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设正值函数f(x)在[1,+∞)上连续,则函数 的最小值点是x=______.
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设m是实数若函数fx=|x﹣m|﹣|x﹣1|是定义在R上的奇函数但不是偶函数则下列关于函数fx的性质
只有减区间没有增区间
[﹣1,1]是f(x)的增区间
m=±1
最小值为﹣3
设正值函数y=fxx≥0连续可微且f0=1已知曲线y=fx与x轴y轴以及过点x0且垂直于x轴的直线所
设Fx是函数fx在区间I上的原函数则
(A) F(x)必是初等函数且有界.
(B) F(x)必是初等函数,但未必有界.
(C) F(x)在I上必连续且有界.
(D) F(x)在I上必连续,但未必有界.
设函数fx=x2+a-2x-1在区间[2+∞上是增函数则实数a的最小值为
-2
-1
1
2
下列命题或等式中错误的是
设f(x)在[-a,a]上连续且为偶函数,则
设f(x)在[-a,a]上连续且为奇函数,则
设f(x)在[-∞,∞]上连续且为周期函数,周期为T,则
(a∈R)
设fx为[-aa]上的连续的偶函数且fx>0令.Ⅰ证明F’x单调增加.Ⅱ当x取何值时Fx取最小值Ⅲ当
设函数fx在[1+∞上连续且反常积分[*]收敛并满足[*][*]则函数fx的表达式是______.
下列命题或等式中错误的是
设f(x)在[-a,a]上连续且为偶函数,则
设f(x)在[-a,a]上连续且为奇函数,则
设f(x)在[-∞,∞]上连续且为周期函数,周期为T,则
(a∈R)
设正值函数fx在[1+∞上连续则函数的最小值点是x=______.
设fx=ax3+bx+ca≠0为奇函数其图象在点1f1处的切线与直线x-6y-7=0垂直导函数f′x
设函数fx在0+∞上连续且对任意正值a与b积分的值与a无关且f1=1.则fx=______.
设函数fx=ax3+bx+ca≠0为奇函数其图象在点1f1处的切线与直线x﹣6y﹣7=0垂直导函数f
下列命题或等式中错误的是
设f(x)在[-a,a]上连续且为偶函数,则
设f(x)在[-a,a]上连续且为奇函数,则
设f(x)在[-∞,∞]上连续且为周期函数,周期为T,则
(a∈R)
设函数问函数fx在x=1处是否连续若不连续修改函数在x=1处的定义使之连续
设区域D=xy|0≤x≤10≤Y≤1fx为D上的正值连续函数ab为常数则=
设fx与gx在区间01上都是正值的连续函数.且有相同的单调性.试讨论的大小关系.
设函数fx在0+∞上连续且对任意正值a与b.积分的值与a无关且f1=1.则fx=______.
设函数fxy具有连续的一阶偏导数f11=1f’111=af’211=b又φx=fxf[xfxx]求φ
设fx为[-aa]上的连续的偶函数且fx>0令[*].Ⅰ证明F’x单调增加.Ⅱ当x取何值时Fx取最小
设fx是[01]上单调增的连续正值函数证明
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Directions: Studythefollowingphotocarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethephotobriefly 2interpretthemeaningreflectedbyitand 3offerarelevantexample. Youshouldwrite160-200words. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Electionsoftentellyoumoreaboutwhatpeopleareagainstthanwhattheyarefor.SoitiswiththeEuropeanonesthattookplacelastweekinall25EuropeanUnionmembercountries.Theseelectionswidelytrumpetedastheworld’sbiggest-evermultinationaldemocraticvotewerefoughtforthemostpartas25separatenationalcontestswhichmakesittrickytopickoutmanycommonthemes.Butthestrongestareundoubtedlynegative.Europe’svotersareangryanddisillusioned—andtheyhavedemonstratedtheirangeranddisillusioninthreemainways.Themostobviouswasbyabstaining.Theaverageoverallturnoutwasjustover45%bysomemarginthelowesteverrecordedforelectionstotheEuropeanParliament.Andthataveragedisguisessomebigvariations:Italyforexamplenotchedupover70o//00butSwedenmanagedonly37%.MostdepressingofallatleasttobelieversintheEuropeanprojectwastheextremelylowvoteinmanyofthenewmembercountriesfromcentralEuropewhichaccountedforthewholeofthefallinturnoutsince1999.InthebiggestPolandonlyjustoverafifthoftheelectorateturnedouttovote.OnlyayearagocentralEuropeansvotedinlargenumberstojointheEUwhichtheydidonMay1st.ThattheyabstainedinsuchlargenumbersintheEuropeanelectionspointstoearlydisillusionwiththeEuropeanUnion—aswellastoawidespreadfeelingsharedintheoldmembercountriesaswellthattheEuropeanParliamentdoesnotmatter.DisillusionwithEuropewasalsoabigfactorinthesecondwayinwhichvotersprotestedwhichwasbysupportingaragbagofpopulistnationalistandexplicitlyanti-EUparties.Theserangedfromthe16%whobackedtheUKIndependencePartywhosedeclaredpolicyistowithdrawfromtheEUandwhoseleadersseetheirmissionaswreckingtheEuropeanParliamenttothe14%whovotedforSweden’sJunelistandthe27%ofPoleswhobackedoneoftwoanti-EUpartiestheLeagueofCatholicFamiliesandSelf-defense.TheseresultshavereturnedmanymoreEuroscepticsandtrouble-makerstotheparliamentonsomemeasuresoveraquarterofthenewMEPSwillbelongtotheawkwardsquad.ThatisnotabadthinghoweverforitwillmaketheparliamentmorerepresentativeofEuropeanpublicopinion.ButitisthethirdtargetofEuropeanvoters’irethatisperhapsthemostimmediatelysignificant:thefactthatinmanyEUcountriesoldandnewtheychosetovoteheavilyagainsttheirowngovernments.Thisanti-incumbentvotewasstrongalmosteverywherebutitwasmostpronouncedinBritaintheCzechRepublicGermanyPolandandSweden.TheleadersofallthefourbiggestEuropeanUnioncountriesTonyBlairinBritainJacquesChiracinFranceGerhardSchroderinGermanyandSilvioBerlusconiinItalywereeachgivenabloodynosebytheirvoters.ThebigquestionnowishowEurope’sleadersshouldrespondtothis.ByasublimeorterriblecoincidencesoonaftertheelectionsandjustasTheEconomistwasgoingtopresstheyweregatheringinBrusselsforacrucialsummitatwhichtheyareduetoagreeanewconstitutionaltreatyfortheEUandtoselectanewpresidentfortheEuropeanCommission.GoingintothemeetingmostEUheadsofgovernmentseemeddeterminedtopressaheadwiththisagendaregardlessoftheEuropeanelections—eventhoughtheatmosphereaftertheresultsmaymakeitharderforthemtostrikedeals.Itisimpliedintheconcludingparagraphthat______.
