh.Buttheceilsinthenoseareeasiertomonitorandtherisksarelowerifanynasal鼻的cellsaredamaged. Intheevent结果到头来noneofthevolunteerssufferedanyunpleasantsideeffects.Andasinglesprayingpartiallycorrectedthecysticfibrosisdefect.Theresearchersassessedtheeffectivenessofthetreatmentbymeasuringthevoltage电压伏特acrossthelayerofcellsliningthenose.Thisvoltageishigherincysticfibrosissufferersthaninhealthypeople.Asinglesprayingreducedthisdifferencebyaround20percent.There-searchersreportedthattheeffectlastedforuptoaweek. TheBritishresearchershaveyettotesttheirsprayinthelungsbutareconfidentthattheliposomeswillnotcauseinflammation.Thequestionhoweverishoweffectivetheshuttlesystemis.InthenosetheresearchershadtoaddmorecopiesofthehealthyCFTRgenetomatchtheperformanceoftheadenovirus.Thisisbecauseadenovirusescarrygenesdirectlytothecell’snucleusensuringthattheinstructionstheycarryareread.Genescarriedbyliposomesareonlyguaranteedarideintothecell’scytoplasmandfewerwillfindtheirwaytothenucleus.Manywillbebrokendownbythecell’swastedisposalsystembeforetheygetthere. BobWilliamsonwhoheadsthegroupatSt.Mary’sHospitalsaysthiswillrequiremuchmoreefficientvectors."Peoplein10to15yearswilllaughatthecrudityoftheliposomesandvirusesthatwe’reusingtoday"hesays.TheaimistomakecustomizedvectorswhichcombinethebestaspectsofbothsystemsandincludeothergeneticsequencestoensurethattheinformationcarriedbythehealthyCFTRgeneisusedbythetargetcellsliningthelungs. LiposomesweretestedasavectorforferryingreplacementgenesintothelungsofCFpatients.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 ??Streetsellersparticularlyin developingcountriessupplylargeamountsoffood{{U}}?51 ?{{/U}}peopleonlowincomes.Thissectoralsoemployssome6%～25%ofthe workforcemainlywomenindevelopingcountriesandprovidesmarketsfor agriculturalandotherproduce.Inmanycountries{{U}}?52?{{/U}}the authoritiesarenotwillingtorecognizeit{{U}}?53?{{/U}}aformal sectorofthefoodsupplysystemtheymayignoreitinfoodcontrolprogramsor eventrytoputanendto{{U}}?54?{{/U}}.??Thereare towpossiblecontaminants:pathogenicmicro-organisms;{{U}}?55 ?{{/U}}hazardouschemicals:As{{U}}?56?{{/U}}asmicro-organismsare concernedthereisapparentlynoconvincingevidencethatstreetfoodsaremore involvedinthetransmissionofinfection{{U}}?57?{{/U}}foodsobtained ine.g.hotels.StudiesinEgyptandelse-wherehavefoundstreetfoodsto comparenotunfavorablywithhotel{{U}}?58?{{/U}}inrespectof contaminationwithmicro-organisms--somestreetfoodswerefoundtobe contaminatedwithpathogensbutsoalsowerefoodsfromfour-andfive-star{{U}} ?59?{{/U}}inthesamearea.??Hazardouschemicals have{{U}}?60?{{/U}}foundinstreetfoodsandfoodexposedforsaleon roadsidesmaybecomecontaminatedbyleadfromvehicleexhausts.? ?Healthdangersmayarise{{U}}?61?{{/U}}purchaseofrawfoodof poorquality;improperstorageprocessingandcookingleadingtoreuseof water;limitedpipeddrinkingwater;lack{{U}}?62?{{/U}}refrigeration; andunsatisfactorywaste-disposalfacilities;inexperiencedorpersonal cleanliness.??Theauthoritiesshouldtake{{U}}?63 ?{{/U}}accountthepotentialsofdifferentcategoriesoffoodfor transmittingdiseaseandshouldcontrolappropriatelyforthedifferent{{U}} ?64?{{/U}}-sellersofbottleddrinksrequirelesscontrolthanthose offood.Dryfoodstuffdriedgrainsandsugaredfoodsarelesslikelyto transmitdiseasethangraviescookedriceandlow-acidmilkeggandmeat products.Similarlyfoodswhicharethoroughlycookedandeatenat{{U}}?65 ?{{/U}}aresaferthanprecookedfoodkeptathightemperaturesforseveral hours.
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