WhileAmericanshavebecomeevermoredependentuponelectricityintheirdailylivesacrucialpartofthesystemthatsupportstheirwayoflifehasnotkeptup.Yesthecountryhasbuiltmorepowerplants—enoughtocreateaglutofpowerinmostpartsofthecountry.41______. California’sdisastrouspartialenergyderegulationandtheroleplayedbyEnronandotherenergymarketingcompaniesinitspowercrisishaveimpededchangesinthenationalabilitytodeliverpower. 42______.Moreoverthedeficiencyalsoincludesinadequatecoordinationamongtheregionsinmanagingtheflowofelectricity.TheseinterregionalweaknessesaresofarthemostplausibleexplanationfortheblackoutonThursday. 43______.Theproblemiswiththesystemofrulesorganizationandoversightthatgovernsthetransmissionnetworks.Itwassetupforaverydifferenteraandisnowcaughtinadifficulttransition. Thetransmissionnetworkswerebuilttoserveautilitysystembasedonregulatedmonopolies.Intheolddaystherewasnocompetitionforcustomers.Todaythemissionistoconnectbuyersandsellersseekingthebestdealirrespectiveofpoliticalboundariesandlocaljurisdictions. 44______.Yetthepowerindustryisprobablynotevenhalfwaythereinitsshiftfromregulationtothemarketplace.TheCaliforniapowercrisisandthepower-tradingscandalssentregulatorsbacktothedrawingboardslowingthedevelopmentofnewinstitutionsrulesandinvestmenttomakecompetitivemarketswork. 55______. [A]Overallformorethanadecadethepowerindustryhasbeenstrugglingwithhowtomovefromtheoldregulationtothenewmarketplace.Thisshiftwasdrivenbytheviewthathalfacenturyofstateregulationhadproducedpowerpricesthatweretoohighandtoovariedamongstates.FactoriesandjobsweremigratingfromstateswithhighelectricpowerpricestothoseWithlowerprices. [B]ButthetransmissionsystemiscaughtinthemiddleofthestalledderegulationoftheAmericanelectricpowerindustry. [C]Asaresultthedevelopmentoftheregionaltransmissionorganizationsiserratic.Morethanone-thirdofthepowertransmittedisnotunderthecontrolofregionaltransmissionorganizations.Somestatesfearthattheircheappowerwouldbesuckedawaytoothermarkets;othersdonotwanttosubordinatestateauthoritytotheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission. [D]Itwasunclearwhenthewaterswouldrecedenevermindwhenlifewouldreturntonormal.Powermaynotberestoredforweeks.Lootingtoo.Begantospiraloutofcontrol.Mr.Naginwhosaidthecitymightbeuninhabitableforthreemonthswasforcedtoorderpolicetoconcentrateonstoppingcrimenotsavingpeople. [E]What’spreventinggreaterconnectionandcoordinationbetweenregionsThetechnologyexistsandisavailable;theeconomicbenefitsofrelievingthebottlenecksbetweenregionsfarexceedsthecostsbymanybillionsofdollars. [F]Yetdespiteclaimsinthewakeoflastweek’sblackoutthatthenationhasa"thirdworld"powergridtheregionalnetworksarefirstworld.Butinonecriticalaspectthesystemhasbecomeincreasinglyvulnerable:intheinterconnectionsamongthedifferentregions.Boththenumberandsizeofthewiresonthebordersbetweenregionsareinadequatefortherisingflowofelectricity.Thismissingpartcreatestheworstbottlenecksinthesystem. [G]Sinceenteringtheoverseaspowermarketin1993KEPCOhasestablishedseveralachievementsthroughitsdistinguishedinternationalbusinessstrategiestopromoteelectricpowerdevelopmentoftheworld.Basedonitslongexperienceandadvancedtechnologygainedover100yearsinKoreaKEPCOcontinuestobuildupitsoutstandingreputationasaleadingutilitycompany.MoreoverKEPCOembraceschallengesandmakesboldstepsintowidermarketsintheworldbyitsflairfordynamicactivitieswhichisfavorablyreceivedinthePhilippinesChinaVietnamandLibya. 44
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatWenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 14
Youarenotheretotellmewhattodo.YouareheretotellmewhyIhavedonewhatIhavealreadydecidedtodoMontaguNormantheBankofEngland’slongest-servinggovernor1920-1944isreputedtohaveoncetoldhiseconomicadviser.Todaythankfullycentralbanksaimtobemoretransparentintheirdecisionmakingaswellasmorerational.Butachievingeitherofthesethingsisnotalwayseasy.WiththemostlaudableofintentionstheFederalReserveAmerica’scentralbankmaybeabouttotakeastepthatcouldbackfire.UnliketheFedmanyothercentralbankshavelongdeclaredexplicitinflationtargetsandthensetinterestratestotrytomeetthese.SomeeconomistshavearguedthattheFedshoulddothesame.WithAlanGreenspantheFed’smuch-respectedchairmanduetoretirenextyear—afteramere18yearsinthejob—someFedofficialswanttoadoptatargetpresumablytomaintainthecentralbank’scredibilityinthescarynewpost-Greenspanera.TheFeddiscussedsuchatargetatitsFebruarymeetingaccordingtominutespublishedthisweek.Thissoundsencouraging.HowevertheFedisconsideringtheideajustwhensomeothercentralbanksarebeginningtoquestionwhetherstrictinflationtargetingreallyworks.Atpresentcentralbanksfocusalmostexclusivelyonconsumer-priceindices.OnthismeasureMr.Greenspancanboastthatinflationremainsundercontrol.Butsomecentralbankersnowarguethatthepricesofassetssuchashousesandsharesshouldalsosomehowbetakenintoaccount.AbroadpriceindexforAmericawhichincludeshousepricesiscurrentlyrunningat5.5%itsfastestpacesince1982.Inflationhassimplytakenadifferentform.ShouldcentralbanksalsotrytocurbincreasesinsuchassetpricesMr.Greenspancontinuestoinsistthatmonetarypolicyshouldnotbeusedtoprickasset-pricebubbles.Identifyingbubblesisdifficultexceptinretrospecthesaysandinterestratesareabluntweapon:anincreasebigenoughtohaltrisingpricescouldtriggerarecession.Itisbetterhesaystowaitforahousingorstockmarketbubbletoburstandthentocushiontheeconomybycuttinginterestrates—ashedidin2001-2002.Andyettheriskisnotjustthatassetpricescangoswiftlyintoreverse.Aswithtraditionalinflationsurgingassetpricesalsodistortpricesignalsandsocancauseamisallocationofresources—encouragingtoolittlesavingforexampleortoomuchinvestmentinhousing.Surginghousepricesmaythereforeargueforhigherinterestratesthanconventionalinflationwoulddemand.Inotherwordsstrictinflationtargeting—thefadofthe1990s—istoocrude.Whichofthefollowingswouldbethebesttitleforthetext
ItmaybejustaswellforOxfordUniversity’sreputationthatthisweek’smeetingofCongregationits3552-stronggoverningbodywasheldinsecretfortheairofcivilizedrationalitythatisgenerallysupposedtopervadedonnishconversationhaslatelyturnedfractious.That’sbecausethevice-chancellorthenearestthingtheplacehastoachiefexecutivehasproposedthemostfundamentalreformstotheuniversitysincetheestablishmentofthecollegesystemin1249;andalotofthedonsandcollegesdon’tlikeit.ThetroublewithOxfordisthatitisunmanageable.Itsproblems—thedifficultyofrecruitinggooddonsandofgettingridofbadonesconcernsaboutacademicstandardsseveremoneyworriesatsomecolleges—allspringfromthat.JohnHoodwhowasrecruitedasvice-chancellorfromtheUniversityofAucklandandisnowprobablythemost-hatedantipodeaninBritishacademiclifereckonsheknowshowtosolvethisandhasproposedtoreducethepowerofdonsandcollegesandincreasethatofuniversityadministrators.Mr.Hoodisrightthattheuniversity’smanagementstructureneedsanoverhaul.Butradicalthoughhisproposalsseemtothoseinvolvedinthecurrentrowtheydonotgofarenough.ThedifficultyofmanagingOxfordstemsonlypartlyfromthenuttinessofitssystemofgovernance;themorefundamentalproblemliesinitsrelationshipwiththegovernment.That’swhyMr.Hoodshouldadoptanideathatwasonceregardedasteeteringonthelunaticfringeofradicalismbutthesedaysisdiscussedeveninpolitecircles.Theideaisindependence.Oxfordgetsaround£5000$9500perundergraduateperyearfromthegovernment.Inreturnitacceptsthatitcanchargestudentsonly£1150risingto£3000nextyearontopofthat.Sinceitprobablycostsatleast£10000ayeartoteachanundergraduatethatleavesOxfordwithadeficitof£4000orsoperstudenttocoverfromitsownfunds.IfOxforddeclaredindependenceitwouldlosethe£52mundergraduatesubsidyatleast.CoulditfilltheholeCertainly.America’stopuniversitieschargearound£20000perstudentperyear.Thedifficultissuewouldnotbemoneyalone:itwouldbebalancingnumbersofnot-so-brilliantrichpeoplepayingtopwhackwiththeclevererpooreronestheywerecross-subsidising.America’stopuniversitiesmanageit:highfeesmeanbetterteachingwhichkeepscompetitionhotandacademicstandardshighwhileluringenoughdonationstoprovidebursariesforthepoor.ItshouldbeeasiertoextractmoneyfromalumniifOxfordwerenolongerstate-funded.Wecanseefromtheavailablestatisticsthatthe______.
Youarenotheretotellmewhattodo.YouareheretotellmewhyIhavedonewhatIhavealreadydecidedtodoMontaguNormantheBankofEngland’slongest-servinggovernor1920-1944isreputedtohaveoncetoldhiseconomicadviser.Todaythankfullycentralbanksaimtobemoretransparentintheirdecisionmakingaswellasmorerational.Butachievingeitherofthesethingsisnotalwayseasy.WiththemostlaudableofintentionstheFederalReserveAmerica’scentralbankmaybeabouttotakeastepthatcouldbackfire.UnliketheFedmanyothercentralbankshavelongdeclaredexplicitinflationtargetsandthensetinterestratestotrytomeetthese.SomeeconomistshavearguedthattheFedshoulddothesame.WithAlanGreenspantheFed’smuch-respectedchairmanduetoretirenextyear—afteramere18yearsinthejob—someFedofficialswanttoadoptatargetpresumablytomaintainthecentralbank’scredibilityinthescarynewpost-Greenspanera.TheFeddiscussedsuchatargetatitsFebruarymeetingaccordingtominutespublishedthisweek.Thissoundsencouraging.HowevertheFedisconsideringtheideajustwhensomeothercentralbanksarebeginningtoquestionwhetherstrictinflationtargetingreallyworks.Atpresentcentralbanksfocusalmostexclusivelyonconsumer-priceindices.OnthismeasureMr.Greenspancanboastthatinflationremainsundercontrol.Butsomecentralbankersnowarguethatthepricesofassetssuchashousesandsharesshouldalsosomehowbetakenintoaccount.AbroadpriceindexforAmericawhichincludeshousepricesiscurrentlyrunningat5.5%itsfastestpacesince1982.Inflationhassimplytakenadifferentform.ShouldcentralbanksalsotrytocurbincreasesinsuchassetpricesMr.Greenspancontinuestoinsistthatmonetarypolicyshouldnotbeusedtoprickasset-pricebubbles.Identifyingbubblesisdifficultexceptinretrospecthesaysandinterestratesareabluntweapon:anincreasebigenoughtohaltrisingpricescouldtriggerarecession.Itisbetterhesaystowaitforahousingorstockmarketbubbletoburstandthentocushiontheeconomybycuttinginterestrates—ashedidin2001-2002.Andyettheriskisnotjustthatassetpricescangoswiftlyintoreverse.Aswithtraditionalinflationsurgingassetpricesalsodistortpricesignalsandsocancauseamisallocationofresources—encouragingtoolittlesavingforexampleortoomuchinvestmentinhousing.Surginghousepricesmaythereforeargueforhigherinterestratesthanconventionalinflationwoulddemand.Inotherwordsstrictinflationtargeting—thefadofthe1990s—istoocrude.Wecanlearnfromthethirdparagraphthat______.
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatWenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 16
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenthusiastratherthanamereobserver.46Itgivesthesenineessaysbasedonhisadventuresoverthepastquartercenturyaresonanceandpsychologicaldepthnotusuallyseeninmoreroutinetravelnarratives. 47Thereaderfollowswide-eyedfromthearmchairasMr.HansenjourneysfromtheFrenchRivieratotheSouthPacificIndiatheUnitedStatesandBorneo.Eachstorycombinesnuancedportraitsofmemorablecharacterswithlyricaldescriptionsofhumanfallibilityandgenerosity. InhiswildesttaleMr.HansenrecountshistimeworkingatahotelonThursdayIslandintheTorresStrait.48"Seldom"hewrites"doesonehavethechancetoenjoythecompanyofpeoplewhohavesocompletelygiventhemselvesovertothecultivationofthelowlifeinsuchstyleandwithsuchgusto."49Beyondtheboozebrokenglassandfistfightstheauthorlearnsthehistoryoftheisland’spearldiverswhoincanvassuitsandlead-weightedshoessnatchgold-lippearlshellsfromaseabedteemingwithseasnakesgiantgroupersandsaltwatercrocodiles. OtherstoriestellofdrinkinghallucinogenickavainVanuatu;lingeringonabeachwithabeautifulMaldiviangirlinapleasurablepursuitthatthelocalscall"nightfishing";cookingpiroshkiwithaMoscowémigréinatinyManhattanapartmentwhiledrugdealersshooteachotherinthelobbybelow;andwatchingtheIndonesiancrewofabecalmedtallshipdanceondecktocountryandwesternmusic. 50ThemostmovingstorycomesfromKolkataformerlyCalcuttawheretheauthor’sfrustrationattheimpenetrablebureaucracywhentryingtoshiphisbelongingshomeisputintoperspectivebyhisvoluntaryworkatMotherTheresa’shomeforthedying.Herehebathesfeedsandcomfortstheinhabitantsofthemen’swardwherethepanicanddespairofdeatharereplacedbydignityandhumour.Thissensitiveportraitalonemakesthisheartfeltcollectionamagicalandupliftingread. Itgivesthesenineessaysbasedonhisadventuresoverthepastquartercenturyaresonanceandpsychologicaldepthnotusuallyseeninmoreroutinetravelnarratives.
Itisanevilinfluenceontheyouthofourcountry.ApoliticiancondemningvideogamingActuallyaclergymandenouncingrockandroll50yearsago.ButthesentimentcouldjustaseasilyhavebeenvoicedbyHillaryClintoninthepastfewweeksassheblamedvideogamesforasilentepidemicofmediadesensitisationandstealingtheinnocenceofourchildren.ThegamingfurorecentersonGrandTheftAuto:SanAndreasapopularandnotoriouslyviolentcopsandrobbersgamethatturnedouttocontainhiddensexscenesthatcouldbeunlockedusingapatchdownloadedfromtheinternet.TheresultingoutcrymostlyfromDemocraticpoliticiansplayingtothecentrecausedthegame’sratinginAmericatobechangedfrommaturewhichmeansyouhavetobe17tobuyittoadultsonlywhichmeansyouhavetobe18butalsomeansthatbigretailerssuchasWal-Martwillnotstockit.AsaresultthegamehasbeenbannedinAustralia;andthisautumnAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissionwillinvestigatethecomplaints.Thatwillgivegaming’sopponentsanopportunitytoventtheirwrathontheindustry.SkepticismofnewmediaisatraditionwithdeeprootsgoingbackatleastasfarasSocrates’objectionstowrittentextsoutlinedinPlato’sPhaedrus.Socratesworriedthatrelyingonwrittentextsratherthantheoraltraditionwouldcreateforgetfulnessinthelearners’soulsbecausetheywillnotusetheirmemories;theywilltrusttotheexternalwrittencharactersandnotrememberofthemselves.Healsoobjectedthatawrittenversionofaspeechwasnosubstitutefortheabilitytointerrogatethespeakersincewhenquestionedthetextalwaysgivesoneunvaryinganswer.Hisobjectioninshortwasthatbookswerenotinteractive.PerhapsSocrateswouldhavethoughtmorehighlyofvideogames.Novelswereonceconsideredtoolow-browforuniversityliteraturecoursesbuteventuallythedisapprovingprofessorsretired.Waltzmusicanddancingwerecondemnedinthe19thcentury;allthattwirlingwasthoughttobeintoxicatinganddepravedandthemusicwasoutlawedinsomeplaces.Todayitishardtoimaginewhatthefusswasabout.AndrockandrollwasthoughttoencourageviolencepromiscuityandSatanism;buttodayevengranniesbuyColdplayalbums.Towhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostlikelyagree
Itisanevilinfluenceontheyouthofourcountry.ApoliticiancondemningvideogamingActuallyaclergymandenouncingrockandroll50yearsago.ButthesentimentcouldjustaseasilyhavebeenvoicedbyHillaryClintoninthepastfewweeksassheblamedvideogamesforasilentepidemicofmediadesensitisationandstealingtheinnocenceofourchildren.ThegamingfurorecentersonGrandTheftAuto:SanAndreasapopularandnotoriouslyviolentcopsandrobbersgamethatturnedouttocontainhiddensexscenesthatcouldbeunlockedusingapatchdownloadedfromtheinternet.TheresultingoutcrymostlyfromDemocraticpoliticiansplayingtothecentrecausedthegame’sratinginAmericatobechangedfrommaturewhichmeansyouhavetobe17tobuyittoadultsonlywhichmeansyouhavetobe18butalsomeansthatbigretailerssuchasWal-Martwillnotstockit.AsaresultthegamehasbeenbannedinAustralia;andthisautumnAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissionwillinvestigatethecomplaints.Thatwillgivegaming’sopponentsanopportunitytoventtheirwrathontheindustry.SkepticismofnewmediaisatraditionwithdeeprootsgoingbackatleastasfarasSocrates’objectionstowrittentextsoutlinedinPlato’sPhaedrus.Socratesworriedthatrelyingonwrittentextsratherthantheoraltraditionwouldcreateforgetfulnessinthelearners’soulsbecausetheywillnotusetheirmemories;theywilltrusttotheexternalwrittencharactersandnotrememberofthemselves.Healsoobjectedthatawrittenversionofaspeechwasnosubstitutefortheabilitytointerrogatethespeakersincewhenquestionedthetextalwaysgivesoneunvaryinganswer.Hisobjectioninshortwasthatbookswerenotinteractive.PerhapsSocrateswouldhavethoughtmorehighlyofvideogames.Novelswereonceconsideredtoolow-browforuniversityliteraturecoursesbuteventuallythedisapprovingprofessorsretired.Waltzmusicanddancingwerecondemnedinthe19thcentury;allthattwirlingwasthoughttobeintoxicatinganddepravedandthemusicwasoutlawedinsomeplaces.Todayitishardtoimaginewhatthefusswasabout.AndrockandrollwasthoughttoencourageviolencepromiscuityandSatanism;buttodayevengranniesbuyColdplayalbums.TheattitudesofSocratesandHillaryClintontowardthenovelmediumare______.
WhileAmericanshavebecomeevermoredependentuponelectricityintheirdailylivesacrucialpartofthesystemthatsupportstheirwayoflifehasnotkeptup.Yesthecountryhasbuiltmorepowerplants—enoughtocreateaglutofpowerinmostpartsofthecountry.41______. California’sdisastrouspartialenergyderegulationandtheroleplayedbyEnronandotherenergymarketingcompaniesinitspowercrisishaveimpededchangesinthenationalabilitytodeliverpower. 42______.Moreoverthedeficiencyalsoincludesinadequatecoordinationamongtheregionsinmanagingtheflowofelectricity.TheseinterregionalweaknessesaresofarthemostplausibleexplanationfortheblackoutonThursday. 43______.Theproblemiswiththesystemofrulesorganizationandoversightthatgovernsthetransmissionnetworks.Itwassetupforaverydifferenteraandisnowcaughtinadifficulttransition. Thetransmissionnetworkswerebuilttoserveautilitysystembasedonregulatedmonopolies.Intheolddaystherewasnocompetitionforcustomers.Todaythemissionistoconnectbuyersandsellersseekingthebestdealirrespectiveofpoliticalboundariesandlocaljurisdictions. 44______.Yetthepowerindustryisprobablynotevenhalfwaythereinitsshiftfromregulationtothemarketplace.TheCaliforniapowercrisisandthepower-tradingscandalssentregulatorsbacktothedrawingboardslowingthedevelopmentofnewinstitutionsrulesandinvestmenttomakecompetitivemarketswork. 55______. [A]Overallformorethanadecadethepowerindustryhasbeenstrugglingwithhowtomovefromtheoldregulationtothenewmarketplace.Thisshiftwasdrivenbytheviewthathalfacenturyofstateregulationhadproducedpowerpricesthatweretoohighandtoovariedamongstates.FactoriesandjobsweremigratingfromstateswithhighelectricpowerpricestothoseWithlowerprices. [B]ButthetransmissionsystemiscaughtinthemiddleofthestalledderegulationoftheAmericanelectricpowerindustry. [C]Asaresultthedevelopmentoftheregionaltransmissionorganizationsiserratic.Morethanone-thirdofthepowertransmittedisnotunderthecontrolofregionaltransmissionorganizations.Somestatesfearthattheircheappowerwouldbesuckedawaytoothermarkets;othersdonotwanttosubordinatestateauthoritytotheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission. [D]Itwasunclearwhenthewaterswouldrecedenevermindwhenlifewouldreturntonormal.Powermaynotberestoredforweeks.Lootingtoo.Begantospiraloutofcontrol.Mr.Naginwhosaidthecitymightbeuninhabitableforthreemonthswasforcedtoorderpolicetoconcentrateonstoppingcrimenotsavingpeople. [E]What’spreventinggreaterconnectionandcoordinationbetweenregionsThetechnologyexistsandisavailable;theeconomicbenefitsofrelievingthebottlenecksbetweenregionsfarexceedsthecostsbymanybillionsofdollars. [F]Yetdespiteclaimsinthewakeoflastweek’sblackoutthatthenationhasa"thirdworld"powergridtheregionalnetworksarefirstworld.Butinonecriticalaspectthesystemhasbecomeincreasinglyvulnerable:intheinterconnectionsamongthedifferentregions.Boththenumberandsizeofthewiresonthebordersbetweenregionsareinadequatefortherisingflowofelectricity.Thismissingpartcreatestheworstbottlenecksinthesystem. [G]Sinceenteringtheoverseaspowermarketin1993KEPCOhasestablishedseveralachievementsthroughitsdistinguishedinternationalbusinessstrategiestopromoteelectricpowerdevelopmentoftheworld.Basedonitslongexperienceandadvancedtechnologygainedover100yearsinKoreaKEPCOcontinuestobuildupitsoutstandingreputationasaleadingutilitycompany.MoreoverKEPCOembraceschallengesandmakesboldstepsintowidermarketsintheworldbyitsflairfordynamicactivitieswhichisfavorablyreceivedinthePhilippinesChinaVietnamandLibya. 42
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenthusiastratherthanamereobserver.46Itgivesthesenineessaysbasedonhisadventuresoverthepastquartercenturyaresonanceandpsychologicaldepthnotusuallyseeninmoreroutinetravelnarratives. 47Thereaderfollowswide-eyedfromthearmchairasMr.HansenjourneysfromtheFrenchRivieratotheSouthPacificIndiatheUnitedStatesandBorneo.Eachstorycombinesnuancedportraitsofmemorablecharacterswithlyricaldescriptionsofhumanfallibilityandgenerosity. InhiswildesttaleMr.HansenrecountshistimeworkingatahotelonThursdayIslandintheTorresStrait.48"Seldom"hewrites"doesonehavethechancetoenjoythecompanyofpeoplewhohavesocompletelygiventhemselvesovertothecultivationofthelowlifeinsuchstyleandwithsuchgusto."49Beyondtheboozebrokenglassandfistfightstheauthorlearnsthehistoryoftheisland’spearldiverswhoincanvassuitsandlead-weightedshoessnatchgold-lippearlshellsfromaseabedteemingwithseasnakesgiantgroupersandsaltwatercrocodiles. OtherstoriestellofdrinkinghallucinogenickavainVanuatu;lingeringonabeachwithabeautifulMaldiviangirlinapleasurablepursuitthatthelocalscall"nightfishing";cookingpiroshkiwithaMoscowémigréinatinyManhattanapartmentwhiledrugdealersshooteachotherinthelobbybelow;andwatchingtheIndonesiancrewofabecalmedtallshipdanceondecktocountryandwesternmusic. 50ThemostmovingstorycomesfromKolkataformerlyCalcuttawheretheauthor’sfrustrationattheimpenetrablebureaucracywhentryingtoshiphisbelongingshomeisputintoperspectivebyhisvoluntaryworkatMotherTheresa’shomeforthedying.Herehebathesfeedsandcomfortstheinhabitantsofthemen’swardwherethepanicanddespairofdeatharereplacedbydignityandhumour.Thissensitiveportraitalonemakesthisheartfeltcollectionamagicalandupliftingread. Seldomhewritesdoesonehavethechancetoenjoythecompanyofpeoplewhohavesocompletelygiventhemselvesovertothecultivationofthelowlifeinsuchstyleandwithsuchgusto.
Electionsoftentellyoumoreaboutwhatpeopleareagainstthanwhattheyarefor.SoitiswiththeEuropeanonesthattookplacelastweekinall25EuropeanUnionmembercountries.Theseelectionswidelytrumpetedastheworld’sbiggest-evermultinationaldemocraticvotewerefoughtforthemostpartas25separatenationalcontestswhichmakesittrickytopickoutmanycommonthemes.Butthestrongestareundoubtedlynegative.Europe’svotersareangryanddisillusioned—andtheyhavedemonstratedtheirangeranddisillusioninthreemainways.Themostobviouswasbyabstaining.Theaverageoverallturnoutwasjustover45%bysomemarginthelowesteverrecordedforelectionstotheEuropeanParliament.Andthataveragedisguisessomebigvariations:Italyforexamplenotchedupover70o//00butSwedenmanagedonly37%.MostdepressingofallatleasttobelieversintheEuropeanprojectwastheextremelylowvoteinmanyofthenewmembercountriesfromcentralEuropewhichaccountedforthewholeofthefallinturnoutsince1999.InthebiggestPolandonlyjustoverafifthoftheelectorateturnedouttovote.OnlyayearagocentralEuropeansvotedinlargenumberstojointheEUwhichtheydidonMay1st.ThattheyabstainedinsuchlargenumbersintheEuropeanelectionspointstoearlydisillusionwiththeEuropeanUnion—aswellastoawidespreadfeelingsharedintheoldmembercountriesaswellthattheEuropeanParliamentdoesnotmatter.DisillusionwithEuropewasalsoabigfactorinthesecondwayinwhichvotersprotestedwhichwasbysupportingaragbagofpopulistnationalistandexplicitlyanti-EUparties.Theserangedfromthe16%whobackedtheUKIndependencePartywhosedeclaredpolicyistowithdrawfromtheEUandwhoseleadersseetheirmissionaswreckingtheEuropeanParliamenttothe14%whovotedforSweden’sJunelistandthe27%ofPoleswhobackedoneoftwoanti-EUpartiestheLeagueofCatholicFamiliesandSelf-defense.TheseresultshavereturnedmanymoreEuroscepticsandtrouble-makerstotheparliamentonsomemeasuresoveraquarterofthenewMEPSwillbelongtotheawkwardsquad.ThatisnotabadthinghoweverforitwillmaketheparliamentmorerepresentativeofEuropeanpublicopinion.ButitisthethirdtargetofEuropeanvoters’irethatisperhapsthemostimmediatelysignificant:thefactthatinmanyEUcountriesoldandnewtheychosetovoteheavilyagainsttheirowngovernments.Thisanti-incumbentvotewasstrongalmosteverywherebutitwasmostpronouncedinBritaintheCzechRepublicGermanyPolandandSweden.TheleadersofallthefourbiggestEuropeanUnioncountriesTonyBlairinBritainJacquesChiracinFranceGerhardSchroderinGermanyandSilvioBerlusconiinItalywereeachgivenabloodynosebytheirvoters.ThebigquestionnowishowEurope’sleadersshouldrespondtothis.ByasublimeorterriblecoincidencesoonaftertheelectionsandjustasTheEconomistwasgoingtopresstheyweregatheringinBrusselsforacrucialsummitatwhichtheyareduetoagreeanewconstitutionaltreatyfortheEUandtoselectanewpresidentfortheEuropeanCommission.GoingintothemeetingmostEUheadsofgovernmentseemeddeterminedtopressaheadwiththisagendaregardlessoftheEuropeanelections—eventhoughtheatmosphereaftertheresultsmaymakeitharderforthemtostrikedeals.ItisimpliedinthetextthatthedepartureofEuroscepticsandtrouble-makersfromtheEuropeanParliament______.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatWenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 8
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Electionsoftentellyoumoreaboutwhatpeopleareagainstthanwhattheyarefor.SoitiswiththeEuropeanonesthattookplacelastweekinall25EuropeanUnionmembercountries.Theseelectionswidelytrumpetedastheworld’sbiggest-evermultinationaldemocraticvotewerefoughtforthemostpartas25separatenationalcontestswhichmakesittrickytopickoutmanycommonthemes.Butthestrongestareundoubtedlynegative.Europe’svotersareangryanddisillusioned—andtheyhavedemonstratedtheirangeranddisillusioninthreemainways.Themostobviouswasbyabstaining.Theaverageoverallturnoutwasjustover45%bysomemarginthelowesteverrecordedforelectionstotheEuropeanParliament.Andthataveragedisguisessomebigvariations:Italyforexamplenotchedupover70o//00butSwedenmanagedonly37%.MostdepressingofallatleasttobelieversintheEuropeanprojectwastheextremelylowvoteinmanyofthenewmembercountriesfromcentralEuropewhichaccountedforthewholeofthefallinturnoutsince1999.InthebiggestPolandonlyjustoverafifthoftheelectorateturnedouttovote.OnlyayearagocentralEuropeansvotedinlargenumberstojointheEUwhichtheydidonMay1st.ThattheyabstainedinsuchlargenumbersintheEuropeanelectionspointstoearlydisillusionwiththeEuropeanUnion—aswellastoawidespreadfeelingsharedintheoldmembercountriesaswellthattheEuropeanParliamentdoesnotmatter.DisillusionwithEuropewasalsoabigfactorinthesecondwayinwhichvotersprotestedwhichwasbysupportingaragbagofpopulistnationalistandexplicitlyanti-EUparties.Theserangedfromthe16%whobackedtheUKIndependencePartywhosedeclaredpolicyistowithdrawfromtheEUandwhoseleadersseetheirmissionaswreckingtheEuropeanParliamenttothe14%whovotedforSweden’sJunelistandthe27%ofPoleswhobackedoneoftwoanti-EUpartiestheLeagueofCatholicFamiliesandSelf-defense.TheseresultshavereturnedmanymoreEuroscepticsandtrouble-makerstotheparliamentonsomemeasuresoveraquarterofthenewMEPSwillbelongtotheawkwardsquad.ThatisnotabadthinghoweverforitwillmaketheparliamentmorerepresentativeofEuropeanpublicopinion.ButitisthethirdtargetofEuropeanvoters’irethatisperhapsthemostimmediatelysignificant:thefactthatinmanyEUcountriesoldandnewtheychosetovoteheavilyagainsttheirowngovernments.Thisanti-incumbentvotewasstrongalmosteverywherebutitwasmostpronouncedinBritaintheCzechRepublicGermanyPolandandSweden.TheleadersofallthefourbiggestEuropeanUnioncountriesTonyBlairinBritainJacquesChiracinFranceGerhardSchroderinGermanyandSilvioBerlusconiinItalywereeachgivenabloodynosebytheirvoters.ThebigquestionnowishowEurope’sleadersshouldrespondtothis.ByasublimeorterriblecoincidencesoonaftertheelectionsandjustasTheEconomistwasgoingtopresstheyweregatheringinBrusselsforacrucialsummitatwhichtheyareduetoagreeanewconstitutionaltreatyfortheEUandtoselectanewpresidentfortheEuropeanCommission.GoingintothemeetingmostEUheadsofgovernmentseemeddeterminedtopressaheadwiththisagendaregardlessoftheEuropeanelections—eventhoughtheatmosphereaftertheresultsmaymakeitharderforthemtostrikedeals.Therelationshipbetweentheopeningparagraphandtherestoftextisthat______.
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatWenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 10
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatWenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 12
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
ItmaybejustaswellforOxfordUniversity’sreputationthatthisweek’smeetingofCongregationits3552-stronggoverningbodywasheldinsecretfortheairofcivilizedrationalitythatisgenerallysupposedtopervadedonnishconversationhaslatelyturnedfractious.That’sbecausethevice-chancellorthenearestthingtheplacehastoachiefexecutivehasproposedthemostfundamentalreformstotheuniversitysincetheestablishmentofthecollegesystemin1249;andalotofthedonsandcollegesdon’tlikeit.ThetroublewithOxfordisthatitisunmanageable.Itsproblems—thedifficultyofrecruitinggooddonsandofgettingridofbadonesconcernsaboutacademicstandardsseveremoneyworriesatsomecolleges—allspringfromthat.JohnHoodwhowasrecruitedasvice-chancellorfromtheUniversityofAucklandandisnowprobablythemost-hatedantipodeaninBritishacademiclifereckonsheknowshowtosolvethisandhasproposedtoreducethepowerofdonsandcollegesandincreasethatofuniversityadministrators.Mr.Hoodisrightthattheuniversity’smanagementstructureneedsanoverhaul.Butradicalthoughhisproposalsseemtothoseinvolvedinthecurrentrowtheydonotgofarenough.ThedifficultyofmanagingOxfordstemsonlypartlyfromthenuttinessofitssystemofgovernance;themorefundamentalproblemliesinitsrelationshipwiththegovernment.That’swhyMr.Hoodshouldadoptanideathatwasonceregardedasteeteringonthelunaticfringeofradicalismbutthesedaysisdiscussedeveninpolitecircles.Theideaisindependence.Oxfordgetsaround£5000$9500perundergraduateperyearfromthegovernment.Inreturnitacceptsthatitcanchargestudentsonly£1150risingto£3000nextyearontopofthat.Sinceitprobablycostsatleast£10000ayeartoteachanundergraduatethatleavesOxfordwithadeficitof£4000orsoperstudenttocoverfromitsownfunds.IfOxforddeclaredindependenceitwouldlosethe£52mundergraduatesubsidyatleast.CoulditfilltheholeCertainly.America’stopuniversitieschargearound£20000perstudentperyear.Thedifficultissuewouldnotbemoneyalone:itwouldbebalancingnumbersofnot-so-brilliantrichpeoplepayingtopwhackwiththeclevererpooreronestheywerecross-subsidising.America’stopuniversitiesmanageit:highfeesmeanbetterteachingwhichkeepscompetitionhotandacademicstandardshighwhileluringenoughdonationstoprovidebursariesforthepoor.ItshouldbeeasiertoextractmoneyfromalumniifOxfordwerenolongerstate-funded.Itisimpliedinthethirdparagraphthat______.
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatWenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 6
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatWenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 4
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenthusiastratherthanamereobserver.46Itgivesthesenineessaysbasedonhisadventuresoverthepastquartercenturyaresonanceandpsychologicaldepthnotusuallyseeninmoreroutinetravelnarratives. 47Thereaderfollowswide-eyedfromthearmchairasMr.HansenjourneysfromtheFrenchRivieratotheSouthPacificIndiatheUnitedStatesandBorneo.Eachstorycombinesnuancedportraitsofmemorablecharacterswithlyricaldescriptionsofhumanfallibilityandgenerosity. InhiswildesttaleMr.HansenrecountshistimeworkingatahotelonThursdayIslandintheTorresStrait.48"Seldom"hewrites"doesonehavethechancetoenjoythecompanyofpeoplewhohavesocompletelygiventhemselvesovertothecultivationofthelowlifeinsuchstyleandwithsuchgusto."49Beyondtheboozebrokenglassandfistfightstheauthorlearnsthehistoryoftheisland’spearldiverswhoincanvassuitsandlead-weightedshoessnatchgold-lippearlshellsfromaseabedteemingwithseasnakesgiantgroupersandsaltwatercrocodiles. OtherstoriestellofdrinkinghallucinogenickavainVanuatu;lingeringonabeachwithabeautifulMaldiviangirlinapleasurablepursuitthatthelocalscall"nightfishing";cookingpiroshkiwithaMoscowémigréinatinyManhattanapartmentwhiledrugdealersshooteachotherinthelobbybelow;andwatchingtheIndonesiancrewofabecalmedtallshipdanceondecktocountryandwesternmusic. 50ThemostmovingstorycomesfromKolkataformerlyCalcuttawheretheauthor’sfrustrationattheimpenetrablebureaucracywhentryingtoshiphisbelongingshomeisputintoperspectivebyhisvoluntaryworkatMotherTheresa’shomeforthedying.Herehebathesfeedsandcomfortstheinhabitantsofthemen’swardwherethepanicanddespairofdeatharereplacedbydignityandhumour.Thissensitiveportraitalonemakesthisheartfeltcollectionamagicalandupliftingread. ThemostmovingstorycomesfromKolkataformerlyCalcuttawheretheauthor’sfrustrationattheimpenetrablebureaucracywhentryingtoshiphisbelongingshomeisputintoperspectivebyhisvoluntaryworkatMotherTheresa’shomeforthedying.
Youarenotheretotellmewhattodo.YouareheretotellmewhyIhavedonewhatIhavealreadydecidedtodoMontaguNormantheBankofEngland’slongest-servinggovernor1920-1944isreputedtohaveoncetoldhiseconomicadviser.Todaythankfullycentralbanksaimtobemoretransparentintheirdecisionmakingaswellasmorerational.Butachievingeitherofthesethingsisnotalwayseasy.WiththemostlaudableofintentionstheFederalReserveAmerica’scentralbankmaybeabouttotakeastepthatcouldbackfire.UnliketheFedmanyothercentralbankshavelongdeclaredexplicitinflationtargetsandthensetinterestratestotrytomeetthese.SomeeconomistshavearguedthattheFedshoulddothesame.WithAlanGreenspantheFed’smuch-respectedchairmanduetoretirenextyear—afteramere18yearsinthejob—someFedofficialswanttoadoptatargetpresumablytomaintainthecentralbank’scredibilityinthescarynewpost-Greenspanera.TheFeddiscussedsuchatargetatitsFebruarymeetingaccordingtominutespublishedthisweek.Thissoundsencouraging.HowevertheFedisconsideringtheideajustwhensomeothercentralbanksarebeginningtoquestionwhetherstrictinflationtargetingreallyworks.Atpresentcentralbanksfocusalmostexclusivelyonconsumer-priceindices.OnthismeasureMr.Greenspancanboastthatinflationremainsundercontrol.Butsomecentralbankersnowarguethatthepricesofassetssuchashousesandsharesshouldalsosomehowbetakenintoaccount.AbroadpriceindexforAmericawhichincludeshousepricesiscurrentlyrunningat5.5%itsfastestpacesince1982.Inflationhassimplytakenadifferentform.ShouldcentralbanksalsotrytocurbincreasesinsuchassetpricesMr.Greenspancontinuestoinsistthatmonetarypolicyshouldnotbeusedtoprickasset-pricebubbles.Identifyingbubblesisdifficultexceptinretrospecthesaysandinterestratesareabluntweapon:anincreasebigenoughtohaltrisingpricescouldtriggerarecession.Itisbetterhesaystowaitforahousingorstockmarketbubbletoburstandthentocushiontheeconomybycuttinginterestrates—ashedidin2001-2002.Andyettheriskisnotjustthatassetpricescangoswiftlyintoreverse.Aswithtraditionalinflationsurgingassetpricesalsodistortpricesignalsandsocancauseamisallocationofresources—encouragingtoolittlesavingforexampleortoomuchinvestmentinhousing.Surginghousepricesmaythereforeargueforhigherinterestratesthanconventionalinflationwoulddemand.Inotherwordsstrictinflationtargeting—thefadofthe1990s—istoocrude.ThewordminutesLine6Paragraph2mostprobablymeans______.
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatWenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 2
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
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